Artículos de revistas: "Water Pollution Vietnam"

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SODA, Satoshi y Tetsuo MINAMI. "Water Quality Index Analysis of Water Pollution of Ha Long Bay, Vietnam". Journal of Environmental Conservation Engineering 49, n.º 4 (20 de julio de 2020): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5956/jriet.49.209.

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Tan Hoi, Huynh. "Current Situation of Water pollution in Vietnam and Some Recommendations". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 442 (17 de marzo de 2020): 012014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/442/1/012014.

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3

Нгуен, Динь Дап, Din' Dap Nguen, В. Волшаник, V. Volshanik, Н. Джумагулова y N. Dzhumagulova. "Monitoring of Water Quality’s Ecological Status in Tolich River in Hanoi, Vietnam". Safety in Technosphere 6, n.º 5 (21 de febrero de 2018): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a8557b5b11699.50260941.

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The results of instrumental studies for water pollution in many water bodies, and in the Tolich river — the principal river of Hanoi, capital of Vietnam — have been presented. The main part of pollution comes to water bodies through the city’s drain network, and directly through the urban areas’ relief. The data on devices and methods for assessment of quantitative and qualitative composition of Tolich river’s water has been presented. The main dangerous sources of river’s pollution are biological oxygen demand (more than 2.79 MPC), chemical oxygen demand (more than 3.29 MPC), ammonium nitrogen (more than 50 MPC), petroleum products (more than 20 MPC), phosphates (up to 10 MPC), and other substances. Has been presented data on quantitative composition of pollution from different branches of industry. Has been drawn a conclusion of need to create and carry out the State monitoring of water environment and coastal zones, and to introduce systems for artificial water aeration in water bodies to improve water’s self-cleaning ability.

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4

Nguyen Dinh Dap, V. I. Telichenko y M. Y. Slesarev. "Источники и причины загрязнения поверхностных вод водоемов в Ханое (Вьетнам)". Vestnik MGSU, n.º 10 (octubre de 2018): 1234–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22227/1997-0935.2018.10.1234-1242.

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5

Son, Cao Truong, Nguyen Thị Huong Giang, Trieu Phuong Thao, Nguyen Hai Nui, Nguyen Thanh Lam y Vo Huu Cong. "Assessment of Cau River water quality assessment using a combination of water quality and pollution indices". Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology-Aqua 69, n.º 2 (20 de enero de 2020): 160–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/aqua.2020.122.

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Abstract This research aims at using a combined water quality index (WQI) and pollution index (PI) to assess and characterize river water quality of Cau River which is one of the longest rivers in the north of Vietnam. Five different water quality and water pollution indices were used including the Water Quality Index (WQI), Comprehensive Pollution Index (CPI), Organic Pollution Index (OPI), Eutrophication Index (EI), and Trace Metal Pollution Index (TPI). The combined water pollution indices show more serious pollution towards the river downstream. In particular, CPI and OPI reveal a high risk of eutrophication. Cluster analysis was applied to classify water monitoring points into different quality groups in order to provide a better understanding of the water status in the river. This study indicates that a combined water quality analysis could be an option for decision making water use purposes while its single index shows the current situation of water quality.

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Grayman, W. M., H. J. Day y R. Luken. "Regional water quality management for the Dong Nai River Basin, Vietnam". Water Science and Technology 48, n.º 10 (1 de noviembre de 2003): 17–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2003.0528.

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A three-year study that started solely as an industrial pollution reduction effort in Dong Nai Province of Vietnam expanded into an ongoing regional river basin water quality management effort. The project was a cooperative effort between the United Nations (UNDP and UNIDO) and the Federal and Provincial governments in Vietnam. A comprehensive approach was used to assess the impacts and strategies for reducing industrial, municipal and agricultural pollution to the water, air and land. The strategy was based upon use of knowledge in four subject areas, economics, ecology, technology and institutions, integrated within a framework for regional environmental quality management, sometimes called Areawide Environmental Quality Management (AEQM). Dong Nai Province encompasses a major developing area immediately north of Ho Chi Minh City. The land area chosen for the AEQM study is the 1,400 square kilometre region in and around Bien Hoa that drains into the Dong Nai River. The Dong Nai River serves many purposes including navigation, fisheries and a water supply for both the Province and Ho Chi Minh City. Extensive industrial and residential development was underway and was projected to increase in the coming decade. A strategy for the control of pollution from liquid, gaseous and solid wastes for the period 1998 to 2010 in Dong Nai Province was developed.

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7

Bui, Nguyen Khanh. "Water environmental protection in craft villages of Vietnam". E3S Web of Conferences 258 (2021): 08009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125808009.

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Craft villages are a unique feature of rural Vietnam. They play an important role in rural social - economic development and contribute to industrialisation and modernisation processes. Craft village development contributes to poverty alleviation and hunger eradication in rural areas, provides jobs in leisure time, improves incomes and quality of life etc. However, the sustainable development of craft villages has yet to receive due attention from legislation and administrative authorities at all levels. Unlike many countries in the world, craft villages in Vietnam are not only associated with the preservation of cultural values but also exist as industrial clusters. Based on traditional activities, craft villages of Vietnam are characterized by small-scale level, manually operated equipment and backward technologies, low material/fuel efficiency, suffered limitations of manufacturing space and possessed insufficient awareness on environment and health protection of the people. Because of this, a number of the activities of the craft villages have imposed pressure on their respective environments, and the surrounding communities, especially water environmental pollution. This article focuses on the challenges of water environmental protection in craft villages of Vietnam; It also provides shortcomings in water environmental management in craft villages and recommendation to amend and supplement regulations and mechanisms related to water environmental management in craft villages in Vietnam.

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QUAN, Pham Van, Hiroaki FURUMAI, Futoshi KURISU, Ikuro KASUGA, Cao The HA y Le Van CHIEU. "Water Pollution Characterization by Pathogenic Indicators in Water Runoff in the Downtown of Hanoi, Vietnam". Journal of Water and Environment Technology 8, n.º 3 (2010): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2965/jwet.2010.259.

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9

Hoang LE, Anh, Akihiro TOKAI y Yugo YAMAMOTO. "Structural Analysis of Relationship between Economic Activities and Water Pollution in Vietnam". JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES 25, n.º 3 (2012): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.25.139.

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10

T Nguyen, N. T. "Risks assessment of water pollution at estuary area of red river (Vietnam)". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 451 (14 de diciembre de 2018): 012204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/451/1/012204.

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11

Nguyen Thanh Giao. "Surveying causes of surface water pollution at Sao River, Binh Thuy district, Can Tho city, Vietnam". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 9, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2021): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2021.9.2.0055.

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Surface water sources play an important role in human and biological activities and the socio-economic development of the region. Therefore, the assessment of water quality and determination of the causes of water pollution in Sao river is essential for good management of the surface water environment. The study was conducted from July to December 2020. Water samples were collected at the time of low tide to evaluate the water quality indicators of temperature, pH, conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), ammonium (N-NH4+), orthophosphate (P-PO43-) and coliform. The source of pollution was determined by direct interviews with households living near Sao river. The results showed that surface water quality in Sao river had signs of organic pollution and microbiological pollution due to BOD, TSS, N-NH4+, P-PO43-, coliform exceeded the allowable limits of National Technical regulation on surface water quality (QCVN 08-MT:2015/BTNMT, column A1). The results of the interview revealed that 70% of respondents said that water was seriously polluted and the main sources of pollution were domestic solid waste and domestic wastewater. Therefore, to improve surface water quality in Sao river, solid waste and wastewater management is urgently required. It is necessary to promote the monitoring and management of water quality with the participation of local authorities and communities.

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12

Miegeville, M. "Cyclospora like bodies : une nouvelle coccidose humaine associée à une flambée de diarrhées au retour d'un voyage du Vietnam dans la région nantaise". Journal européen d’hydrologie 28, n.º 2 (1997): 191–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/water/19972802191.

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13

Linderhof, Vincent, Marieke Meeske, Vasco Diogo y Anne Sonneveld. "The Impact of Water-Related Pollution on Food Systems in Transition: The Case of Northern Vietnam". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (11 de febrero de 2021): 1945. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13041945.

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In Vietnam, agricultural practices such as fertilizer and pesticide use affect the landscape as well as the availability and safety of food. For instance, pesticides and fertilizer end up in surface water used for drinking water, crop irrigation, and in fish tanks. However, the link to actual food consumption and health is complex and information is lacking. This study considers potential water-related exposure to toxic hazards in northern Vietnam food systems, through the consumption of food commodities and of water. Water pollution is operationalized by considering the following two channels: (i) pesticide and nutrient leaching to surface water (share of surface water) and (ii) industrial runoff from facilities located in urban areas (share of urban areas). We explore how potential exposure to toxic hazard is related to food consumption choices. Using a sample of the Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey (VHLSS) for 2014, we estimate how shares of food consumption categories in total food consumption are affected by household and landscape characteristics, the latter also reflecting potential environmental pressures. In districts with higher shares of surface water, the share of fish consumption is higher and the share of meat consumption is lower. From an environmental and health perspective, households in water-rich areas thus may have a higher probability of being exposed to toxic chemicals due to higher fish consumption. In districts with higher shares of urban areas, the shares of meat and cereals in total food consumption value were lower, and the shares of fish and fruit and vegetables were higher. The results indicate that food consumption is affected by landscape characteristics that may also influence the level of exposure to water-related environmental pressures, and that this combined effect may potentially exacerbate food safety and health risks. The actual impact is more complex and should be analyzed with more sophisticated data and methods.

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14

Wilbers, Gert-Jan, Mathias Becker, La Thi Nga, Zita Sebesvari y Fabrice G. Renaud. "Spatial and temporal variability of surface water pollution in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". Science of The Total Environment 485-486 (julio de 2014): 653–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.049.

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15

Hien, P. G., L. T. K. Oanh, N. T. Viet y G. Lettinga. "Closed wastewater system in the tapioca industry in vietnam". Water Science and Technology 39, n.º 5 (1 de marzo de 1999): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0226.

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Wastewater from tapioca processing factory containing high COD (11,077-19,083 mg/l), SS (4,180-7,600 mg/l) and low pH (4.33-5.60) still causes heavy pollution to receiving water in South Vietnam. Closing the water circuit in the tapioca industries represents a very attractive option for eliminating pollution problems and the reuse of treated wastewater and solid wastes. The investigated and presently occasionally already implemented system consists of primary sedimentation tank, anaerobic treatment using UASB-reactors, aeration tanks using attached growth reactor and oxidation ponds system. Under laboratory conditions, organic loading rates applied in UASB-reactors are up to 40,35 kg COD/m3.d with treatment efficiency of 90-95%, reducing the COD concentration from up to 13,449 mg/l to 624-780 mg/l. The final effluent COD (sol.) after treatment in the pond system operated at hydraulic retention time of 12-20 days is lower than 10 mg/l. This effluent is suited very well either for use in agriculture or in the factory.

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16

Nagano, Y., T. Teraguchi, P. K. Lieu y H. Furumai. "Characterization of water pollution in drainage networks using continuous monitoring data in the Citadel area of Hue City, Vietnam". Water Science and Technology 70, n.º 4 (14 de junio de 2014): 612–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2014.243.

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In the Citadel area of Hue City, drainage systems that include canals and ponds are considerable sources of fecal contaminants to inundated water during the rainy season because canals and ponds receive untreated wastewater. It is important to investigate the characteristics of hydraulics and water pollution in canals and ponds. At the canals and ponds, water sampling was conducted during dry and wet weather periods in order to evaluate fecal contamination and to investigate changes in water pollution caused by runoff inflow. Inundated water was also collected from streets during heavy rainfall. At the canals and ponds, concentrations of Escherichia coli and total coliform exceeded the Vietnamese regulation values for surface water in 23 and 24 out of 27 samples (85 and 89%), respectively. The water samples were categorized based on the characteristics of water pollution using cluster analysis. In the rainy season, continuous monitoring was conducted at the canals and ponds using water depth and electrical conductivity (EC) sensors to investigate the dynamic relationship between water level and water pollution. It is suggested that in the canals, high EC meant water stagnation and low EC signified river water inflow. Therefore, EC might be a good indicator of water flow change in canals.

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17

Nguyen, Thanh Giao. "Evaluating Surface Water Quality in Ninh Kieu District, Can Tho City, Vietnam". Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management 24, n.º 9 (19 de octubre de 2020): 1599–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jasem.v24i9.18.

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This study aimed to evaluate water quality in the canals in Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho city in the period of 2018-2019. Monitoring data were collected at 10 locations distributed on Tham Tuong canal (TT1, TT2), Cai Khe canal (CK1-CK4), Bun Xang lake (BX1-BX2), Cai Son - Hang Bang canal (HB1, HB2). Water quality parameters assessed include temperature, pH, turbidity, total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), orthophosphate (PO4 3--P), nitrate (NO3 -- N), ammonia (NH4 +-N), nitrite (NO2 -- N) and coliforms. The results showed that water quality in the canals in Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho city were contaminated with coliforms, TSS, BOD, and COD. The temperature and pH parameters were very little fluctuated, while BOD, coliforms, and DO tended to decrease in the period from 2018-2019. Particularly, the mean P-PO4 3- in 2019 was higher than that in 2018. BOD, COD, TSS, P-PO4 3-, and coliforms in Tham Tuong canal were higher than those in other water bodies because several production and business activities are taking place. Water pollution problem in Ninh Kieu district, Can Tho city needs to be solved as soon as possible to ensure healthy environment, attracting tourists to visit in Can Tho city. Keywords: water quality, pollution, microorganisms, organic matters, suspended solids, Ninh Kieu, Can Tho

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18

Pham, Minh Tuyen, Nguyen Khanh Bui y Roman Puzirevsky. "Legal framework for environmental impact assessment in Vietnam: the challenges between the regulations and practice". E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411008.

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After 30 years of economic reforms since the launch of Đổi Mới in 1986, Vietnam has recorded significant and historic achievements. From a poor, war-ravaged, centrally planned economy, which was closed off from much of the outside world, Vietnam has become a middle-income country with a dynamic market economy that is deeply integrated into the global economy. But growth has to a large extent come at the cost of the environment. Vietnam’s greenhouse gas emissions have grown the fastest in the region, while the environmental quality of its air, land, and water has deteriorated considerably. Water and air pollution have reached serious levels, especially near Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, posing major health risks. As the most important environmental management tool, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is recognized by Vietnamese Government and international organizations in the management of the impacts of future development on the country’s natural resource base. EIA is the important Chapter of Law on environmental protection 2014 of Vietnam (which was passed by the 13 National Assembly at the 7th session on June 23, 2014). This article argue that while significant improvements have been achieved in the EIA legal framework, the challenges remains between the EIA regulations and practice. This article contend that the current EIA legal framework is poor and facing with challenges and that future developments of the EIA regulations in Vietnam should focus not only on legislative documents but also on improving capacity of EIA practitioners with strictly sanctions.

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Kikuchi, Tetsuro, Takuma Furuichi, Huynh Trung Hai y Shuzo Tanaka. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in River Water of Hanoi, Vietnam Using Multivariate Analyses". Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 83, n.º 4 (14 de julio de 2009): 575–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00128-009-9815-4.

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Chu, Thi Thu Ha. "Environmental pollution in Vietnam: Challenges in management and protection". Journal of Vietnamese Environment 9, n.º 1 (23 de junio de 2018): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol9.no1.pp1-3.

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Vietnam is facing big challenges in terms of environmental pollution caused by natural agents and anthropogenic activities. Environmental pollution in Vietnam is present in air, water and soil environments in many areas with contaminants including total suspended particles (TSP), organic substances, heavy metals, nutrients including ammonium, phosphate exceeding the allowable values of national standard. One of the most important causes of environmental pollution is the legal powers of environmental protection organizations, especially the environmental police force, not strong enough. In addition, the awareness of the people about environmental protection is very weak. Improving the system of laws on environmental protection, including sanctions that are strong enough to prevent violations, is of the most importance to enhance the effectiveness of environmental management and protection in Vietnam. On the other hand, educating people and even school children about environmental protection is a very meaningful activity to reduce the pressures and challenges of environmental management and protection in Vietnam. Việt Nam đang phải đối mặt với những thách lớn về ô nhiễm môi trường gây ra bởi các tác nhân tự nhiên và các hoạt động của con người. Ô nhiễm môi trường ở Việt Nam biểu hiện ở cả môi trường không khí, nước và đất tại nhiều khu vực với hàm lượng các chất ô nhiễm gồm bui thô TSP. các chất hữu cơ, kim loại nặng, các chất dinh dưỡng gồm amoni, phosphat vượt quá tiêu chuẩn cho phép. Một trong những nguyên nhân quan trọng gây ô nhiễm môi trường là sức mạnh pháp lý của các cơ quan tổ chức hoạt động trong lĩnh vực môi trường, đặc biệt là lực lượng cảnh sát môi trường, chưa đủ mạnh. Bên cạnh đó, ý thức của người dân về giữ gìn bảo vệ môi trường còn rất yếu. Việc hoàn thiện hệ thống luật pháp về bảo vệ môi trường bao gồm các chế tài đủ mạnh để ngăn chặn các vi phạm là quan trọng hàng đầu nhằm tăng cường hiệu quả quản lý và bảo vệ môi trường ở Việt Nam. Mặt khác, giáo dục tuyên truyền ý thức cho người dân và thậm chí các học sinh trong trường học về giữ gìn bảo vệ môi trường là hoạt động rất ý nghĩa nhằm giảm bớt các áp lực và thách thức trong quản lý và bảo vệ môi trường ở Việt Nam.

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Thanh Giao, Nguyen, Phan Kim Anh y Huynh Thi Hong Nhien. "Spatiotemporal Analysis of Surface Water Quality in Dong Thap Province, Vietnam Using Water Quality Index and Statistical Approaches". Water 13, n.º 3 (29 de enero de 2021): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030336.

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The study was conducted to spatiotemporally analyze the quality, location and critical water variables influencing water quality using water monitoring data from the Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Dong Thap province in 2019. The water quality parameters including turbidity, pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), total suspended solids (TSS), biological oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrite (N-NO2−), nitrate (N-NO3−), ammonium (N-NH4+), total nitrogen (TN), orthophosphate (P-PO43−), chloride (Cl−), oil and grease, sulfate (SO42−), coliforms, and Escherichia coli (E. coli) were collected at 58 locations with the frequency of four times per year (February, May, August, and November). These parameters were compared with national technical regulation on surface water quality—QCVN 08-MT: 2015/BTNMT. Water quality index (WQI) was calculated and spatially presented by geographical information system (GIS) tool. Pearson correlation analysis, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to evaluate the correlation among water quality parameters, group and reduce the sampling sites, and identify key parameters and potential water pollution sources. The results showed that TSS, BOD, COD, N-NH4+, P-PO43−, coliforms, and E. coli were the significant concerns impairing the water quality. Water quality was assessed from poor to medium levels by WQI analysis. CA suggested that the current monitoring locations could be reduced from 58 sites to 43 sites which can be saved the total monitoring budget up to 25.85%. PCA showed that temperature, pH, TSS, DO, BOD, COD, N-NH4+, N-NO2−, TN, P-PO43−, coliforms, and E. coli were the key water parameters influencing water quality in Dong Thap province’s canals and rivers; thus, these parameters should be monitored annually. The water pollution sources were possibly hydrological conditions, water runoff, riverbank erosion, domestic and urban activities, and industrial and agricultural discharges. Significantly, the municipal and agricultural wastes could be decisive factors to the change of surface water quality in the study area. Further studies need to focus on identifying sources of water pollution for implementing appropriate water management strategies.

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Vo, Phu Le. "WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN HO CHI MINH CITY, VIETNAM: AN OVERVIEW". Science and Technology Development Journal 12, n.º 2 (28 de enero de 2009): 51–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v12i2.2206.

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Water is a resource needed in all aspects of life and is regarded as a decisive factor for Earth's ecosystems survival. However, water resource has also become a limiting factor of social and economic development. For cities of the developing world, water is increasingly playing a vital role in sustainable urban development. Since economic reform known as “Doi Moi" (renovation) in 1986, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, has undergone the rapid growth of urbanization and industrialization. As a result, the City has experie critical environmental challenges in which water use and management have placed constraints on its sustainable development. These striking challenges include water shortage, pollution and depletion of surface and groundwater sources. The underlying reasons can be attributed to inadequate management practices. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of rapid urbanization and growing water resource problems. It also examines the management practices and analyze the root causes of water resource issues in the course of sustainable development.

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Huu Nguyen, Hue y Thanh Huu Nguyen. "Study on creation of water sources supplying the inner river system in Hanoi city with continuous flow for cleaning the aquatic environment". MATEC Web of Conferences 193 (2018): 02012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201819302012.

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Vietnam is currently facing major challenges from ongoing water pollution in urban rivers. In the city of Hanoi, the amount of domestic waste water, industrial waste water, and waste water from unprocessed trade villages are discharged directly into the rivers, which are the main causes of water pollution. The biggest problem now is how to deal with the current state of water pollution in the inner rivers of Hanoi with the focus on Day, Nhue, and To Lich river systems. This article presents the study to determine Route Works for a gravity based water supply system that provides continuous flows to these rivers. Then, the one-dimensional hydrodynamic model (HEC-RAS V4.1) is used as a basis for assessing the effectiveness of the solution. Through the results of the study, it was once again confirmed that the construction of a gravity based water supply system is feasible, both to improve the aquatic environment of the rivers and to ensure the supply of irrigation water for production.

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Nguyen, Xuan Phuong y Van Huong Dong. "A Report of the Impacts of Pollutants on Maritime Operation in Vietnam". European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 3, n.º 10 (30 de octubre de 2018): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2018.3.10.940.

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The article focuses on synthesis and production of adsorbents to collect oil spills using available and surplus raw materials in agriculture. Research on the manufacture of oil sorbent based on the combination of polyurethane and agricultural by-product is conducted. Nowadays, waste by-products are partly composted, partly used as feed for the remaining cattle that is disposed of in the environment or burned out. This wall is the cause of severe environmental pollution. Therefore, using this waste straw combined with polyurethane to make oil absorbing materials to treat oil pollution at sea is a feasible, scientific and practical option, contributing to minimizing environmental pollution as well as promoting the development of agriculture. Thus, with the current strategy of marine economic development and strong waterway transportation, it will lead to serious environmental pollution if we need specific solutions to solve the problem of neglect. Application of adsorbent material to absorb oil and heavy metals from waste water of transport fleet is part of the strategy of sustainable economic development.

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Agusa, Tetsuro, Pham Thi Kim Trang, Vi Mai Lan, Duong Hong Anh, Shinsuke Tanabe, Pham Hung Viet y Michael Berg. "Human exposure to arsenic from drinking water in Vietnam". Science of The Total Environment 488-489 (agosto de 2014): 562–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.039.

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Bui, Thi Kim Anh, Dinh Kim Dang, Trung Kien Nguyen, Ngoc Minh Nguyen, Quang Trung Nguyen y Hong Chuyen Nguyen. "Phytoremediation of heavy metal polluted soil and water in Vietnam". Journal of Vietnamese Environment 6, n.º 1 (5 de noviembre de 2014): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol6.no1.pp47-51.

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Phytoremediation has been intensively studied during the past decade due to its cost-effectiveness and environmental harmonies. Most of the studies on treatment of heavy metal pollution in soil and water by plant species have been done in developed countries but are limited in Vietnam. In this study, we presented some research results of phytoremediation of polluted soils and water with heavy metals that were done by Institute of Environmental Technology for several last years. For treatment of heavy metal pollution in the water, some plants have great ability to accumulate heavy metals such as Vetiveria zizanioides, Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea aquatica, Nypa fruticans and Enhydra fluctuans. The heavy metal uptake into shoots and roots of 33 indigenous plant species in Thai Nguyen province was also determined. Two species of the plants investigated, Pteris vittata L. and Pityrogramma calomelanos L. were As hyperaccumulators, containing more than 0.1% As in their shoots while Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus and Equisetum ramosissimum accumulated very high Pb (0.15-0.65%) and Zn (0.22-1.56%) concentrations in their roots. Some experiments to clarify the potential of several plants as good candidates for phytoremediation of polluted soil by heavy metals were carried out in our institute. Phương pháp sử dụng thực vật để xử lý ô nhiễm đã được nghiên cứu nhiều trong thập kỷ qua do chi phí thấp và thân thiện với môi trường. Hầu hết các nghiên cứu về xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong đất và nước bằng thực vật đã được thực hiện ở các nước phát triển nhưng ít có tại Việt Nam. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi giới thiệu một số kết quả dùng công nghệ thực vật để xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong đất và nước tại Viện Công nghệ môi trường trong những năm gần đây. Đối với xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong nước, một số thực vật có khả năng tích lũy tốt kim loại nặng như Vetiveria zizanioides, Phragmites australis, Eichhornia crassipes, Pistia stratiotes, Ipomoea aquatica, Nypa fruticans và Enhydra fluctuans. Sự hấp thụ và tích lũy kim loại nặng trong phần trên mặt đất và rễ của 33 loài thực vật bản địa tại Thái Nguyên cũng đã được xác định. Hai loài thực vật khảo sát là Pteris vittata và Pityrogramma calomelanos là những loài siêu tích lũy As, chứa hơn 0,1% As trong phần trên mặt đất của cây. Eleusine indica, Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus và Equisetum ramosissimum tích lũy Pb (0,15-0,65%) và Zn (0,22-1,56%) rất cao trong rễ. Một số thí nghiệm đánh giá tiềm năng của một số thực vật là đối tượng tốt cho xử lý ô nhiễm kim loại nặng trong đất đã được tiến hành trong phòng thí nghiệm của Viện Công nghệ môi trường.

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Khai, Huynh Viet y Mitsuyasu Yabe. "Evaluation of the Impact of Water Pollution on Rice Production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam". International Journal of Environmental, Cultural, Economic, and Social Sustainability: Annual Review 7, n.º 5 (2011): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18848/1832-2077/cgp/v07i05/54309.

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Duc Viet, Nguyen. "Performance Assessment of Irrigation Schemes and Water Pollution Issues Raised in the Red River, Vietnam". International Journal of Environmental Protection and Policy 6, n.º 1 (2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepp.20180601.11.

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T Nguyen, N. T. y I. V. Volkova. "Assessment of heavy metal pollution in water and sediments in the red river delta (Vietnam)". IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 451 (14 de diciembre de 2018): 012203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/451/1/012203.

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Anh, Pham Thi, Carolien Kroeze, Simon R. Bush y Arthur P. J. Mol. "Water pollution by Pangasius production in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: causes and options for control". Aquaculture Research 42, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2010): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2010.02578.x.

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Ho, Thi Lam Tra, Truong Son Cao, Duc Anh Luong, Dinh Ton Vu, Kiyoshi Kurosawa y Kazuhiro Egashira. "Evaluation of Water Pollution Caused by Different Pig–Farming Systems in Hungyen Province of Vietnam". Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 58, n.º 1 (febrero de 2013): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/26176.

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Saiki, Makoto, Thu Nga Do, Thuy Hai Cao Thi, Takashi Nakamura, Thao Ta Thi y Kei Nishida. "Temporal variation of stable isotopic values for dissolved nitrogen compounds in paddy water environment". Nuclear Science and Technology 9, n.º 3 (15 de septiembre de 2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.53747/jnst.v9i3.44.

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Vietnam is the second-largest rice exporter worldwide and the amount of applied fertilizer is increasing rapidly in recent years. Overuse of chemical fertilizers in the paddy fields strongly contributes to the pollution of water bodies. This study aimed to understand the temporal variation of nitrogen concentrations and stable isotope values as environmental tracers based on the observed data in a selected paddy field in Vietnam, which provides basic and useful clues for tracing sources and identifying processes of nitrogen. The results from the field survey showed that , in accordance withthe changes in concentrations, δ15N values of ammonium and nitrate in ponded water drastically varied from -3.6‰ to 17.2‰ and from -18.2‰ to 8.5‰, respectively. The present study implied that not only chemical fertilizers but also irrigation water was the major source of nitrogen into the paddy. In addition, microbiological nitrification and denitrification were presumed based on the temporal isotopic variations.

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Nu Nguyen, Ha My, Hanh Thi Khieu, Ngoc Anh Ta, Huong Quang Le, Trung Quang Nguyen, Trung Quang Do, Anh Quoc Hoang, Kurunthachalam Kannan y Tri Manh Tran. "Distribution of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in drinking water, tap water, surface water, and wastewater in Hanoi, Vietnam". Environmental Pollution 285 (septiembre de 2021): 117260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117260.

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Li, Jian Hua, Thi Thu Thuy Nguyen y Kim Giao Duong. "Evaluation of Economic Development Process on Environmental Pollution Status in Hanoi, Vietnam". Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (febrero de 2013): 992–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.992.

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After 20 years of innovation, the economy of Vietnam has achieved high growths with lots of advantages for the country’s industrialization and modernization process. The country has gradually reduced poverty, created more jobs, improved people's life standards and narrowed down the economic gap between its own and that of other countries in the world. However, economy growths have at the same time caused big pressure on the quality of the environment, especially in big cities like Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city. The environmental problems such as water pollution, air and solid waste are becoming more and more serious. This paper presents discussions on the following issues in the case of Hanoi: (1) an analysis of the economy development from 2008 up to present; (2) the influences of industrialization- modernization-urbanization process on environmental quality; (3) an analysis of the environmental pollution; and (4) a proposal of the possible measures to protect living environment towards a sustainable development.

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Nghi, Duong Thanh. "FLUCTUATION OF WATER QUALITY IN SOME COASTAL AREAS IN VIETNAM". Tạp chí Khoa học và Công nghệ Biển 18, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2018): 222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/1859-3097/18/2/10898.

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Water quality was assessed in the dry season (in April 2014) and the rainy season (in August 2013) in some coastal areas: Bach Dang river mouth, Da Nang bay and Thi Nai pond. The results showed that the seasonal fluctuation was different from each area. According to the national technical regulation for coastal water quality (QCVN 10MT: 2015/BTNMT), some environment parameters were over the limited values. The average of water column temperature in the dry season was in the range from 30.18 - 30.45oC (>30oC) at Thi Nai pond; the average of the total suspended solid (TSS) concentration in water column was from 59.8 mg/l to 81.6 mg/l (>50 mg/l) at Bach Dang river mouth; the average of chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration in water column was in the range from 5.78 - 8.20 mg/l (> 3 mg/l) at Thi Nai pond; the average of ammonium (NH4+) concentration in water column was from 119.1 mg/l to 144.7 mg/l (>100 mg/l) at Bach Dang river mouth; the average of copper (Cu) concentration in water column was in the range from 30.9 - 51.5 µg/l (>30 µg/l) at Thi Nai pond; the arsenic (As) concentration in water at Bach Dang river mouth, Da Nang bay, Thi Nai pond was 12.52 - 14.26 µg/l; 23.08 - 30.30 µg/l; 6.80 - 20.00 µg/l respectively (>10 µg/l); The residue concentration of DDT group was in low range, but DDD and DDE concentrations were over limitation ( > 4 ng/l) at all three areas. So, the water quality not only seasonally fluctuated but also in was at risk of pollution by many different environmental parameters.

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Tho, Nguyen, Nico Vromant, Nguyen Thanh Hung y Luc Hens. "Organic Pollution and Salt Intrusion in Cai Nuoc District, Ca Mau Province, Vietnam". Water Environment Research 78, n.º 7 (julio de 2006): 716–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/106143006x101755.

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Hue, Nguyen Huu y Nguyen Huu Thanh. "Assessment of Surface Water Quality by Using Multivariate Statistical Analysis Techniques: A Case Study of Nhue River, Vietnam". International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 11, n.º 10 (2020): 488–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijesd.2020.11.10.1295.

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The aim of this study is to assess the spatial variability and to determine the main contamination sources in surface water quality of the Nhue River, Viet Nam by using multivariate statistical analysis techniques, including principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). Eight water quality parameters were measured at 21 sites along the Nhue River and its tributaries during irrigated periods from 2016 to 2019. The spatial variability of water quality in the Nhue River and its tributaries was determined separately from cluster analysis. The result determined two tributaries, including Yen Xa Canal (NT9 monitoring site) and To Lich River (NT3 monitoring site) leading to severe pollution at To Bridge (N4 monitoring site) region in the Nhue River. The PCA determined a reduced number of two principal components that explained 47.75% of the total variation in the data. The first PC indicated that water temperature (WT) and pH are the dominant polluting factors which are attributed to craft villages, domestic sewage and industrial wastewater. Following is nitrate nitrogen NO3¯ in the second PC which is related to fertilizer application in the farms nearby. The results indicated that CA multivariate statistical analysis technique is useful for the assessment of the spatial water quality variability in a river which has a number of tributaries.

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Nguyen, Bich Thuy, Thi Bich Ngoc Nguyen, Thi Thuy Duong, Thi My Hanh Le, Quoc Long Pham, Duc Nghia Le y Thi Phuong Quynh Le. "Preliminary investigations of organic pollution in water environment of some urban lakes in Hanoi city, Vietnam". Journal of Vietnamese Environment 8, n.º 2 (1 de noviembre de 2016): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13141/jve.vol8.no2.pp107-113.

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Lakes in Hanoi play an important role in local human life. However, along with the economic and social development, some urban lakes have been polluted, especially organic pollution. This paper presents the monthly survey results for organic pollution assessment of ten selected lakes in Ha Noi city: the Ho Tay, Truc Bach, Thien Quang, Ba Mau, Bay Mau, Hoan Kiem, Ngoc Khanh, Giang Vo, Thanh Cong and Thu Le lakes during the period from March 2014 to February 2015. The survey results showed that the Ba Mau lake was organic polluted at level IV whereas other lakes were contaminated by organic matters at level III. Organic pollution may come from both autochthonous and allochthonous sources. Compared with the results of previous studies, the water quality of 10 lakes in the period from March 2014 to February 2015 has been improved thank for the recent application of some positive solutions for lake environmental protection. Hệ thống hồ ở Hà Nội đóng vai trò quan trọng trong đời sống của người dân. Tuy nhiên, cùng với sự phát triển kinh tế xã hội, nhiều hồ trong nội đô đã và đang bị ô nhiễm, đặc biệt là ô nhiễm hữu cơ. Bài báo này trình bày kết quả khảo sát ô nhiễm hữu cơ tại 10 hồ trong thành phố Hà Nội: hồ Tây, Trúc Bạch, Thiền Quang, Ba Mẫu, Bảy Mẫu, Hoàn Kiếm, Ngọc Khánh, Giảng Võ, Thành Công và Thủ Lệ trong thời gian từ tháng 3 năm 2014 đến tháng 2 năm 2015. Kết quả khảo sát cho thấy hồ Ba Mẫu bị ô nhiễm hữu cơ ở mức IV, các hồ còn lại bị ô nhiễm hữu cơ ở mức III. Ô nhiễm hữu cơ tại các hồ có thể do cả hai nguồn cung cấp chất hữu cơ, ngoại lai và nội sinh. So với kết quả quan trắc trước đây, chất lượng nước 10 hồ Hà Nội đã được cải thiện do gần đây đã áp dụng một số biện pháp bảo vệ môi trường cho các hồ.

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Chau, N. D. G., Z. Sebesvari, W. Amelung y F. G. Renaud. "Pesticide pollution of multiple drinking water sources in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam: evidence from two provinces". Environmental Science and Pollution Research 22, n.º 12 (10 de enero de 2015): 9042–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-4034-x.

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Truong, Hieu, Michael Lyne y Keith Woodford. "Managing Water Pollution to Revitalise the Shrimp Supply Chain in Tam Giang Cau Hai Lagoon, Vietnam". UMK Procedia 1 (2014): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.umkpro.2014.07.007.

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Anh, Pham Thi, Carolien Kroeze, Simon R. Bush y Arthur P. J. Mol. "Water pollution by intensive brackish shrimp farming in south-east Vietnam: Causes and options for control". Agricultural Water Management 97, n.º 6 (junio de 2010): 872–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2010.01.018.

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Sand, Hanna Andrea. "Irrigated Agriculture in Malaysia and Vietnam: A Comparative Analysis of Water Governance Strategies". Vienna Journal of East Asian Studies 12, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 31–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjeas-2020-0002.

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AbstractIrrigated agriculture has the potential to ensure food security, contribute to sustainable management, and preserve freshwater resources. At the same time, it is connected to problems such as water scarcity, environmental degradation and pollution, and poverty. This so-called “wicked” nature is addressed by comparatively analysing the strategies used for water governance in irrigated agriculture. To highlight its cross-sectoral nature, the concept of cross-sectoral alignment is introduced based on three governance criteria. The Southeast Asian countries of Malaysia and Vietnam are used to compare strategies as their differing political systems may lead to varying strategies and can thus offer greater insight into regional water management practices. The analysis suggests that the governance strategies used for irrigated agriculture have many similarities but also distinct differences. In particular, the influence of ODA in Vietnam as well as the way farmers are included in water management stand out in regards to the differences. Similar, however, are organisational set-ups, sectoral fragmentation, and insufficient supply of participatory mechanisms as well as generally low alignment across all categories. In consideration of the global importance of water management practices, only the aligned management of freshwater resources can increase environmental health and food security in the long term.

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Dang, Khoa Dinh Hoang, Thi Thu Hang Pham, Ngoc Tu Anh Pham, Hien Minh Tam Le, Tran Thi Yen Nhi, Nguyen Thi Thanh Phuong, Le Phi Nga y Dinh Hoang Dang Khoa. "Copper Toxicity to Tropical Water Flea Daphnia carinata and Freshwater Micro-algae Scenedesmus". Environmental Management and Sustainable Development 9, n.º 4 (28 de septiembre de 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/emsd.v9i4.17539.

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Sai Gon river is one most the most important river of South-eastern region of Vietnam by providing water resources and others vital natural services for millions of people in this area. In recent years, proportion with the sharply increasing of human activities in industry and agriculture, the river is continuously loaded with xenobiotics released by anthropogenic activities. Among pollutants, heavy metals are considered as the most toxic elements to aquatic living organisms and human health. The aim of this study is to assess the sensibility of freshwater microalgae Scenedesmus and water flea Daphnia carinata, two fresh water species from Vietnam to copper (Cu). After physical and chemical characterization, field water samples from upstream Sai Gon River was used as dilution water in toxicity tests. With water flea D. carinata, the EC50 value of 48h immobilization experiment was 1.90 µg/L. Growth inhibition of the Scenedesmus algae cells was determined following exposure for 72 h, and EC50 values was 78.2 µg/L. The results showed that Cu is highly toxic to both species, and water flea D. carinata was more sensitive than freshwater algae Scenedesmus. Based on the observed high sensitivity with Cu, both D. carinata and algae Scenedesmus are potential tools for the assessment of copper pollution in fresh water of Sai Gon river.

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Trinh, Le Hung, V. R. Zablotskii, Thi Giang Le, Thi Thu Hien Dinh, Thi Trinh Le, Thi Tham Trinh y Thi Thu Nga Nguyen. "ESTIMATION Of SUSPENDED SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION USING VNREDSAT – 1A MULTISPECTRAL DATA, A CASE STUDY IN RED RIVER, HANOI, VIETNAM". GEOGRAPHY, ENVIRONMENT, SUSTAINABILITY 11, n.º 3 (29 de septiembre de 2018): 49–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24057/2071-9388-2018-11-3-49-60.

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The traditional methods for measuring water quality variables are timeconsuming and do not give a synoptic view of a water body or, more significantly, a synoptic view of different water bodies across the landscape. However, remote sensing technology with advantages such as wide area coverage and short revisit interval have been effectively used for environmental pollution applications, such as for monitoring water quality parameters. Many studies around the world show that optical satellite imagery can be used effectively in evaluating suspended sediment concentration. This article presents results of monitoring suspended sediment concentration in Red River, Hanoi, Vietnam through ground truth measurements and VNREDSat-1A multispectral data. The results obtained in the study can be used to serve the management, monitoring and evaluation of surface water quality.

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Quynh Anh, Tran Nguyen. "SEWER DISCHARGE CHARACTERISTICS AND WATER BALANCE IN DRY SEASON IN HUE, VIETNAM". Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, n.º 2A (19 de marzo de 2018): 265. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2a/11940.

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Vietnam has been developing sewerage recently. Although sewer discharge quantity and quality data is vital for proper sewage management, their fluctuation has not been well characterized in most of cities in developing countries. This study aimed to characterize a combined sewer discharge in a residential drainage area (11.2 ha) in Hue city, Vietnam on dry days in dry season (DdDs). A 24-hour survey on sewage quantity and quality was conducted at the sewer outlet on two weekdays and two weekends in July 2015. Household water consumption was hourly recorded from water meters for 23 households. Then results of discharge characteristics were compared with those on dry days in rainy season (DdRs) of our previous study. Results showed that hourly variations of flow rate corresponded to the water consumption trend. Average discharge flow rate was equivalent to 38.5 ± 4.4 L/cap/day, which was much lower than that on DdRs (64.2 ± 25.0 L/cap/day). In contrast, pollutant concentrations on DdDs were higher than those on DdRs and fluctuated slightly in a day and among days in a week. Low concentrations of discharge in both dry season and rainy season showed that domestic wastewater in urban Hue was not strongly polluted in terms of organic matter and nutrients. Sewer water balance showed that only 29 % of total water inputted to the sewer system was discharged through the outlet on DdDs, while the remaining 71 % was likely exfiltrated to the ground from the sewer system, which will be a potential pollution source to soil and groundwater.

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Tra, Ho Thi Lam, Nguyen Dinh Manh, Do Nguyen Hai y Kazuhiko Egashira. "Pollution of Water and Agricultural Soils in Tuliem and Thanhtri Districts of Hanoi City, Vietnam - A Report". Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 42, n.º 3/4 (marzo de 1998): 509–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.5109/24239.

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Et al., Glazunova Irina Viktorovna. "Assessment Of Water Quality And Bottom Supplies In The Bottom Of The Mekong River". Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, n.º 5 (11 de abril de 2021): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i5.810.

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The article presents the results of studies of the content of heavy metals in bottom sediments in the lower reaches of the Mekong River (3 estuaries in Ben Tre). The results of the content of heavy metals for 20 research sites were analyzed and compared with the national standards of Vietnam, which are used to assess the level of adverse effects on aquatic animals and river ecosystems, as well as with similar standards adopted in various countries of the world. When compared with the standards, the content of heavy metals in the study area (Ben Tre province) was quite high. The tributaries flowing into the main river also have a relatively high content of heavy metals, which proves that, in addition to pollution from the upper reaches of the river, socio-economic activities in the catchment, including land reclamation, also have a strong effect on the accumulation of heavy metals in channel sediments. In addition, the authors, comparing the content of heavy metals, both with the established standards of Vietnam and with the standards of some countries of the world, creating a basis for rational agriculture and sustainable development.

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Harada, H., S. Matsui, N. T. Dong, Y. Shimizu y S. Fujii. "Incremental sanitation improvement strategy: comparison of options for Hanoi, Vietnam". Water Science and Technology 62, n.º 10 (1 de noviembre de 2010): 2225–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.508.

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Urban sanitation issues should be tackled strategically, and may be addressed effectively when sewerage development is pursued in conjunction with complementary sanitation measures. Five sanitation improvement scenarios employing sewerage, night-soil collection-and-treatment (NSCT) system, and/or septic-tank improvement by annual desludging were analyzed from the perspective of COD loads, total nitrogen loads, and cost under the conditions found in Hanoi, Vietnam. Compared to the development of sewerage alone, the scenario of developing NSCT systems in a complementary manner with sewerage development was estimated to be the most effective for a rapid decrease of both COD and total nitrogen loads. However, it may be difficult in some cases to replace ordinary water-flush toilets by the micro-flush toilets that are used in NSCT systems. In this case, the scenario employing septic-tank improvement in conjunction with sewerage development may be effective for a rapid decrease of COD in locations where septic tanks are widely used under poor maintenance conditions and nitrogen pollution is not serious compared to COD. It was calculated that the two scenarios above would respectively require cost increases of 16 and 22% over the sewerage development scenario.

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Nguyen Thi, Nu, Thinh Phi Hong y Son Bui Truong. "Utilizing Coal Bottom Ash from Thermal Power Plants in Vietnam as Partial Replacement of Aggregates in Concrete Pavement". Journal of Engineering 2019 (17 de octubre de 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3903097.

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In Vietnam, a large amount of coal bottom ash (CBA) is being discharged from thermal power plants and has been making serious environmental pollution. It is essential to utilize the CBA to reduce environmental pollution. So, this paper presents a series of experimental studies in the laboratory using CBA as a partial replacement of aggregates in concrete pavement for rural roads. In mixing concrete, the CBA is utilized to replace 15, 30, and 100% aggregates. The design of the composition must achieve the technical requirement of M-30 grade of concrete. A total 351 of specimens were tested on workability of fresh concrete, abrasion, compressive strength, and flexural tensile strength in order to achieve the technical requirement of concrete pavement for rural roads. Based on the experimental results, in order to achieve the required compressive strength, An Khanh CBA concrete uses more content of cement and water than control concrete; Cao Ngan CBA is only utilized to replace 15% aggregates, and Cao Ngan CBA concrete also uses more cement and water than control concrete. It also shown that the amount of water and cement content depend on types of CBA and the water amount and cement content of CBA concrete are larger than those of control concrete. The advantage of mixture CBA concrete is abrasion, and flexural tensile strength achieved the value as per the technical requirement.

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Le, Thuy Minh, Ha My Nu Nguyen, Vy Khanh Nguyen, Anh Viet Nguyen, Nam Duc Vu, Nguyen Thi Hong Yen, Anh Quoc Hoang, Tu Binh Minh, Kurunthachalam Kannan y Tri Manh Tran. "Profiles of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in bottled water, tap water, lake water, and wastewater samples collected from Hanoi, Vietnam". Science of The Total Environment 788 (septiembre de 2021): 147831. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147831.

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