Tesis sobre el tema "Wave loading models"

This thesis presents validation and application of advanced soil constitutive models in cases of seismic loading conditions. Firstly, results of three advanced soil constitutive models are compared with examples of shear stack experimental data for free field response in dry sand for shear and compression wave propagation. Higher harmonic generation in acceleration records, observed in experimental works, is shown to be possibly the result of soil nonlinearity and fast elastic unloading waves. This finding is shown to have high importance on structural response, real earthquake records and reliability of conventionally employed numerical tools. Finally, short study of free field response in saturated soil reveals similar findings on higher harmonic generation. Secondly, two advanced soil constitutive models are used, and their performance is assessed based on examples of experimental data on piles in dry sand in order to validate the ability of the constitutive models to simulate seismic soil-structure interaction. The validation includes various experimental configurations and input motions. The discussion on the results focuses on constitutive and numerical modelling aspects. Some improvements in the formulations of the models are suggested based on the detailed investigation. Finally, the application of one of the advanced soil constitutive models is shown in regard to temporary natural frequency wandering observed in structures subjected to earthquakes. Results show that pore pressure generated during seismic events causes changes in soil stiffness, thus affecting the natural frequency of the structure during and just after the seismic event. Parametric studies present how soil permeability, soil density, input motion or a type of structure may affect the structural natural frequency and time for its return to the initial value. In addition, a time history with an aftershock is analysed to investigate the difference in structural response during the earthquake and the aftershock.

This thesis reports on research work aimed at improving methods for predicting the fluid loading on fixed- and compliant offshore structures in waves. In focusing on slender member fluid-interaction models, the limitations and uncertainties associated with the widely-used Morison equation are examined. An improved empirical model has been developed and tested extensively alongside the Morison equation, using real experimental data. This improved model gives a better representation of the frequency dependency of the fluid-loading coefficients: this is particularly important in compliant motion conditions where the so-called relative velocity concept still needs to be verified under carefully controlled experimental conditions. The model is based entirely on the use of linear wave kinematics, thus simplifying calibration in irregular conditions and avoiding the need for a consistent non-linear wave theory (which is still lacking). By appropriate adaptation the improved model can also be extended to include amplitude dependency in the loading coefficients. The Improved Model has been developed through an analysis of experimental data. For this purpose the experimental work was focused on a horizontal cylinder, at model scale, located in a wave tank at the University of Sussex. The fluid loading experienced by a fixed cylinder, in both regular and irregular waves conditions, was measured and examined in detail. In addition, a comprehensive study of the loading on compliant cylinders, in both regular and irregular waves, was undertaken. Extensive use was made of appropriate parameter estimation techniques with initial attention (using simulated data) given to their accuracy for use with noisy experimental measurements. The effects of subtle (but undesirable) tank characteristics were also carefully taken into account. The study shows that, for fixed horizontal cylinders, benefits can be clearly identified in using the improved model, with frequency dependent coefficients, over the frequency dependent Morison equation. Moreover, the study shows that the relative velocity concept is more appropriate for use with the improved model than with the Morison model.

In recent years, a number of researchers have applied various computational methods to study wind wave and tsunami forcing on bridge superstructure problems. Usually, these computational analyses rely upon application of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes. While CFD models may provide reasonable results, their disadvantage is that they tend to be computationally expensive. During this study, an alternative computational method was explored in which a previously-developed diffraction model was combined with a previously-developed trapped air model under worst-case wave loading conditions (i.e. when the water surface was at the same elevation as the bottom bridge chord elevation). The governing equations were solved using a finite difference algorithm in MATLAB for the case where the bridge was impacted by a single wave in two dimensions. Resultant inertial and drag water forces were computed by integrating water pressure contacting the bridge superstructure in the horizontal and vertical directions, while resultant trapped air forces (high-frequency oscillatory forces or sometimes called “slamming forces” in the literature) were computed by integrating air pressure along the bottom of the bridge deck in the vertical direction. The trapped air model was also used to compute the buoyancy force on the bridge due to trapped air. Results were compared with data from experiments that were conducted at the University of Florida in 2009. Results were in good agreement when a length-scale coefficient associated with the trapped air model was properly calibrated. The computational time associated with the model was only approximately one hour per bridge configuration, which would appear to be a significant improvement when compared with other computational technique

In this study, a three-dimensional two-phase (air and water) numerical solver is applied to investigate free surface flows. The first component aims to improve the overall understanding of the underlying physical mechanisms that occur during the interaction between turbulent hydraulic bores and simple structures. Data collected during large-scale physical experiments based on generating dam-break waves in a horizontal rectangular channel is used for comparing to the numerical results. An extensive sensitivity analysis on numerical parameters including spatial discretization and turbulence models is presented. Quantitative comparisons of numerical and experimental time series of water surface elevations, pressure, and net streamwise force exerted on the structure are used to validate the model. In the in-depth analysis, it is demonstrated that the model is able to simulate the pertinent aspects of the flow behaviour that occur during the interaction with good agreement. The numerical impulsive force generated at initial impact shows excellent agreement with the experimental results, particularly for the larger magnitudes bores considered. Since the numerical model treats the air as an incompressible media, the level of agreement observed between the experimental and numerical results suggests that the compressibility of the air in the leading edge of the bore during the physical testing had no significant effect on the measured impulsive force. The two-phase model was also able to capture the occurrence of a second transient spike in the force exerted on the structure when the initial runup collapsed back onto the incoming flow, trapping a pocket of air in the process. The model was further applied to investigate the effect of an initially quiescent layer of water in the downstream channel section on bore propagation characteristics and the subsequent interaction with the structure. It is demonstrated that for small nonzero values of initial downstream depth a substantial increase in bore depth occurs. However, further increases in the downstream depth did not appear have any significant effects. For the greatest downstream depth simulated, a considerable reduction in the hydrodynamic force is observed as a result of a more rapid closing of the wake that develops on the leeside of the structure. The second component of the study applies the same numerical solver to investigate a novel long wave generation technique for producing laboratory-scale tsunami waves. The concept is based on removing the air from the inside of a tank with a submerged outlet at the upstream end of the basin and releasing the water in a controlled manner. A similar procedure as described above was used to calibrate the numerical parameters to experimentally-measured wave heights and periods. To model the influence of the pneumatic valves mounted on top of the upstream chamber, time-varying pressure boundary conditions are developed to regulate and control the pressure inside the tank. Quantitative and qualitative comparisons of the numerical and experimental results show good agreement and a high potential for the solver to be used for similar investigations. An analysis is performed to improve the existing understanding of the wave formation process. The model is also applied to modify test configurations that influence the waveform for which the results may be used to aid in making operating decisions for future tests or in the design of similar wave generating devices.

This thesis represents an attempt to reveal and explain the mysterious excitation sources which cause global wave induced vibrations of ships. The wave induced vibrations of the hull girder are referred to as springing when they are associated with a resonance phenomenon, and whipping when they are caused by a transient impact loading. Both phenomena excite the governing vertical 2-node mode and possibly higher order modes, and consequently increase the fatigue and extreme loading of the hull girder. These effects are currently disregarded in conventional ship design. The thesis focuses on the additional fatigue damage on large blunt ships.

The study was initiated by conducting an extensive literature study and by organizing an international workshop. The literature indicated that wave induced vibrations should be expected on any ship type, but full scale documentation (and model tests) was mainly related to blunt ships. While the theoretical investigation of whipping mostly focused on slender vessels with pronounced bow flare, full scale measurements indicated that whipping could be just as important for blunt as for slender ships. Moreover, all estimates dealing with the fatigue damage due to wave induced vibration based on full scale measurements before the year of 2000 were nonconservative due to crude simplifications. The literature on the actual importance of the additional fatigue contribution is therefore scarce.

The workshop was devoted to the wave induced vibrations measured onboard a 300m iron ore carrier. Full scale measurements in ballast condition were compared with numerical predictions from four state-of-the-art hydroelastic programs. The predicted response was unreliable, and the programs in general underestimated the vibration level. The excitation source was either inaccurately described or lacking. The prediction of sea state parameters and high frequency tail behavior of the wave spectra based on wave radars without proper setting and calibration was also questioned. The measurements showed that vibrations in ballast condition were larger than in the cargo condition, the vibration was more correlated with wind speed than wave height, head seas caused higher vibration levels than following seas, the vibration level towards beam seas decayed only slightly, and the damping ratio was apparently linear and about 0.5%. The additional vibration damage constituted 44% of the total measured fatigue loading in deck amidships in the North Atlantic iron ore trade, with prevailing head seas encountered in ballast condition.

Four hypotheses, which may contribute to explain the high vibration levels, were formulated. They include the effect of the steady wave field and the interaction with the unsteady wave field, amplification of short incident waves due to bow reflection, bow impacts including the exit phase and sum frequency excitation due to the bow reflection. The first three features were included in a simplified program to get an idea of the relative importance. The estimates indicated that the stem flare whipping was insignificant in ballast condition, but contributed in cargo condition. The whipping was found to be sensitive to speed. Simplified theory was employed to predict the speed reduction, which was about 5kn in 5m significant wave height. The estimated speed reduction was in fair agreement with full scale measurements of the iron ore carrier.

Extensive model tests of a large 4-segmented model of an iron ore carrier were carried out. Two loading conditions with three bow shapes were considered in regular and irregular waves at different speeds. By increasing the forward trim, the increased stem flare whipping was again confirmed to be of less importance than the reduced bottom forces in ballast condition. The bow reflection, causing sum frequency excitation, was confirmed to be important both in ballast and cargo condition. It was less sensitive to speed than linear springing. The second order transfer function amplitude displayed a bichromatic sum frequency springing (at resonance), which was almost constant independent of the frequency difference. The nondimensional monochromatic sum frequency springing response was even higher. The sum frequency pressure was mainly confined to the bow area. Surprisingly, for the sharp triangular bow with vertical stem designed to remove the sum frequency effect, the effect was still pronounced, although smaller. The reflection of incident waves did still occur.

In irregular head sea states in ballast condition whipping occurred often due to bottom bilge (flare) impacts, starting with the first vibration cycle in hogging. This was also observed in cargo condition, and evident in full scale. This confirmed that the exit phase, which was often inaccurately represented or lacking in numerical codes, was rather important. Flat bottom slamming was observed at realistic speeds, but the vibratory response was not significantly increased. Stern slamming did not give any significant vibration at realistic forward speeds.

The fatigue assessment showed that the relative importance of the vibration damage was reduced for increasing peak period, and secondly that it increased for increasing wave heights due to nonlinearities. All three bows displayed a similar behavior. For the sharp bow, the additional fatigue damage was reduced significantly in steep and moderate to small sea states, but the long term vibration damage was less affected. The effect of the bulb appeared to be small. The contribution of the vibration damage was reduced significantly with speed. For a representative North Atlantic iron ore trade with head sea in ballast and following sea in cargo condition the vibration damage reduced from 51% at full speed to 19% at realistic speeds. This was less than measured in full scale, but the damping ratio of 1-3.5% in model tests was too high, and the wave damage in following seas in cargo condition was represented by head sea states (to high wave damage due to too high encounter frequency). Furthermore, the contribution from vibration damage was observed to increase in less harsh environment from 19% in the North Atlantic to 26% in similarWorld Wide trade. This may also be representative for the effect of routing. The dominating wave and vibration damage came from sea states with a significant wave height of 5m. This was in agreement with full scale results. In ballast condition, the nonlinear sum frequency springing appeared to be more important than the linear springing, and the total springing seemed to be of equivalent importance as the whipping process, which was mainly caused by bottom bilge (flare) impacts. All three effects should be incorporated in numerical tools.

In full scale, the vibration response reached an apparently constant level as a function of wave height in both ballast and cargo condition in head seas. This behaviour could be explained by the speed reduction in higher sea states. The vibration level in cargo condition was 60-70% of the level in ballast condition. Although common knowledge implies that larger ships may experience higher springing levels due to a lower eigenfrequency, a slightly smaller ore carrier displayed a higher contribution from the vibration damage (57%) in the same trade, explained by about 1m smaller draft. Moreover, the strengthening of the larger ship resulted in a 10% increase of the 2-node eigenfrequency. The subsequent measurements confirmed that an increased hull girder stiffness was not an effective means to reduce the relative importance of the vibration damage.

The relative importance of the excitation sources causing wave induced vibration may differ considerably for a slender compared to a blunt vessel. Therefore, full scale measurements on a 300m container vessel were briefly evaluated. The damping ratio was almost twice as high as for several blunt ships, possibly due to significant contribution from the container stacks. The reduced relative importance of the vibration damage with increasing wave height for the iron ore carrier in full scale was opposite to the trend obtained for the container vessel. Less speed reduction in higher sea states was confirmed, and the whipping process was apparently relatively more important for the container vessel. Both for the blunt and slender ship of roughly 300m length, the total fatigue damage due to vibration was of similar importance as the conventional wave frequency damage. The contribution to fatigue damage from wave induced vibrations should be accounted for, for ships operating in harsh environment with limited effect of routing, especially when they are optimized with respect to minium steel weight.

The four hypotheses were all relevant in relation to wave induced vibrations on blunt ships. Further numerical investigation should focus on the sum frequency springing caused by bow reflection and the whipping impacts at the bow quarter. The wave amplification, steady wave elevation and the exit phase must be properly incorporated. When it comes to design by testing, an optimized model size must be selected (wall interaction versus short wave quality). The speed must be selected in combination with sea state. The wave quality must be monitored, and a realistic damping ratio should be confirmed prior to testing. For the purpose of investigating sum frequency excitation, a large restrained bow model tested in higher waves may be utilized to reduce uncertainties in the small measured pressures.

Seabed stability near offshore pipelines is one of the main concerns in engineering practice, being potentially affected by waves and ocean currents. The traditional model used to analyse soil behaviour near the pipeline assumes a two-dimensional interaction between the seabed and the marine structure. In other words, it is generally believed that the waves travel in the direction of the pipe. However, the actual marine environment is three-dimensional, with waves and currents approaching the structure from all directions. Based on a wide review of the literature, it may be claimed that the simplified 2D model no longer simulates the complex layouts of environment where offshore pipelines can be built, which should be represented as an integrated system. Therefore, the main objective of this project is to study the mechanism of soil response and liquefaction caused by waves and currents in the porous seabed near the offshore pipeline from a three-dimensional perspective. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed based on the Finite Volume Method (FVM) to analyse the instantaneous soil behaviour under the combined loads from both ocean waves and currents. In this integrated model, the hydrodynamic model is governed by the VARANS (Volume-Averaged Reynods Averaged Navier-Stokes) equation for simulating the two-phase incompressible flow motion outside and inside the porous media. The Biot’s consolidation equations are then solved for the soil responses by linking the dynamic wave pressure on the interface between the wave and seabed. The seabed behaviour is considered to be linear elastic with inversely small deformations. Overall good agreement with laboratory experimental measurements validates this newly proposed 3-D model. The numerical results reveal that the flow obliquity between the incident waves and the ocean currents has a non-negligible effect on the instantaneous pore-water pressure around the submarine pipeline, a phenomenon that cannot be observed in two dimensional numerical model. Further, a parametric study is conducted to show that the instantaneous pore-water pressure around the pipeline increases with decreasing flow obliquity; such influence can significantly increase with the increasing current velocity. Moreover, the liquefaction zone is more easily observed near the inlet of the ocean currents. By adopting the established FVM model, a numerical study on the soil response caused by waves and ocean currents near the trench structure has been conducted. The numerical results show that an offshore pipeline positioned in a trench layer is more stable than one directly laid on the seafloor. The following ocean currents can increase the liquefaction depth below the pipeline, while the opposing ocean currents can reduce the liquefaction depth near the pipeline. Moreover, the lee-wake vortex can be avoided with enough backfill thickness, which also decreases the occurrence of the onset of scour around the pipeline. Also, the nonlinear wave-current-induced seabed response around a pipe-protective cover system was investigated using the 3-D integrated model developed in OpenFOAM®. It was shown that, with sufficient quantity of stone covers and protective mattresses, the stability of the system can be maintained even with large current velocities. At this point, valuable suggestions can be drawn from the numerical results and then applied to engineering applications: (i) different backfill materials can be used to maintain the stability of a trenched pipeline with critical backfill thickness;(ii) pipelines laid directly on the surface of the seabed can be protected by a full stone cover or protective mattress under the environmental loadings from both ocean waves and currents with different directions; (iii) the protective mattress can be economically constructed over the pipeline with critical spacing to avoid an increase in the engineering budget.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Eng & Built Env
Science, Environment, Engineering and Technology
Full Text

Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2005.
Thesis research directed by: Aerospace Engineering. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

"RF excited CO2 lasers are widely used in industry. They provide relatively high power discharge levels while maintaining compactness, simplicity, and durability with respect to other competing laser technologies. To attain high power levels in the range of 5-10 KW, lasers with large electrode areas have to be designed. Unfortunately, due to the large electrode length requirements, transmission line effects make the discharge loading nonlinear, adversely affecting the efficiency of the CO2 laser. A standard approach to linearize the discharge loading is to introduce shunt inductors across the length of the electrodes in an effort to counter the capacitive nature of the discharge behavior. This thesis investigates and improves the theoretical models found in the literature in an effort to predict the discharge non-uniformity and allow for multiple shunt inductors installation. Specifically, we discuss the coupling of a CO2 laser discharge model with an electrical circuit solving scheme and how it can be characterized as one dimensional (1-D) and two dimensional (2-D) systems. The 1-D system is modeled using transmission line (TL) theory, where as the 2-D system is modeled using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) scheme. All our models were implemented in standard MATLAB code and the results are compared with those found in the literature with the goal to analyze and ascertain model limitations."

Il mare rappresenta una inesauribile fonte di energia rinnovabile, di particolare interesse economico per i territori che si affacciano lungo le coste, grazie ad una tariffa particolarmente incentivante proposta da alcuni Paesi. Lo sfruttamento di questa fonte di energia richiede lo sviluppo di tecnologie adatte alla fonte di energia e al sito di interesse. Tra le varie forme di energia, quella relativa al moto ondoso viene convertita in energia elettrica attraverso l impiego dei diversi sistemi di produzione noti come Wave Energy Converter WEC. Le tipologie di WEC brevettate sono molteplici, ognuna con il proprio principio di funzionamento ed ognuna adatta ad una specifica installazione. Una delle applicazioni prevede l istallazione dei sistemi WEC onshore, nei porti. Ipotizzare l istallazione di un sistema WEC nei porti modifica l ottica di inquadramento degli stessi da infrastruttura intermodale di trasporto a infrastruttura verde. Finora, i porti sono stati considerati infrastrutture in cui confluiscono e hanno continuità varie vie di comunicazione fluvio-marittime, terresti e aeree. Oggi, i porti verdi e le infrastrutture cosiddette smart assumono un interesse sempre più rilevante ai fini di una green-strategy. Essi rappresentano una rinnovata sostenibilità ambientale delle mobilità e delle attività interportuali. L attività svolta favorisce lo sviluppo dei sistemi WEC, contribuendo alle valutazioni sull efficienza in condizioni reali. Particolare attenzione è rivolta ai dispositivi Oscillating Water Column OWC che hanno il vantaggio di essere integrabili nelle dighe portuali a parete verticale. Gli OWC sfruttano le oscillazioni del pelo libero del moto ondoso mediante la compressione e decompressione dell aria in una camera stagna che viene veicolata verso una turbina in grado di funzionare in entrambe le direzioni del moto. La presente ricerca è stata condotta mediante modellazione fisica, con l obiettivo di migliorare l efficienza del sistema valutando vantaggi e criticità del dispositivo. Nel dettaglio, è stato analizzato il funzionamento dei sistemi OWC simulando, per semplicità, la perdita di carico dovuta alla turbina mediante un orifizio, un restringimento inserito in un condotto verticale sopra la camera d aria. Il funzionamento del sistema è stato esaminato dal punto di vista strutturale e idrodinamico attraverso le valutazioni sul periodo proprio di oscillazione del sistema, sulla riflessione del sistema, sulle pressioni e sulle forze agenti sulla struttura. In dettaglio, dalla modellazione a grande scala è stato possibile valutare il diametro dell orifizio ottimale, che provoca la minor riflessione possibile. Note le difficoltà di riprodurre i modelli a grande scala, sono stati valutati gli effetti di scala su un OWC a piccola scala, progettato a partire dalla modellazione a grande scala. I parametri geometrici sono stati indagati nella modellazione a piccola scala valutando la loro influenza sulla riflessione. È stato dunque possibile definire una configurazione ottimale del sistema. Il lavoro svolto ha come fine ultimo quello di favorire la progettazione di un sistema OWC da inserire presso un sito campione, scelto lungo le coste della Sicilia. L OWC è stato modellato a piccola scala sulla base delle condizioni d onda e morfologiche del sito. Il dimensionamento del caso studio è stato eseguito sulla base delle valutazioni del periodo proprio del sistema, della riflessione, delle pressioni e dei carichi. Da tale applicazione è stato altresì possibile valutare il problema del rumore provocato dall attivazione della turbina in fase di esercizio, proponendo una soluzione che riduce il livello sonoro a valori compatibili con le attività previste nel porto. Inoltre, è stato possibile massimizzare il rendimento del dispositivo OWC al caso studio. Infine è stata verificata la stabilità strutturale ed è stata eseguita un analisi economica sull istallazione di un OWC in un porto.

Nowadays, there is rising concern among Transmission System Operators about the declining of system inertia due to the increasing penetration of wind energy, and other renewable energy systems, and the retirements of conventional power plants. On the other hand, by properly operating wind farms, wind generation may be capable of enhancing grid stability and ensuring continued security of power supply. In this doctoral thesis, new control approaches for designing wind farm optimization-based control strategies are proposed to improve the participation of wind farms in grid support, specially in primary frequency support.
Hoy en día, existe una significativa preocupación entre los Operadores de Sistemas de Transmisión sobre la cresciente penetración de le energía eólica y la tendiente eliminación de las centrales eléctricas convencionales que implica la disminución de la inercia del sistema eléctrico. Operando adecuadamente los parques eólicos, la generación eólica puede mejorar la estabilidad de la red eléctrica y garantizar la seguridad y un continuo suministro de energía. Esta tesis doctoral propone nuevas estrategias para diseñar controladores basados en optimización dinámica para parques eólicos y mejorar la participación de los parques eólicos en el soporte de la red eléctrica. En primer lugar, esta tesis doctoral presenta los enfoques clásicos para el control de parques y turbinas eólicas y cómo los conceptos de control existentes pueden ser explotados para hacer frente a los nuevos desafíos que se esperan de los parques eólicos. Esta tesis doctoral asigna un interés especial a cómo formular la función objetivo de que la reserva de potencia sea maximizada, para ayudar por el suporte de frequencia, y al mismo tiempo seguir la potencia demandada por la red. Sin embargo, el impacto de la estela de viento generada por una turbina sobre otras turbinas necesita ser minimizado para mejorar la reserva de potencia. Por lo tanto, a lo largo de esta tesis se proponen estrategias de control centralizado para parques eólicos enfocadas en distribuir óptimamente la energía entre las turbinas para que el impacto negativo de la estela en la reserva de potencia total se reduzca. Se discuten dos técnicas de control para proporcionar los objetivos de control mencionados anteriormente. Un algoritmo de control óptimo para encontrar la mejor distribución de potencia entre las turbinas en el parque mientras se resuelve un problema iterativo de programación lineal. En segundo lugar, se utiliza la técnica de control predictivo basada en modelo para resolver un problema de control multi-objetivo que también podría incluir, junto con la maximización de reserva de potencia, otros objetivos de control, tales como la minimización de las perdidas eléctricas en los cables de la red de interconexión entre turbinas y un controlador/supervisor. Además, la investigación realizada resalta la capacidad de las estrategias de control propuestas en esta tesis para proporcionar mayor reserva de potencia respecto a los conceptos comúnmente usados para distribuir la potencia total del parque eólico. La idea principal detrás del diseño de una estrategia de control de parques eólico es de encontrar una solución óptima dentro de un cálculo computacional relativamente bajo. Aunque los controladores centralizados propuestos en esta tesis reaccionan rápidamente a los cambios en la potencia de referencia enviada desde el controlador, algunos problemas pueden ocurrir cuando se consideran parques eólicos de gran escala debido a los retrasos existentes por el viento entre turbinas. Bajo estas circunstancias, la producción de energía de cada turbina está altamente acoplada con la propagación de la estela y, por ende, con las condiciones de funcionamiento de las otras turbinas. Esta tesis doctoral propone un esquema de control de parques eólicos no centralizados basado en una estrategia de partición para dividir el parque eólico en sub-conjuntos independientes de turbinas. Con la estrategia de control propuesta, el tiempo de cálculo se reduce adecuadamente en comparación con la estrategia de control centralizado mientras que el rendimiento en la distribución óptima de potencia es ligeramente afectado. El rendimiento de todas las estrategias de control propuestas en esta tesis se prueba con un simulador de parque eólico que modela el comportamiento dinámico del efecto de estela mediante el uso de un conocido y consolidado modelo dinámico de estela y, para un análisis más realista, algunas simulaciones se realizan con software avanzado basado en la técnica de Large Eddy Simulation.

This thesis discusses the suitability of numerical wave loading models for monopile-supported offshore wind turbines in rough seas, where models tend to lose validity and dangerous nonlinear phenomena occur.

碩士
國立成功大學
土木工程學系
102
This research is focus on responses of scale-down offshore wind turbine foundation that subjected to wind and wave loadings. Finite element method is adopted to analyze both static and dynamic behaviors of group piles of offshore wind turbines that suffer complicated loadings. The Abaqus code is used in this study to solve complicated and highly non-linear problem including soil-structure-soil interaction that is the center part of pile foundation analysis. Both scale-down and non-scale-down model analyses with the same loadings and boundary conditions are performed and compared to investigate the scaling effect. The results show that the numerical model of single pile under lateral loading is close to the results of LPILE based on p-y method. Scaling down model with different stiffness change the displacement and moment distribution of the pile in same soil property and slightly increase the soil lateral ultimate capacity. Results of group pile under extreme wind and wave loadings reveal that the responses of piles is dominated by wind force and the wave loadings only induces minor effect on the overall system. Last, this research recommends the stiffness reduction ratios for scale-down group pile model design.