Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "We 550 a339 1997"

Abstract. We present a detailed discussion of the chemical and dynamical processes in the Arctic winters 1996/1997 and 2010/2011 with high resolution chemical transport model (CTM) simulations and space-based observations. In the Arctic winter 2010/2011, the lower stratospheric minimum temperatures were below 195 K for a record period, from December to mid-April, and a strong and stable vortex was present during that period. Analyses with the Mimosa-Chim CTM simulations show that the chemical ozone loss started by early January and progressed slowly to 1 ppmv (parts per million by volume) by late February. The loss intensified by early March and reached a record maximum of ~2.4 ppmv in the late March–early April period over a broad altitude range of 450–550 K. This coincides with elevated ozone loss rates of 2–4 ppbv sh−1 (parts per billion by volume/sunlit hour) and a contribution of about 40% from the ClO–ClO cycle and about 35–40% from the ClO-BrO cycle in late February and March, and about 30–50% from the HOx cycle in April. We also estimate a loss of around 0.7–1.2 ppmv contributed (75%) by the NOx cycle at 550–700 K. The ozone loss estimated in the partial column range of 350–550 K also exhibits a record value of ~148 DU (Dobson Unit). This is the largest ozone loss ever estimated in the Arctic and is consistent with the remarkable chlorine activation and strong denitrification (40–50%) during the winter, as the modeled ClO shows ~1.8 ppbv in early January and ~1 ppbv in March at 450–550 K. These model results are in excellent agreement with those found from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Our analyses also show that the ozone loss in 2010/2011 is close to that found in some Antarctic winters, for the first time in the observed history. Though the winter 1996/1997 was also very cold in March–April, the temperatures were higher in December–February, and, therefore, chlorine activation was moderate and ozone loss was average with about 1.2 ppmv at 475–550 K or 42 DU at 350–550 K, as diagnosed from the model simulations and measurements.

Abstract. We present a detailed discussion of the chemical and dynamical processes in the Arctic winters 1996/1997 and 2010/2011 with high resolution chemical transport model (CTM) simulations and space-based observations. In the Arctic winter 2010/2011, the lower stratospheric minimum temperatures were below 195 K for a record period of time, from December to mid-April, and a strong and stable vortex was present during that period. Simulations with the Mimosa-Chim CTM show that the chemical ozone loss started in early January and progressed slowly to 1 ppmv (parts per million by volume) by late February. The loss intensified by early March and reached a record maximum of ~2.4 ppmv in the late March–early April period over a broad altitude range of 450–550 K. This coincides with elevated ozone loss rates of 2–4 ppbv sh−1 (parts per billion by volume/sunlit hour) and a contribution of about 30–55% and 30–35% from the ClO-ClO and ClO-BrO cycles, respectively, in late February and March. In addition, a contribution of 30–50% from the HOx cycle is also estimated in April. We also estimate a loss of about 0.7–1.2 ppmv contributed (75%) by the NOx cycle at 550–700 K. The ozone loss estimated in the partial column range of 350–550 K exhibits a record value of ~148 DU (Dobson Unit). This is the largest ozone loss ever estimated in the Arctic and is consistent with the remarkable chlorine activation and strong denitrification (40–50%) during the winter, as the modeled ClO shows ~1.8 ppbv in early January and ~1 ppbv in March at 450–550 K. These model results are in excellent agreement with those found from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder observations. Our analyses also show that the ozone loss in 2010/2011 is close to that found in some Antarctic winters, for the first time in the observed history. Though the winter 1996/1997 was also very cold in March–April, the temperatures were higher in December–February, and, therefore, chlorine activation was moderate and ozone loss was average with about 1.2 ppmv at 475–550 K or 42 DU at 350–550 K, as diagnosed from the model simulations and measurements.

AbstractResults are presented of long-term monitoring at the radio telescope RATAN–600 and a model interpretation of instantaneous 1–22 GHz spectra at six frequencies for a sample of 550 compact extragalactic radio sources. The sources are selected from the Preston et al. (1985) VLBI survey and are located in the declination range from −30° to +43°. Dependence of the index of variability on frequency is analysed for different subsamples. Factors of flux density variations range from 1 to 15. A typical behaviour of spectra evolution during strong radio outbursts in various objects is recognised suggesting a common physical nature of the variability. Invoking VLBI observations in spectra–structure analysis, we find that usually more than 70% of the total emission is coming from the mas scale at frequencies higher than 5 GHz. The observed variability can be explained in the model with a relativistic jet of parsec scale in the longitudinal magnetic field or in the shock-in-jet model.

We have analyzed a sample of 1150 type ab, and 550 type c RR Lyrae stars found in 24 of 94 bulge fields of the MACHO database. These fields cover a range in Galactocentric distances from 0.3 to 1.6 kpc. In combination with the data on the outer bulge fields of Alard (1997) and Wesselink (1987), here we present the surface density distribution of bulge RR Lyrae between 0.3 and 3 kpc.

Under physiological conditions, potassium channels are extraordinarily selective for potassium over other ions. However, in the absence of potassium, certain potassium channels can conduct sodium. Sodium flux is blocked by the addition of low concentrations of potassium. Potassium affinity, and therefore the ability to block sodium current, varies among potassium channel subtypes (Korn, S.J., and S.R. Ikeda. 1995. Science. 269:410–412; Starkus, J.G., L. Kuschel, M.D. Rayner, and S.H. Heinemann. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:539–550). The Shaker potassium channel conducts sodium poorly in the presence of very low (micromolar) potassium due to its high potassium affinity (Starkus, J.G., L. Kuschel, M.D. Rayner, and S.H. Heinemann. 1997. J. Gen. Physiol. 110:539–550; Ogielska, E.M., and R.W. Aldrich. 1997. Biophys. J. 72:A233 [Abstr.]). We show that changing a single residue in S6, A463C, decreases the apparent internal potassium affinity of the Shaker channel pore from the micromolar to the millimolar range, as determined from the ability of potassium to block the sodium currents. Independent evidence that A463C decreases the apparent affinity of a binding site in the pore comes from a study of barium block of potassium currents. The A463C mutation decreases the internal barium affinity of the channel, as expected if barium blocks current by binding to a potassium site in the pore. The decrease in the apparent potassium affinity in A463C channels allows further study of possible ion interactions in the pore. Our results indicate that sodium and potassium can occupy the pore simultaneously and that multiple occupancy results in interactions between ions in the channel pore.

In this article we show how it is possible to use Channel Theory (Barwise and Seligman, 1997) for modeling the process of information extraction realized by audiences of audio-visual contents. To do this, we rely on the concepts pro- posed by Channel Theory and, especially, its treatment of representational systems. We then show how the information that an agent is capable of extracting from the content depends on the number of channels he is able to establish between the content and the set of classifications he is able to discriminate. The agent can endeavor the extraction of information through these channels from the totality of content; however, we discuss the advantages of extracting from its constituents in order to obtain a greater number of informational items that represent it. After showing how the extraction process is endeavored for each channel, we propose a method of representation of all the informative values an agent can obtain from a content using a matrix constituted by the channels the agent is able to establish on the content (source classifications), and the ones he can understand as individual (destination classifications). We finally show how this representation allows reflecting the evolution of the informative items through the evolution of audio-visual content.

ObjectiveRate of shoulder instability surgery (SIS) has increased in different specific populations. We analysed nationwide trend of SIS in adults in Finland between 1997 and 2014.DesignA retrospective register study.SettingNational Hospital Discharge Register of Finland.ParticipantsA total of 22 550 adult patients with SIS in Finland (1997–2014).Primary and secondary outcome measuresAnalysis included appropriate diagnosis (International Classification of Diseases 10) and procedure coding combinations applicable for SIS. The primary outcome variable was the incidence of SIS per 100 000 person-years, and the secondary outcomes were the study year, sex, age groups (18–29, 30–49 and over 50 years of age) and the type of hospital (public or private).ResultsThe overall nationwide rate of SIS in adults increased 177% between 1997 and 2014 in Finland. The rate was the lowest (13/100 000 person-years) in 1997, and the peak rate (40/100 000 person-years) was noted in 2007. The increase in rate was rapid between 1997 and 2007, after which the rate became stable. During the study period, the highest increases were noted in the young adults age group (270%), and especially in the middle-aged group who were operated on in private hospitals (930%).ConclusionsThe rate of SIS increased almost threefold in Finland from 1997 to 2014. The increase was most significant in young and middle-aged adults (18–50 years), in men, and in private hospitals.

We recently reported (paper presented at ARVO 1997) psychophysical evidence as to contributions of luminance and chromatic mechanism in a hyperacuity task, namely detection of small displacements. Achromatic or chromatic (430, 550, 690 nm) edges were presented on white or chromatic (550 nm) backgrounds, and displacement thresholds measured as a function of luminance contrast. Above 3% (achromatic detection threshold), all conditions yielded nearly identical contrast/threshold curves; we believe a luminance mechanism to be responsible. In chromatic conditions, below 3% contrast, large (>100 s arc) displacements were detectable; presumably chromatic mechanisms are responsible. We have now carried out equivalent physiological experiments. Data were consistent with cells of the magnocellular (MC) pathway underlying the luminance mechanism. Opponent S-cone or parvocellular (PC) cells became responsive to displacements in the chromatic conditions. S-cone cells were very responsive to the 430 nm edge, and responded at low contrasts matching the psychophysical thresholds. L, M-cone opponent cells were responsive to the 690 nm edge, but less so than was expected from the psychophysical data. Our data suggest MC-cells underlie a luminance hyperacuity mechanism. Additional factors (eg cell numerosity) may have to be considered for chromatic spatial mechanisms.

550 Background: We have previously demonstrated that PD-L1 mRNA expression can serve as prognostic biomarker in breast cancer (BC). In ER+/HER2- BC, RS and 70-gene signature are used to predict the risk of recurrence and benefit from chemotherapy. Methods: Discovery cohort (cohort 1) included 302 patients diagnosed with primary ER+/HER2- BC (1997-2005) in Stockholm health care region. Gene expression profiling has been performed using DNA microarrays (GSE48091) while information regarding tumor characteristics, treatment and follow-up have been obtained. TCGA’s dataset including 590 ER+/HER2- patients, was used as validation cohort (cohort 2). Kaplan–Meier estimates and Cox regression univariate/multivariable analyses were performed using breast cancer-specific survival(BCSS) and progression-free interval (PFI) as endpoints in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. Gene signature scores were calculated using the R genefu package. Likelihood ratio (LR) tests and concordance indices (c-indices) were used to assess each score’s added prognostic value. Results: PD-L1 mRNA expression (treated as a continuous variable) was independently associated with better BCSS in cohort 1 (HR = 0.72; 95% CI = 0.58-0.90;p = 0.003) and with better PFI in cohort 2 (HR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.50-0.90; p = 0.008) in the multivariable analysis. PD-L1 provided significant additional prognostic information beyond that of both RS alone (LR-Δχ2= 9.6; p = 0.002 and LR-Δχ2= 9.7; p = 0.002, in cohorts 1 and 2, respectively), and 70-gene signature score alone (LR-Δχ2= 10.4; p = 0.001 and LR-Δχ2= 9.2; p = 0.002 in cohort 1 and 2, respectively). C-indices for PD-L1 + RS vs RS were 0.65 vs 0.60 (cohort 1) and 0.66 vs 0.60 (cohort 2), and for PD-L1 + 70-gene vs 70-gene were 0.65 vs 0.59 (cohort 1) and 0.64 vs 0.54 (cohort 2), respectively. Conclusions: PD-L1 gene expression was correlated with better outcomes and can provide added prognostic value to RS and 70-gene signature scores in ER+/HER2- BC.

We used riboprobes and monoclonal antibodies to characterize tissue distribution of the human 550-kD homologue to gp330/megalin, primarily identified in the rat kidney. Human gp330/megalin mRNA and protein are readily identified in human parathyroid cells, placental cytotrophoblasts, kidney proximal tubule cells, and epididymal epithelial cells. The immunoreactivity is found on the surface of the cells and is heterogeneously downregulated in parathyroid hyperplasia and adenomas. Cells of the proximal kidney tubule and epididymis express the protein on their luminal aspect. Moreover, the protein is expressed in Type II pneumocytes, mammary epithelial and thyroid follicular cells, and the ciliary body of the eye. Sequence analysis of cDNA fragments, obtained by RT-PCR, revealed identical nucleotide sequences in parathyroid, kidney, placenta, epididymis, and lung. Immunohistochemistry for parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) revealed partial co-expression with human gp330/megalin in parathyroid, placenta, and mammary gland. The findings substantiate human gp330/megalin expression in a variety of human tissues expected to possess calcium-sensing functions. It may constitute a protein of utmost importance to adult and fetal calcium homeostasis, although other important functions may also be coupled to this exceptionally large protein with highly restricted tissue distribution. (J Histochem Cytochem 45:383–392, 1997)

Simonson, Steven G., Karen E. Welty-Wolf, Yuh-Chin T. Huang, David E. Taylor, Stephen P. Kantrow, Martha S. Carraway, James D. Crapo, and Claude A. Piantadosi. Aerosolized manganese SOD decreases hyperoxic pulmonary injury in primates. I. Physiology and biochemistry. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(2): 550–558, 1997.—Prolonged hyperoxia causes lung injury and respiratory failure secondary to oxidative tissue damage mediated, in part, by the superoxide anion. We hypothesized that aerosol treatment with recombinant human manganese superoxide dismutase (rhMnSOD) would attenuate hyperoxic lung damage in primates. Adult baboons were anesthetized and ventilated with 100% oxygen for 96 h or until death. Six animals were treated with aerosolized rhMnSOD (3 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1in divided doses), and six control animals did not receive enzyme therapy. Physiological variables were recorded every 12 h, and ventilation-perfusion ratio relationships were evaluated by using the multiple inert-gas elimination technique. After the experiments, surfactant composition and lung edema were measured. We found that rhMnSOD significantly decreased pulmonary shunt fraction ( P < 0.01) and preserved arterial oxygenation ( P < 0.01) during hyperoxia. The rhMnSOD increased lung phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and disaturated phosphatidylcholine, and decreased lung edema in this model. Testing of higher and lower doses of MnSOD (1 and 10 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1) in two other groups of baboons produced variable physiological protection, suggesting a “window” of effective dosage. We conclude that aerosolized MnSOD (3 mg ⋅ kg−1 ⋅ day−1) affords significant preservation of pulmonary gas exchange during hyperoxic lung injury.

AbstractDuring the 1997/98 field season, Sweden, Norway and The Netherlands performed a pre-site survey for EPICA in Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. This paper summarizes the results and pays special attention to the high spatial gradients found in snow layering and temperatures. The sites were "Camp Victoria" (CV) on Amundsenisen (76° S, 8° W; 2400 m a.s.l.), approximately 550 km from the coast, and "Camp Maudheimvidda" (CM) on Maudheimvidda (74° S 13° W; 362 m a.s.L), some 140 km from the coast.The drilling programme included both medium-long firn/ice cores and shallow firn cores. These were analysed by means of δ18O, DEP, ECM,β activity, density, and ion content. The combined results suggests a mean annual accumulation rate of 60 mm. we. for CV and 220 mm. we. for CM.Variability measurements of spatial snow layering were performed at two scales; over tens of kilometres by radar and over a few metres by pits and high-resolution radar soundings. Results, as measured by relative standard deviation, were typically 10% on the polar plateau and as high as 50% near the coast.The 10 m temperature measurements were –38.5°C (std dev. = 0.5°) for CV and –17.6°C (std dev.=0.15°) for CM.Snow chemistry was sampled at each medium-long-core drill site. Comparison of δ18O profiles from snow pits and the uppermost part of the CV medium-long core showed large variations. Mean δ18O valuesover 2 m profiles varied between 41.6%, and 39.7%o within a horizontal distance of 50 m.

Abstract The conservation behavior framework is useful to identify key linkages between behavior and conservation practice. We apply this framework to a novel host-parasite system on the Galapagos Islands and ask if there have been changes in parasite oviposition behavior and host mortality patterns across the first decade (2004-2013) of its known association. The Dipteran parasite Philornis downsi was first discovered in Darwin’s finch nests in 1997 and is the biggest threat to the survival of Galapagos land birds. Host mortality has increased over the past decade. In Dipterans, pupation and pupae size are determined by access to host resources. Here, we test the hypothesis that P. downsi flies are laying eggs in finch nests earlier in the nestling phase to maximize larval feeding time and therefore chance of pupation success before host death. The results show fewer 1st instar larvae later in the host nesting cycle in support of earlier egg laying behavior by female flies. Between 2004 and 2013, parasite intensity increased from ~28 to ~48 parasites per nest, host mortality increased from ~50% to ~90%, and host age at death decreased from ~11 to ~5 days. The earlier age at host death was correlated with fewer pupae (from ~50% to ~20%) and smaller pupae size (~10% decrease). Changes in parasite behavior reveal new fitness costs to both the parasite and Darwin’s finches. These findings underscore the need for urgent conservation action to save Darwin’s finches from extinction due to a novel, lethal and introduced parasite [Current Zoology 60 (4): 542–550, 2014].

Purpose Severe bacterial infections are important causes of hospitalization and loss of health worldwide. In this study we aim to characterize the total burden, recurrence and severity of bacterial infections in the general population during a 22-year period. Methods We investigated hospitalizations due to bacterial infection from eight different foci in the prospective population-based Trøndelag Health Study (the HUNT Study), where all inhabitants aged ≥ 20 in a Norwegian county were invited to participate. Enrollment was between 1995 and 1997, and between 2006 and 2008, and follow-up ended in February 2017. All hospitalizations, positive blood cultures, emigrations and deaths in the follow-up period were captured through registry linkage. Results A total of 79,393 (69.5% and 54.1% of the invited population) people were included, of which 42,237 (53%) were women and mean age was 48.5 years. There were 37,298 hospitalizations due to infection, affecting 15,496 (22% of all included) individuals. The median time of follow-up was 20 years (25th percentile 9.5–75th percentile 20.8). Pneumonia and urinary tract infections were the two dominating foci with incidence rates of 639 and 550 per 100,000 per year, respectively, and with increasing incidence with age. The proportion of recurring admissions ranged from 10.0% (central nervous system) to 30.0% (pneumonia), whilst the proportion with a positive blood culture ranged from 4.7% (skin- and soft tissue infection) to 40.9% (central nervous system). The 30-day mortality varied between 3.2% (skin- and soft tissue infection) and 20.8% (endocarditis). Conclusions In this population-based cohort, we observed a great variation in the incidence, positive blood culture rate, recurrence and mortality between common infectious diseases. These results may help guide policy to reduce the infectious disease burden in the population.

A viral disease causing severe leaf malformation and yellow mottle on Tabasco (Capsicum frutescens) and Habanero (C. chinense) pepper plants was observed in 1997 on farms in southwestern Costa Rica. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) were present on affected farms and transmitted the putative virus. Total DNA was extracted from a whitefly-transmitted isolate, and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using degenerate primers. The expected PCR product (550 bp) was obtained, suggesting the presence of a geminivirus. This was confirmed by Southern analysis using a geminivirus-specific probe. The virus was mechanically transmitted from pepper to pepper. Electron microscopy of ultrathin sections from infected Tabasco pepper plants revealed fibrillar rings and viruslike particles in the nucleus of the vascular parenchyma cells. The sequence of DNA A was obtained from three overlapping PCR fragments amplified using three pairs of degenerate primers; PAL1v1978/PAR1c496, PCRc1/AV494, and PCRv181/ AC1048. The complete sequence of DNA A of this begomovirus consisted of 2,619 bp (GenBank accession number: AF149227) containing four open reading frames (ORF). The nucleotide sequence of the virus was 92.3% identical to DNA A of the Tamaulipas strain of Texas pepper virus (TPV-TAM). Phylogenetic analyses using AC1 and AV1 nucleotide sequences also indicated a close relationship between this virus and TPV. Based on the biological characteristics, the high percentage of nucleotide and derived amino acid sequence identities, and phyloge-netic analyses, we concluded that this virus is a distinct strain of TPV, and designated it as the Costa Rica strain. This is the first report of TPV in Costa Rica.

AbstractIn the present study, we investigate the scaling of relative velocity structure functions, of order two and higher, for inertial particles, both in the dissipation range and the inertial subrange using direct numerical simulations (DNS). Within the inertial subrange our findings show that contrary to the well-known attenuation in the tails of the one-point acceleration probability density function (p.d.f.) with increasing inertia (Bec et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 550, 2006, pp. 349–358), the opposite occurs with the velocity structure function at sufficiently large Stokes numbers. We observe reduced scaling exponents for the structure function when compared to those of the fluid, and correspondingly broader p.d.f.s, similar to what occurs with a passive scalar. DNS allows us to isolate the two effects of inertia, namely biased sampling of the velocity field, a result of preferential concentration, and filtering, i.e. the tendency for the inertial particle velocity to attenuate the velocity fluctuations in the fluid. By isolating these effects, we show that sampling is playing the dominant role for low-order moments of the structure function, whereas filtering accounts for most of the scaling behaviour observed with the higher-order structure functions in the inertial subrange. In the dissipation range, we see evidence of so-called ‘crossing trajectories’, the ‘sling effect’ or ‘caustics’, and find good agreement with the theory put forth by Wilkinson et al. (Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 97, 2006, 048501) and Falkovich & Pumir (J. Atmos. Sci., vol. 64, 2007, 4497) for Stokes numbers greater than 0.5. We also look at the scaling exponents within the context of the model proposed by Bec et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 646, 2010, pp. 527–536). Another interesting finding is that inertial particles at low Stokes numbers sample regions of higher kinetic energy than the fluid particle field, the converse occurring at high Stokes numbers. The trend at low Stokes numbers is predicted by the theory of Chun et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 536, 2005, 219–251). This work is relevant to modelling the particle collision rate (Sundaram & Collins, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 335, 1997, pp. 75–109), and highlights the interesting array of phenomena induced by inertia.

228 Background: Patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) who are HBsAg+ are at risk of HBV reactivation if rituximab is administered in the absence of antiviral treatment. Recently, it has been reported that patients with so-called “resolved HBV infection”(HBsAg-/cAb+) may also be at risk; however, the degree of risk is not known. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the English and Chinese language literature in Medline (1996 to June week 3 2013) and Embase (1996 to 2013 week 26) using the MeSH terms “lymphoma” and “hepatitis B”. Eligible studies were limited to those reporting primary data on HBV reactivation rates in HBsAg-/cAb+ patients receiving rituximab. We excluded case series with less than 5 patients. Pooled estimates were calculated for HBV reactivation and the impact of HBsAb status on HBV reactivation rate was explored. We also examined reactivation in HBsAg+ patients receiving rituximab by performing a systematic review of the English language literature in PubMed (1997 to June 21, 2013) using the terms “hepatitis B virus”, “reactivation” and “lymphoma”. Results: Data from 550 HBsAg-/cAb+ patients in 12 studies were included. Using a standardized definition of HBV reactivation, (increase in HBV DNA from baseline or HBsAg seroreversion +/- ALT >3 x upper limit of normal), the pooled estimate for the risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg-/cAb+ patients was 8.1% (I2 = 55%, P = 0.007). Significant heterogeneity was apparent. Exploratory analyses suggested that patients were less likely to reactivate if they were HBsAb+ (OR = 0.32; 95% CI 0.12-0.85, P = 0.0285). In HBsAg+ patients we meta-analyzed prospective, controlled studies. Without antiviral prophylaxis, the reactivation rate for HBsAg+ lymphoma patients was 51.0% (I2 = 0%, P = 0.93). Conclusions: Our meta-analyses confirm that there is a risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg-/cAb+ patients exposed to rituximab. HBsAb+ patients may be at lower risk than those who are HBsAb-. However, heterogeneity in the risk estimates limits their generalizability. Without prophylaxis, significant reactivation in HBsAg+ patients exists. Large prospective studies are needed to clarify the risk of HBV reactivation in HBsAg-/cAb+ patients and to inform decisions about best practice.

The New Zealand sea lion, Phocarctos hookeri, is the deepest- and longest-diving sea lion. We were interested in whether the diving ability of this animal was related to changes in its at-sea and diving metabolic rates. We measured the metabolic rate, water turnover and diving behavior of 12 lactating New Zealand sea lions at Sandy Bay, Enderby Island, Auckland Islands Group, New Zealand (50 degrees 30′S, 166 degrees 17′E), during January and February 1997 when their pups were between 1 and 2 months old. Metabolic rate (rate of CO(2) production) and water turnover were measured using the (18)O doubly-labeled water technique, and diving behavior was measured with time/depth recorders (TDRs). Mean total body water was 66.0+/−1.1 % (mean +/− s.d.) and mean rate of CO(2) production was 0. 835+/−0.114 ml g(−)(1)h(−)(1), which provides an estimated mass-specific field metabolic rate (FMR) of 5.47+/−0.75 W kg(−)(1). After correction for time on shore, the at-sea FMR was estimated to be 6.65+/−1.09 W kg(−)(1), a value 5.8 times the predicted standard metabolic rate of a terrestrial animal of equal size. The mean maximum dive depth was 353+/−164 m, with a mean diving depth of 124+/−36 m. The mean maximum dive duration was 8.3+/−1.7 min, with an average duration of 3.4+/−0.6 min. The deepest, 550 m, and longest, 11.5 min, dives were made by the largest animal (155 kg). Our results indicate that the deep and long-duration diving ability of New Zealand sea lions is not due to a decreased diving metabolic rate. Individual sea lions that performed deeper dives had lower FMRs, which may result from the use of energetically efficient burst-and-glide locomotion. There are differences in the foraging patterns of deep and shallow divers that may reflect differences in surface swimming, time spent on the surface and/or diet. Our data indicate that, although New Zealand sea lions have increased their O(2) storage capacity, they do not, or cannot, significantly reduce their at-sea metabolic rates and are therefore likely to be operating near their physiological maximum.

Abstract Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) and distance from a treatment center are prognostic factors in chronic malignancies, such as head and neck or breast cancer, where relative disease latency enables patients with greater means to travel to receive their care. Little is known about the influence of these demographics on patient outcomes in rapidly-growing cancers, such as AML. Methods: We conducted a retrospective review of all patients receiving remission induction therapy for AML at the Cleveland Clinic between January 1997 and December 2005. Race and residential zipcodes were obtained from information disclosed by patients in their electronic medical records. Average annual household income in a zipcode and distance from the treatment center were obtained using web-based databases (www.melissadata.com, www.zip-codes.com). Data on known prognostic factors (age, WBC at diagnosis, cytogenetic risk groups (as defined by CALGB 8461) and AML etiology (de novo vs. secondary AML)) were collected and controlled for in multivariable analyses. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method, and the association between distance and income assessed using the Spearman rank correlation. Results: Anthracycline-based remission induction chemotherapy was administered to 281 patients: 132 (47%) were female, with a median age at diagnosis of 60 years (range 17–80). Median WBC at diagnosis was 9.9 k/uL (range:0.4–550 k/uL). Cytogenetics were favorable in 33 patients (11.7%, 10 of whom had t(15;17)), intermediate in 137 (48.8%), unfavorable in 73 (26%), and unknown in 38 (13.5%). Ninety patients (32%) had secondary AML. The ethnic distribution was consistent with other AML series: 252 (90.6%) were Caucasian (C), 22 (7.9%) were African American (AA), and 4 (1.4%) were neither (non-AA non-C). The median distance from the treatment center was 24.4 miles (range: 0.9–2058), and median average household income was $38,972 (range: $17,496-$143,220). Overall survival (OS) was 30.2% at a median of 22.6 months of follow-up. There was no significant correlation between distance and income. In both univariable and multivariable analyses, age ≥60 years, unfavorable cytogenetics, increased WBC count at presentation and secondary AML were all found to adversely affect survival (p<0.001, p<0.001, p=0.035, and p=0.010, respectively). OS was similar for AA and non-AA non-C patients compared to C (HR=1.12 [95% CI=.61–2.07, p=.71], and HR=.87 [CI=.21–3.62, p=.84], respectively). Neither distance from treatment facility (HR=1.00 [95%CI = .98–1.02 p =.96] for every 20 mile increase in distance) nor SES (HR=1.02 [95%CI=.92–1.13, p=.77] per $10000 increase) had an impact on OS. Similar findings held for CR rates. Conclusion: Contrary to their impact on chronic malignancies, neither SES nor distance from treatment facility affect outcome in patients with AML treated at the same hospital. This supports referring patients for treatment to tertiary facilities skilled at managing AML, even when they live at great distances from those facilities.

Dielectric layers are deposited on semiconductor materials for many applications, either in the active stacks of the devices (e.g. the gate dielectric in a metal-oxide-semiconductor transistor) or as passivation solutions (e.g. in image sensors [1], solar cells [2] etc.). The progress at the material and technology levels must be accompanied by the development of new characterization tools. One of the challenges in terms of characterization is to obtain the information on the electrical quality of the dielectric-on-semiconductor interface during the fabrication flow, non-destructively, just after the corresponding deposition step (if possible) and without needing to fully fabricate a particular test structure. At wafer level, a typical electrical evaluation method is the Corona characterization of semiconductors [3] that provides the interface state density (Dit) and the “total” charge responding in the structure. Its main drawback is the charging of the surface during the measurement. Optical methods (like the photoconductance decay or the photoluminescence) are non-destructive, but they are directly related to material and interface quality through the carrier lifetime [4] and they don’t allow a simple separation between fixed charge in the oxide (Qox) and Dit. However optical-based methods are still a recommended strategy, since they ensure non-destructive measurements. In this context, the second harmonic generation (SHG) is a good option, because it can be sensitive to the “static” electric field induced between layers. In the SHG, the surface of the sample is irradiated with a femtosecond laser and a second harmonic wave is then generated and detected. In general, the SHG contains both bulk and surface contributions, but for centrosymmetric materials (such as silicon, silicon dioxide, alumina, etc.) in the dipolar approximation, the interface signal is dominant and it is related to the symmetry breaking due to both the interface itself and to the “static” electric field [5]. The SHG has already been used for dielectric characterization using various modalities: SHG versus power, time, wavelength, etc. [6], [7], [8]. In this paper, we focus on the analysis of the interface electric field, which is related to Qox and Dit. If trapping/detrapping phenomena occur during the illumination of the sample, this field can actually depend on time. The value of the SHG (proportional to the square of the field) will then be related to Qox and its evolution in time should correlate to Dit. The technique is promising but it triggers two questions: (1) how to separate optical phenomena (absorption, interferences) specific to multi-layer structures and access electrical field only and (2) how to actually extract Qox and Dit. During the presentation we explain recent results in these two areas, using simulation results obtained with our “home-made” code and a wide panel of samples for the experiments. Alternative electrical characterization performed through capacitance versus voltage measurements gives hints for future calibration. Acknowledgements This work was supported by Region Rhône Alpes (ARC6 program), the French National Research Agency within the framework of the OXYGENE project (ANR-17-CE05-0034) and French National Plan Nano2022, within the IPCEI Nanoelectronics for Europe program. [1] J. L. Regolini, D. Benoit, and P. Morin, "Passivation issues in active pixel CMOS image sensors," Microelectronics Reliability, vol. 47, pp. 739-742, 2007. [2] A. G. Aberle, "Surface passivation of crystalline silicon solar cells: a review," Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, vol. 8, pp. 473-487, 2000. [3] M. Wilson, J. Lagowski, L. Jastrzebski, et al., "COCOS (corona oxide characterization of semiconductor) non-contact metrology for gate dielectrics," AIP Conference Proceedings, vol. 550, pp. 220-225, 2001. [4] D. K. Schroder, "Carrier lifetimes in silicon," Electron Devices, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 44, pp. 160-170, 1997. [5] J. E. Sipe, D. J. Moss, and H. M. van Driel, "Phenomenological theory of optical second- and third-harmonic generation from cubic centrosymmetric crystals," Physical Review B, vol. 35, pp. 1129-1141, 1987. [6] J. Price, M. Lei, P. S. Lysaght, et al., "Charge trapping defects in Si/SiO2/Hf(1−x)SixO2 film stacks characterized by spectroscopic second-harmonic generation," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B, vol. 29, p. 04D101, 2011. [7] N. M. Terlinden, G. Dingemans, V. Vandalon, et al., "Influence of the SiO2 interlayer thickness on the density and polarity of charges in Si/SiO2/Al2O3 stacks as studied by optical second-harmonic generation," Journal of Applied Physics, vol. 115, p. 033708, 2014. [8] H. Park, J. Qi, Y. Xu, et al., "Boron induced charge traps near the interface of Si/SiO2 probed by second harmonic generation," Physica Status Solidi (b), vol. 247, pp. 1997-2001, 2010.

Abstract BACKGROUND: With current intensified chemotherapy, more than 70% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are curable. However, prognosis of the patients at higher risk has been unsatisfied. More appropriate risk assignment and innovative treatment is expected to be developed. We conducted a clinical trial of JACLS ALL-97 including multi-agent block therapy followed by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (SCT) for the selected higher risk patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between April 1997 and March 2002, 674 patients aged 1 to 15 years with newly diagnosed ALL (excluding mature B-cell ALL) were enrolled on the JACLS ALL-97 protocol. Excluding 75 T-ALL, 26 mixed lineage leukemia other than B-precursor ALL with myeloid markers, 9 acute unclassified leukemia and 1 B-precursor ALL with pretreatment, 563 patients with B-precursor ALL were eligible for this analysis. Treatment group was divided 5 groups according to the modified National Cancer Institute (NCI) workshop criteria. Standard risk (SR) and IR (intermediate risk) divided by WBC10 × 103 account for NCI-SR. High risk (HR) and ER (extremely high risk) divided by WBC 100 × 103 account for NCI-HR. The patients with ALL positive for Philadelphia chromosome and for translocation with chromosome11q23 were assigned to the highest risk group F. The patients in complete remission (CR) at day 35 with M2/M3 at the day 14 marrow were assigned to shift higher risk after induction therapy. Treatment of ALL-97 consists of early phase and maintenance phase. Early phase includes induction therapy, consolidation therapy, sanctuary therapy, and re-induction therapy for 19 to 26 weeks dependent on risk group. Early phase in IR/HR protocol is identical to the SR protocol except the addition of two doses of DNR and three doses of CPM. Maintenance phase contains standard MTX and MP with monthly VCR and PSL intensification for SR, and rotational therapy of a set of MTX and MP with a set of VCR, PSL, ASP, and (DNR or CPM) for IR/HR/ER/F. The IR protocol is identical to the HR protocol without cranial irradiation. Treatment duration is 24 months for any risk. The patients assigned ER and F were candidate for allogeneic stem cell transplantation by the end of early phase. Transplant procedures depended on the institute. RESULTS: Number of patients at each risk was 204 for SR, 158 for IR, 128 for HR, 36 for ER, 27 for Ph+ and 10 for 11q23. Six of them were treated with incorrect risk protocol. Thirty-four patients received SCT in first CR. Following the induction therapy, 550 of 564 patients (97.5%) achieved CR. 23 patients(8 in SR, 9 in IR, 4 in HR and 2 in ER, 4.4% of all) were shift to higher risk due to the findings of day 14 marrow. Five-year overall survival rate (OS) and event-free survival rate (EFS) for all patients was 90.6% and 77.0%, respectively. Five-year EFS for NCI-SR and HR was 81.6% and 67.6%, respectively. According to risk group, 5-year EFS for SR, IR, HR, ER, Ph+ ALL, and ALL with 11q23 were 86.6%, 77.0%, 71.9%, 68.7%, 40.7%, and 70.0%, respectively. 5-year OS for them were 94.0%, 93.9%, 92.1%, 83.8%, 55.6%, and 68.6%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: By the risk-adapted therapy in the JACLS ALL-97 trial, high cure rate could be achieved for children with B-precursor ALL.

Abstract Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT) is widely used as post-remission treatment in younger patients with poor or intermediate risk AML. Transplant decisions are mainly based on cytogenetic and molecular risk group, age, comorbidity and on the availability of a suitable donor. Secondary AML, including therapy-related AML (t-AML) and AML after an antecedent hematological disorder (AHD-AML), constitutes more than one fourth of the AML cases and is a predictor of a poor outcome. However, the extent to which SCT improves outcome of this patient group is poorly studied. In this study, we set out to investigate the role of SCT for the survival of secondary AML patients within the population-based Swedish Adult Acute Leukemia Registry. In total, 5881 patients with AML diagnosed during the period 1997 – 2013 were included in the study. Of these, 4233 (72%) were de novo AML, 1098 (19%) AHD-AML and 550 (9%) t-AML. The median age at diagnosis was 70 in de novo AML, 73 in AHD-AML and 70 in t-AML. The gender distribution was equal in de novo AML (51% males). In AHD-AML, there was a male predominance of 57% whereas in t-AML, there was a female predominance of 56%. The proportion of patients who underwent SCT in first remission (CR1) was 10% in de novo AML, 5% in AHD-AML and 8% in t-AML (de novo vs AHD-AML p < 0.001, de novo vs t-AML p = 0.068, AHD-AML vs t-AML p = 0.081; Fisher's exact test). In patients aged 65 or below, the proportion of SCT in CR1 was 24%, 21% and 20%, respectively. The median age of SCT patients was 48 (range 17 – 71) in de novo AML, 57 (27 – 76) in AHD-AML and 49.5 (18 – 68) in t-AML. In de novo AML, the distribution of genetic risk groups among SCT patients was 3% low risk, 55% intermediate risk and 42% high risk. Corresponding figures for AHD-AML was 0%, 34% and 66% and for t-AML 5%, 45% and 50% respectively (de novo vs AHD-AML p = 0.004, de novo vs t-AML p = 0.299, AHD-AML vs t-AML p = 0.124; Fisher's exact test). The estimated median survival after the date of SCT in CR1 was 15 months in AHD-AML and 22 months in t-AML but not reached in de novo AML (95% lower confidence limit 107 months). Among patients <65 years who had been in CR for 3 months (genetic low risk excluded), those with secondary AML had a greater benefit from consolidation with SCT than those with de novo AML (Figure 1). The projected 7-year survival in de novo AML was 60% with SCT and 44% with conventional post remission therapy (CPRT) as compared to 46% and 21%, respectively, in secondary AML. The survival hazard with SCT was 0.45 in secondary AML (95% CI 0.28-0.72) as compared to 0.66 in de novo AML (CI 0.53 – 0.82), by multivariable Cox regression adjusting for type of secondary AML, age, sex, and cytogenetic risk group. To refine the analysis correcting for major confounding factors, a matched pair analysis was performed in patients with CR longer than 3 months. Matching criteria were type of secondary AML (AHD or t-AML), cytogenetic risk group and age (+/- 3 years). Remission of the patient with CPRT was at least as long as the time between CR1 and transplantation for the matched patient undergoing SCT. The projected 7-year survival rate was 43% in the SCT and 8% in the CPRT group (p = 0.01; log-rank test, Figure 2) further indicating a benefit for SCT as post remission therapy in secondary AML. We conclude that SCT improves survival in patients with secondary AML. Figure 1 Figure 1. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

AbstractHuman gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) consists of six major clades (A–F) based on the genetic sequence of the open reading frame (ORF)-K1. There are a few conflicting reports regarding the global distribution of the different HHV-8 genotypes. This study aimed to determine the global distribution of the different HHV-8 genotypes based on phylogenetic analysis of the ORF-K1 coding region using sequences published in the GenBank during 1997–2020 and construct a phylogenetic tree using the maximum likelihood algorithm with the GTR + I + G nucleotide substitution model. A total of 550 sequences from 38 countries/origins were analysed in this study. Genotypes A and C had similar global distributions and were prevalent in Africa and Europe. Genotype B was prevalent in Africa. Of the rare genotypes, genotype D was reported in East Asia and Oceania and genotype E in South America, while genotype F was prevalent in Africa. The highest genotypic diversity was reported in the American continent, with Brazil housing five HHV-8 genotypes (A, B, C, E, and F). In this study, we present update of the global distribution of HHV-8 genotypes, providing a basis for future epidemiological and evolutionary studies of HHV-8.

The following essay constitutes a theoretical journey through the landscape of the NAMES Project AIDS Quilt, one narrated from the perspective of those who live on to mourn, to remember. To some critics, my approach might at once appear radical or unorthodox since I focus on how Quilt spectators engage with the artifact and are thereby implicated in the history of the epidemic, rather than on how the dead are made to speak from beyond the grave. My intent is not to invalidate the claims made or the conclusions reached by other critics who have written persuasively about how the Quilt facilitates a voice (both individual and collective) for those who have died of AIDS-related illnesses; indeed, such critics have contributed a wealth of significant knowledge to critical understandings of the pedagogical and political functions of the Quilt. My intent, rather, is to respond to a set of as yet unexplored questions about how the ever-evolving landscape of the AIDS epidemic has altered the nature and purpose of Quilt spectatorship. When the Quilt was created in 1985, “naming names” was an important strategy for political survival, especially given the institutional apathy that silenced and marginalized all who were infected and/or affected by the epidemic. However, over the past sixteen years, apathy has slowly given way to increased attention by medical and media institutions. No longer is memory and reverence enough. Now, we must ask ourselves how the Quilt can continue to be used to combat the emergent obstacles that have sprung up in the wake of apathy and silence. This is not to suggest that remembrance, mourning, and reverence are not still significant responses to the epidemic; we cannot forgot the past, lest we repeat it. But it is to suggest that as we look back, we also must move forward and continue to chart new horizons for how our minds and bodies engage with the Quilt as a social and political space. Throughout this essay, then, my conclusions are at best tentative, offered more as a gesture of hope than as a model for survival. It is my hope that critics can continue to press against social spaces both with caution and determination because those actions matter. We must act with caution because there can be devastating consequences of asserting claims to visibility and location. We must act with determination because there are equally perilous consequences of not doing so. Since its meager beginnings, the NAMES Project AIDS Quilt has undergone exponential changes in size, shape, and scope, but critical responses to the Quilt have remained stagnant with most critics attributing to the Quilt a single meaning and purpose: to revere the dead. Cultural critic Peter S. Hawkins, for instance, argues that "the Quilt . . . is most profoundly about the naming of names" (760), while journalist Jerry Gentry suggests that the Quilt bespeaks "a national and international constructive expression of grief" (550), a grief which most powerfully resonates in the loss of individual lives. While "naming names" is a politically important function of the Quilt, critics who read the artifact as only motivated by memory assume that exhibitions of the artifact facilitate a static model of performance. For such critics, the Quilt represents a mass graveyard--both as a place of interment and as a place in which ideological meanings are circumscribed by the fixity and stillness of reverence. (This reading is partly enabled by the fact that each panel measures the size of a human grave.) Not only does this reading universalize the meaning of the Quilt but also it establishes a monolithic viewing position from which to receive that meaning. Here, I outline an alternative model of reception which is implicit in the design and display of the Quilt. While this model acknowledges reverence as one potential response to the Quilt, it does not foreclose other ways of reading. Rather than facilitating a grave performance, then, the Quilt enables performances within the grave. These performances are constituted in/through a dynamic exchange between speaker and listener, text and context, and work to produce a range of ideological meanings and subject positions. To understand how the Quilt locates its viewers within a particular subject position, it is first necessary to specify the speaker-listener relationship established in displays of the Quilt. This relationship is played out through a series of confessional utterances which, as Michel Foucault explains in The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, imply a dialectic relationship between speaker and listener in which subjectivity is predicated on subjection (61-62). The speaker's desire to confess necessitates the presence of a listener, one not wholly passive since his/her presence incites and enables the will to confess. In this way, both speaker and listener are marked as active/passive agents in an exchange characterized by reciprocity and negotiation. Because speakers and listeners simultaneously serve as subject and object of the confession, the exchange cannot be represented as static (active/passive) or unidirectional (sender-message-receiver). Since many critics already have carefully delineated the processes through which the Quilt directs the address of the panels and constitutes the dead as subjects, here I want to focus on how spectators are constructed as subjects who bear witness. Critics typically posit viewers of the Quilt as unified, coherent, monolithic subjects; yet Foucault's discussion of the confessional exchange assumes a subject-in-process. For me, this process is most accurately characterized as schizophrenic. My use of schizophrenia is tropic rather than diagnostic, in that the term works figuratively to describe subject formation rather than to identify the nature of psychiatric disturbance. Two characteristics (which are derived from the symptomatology of the psychic disorder schizophrenia) define the schizophrenic spectator: one, the loss of "normal" associations; and two, the presence of "auditory hallucinations." The first characteristic of schizophrenic spectators is the loss of "normal" associations. Remi J. Cadoret notes that in schizophrenics, "[t]hought processes appear to lose their normal associations, or usual connecting links, so that the individual is often unable to focus his [sic] thinking upon a particular mental task" (481). For schizophrenics, conventional relational markers (such as chronology, causality, temporality, and spatiality) no longer order cognition; instead, these markers are distorted (if not entirely ineffectual), creating for the schizophrenic a fractured sense of self in/and world. Without these normal associations, the schizophrenic wanders aimlessly (and often in isolation) through a chaotic world in search of structure, meaning, and purpose. Temporal associations provide perhaps the most common means of ordering experience. Viewed as a linear progression characterized by movement, change, and renewal, time structures the historical and the everyday by sequencing, demarcating, and hierarchizing events. Within the Quilt, this sense of progression is supplanted by perpetual repetition of the present. Elsley has offered a similar observation, noting that the Quilt operates in a "transitory present" tense, it "exists in a continual state of becoming" (194). In one sense, this perpetual present tense derives from the fact that no two displays of the Quilt are identical. Panels are ordered differently, new names and panels are added, older panels begin to show signs of wear-and-tear. A perpetual present tense also derives from the fact that the Quilt charts the progression of an epidemic that is itself ongoing, incomplete. Thus, the landscape of the Quilt is re-mapped in light of advances in HIV-treatment, softening/tightening of social mores, and changes in AIDS demographics. Another common means of ordering experience is though spatial associations. Location orders the social through architecture, urban planning, and zoning, endowing spaces with a well-defined purpose and layout. Yet the Quilt provides few signals regarding how spectators are intended to navigate its surface. As Weinberg notes, the Quilt is a "great grid" with "no narrative, no start or finish" (37). By describing the Quilt as a "grid," Weinberg implicitly ascribes to the artifact a controlling logic, a unified design--what in quilting parlance is termed a patchwork sampler. This design pattern, however, does not direct the flow of spectators in a single stream of traffic. This is so because, unlike a Drunkard's Path or Double Wedding Band pattern in which the individual panel blocks work together to create a unified design across the surface of the quilt, a patchwork sampler is constituted by a series of single panel blocks, each with a unique design, history, and logic. As a result, patrons' movements are guided by associations and punctuated by pauses, interruptions, and abrupt changes in course. The randomness of engagement is further enabled by the muslin walkways which visually separate the panels, marking each as distinct and disallowing any sense of continuity (narrative, spatial) among them. The routes which visitors of the Quilt traverse thus are transitory and ephemeral, simultaneously charted and erased in the moment of passing by. The second characteristic of schizophrenic spectators is the presence of auditory hallucinations. Cadoret defines these hallucinations as "the perception of auditory stimuli, or sounds, where none are externally present . . . . The voices . . . may repeat his [sic] thoughts or actions, argue with him [sic], or threaten, scold, or cure him [sic]" (481). Auditory hallucinations can lead the schizophrenic to believe that s/he is under constant surveillance or can cause the schizophrenic to slip further into a self-contained, isolated world of delusion. That the Quilt is made up of "a myriad of individual voices" (Elsley 192) is immediately apparent in the number of individuals who have taken part in its construction and display. With each quilt panel, spectators are confronted with multiple voices--the person who has died, the person(s) who made the block, the person(s) who stitched the block to others for a specific display, and so on. Moreover, the Quilt places these "individual voices . . . in the context of community" (Elsley 191). For Quilt spectators, then, memories of a life lived coexist with grief over a life cut short, anger at institutional apathy and systemic homophobia, faith in the import of remembering those who have died, and so on. Each of these voices vie for the spectator's attention, facilitating a gaze that is dynamic, multidirectional, mobile. Because the gaze is not fixed, the Quilt cannot convey a solitary truth claim to its viewers; rather, spectators must immerse themselves within the delusion and confusion of voices, imposing some sense of order on their own viewing experiences. Given that persons with AIDS continue to be marginalized within American culture, my use of the schizophrenic spectator to trace the reception dynamic of Quilt exhibits might appear to perpetuate, rather than unsettle, dominant ideological formations. Of course, this is the critical conundrum at the center of all investigations into subject formation: that is, "how to take an oppositional relation to power that is, admittedly, implicated in the very power one opposes" (Butler 17). Despite the potential pitfalls, I nonetheless use the trope of schizophrenia precisely because it recognizes the ways in which Quilt spectators, persons with AIDS, and persons who have died of AIDS-related illnesses are divested of the power and authority to speak even before they begin speaking. Furthermore, because the schizophrenic subject is founded on ever-shifting affinities (in time, across space), the position enables spectators to chart alternative lines of relation among institutional practices, ideological formations, and individual experiences, thus potentially mobilizing and sustaining a shared political program. It is on these twin goals of pedagogy and polemics that the NAMES Project originally was founded, and it is to these goals that we now must return. References Butler, Judith. The Psychic Life of Power: Theories in Subjection. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1997. Cadoret, Remi J. "Schizophrenia." Collier's Encyclopedia. Vol. 20. Eds. Lauren S. Bahr, et. al. New York: Collier's, 1997. 480-482. Elsley, Judy. "The Rhetoric of the NAMES Project AIDS Quilt: Reading the Text(ile)." AIDS: The Literary Response. Ed. Emmanuel S. Nelson. New York: Twayne, 1992. 187-196. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality, Volume 1: An Introduction. Trans. Robert Hurley. New York: Vintage, 1990. Gentry, Jerry. "The NAMES Project: A Catharsis of Grief." The Christian CENTURY 23 May 1989: 550-551. Hawkins, Peter S. "Naming Names: The Art of Memory and the NAMES Project AIDS Quilt." Critical Inquiry 19(Summer 1993): 752-779. Weinberg, Jonathan. "The Quilt: Activism and Remembrance." Art in America 80(Dec. 1992): 37, 39.

Introduction Daffodil Day, usually held in spring, raises funds for cancer awareness and research using this symbol of hope. On that day, people who donate money to this good cause are usually given a yellow daffodil pin to wear. When I lived in Auckland, New Zealand, on the last Friday in August most people walking around the city centre proudly wore a cheerful yellow flower. So many people generously participated in this initiative that one almost felt obliged to join the cause in order to wear the ‘uniform’ – the daffodil pin – as everyone else did on that day. To donate and to wear a daffodil is the social expectation, and operating in social environment people often endeavour to meet the expectation by doing the ‘appropriate things’ defined by societies or communities. After all, who does not like to receive a beam of acceptance and appreciation from a fellow daffodil bearer in Auckland’s Queen Street? States in international society are no different. In some ways, states wear ‘uniforms’ while executing domestic and foreign affairs just as human beings do within their social groups. States develop the understandings of desirable behaviour from the international community with which they interact and identify. They are ‘socialised’ to act in line with the expectations of international community. These expectations are expressed in the form of international norms, a prescriptive set of ideas about the ‘appropriate behaviour for actors with a given identity’ (Finnemore and Sikkink 891). Motivated by this logic of appropriateness, states that comply with certain international norms in world politics justify and undertake actions that are considered appropriate for their identities. This essay starts with examining how international norms can be spread to different countries through the process of ‘state socialisation’ (how the countries are ‘talked into’ wearing the ‘uniform’). Second, the essay investigates the idea of ‘cultural match’: how domestic actors comply with an international norm by interpreting and manipulating it according to their local political and legal practices (how the countries wear the ‘uniform’ differently). Lastly, the essay probes the current international normative community and the liberal values embedded in major international norms (whether states would continue wearing the ‘uniform’). International Norms and State Socialisation: Why Do States Wear the ‘Uniforms’? Norm diffusion is related to the efforts of ‘norm entrepreneurs’ using various platforms to convince a critical mass of states to embrace new norms (Finnemore and Sikkink 895-896). Early studies of norm diffusion tend to emphasise nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) as norm entrepreneurs and advocates, such as Oxfam and its goal of reducing poverty and hunger worldwide (Capie 638). In other empirical research, intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) were shown to serve as ‘norm teachers,’ such as UNESCO educating developing countries the value of science policy organisations (Finnemore 581-586). Additionally, states and other international actors can also play important roles in norm diffusion. Powerful states with more communication resources sometimes enjoy advantages in creating and promoting new norms (Florini 375). For example, the United States and Western European countries have often been considered as the major proponents of free trade. Norm emergence and state socialisation in a normative community often occurs during critical historical periods, such as wars and major economic downturns, when international changes and domestic crises often coincide with each other (Ikenberry and Kupchan 292). For instance, the norm entrepreneurs of ‘responsible power/state’ can be traced back to the great powers (mainly the United States, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union) and their management of international order at the end of WWII (see Bull). With their negotiations and series of international agreements at the Cairo, Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam Conference in the 1940s, these great powers established a post-World War international society based on the key liberal values of international peace and security, free trade, human rights, and democracy. Human beings are not born to know what appropriate behaviour is; we learn social norms from parents, schools, peers, and other community members. International norms are collective expectations and understanding of how state governments should approach their domestic and foreign affairs. States ‘learn’ international norms while socialising with a normative community. From a sociological perspective, socialisation summarises ‘how and to what extent diverse individuals are meshed with the requirement of collective life’ at the societal level (Long and Hadden 39). It mainly consists of the process of training and shaping newcomers by the group members and the social adjustment of novices to the normative framework and the logic of appropriateness (Long and Hadden 39). Similarly, social psychology defines socialisation as the process in which ‘social organisations influence the action and experience of individuals’ (Gold and Douvan 145). Inspired by sociology and psychology, political scientists consider socialisation to be the mechanism through which norm entrepreneurs persuade other actors (usually a norm novice) to adhere to a particular prescriptive standard (Johnston, “Social State” 16). Norm entrepreneurs can change novices’ behaviour by the methods of persuasion and social influence (Johnston, “Treating International Institutions” 496-506). Socialisation sometimes demands that individual actors should comply with organisational norms by changing their interests or preferences (persuasion). Norm entrepreneurs often attempt to construct an appealing cognitive frame in order to persuade the novices (either individuals or states) to change their normative preferences or adopt new norms. They tend to use language that can ‘name, interpret and dramatise’ the issues related to the emerging norm (Finnemore and Sikkink 987). As a main persuasive device, ‘framing’ can provide a singular interpretation and appropriate behavioural response for a particular situation (Payne 39). Cognitive consistency theory found in psychology has suggested the mechanism of ‘analogy’, which indicates that actors are more likely to accept new ideas that share some similarities to the extant belief or ideas that they have already accepted (see Hybel, ch. 2). Based on this understanding, norm entrepreneurs usually frame issues in a way that can associate and resonate with the shared value of the targeted novices (Payne 43). For example, Finnemore’s research shows that when it promoted the creation of state science bureaucracies in the 1960s, UNESCO associated professional science policy-making with the appropriate role of a modern state, which was well received by the post-war developing countries in Latin America, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia (Finnemore 565-597). Socialisation can also emanate actors’ pro-norm behaviour through a cost-benefit calculation made with social rewards and punishments (social influence). A normative community can use the mechanism of back-patting and opprobrium to distribute social reward and punishment. Back-patting – ‘recognition, praise and normative support’ – is offered for a novice’s or member’s cooperative and pro-norm behaviour (Johnston, “Treating International Institutions” 503). In contrast, opprobrium associated with status denial and identity rejection can create social and psychological costs (Johnston 504). Both the reward and punishment grow in intensity with the number of co-operators (Johnston 504). A larger community can often create more criticism towards rule-breakers, and thus greatly increase the cost of disobedience. For instance, the lack of full commitment from major powers, such as China, the United States, and some other OECD countries, has arguably made global collective action towards mitigating climate change more difficult, as the cost of non-compliance is relatively low. While being in a normative environment, novice or emerging states that have not yet been socialised into the international community can respond to persuasion and social influence through the processes of identification and mimicking. Social psychology indicates that when one actor accepts persuasion or social influence based on its desire to build or maintain a ‘satisfying self-defining relationship’ to another actor, the mechanism of identification starts to work (Kelman 53). Identification among a social group can generate ‘obligatory’ behaviour, where individual states make decisions by attempting to match their perceptions of ‘who they are’ (national identity) with the expectation of the normative community (Glodgeier and Tetlock 82). After identifying with the normative community, a novice state would then mimic peer states’ pro-norm behaviour in order to be considered as a qualified member of the social group. For example, when the Chinese government was deliberating over its ratification of the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety in 2003, a Ministry of Environmental Protection brief noted that China should ratify the Protocol as soon as possible because China had always been a country ‘keeping its word’ in international society, and non-ratification would largely ‘undermine China’s international image and reputation’ (Ministry of Environmental Protection of PRC). Despite the domestic industry’s disagreement with entering into the Protocol, the Chinese government’s self-identification as a ‘responsible state’ that performs its international promises and duties played an important role in China’s adoption of the international norm of biosafety. Domestic Salience of International Norms: How Do States Wear the ‘Uniforms’ Differently? Individual states do not accept international norms passively; instead, state governments often negotiate and interact with domestic actors, such as major industries and interest groups, whose actions and understandings in turn impact on how the norm is understood and implemented. This in turn feeds back to the larger normative community and creates variations of those norms. There are three main factors that can contribute to the domestic salience of an international norm. First, as the norm-takers, domestic actors can decide whether and to what extent an international norm can enter the domestic agenda and how it will be implemented in policy-making. These actors tend to favour an international norm that can justify their political and social programs and promote their interests in domestic policy debates (Cortell and Davis, “How Do International Institutions Matter?” 453). By advocating the existence and adoption of an international norm, domestic actors attempt to enhance the legitimacy and authority of their current policy or institution (Acharya, “How Ideas Spread” 248). Political elites can strengthen state legitimacy by complying with an international norm in their policy-making, and consequently obtain international approval with reputation, trust, and credibility as social benefits in the international community (Finnemore and Sikkink 903). For example, when the UN General Assembly adopted the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), only four states – Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States – voted against the Declaration. They argued that their constitutional and national policies were sufficiently responsive to the type of Indigenous self-determination envisioned by UNDRIP. Nevertheless, given the opprobrium directed against these states by the international community, and their well-organised Indigenous populations, the four state leaders recognised the value of supporting UNDRIP. Subsequently all four states adopted the Declaration, but in each instance state leaders observed UNDRIP’s ‘aspirational’ rather than legal status; UNDRIP was a statement of values that these states’ policies should seek to incorporate into their domestic Indigenous law. Second, the various cultural, political, and institutional strategies of domestic actors can influence the effectiveness of norm empowerment. Political rhetoric and political institutions are usually created and used to promote a norm domestically. Both state and societal leaders can make the performative speech act of an international norm work and raise its importance in a national context by repeated declarations on the legitimacy and obligations brought by the norm (Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 76). Moreover, domestic actors can also develop or modify political institutions to incorporate an international norm into the domestic bureaucratic or legal system (Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 76). These institutions provide rules for domestic actors and articulate their rights and obligations, which transforms the international norm’s legitimacy and authority into local practices. For example, the New Zealand Government adopted a non-nuclear policy in the 1980s. This policy arose from the non-nuclear movement that was leading the development of the Raratonga Treaty (South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone) and peace and Green party movements across Europe who sought to de-nuclearise the European continent. The Lange Labour Government’s 1984 adoption of an NZ anti-nuclear policy gained impetus because of these larger norm movements, and these movements in turn recognised the normative importance of a smaller power in international relations. Third, the characteristics of the international norm can also impact on the likelihood that the norm will be accepted by domestic actors. A ‘cultural match’ between international norm and local values can facilitate norm diffusion to domestic level. Sociologists suggest that norm diffusion is more likely to be successful if the norm is congruent with the prior values and practices of the norm-taker (Acharya, “Asian Regional Institutions” 14). Norm diffusion tends to be more efficient when there is a high degree of cultural match such that the global norm resonates with the target country’s domestic values, beliefs or understandings, which in turn can be reflected in national discourse, as well as the legal and bureaucratic system (Checkel 87; Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 73). With such cultural consistency, domestic actors are more likely to accept an international norm and treat it as a given or as ‘matter-of-fact’ (Cortell and Davis, “Understanding the Domestic Impact” 74). Cultural match in norm localisation explains why identical or similar international socialisation processes can lead to quite different local developments and variations of international norms. The debate between universal human rights and the ‘Asian values’ of human rights is an example where some Asian states, such as Singapore and China, prioritise citizen’s economic rights over social and political rights and embrace collective rights instead of individual rights. Cultural match can also explain why one country may easily accept a certain international norm, or some aspect of one particular norm, while rejecting others. For example, when Taiwanese and Japanese governments adapted the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples into their local political and legal practice, various cultural aspects of Indigenous rights have been more thoroughly implemented compared to indigenous economic and political rights (Gao et al. 60-65). In some extreme cases, the norm entrepreneurs even attempt to change the local culture of norm recipients to create a better cultural match for norm localisation. For example, when it tried to socialise India into its colonial system in the early nineteenth century, Britain successfully shaped the evolution of Indian political culture by adding British values and practices into India’s social, political, and judicial system (Ikenberry and Kupchan 307-309). The International Normative Community: Would States Continue Wearing ‘Uniforms’? International norms evolve. Not every international norm can survive and sustain. For example, while imperialism and colonial expansion, where various European states explored, conquered, settled, and exploited other parts of the world, was a widely accepted idea and practice in the nineteenth century, state sovereignty, equality, and individual rights have replaced imperialism and become the prevailing norms in international society today. The meanings of the same international norm can evolve as well. The Great Powers first established the post-war international norms of ‘state responsibility’ based on the idea of sovereign equality and non-intervention of domestic affairs. However, the 1980s saw the emergence of many international organisations, which built new standards and offered new meanings for a responsible state in international society: a responsible state must actively participate in international organisations and comply with international regimes. In the post-Cold War era, international society has paid more attention to states’ responsibility to offer global common goods and to promote the values of human rights and democracy. This shift of focus has changed the international expectation of state responsibility again to embrace collective goods and global values (Foot, “Chinese Power” 3-11). In addition to the nature and evolution of international norms, the unity and strength of the normative community can also affect states’ compliance with the norms. The growing size of the community group or the number of other cooperatives can amplify the effect of socialisation (Johnston, “Treating International Institutions” 503-506). In other words, individual states are often more concerned about their national image, reputation and identity regarding norm compliance when a critical mass of states have already subscribed into the international norm. How much could this critical mass be? Finnemore and Sikkink suggest that international norms reach the threshold global acceptance when the norm entrepreneurs have persuaded at least one third of all states to adopt the new norm (901). The veto record of the United Nation Security Council (UNSC) shows this impact. China, for example, has cast a UNSC veto vote 17 times as of 2022, but it has rarely excised its veto power alone (Security Council Report). For instance, though being sceptical of the notion of ‘Responsibility to Protect’, which prioritises human right over state sovereignty, China did not veto Resolution 1973 (2011) regarding the Libyan civil war. The Resolution allowed the international society to take ‘all necessary measure to protect civilians’ from a failed state government, and it received wide support among UNSC members (no negative votes from the other 14 members). Moreover, states are not entirely equal in terms of their ‘normative weight’. When Great Powers act as norm entrepreneurs, they can usually utilise their wealth and influence to better socialise other norm novice states. In the history of promoting biological diversity norms which are embedded in the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the OECD countries, especially France, UK, Germany, and Japan, have been regarded as normative leaders. French and Japanese political leaders employed normative language (such as ‘need’ and ‘must’) in various international forums to promote the norms and to highlight their normative commitment (see e.g. Chirac; Kan). Additionally, both governments provided financial assistance for developing countries to adopt the biodiversity norms. In the 2011 annual review of CBD, Japan reaffirmed its US$12 million contribution to assisting developing countries (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 9). France joined Japan’s commitment by announcing a financial contribution of €1 million along, with some additional funding from Norway and Switzerland (Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity 9). Today, biological diversity has been one of the most widely accepted international environmental norms, which 196 states/nations have ratified (United Nations). While Great Powers can make more substantial contributions to norm diffusion compared to many smaller powers with limited state capacity, Great Powers’ non-compliance with the normative ‘uniform’ can also significantly undermine the international norms’ validity and the normative community’s unity and reputation. The current normative community of climate change is hardly a unified one, as it is characterised by a low degree of consensus. Major industrial countries, such as the United States, Canada, and Australia, have not yet reached an agreement concerning their individual responsibilities for reducing greenhouse emissions. This lack of agreement, which includes the amount of cuts, the feasibility and usefulness of such cuts, and the relative sharing of cuts across various states, is complicated by the fact that large developing countries, such as China, Brazil, and India, also hold different opinions towards climate change regimes (see Vidal et al.). Experts heavily criticised the major global powers, such as the European Union and the United States, for their lack of ambition in phasing out fossil fuels during the 2022 climate summit in Egypt (COP27; Ehsan et al.). In international trade, both China and the United States are among the leading powers because of their large trade volume, capacity, and transnational network; however, both countries have recently undermined the world trade system and norms. China took punitive measures against Australian export products after Australia’s Covid-19 inquiry request at the World Health Organisation. The United States, particularly under the Trump Administration, invoked the WTO national security exception in Article XXI of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) to justify its tariffs on steel and aluminium. Lastly, norm diffusion and socialisation can be a ‘two-way path,’ especially when the norm novice state is a powerful and influential state in the international system. In this case, the novices are not merely assimilated into the group, but can also successfully exert some influence on other group members and affect intra-group relations (Moreland 1174). As such, the novices can be both targets of socialisation and active agents who can shape the content and outcome of socialisation processes (Pu 344). The influence from the novices can create normative contestation and thus influence the norm evolution (Thies 547). In other words, novice states can influence international society and shape the international norm during the socialisation process. For example, the ‘ASEAN Way’ is a set of norms that regulate member states’ relationships within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It establishes a diplomatic and security culture characterised by informality, consultation, and dialogue, and consensus-building in decision-making processes (Caballero-Anthony). From its interaction with ASEAN, China has been socialised into the ‘ASEAN Way’ (Ba 157-159). Nevertheless, China’s relations with the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) also suggest that there exists a ‘feedback’ process between China and ARF which resulted in institutional changes in ARF to accommodate China’s response (Johnston, “The Myth of the ASEAN Way?” 291). For another example, while the Western powers generally promote the norm of ‘shared responsibility’ in global environment regimes, the emerging economies, such as the BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), have responded to the normative engagement and proposed a ‘Common but Differentiated Responsibilities’ regime where the developing countries shoulder less international obligations. Similarly, the Western-led norm of ‘Responsibility to Protect’, which justifies international humanitarian intervention, has received much resistance from the countries that only adhere to the conventional international rules regarding state sovereignty rights and non-intervention to domestic affairs. Conclusion International norms are shared expectations about what constitutes appropriate state behaviour. They are the ‘uniforms’ for individual states to wear when operating at the international level. States comply with international norms in order to affirm their preferred national identities as well as to gain social acceptance and reputation in the normative community. When the normative community is united and sizable, states tend to receive more social pressure to consistently wear these normative uniforms – be they the Geneva Conventions or nuclear non-proliferation. Nevertheless, in the post-pandemic world where liberal values, such as individual rights and rule of law, face significant challenges and democracies are in decline, the future success of the global normative community may be at risk. Great Powers are especially responsible for the survival and sustainability of international norms. The United States under President Trump adopted a nationalist ‘America First’ security agenda: alienating traditional allies, befriending authoritarian regimes previously shunned, and rejecting multilateralism as the foundation of the post-war global order. While the West has been criticised of failing to live up to its declared values, and has suffered its own loss of confidence in the liberal model, the rising powers have offered their alternative version of the world system. Instead of merely adapting to the Western-led global norms, China has created new institutions, such as the Belt and Road Initiatives, to promote its own preferred values, and has reshaped the global order where it deems the norms undesirable (Foot, “Chinese Power in a Changing World Order” 7). Great Power participation has reshaped the landscape of global normative community, and sadly not always in positive ways. Umberto Eco lamented the disappearance of the beauty of the past in his novel The Name of the Rose: ‘stat rosa pristina nomine, nomina nuda tenemus’ ('yesterday’s rose endures in its name, we hold empty names'; Eco 538). If the international community does not want to witness an era where global norms and universal values are reduced to nominalist symbols, it must renew and reinvigorate its commitment to global values, such as human rights and democracy. It must consider wearing these uniforms again, properly. References Acharya, Amitav. “How Ideas Spread: Whose Norms Matter? Norm Localisation and Institutional Change in Asian Regionalism.” International Organisations 58.2 (2004): 239-275. Acharya, Amitav. “Asian Regional Institutions and the Possibilities for Socializing the Behavior of States.” Asian Development Bank Working Paper Series on Regional Economic Integration 82 (June 2011). Ba, Alice D. “Who’s Socializing Who? Complex Engagement in Sino-ASEAN Relations.” The Pacific Review 19.2 (2006): 157-179. Hedley Bull. The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics. New York: Palgrave, 2002. Caballero-Anthony, Mely. “The ASEAN Way and The Changing Security Environment: Navigating Challenges to Informality and Centrality.” International Politics, June 2022. Capie, David. “Localization as Resistance: The Contested Diffusion of Small Arms Norms in Southeast Asia.” Security Dialogue 36.6 (2008): 637–658. Checkel, Jeffrey T. “Norms, Institutions, and National Identity in Contemporary Europe.” International Studies Quarterly 43.1 (1999): 83-114. Chirac, Jacques. Statement by the President of the French Republic to the International Conference on ‘Biodiversity: Science and Governance’, UNESCO, 24-28 Jan. 2005. <https://cbd.int/kb/record/statement/9026?RecordType=statement>. Cortell, Andrew P., and James W. Davis, Jr. “How Do International Institutions Matter? The Domestic Impact of Intentional Rules and Norms.” International Studies Quarterly 40.4 (1996): 451-478. Cortell, Andrew P., and James W. Davis, Jr. “Understanding the Domestic Impact of International Norms: A Research Agenda.” International Studies Review 2.1 (2000): 65-87. Eco, Umberto. The Name of the Rose. London: Penguin, 2014. Finnemore, Martha, and Kathryn Sikkink. “International Norm Dynamics and Political Change.” International Organization 52.4 (1998): 887-917. Finnemore, Martha. “International Organizations as Teachers of Norms: The United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization and Science Policy.” International Organization 47.4 (1993): 565-597. Florini, Ann. “The Evolution of International Norms.” International Studies Quarterly 40.3 (1996): 363-389. Foot, Rosemary. “Chinese Power and the Idea of a Responsible State.” The China Journal 45 (2001): 1-19. ———. “Chinese Power and the Idea of a Responsible State in a Changing World Order.” The Centre of Gravity Series, Australian National University, Feb. 2018. Gao, Xiang, et. al. “The Legal Recognition of Indigenous Interests in Japan and Taiwan.” Asia Pacific Law Review 24.1: 60-82. Glodgeier, James M., and Philip E. Tetlock. “Psychology and International Relations Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 4 (2001): 67-92. Gold, Martin, and Elizabeth Douvan. A New Outline of Social Psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 1997. Hybel, Alex R. How Leaders Reason: U.S. Intervention in the Caribbean Basin and Latin America. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1990. Ikenberry, Gilford J., and Charles A. Kupchan. “Socialization and Hegemonic Power.” International Organization 44.3 (1990): 283-315. Johnston, Alastair I. “The Myth of the ASEAN Way? Explaining the Evolution of the ASEAN Regional Forum.” Imperfect Unions: Security Institutions over Time and Space. Eds. Helga Haftendorn, Robert O. Keohane, and Celeste A. Wallander. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1999. 287-324. ———. “Treating International Institutions as Social Environments.” International Studies Quarterly 45.4 (2001): 487–515. ———. Social States: China in International Institution, 1980-2000. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2008. Kan, Naoto. Statement by the Prime Minister of Japan at the opening of the High Level Segment of the Tenth Meeting of the Conference of Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Japan, 27 Oct. 2010. <https://www.mofa.go.jp/announce/pm/kan/address101027.html>. Kelman, Herbert C. “Compliance, Identification and Internalisation: Three Processes of Attitude Change.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 2.1 (1958): 51-60. Long, Theodore E., and Jeffrey K. Hadden. “A Preconception of Socialization.” Sociological Theory 3.1 (1985): 39-49. Masood, Ehsan, et al. “COP27 Climate Talks: What Succeeded, What Failed and What’s Next.” Nature 29 Nov. 2022. <https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-03807-0>. Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People’s Republic of China. Shewu duoyangxing lvyue jianbao 生物多样性履约简报 [Brief of Implementing Convention on Biological Diversity] 4 (2003). Moreland, Richard L. “Social Categorization and the Assimilation of ‘New’ Group Members.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 48.5 (1985): 1173-1190. Payne, Rodger A. “Persuasion, Frames and Norm Construction.” European Journal of International Relations 7.1 (2001): 37-61. Pu, Xiaoyu. “Socialisation as a Two-way Process: Emerging Powers and the Diffusion of International Norms.” The Chinese Journal of International Politics 5.4 (2012): 341-367. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Convention on Biological Diversity: Year in Review 2011. 2011 <https://www.cbd.int/doc/reports/cbd-report-2011-en.pdf>. Secrity Council Report. "The Veto." 16 Dec. 2020. <https://www.securitycouncilreport.org/un-security-council-working-methods/the-veto.php>. Thies, Cameron G. “Sense and Sensibility in the Study of State Socialisation: A Reply to Kai Alderson.” Review of International Studies 29.4 (2003): 543-550. United Nations. “Convention on Biological Diversity, Key International Instrument for Sustainable Development.” <https://www.un.org/en/observances/biological-diversity-day/convention>. Vidal, John, Allegra Stratton, and Suzanne Goldenberg. “Low Targets, Goals Dropped: Copenhagen Ends in Failure.” The Guardian, 19 Dec. 2009. <http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/18/copenhagen-deal>.