Artículos de revistas: "Washington bee"

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DeVetter, Lisa W., Sean Watkinson, Ramesh Sagili y Timothy Lawrence. "Honey Bee Activity in Northern Highbush Blueberry Differs across Growing Regions in Washington State". HortScience 51, n.º 10 (octubre de 2016): 1228–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci10934-16.

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Commercial production of northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) is dependent upon rented colonies of honey bees (Apis mellifera) for meeting pollination requirements. Despite the prevalent use of honey bees, growers in Washington State and the greater Pacific Northwest (PNW), particularly those located in the western regions, claim pollination is limited and yield potential is subsequently reduced due to pollination deficits. However, there have been no studies or surveys that document this occurrence for this economically important region of blueberry production. The objective of this study was to survey honey bee activity in commercial plantings of ‘Duke’ highbush blueberry in western and eastern Washington and to assess the relationship between honey bee activity, growing region, and select yield components. Honey bee colony strength was also assessed to evaluate this variable’s relationship to honey bee activity and measured yield components. Sixteen and 18 commercial ‘Duke’ blueberry fields across Washington State were surveyed in 2014 and 2015, respectively. Average number of honey bee visitations per plant and honey bee colony strength were determined to evaluate overall honey bee activity. Estimated yield, berry number per plant, berry size (mass), and seed number per berry were also determined and analyzed to determine their relationship to honey bee activity through regression analysis. Honey bee visitation rates differed between western and eastern Washington, with western Washington sites consistently below recommended honey bee densities. Colony strength was also below recommended levels, but was lower for western Washington relative to eastern Washington. Estimated yield and berry number differed across sites and years, but were not related to honey bee visitation rates. Regression analysis revealed few significant relationships, although honey bee visitation rates were positively related to seed number per berry and seed number was positively related to berry size (R2 = 0.25 and 0.16, respectively). Berry size was also positively related to colony strength (R2 = 0.63). This study demonstrates that honey bee activity is limited in Washington blueberry production, particularly in western Washington, when compared with recommendations for optimal honey bee activity in blueberry. However, yields were unaffected between the compared regions. The lack of a relationship between honey bee visitation rates and yields suggests that pollination is sufficient for ‘Duke’ blueberry in Washington State and pollination deficits do not limit yield for this cultivar under the conditions of the study.

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Arrington, Matthew y Lisa Wasko DeVetter. "Increasing Honey Bee Hive Densities Promotes Pollination and Yield Components of Highbush Blueberry in Western Washington". HortScience 53, n.º 2 (febrero de 2018): 191–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci12644-17.

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Yield components including fruit set and berry size in northern highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) can be limited in key production regions like western Washington. Climactic conditions influence the activity levels of blueberry’s primary commercial pollinator, honey bee (Apis mellifera). Cool springs with frequent rainfall, which are common during the spring bloom period in western Washington, can reduce honey bee activity, pollination efficiency, and subsequent fruit set and yields. Increasing honey bee hive density may be a simple technique that growers can employ to increase the number of honey bees foraging during periods of good weather, interspersed with the poor weather, and therefore, increase fruit set and related yield components. The objective of this study was to evaluate if increased honey bee hive densities improve pollination and subsequent yield components in western Washington blueberry. Three field sites with mature ‘Duke’ plants were stocked with 10 hives/ha of honey bees (control), and three other field sites (also ‘Duke’) were stocked with 20 hives/ha (high hive density). Honey bee visitation and yield components, including fruit set and berry weight, were measured. Estimated yield, seed number/berry, and fruit firmness were also monitored. There were no significant differences in fruit set regardless of honey bee hive density. However, honey bee visitation and estimated yield increased with increased honey bee hive density. Berry weight and seed number per berry were also increased with increased honey bee hive density, although firmness was unaffected. Results indicate that increasing honey bee hive densities can help blueberry growers improve berry size and overall yields, suggesting this is a practice growers can implement if their production is constrained by insufficient pollination.

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Rhoades, Paul R., Terry Griswold, Harold Ikerd, Lisette Waits, Nilsa Bosque-Pérez y Sanford Eigenbrode. "The native bee fauna of the Palouse Prairie (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)". Journal of Melittology, n.º 66 (3 de abril de 2017): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/jom.v0i66.5703.

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While synoptic collections provide data on the range and general composition of the North American bee fauna, bee communities associated with specific habitats are largely uncharacterized. This report describes the community of native bees currently found in remnant fragments of the Palouse Prairie of northern Idaho and southeastern Washington State. Native bees were collected using standardized collection techniques including blue vane traps, colored pan traps and aerial netting. More than 13,000 individuals were collected, representing at least 174 species and 36 morphospecies in 29 genera. These data provide the most thorough characterization of the bee fauna of this vulnerable ecosystem, as well as community level information on bee species of unknown conservation status. These results are relevant to regional conservation efforts and, more broadly, are representative of conditions in fragmented grasslands surrounded by intense agriculture, a common global land use pattern of conservation concern.

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Howard-Pitney, David. "Calvin Chase's Washington Bee and Black Middle-Class Ideology, 1882–1900". Journalism Quarterly 63, n.º 1 (marzo de 1986): 89–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107769908606300114.

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Wilson, Joseph S., Lindsey E. Wilson, Larry D. Loftis y Terry Griswold. "The Montane Bee Fauna of North Central Washington, USA, with Floral Associations". Western North American Naturalist 70, n.º 2 (julio de 2010): 198–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3398/064.070.0206.

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Lewis, Standley E. "Evidence of leaf-cutting bee damage from the Republic sites (middle Eocene) of Washington". Journal of Paleontology 68, n.º 1 (enero de 1994): 172–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022336000025713.

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Several authors (Berry, 1916, 1931; Brooks, 1955; Cockerell, 1908, 1910) have reported evidence of damage by leaf-cutter bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae) from the Tertiary of the United States. These have been predominantly Eocene in age. During field investigations (1990-1991), four further fossil plant specimens with possible leaf-cutter bee damage were discovered from the middle Eocene sediments of the Klondike Mountain Formation near Republic (Ferry County), Washington (Figure 1), and are reported here to draw attention to the common occurrence of these kinds of insect “trace fossils” in the paleobotanical record.

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Clement, Stephen L., Terry L. Griswold, Richard W. Rust, Barbara C. Hellier y David M. Stout. "Bee Associates of Flowering Astragalus and Onobrychis Genebank Accessions at a Snake River Site in Eastern Washington". Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 79, n.º 3 (julio de 2006): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2317/0505.02.1.

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Packer, Laurence y John S. Taylor. "Genetic variation within and among populations of an arctic/alpine sweat bee (Hymenoptera: Halictidae)". Canadian Entomologist 134, n.º 5 (octubre de 2002): 619–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent134619-5.

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AbstractWe present the results of electrophoretic analyses of allozymes for eight population samples of the arctic/alpine sweat bee, Lasioglossum (Evylaeus) boreale Svensson, Sakagami and Ebmer. This holarctic species is found at high latitudes and at increasingly high elevations in the mountains of western North America as far south as southern Arizona. Our samples encompass a large proportion of the species' range; three samples are from Arizona, one from Utah, two from northern Canada, one from Mount Washington (the highest point in the eastern United States), and one from Sweden. Most samples had high levels of genetic variation compared with other bees, but the one from Sweden had low heterozygosity, suggesting that this location may have been comparatively recently colonized. The three northern North American samples were genetically similar despite the large geographic distances separating the localities (average > 3000 km). In contrast, the southern United States samples were (with the exception of one pairwise estimate) genetically divergent despite the small geographic distances separating them (average < 500 km). These results are consistent with earlier divergence among the southern populations, which are currently separated by regions of low elevation and inhospitable desert, than among the more northern ones. Although the data are not conclusive, they are suggestive of northward dispersal from refugia south of the ice sheets since the last glaciation.

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VIVALLO, FELIPE. "Lectotype designations, taxonomic notes and new synonymy in some species of the bee genus Centris Fabricius, 1804 described by William Henry Fox (Hymenoptera: Apidae)". Zootaxa 4624, n.º 4 (2 de julio de 2019): 478–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4624.4.2.

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In this paper, the primary types of Centris described by the American doctor and naturalist William Henry Fox deposited at the Academy of Natural Sciences, Drexel University, Philadelphia and in the United States National Museum, Washington, United States were studied. To stabilize the application of some names, lectotypes were designated for C. atriventris Fox (= C. foxi Friese), C. cockerellii Fox, C. eisenii Fox, C. errans Fox, C. pallida Fox, C. subhyalina Fox (= C. lanosa Cresson), and C. xylocopoides Fox. This latter species is withdrawn from the synonymy of C. braccata Packard and subsequently revalidated. Centris foxi is removed from synonymy of C. atripes Mocsáry and revalidated, proposing this latter species as its new junior synonym. A taxonomic note on the primary type of C. marginata Fox (= C. caesalpiniae Cockerell) is also provided.

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NEMÉSIO, ANDRÉ. "Orchid bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest". Zootaxa 2041, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2009): 1–242. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2041.1.1.

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A detailed synopsis of all the orchid-bee species known to occur in the Atlantic Forest Domain, eastern Brazil, is provided, including synonymy, complete type data, diagnoses, relevant data on biology and geographic distribution (with detailed localities of known occurrence of each species), colorful illustrations of onomatophores (“name-bearing type specimens”), and a list with the main references dealing with each species. Fifty-four species are recognized to occur in the Atlantic Forest Domain. Identification keys are presented for each genus and their species occurring in the Atlantic Forest. Euglossa carinilabris Dressler, 1982, Euglossa cyanaspis Moure, 1968, Eulaema (Eulaema) niveofasciata (Friese, 1899) and Exaerete lepeletieri Oliveira & Nemésio, 2003, considered junior synonyms of other species by different authors, are reinstated as valid species. A full discussion on the status of the four orchid-bee species described by Linnaeus is presented, as well as colorful illustrations of the four onomatophores. The two existing onomatophores of orchid bee species described by Fabricius are also illustrated and his Apis cingulata has been shown to be the species recently described as Eulaema (Apeulaema) pseudocingulata Oliveira, 2006, which, thus, becomes a junior synonym (syn. n.). Euglossa aratingae sp. n., Euglossa carolina sp. n., Euglossa nanomelanotricha sp. n., Euglossa roderici sp. n., Euglossa roubiki sp. n., Eulaema (Eulaema) atleticana sp. n., and Eulaema (Apeulaema) marcii sp. n. are described as new species. Neotypes are designated for Eufriesea violacea (Blanchard, 1840) and Exaerete frontalis (Guérin-Méneville, 1844). Some corrections concerning the repository institutions of some onomatophores of orchid bees were also made: Eufriesea auriceps (Friese, 1899) holotype has been listed as belonging to the US National Museum (Washington) or to the American Museum of Natural History (New York) but, in fact, it belongs to the Zoologisches Museum der Humboldt Universität (Berlin); the lectotype of Eufriesea aeneiventris (Mocsáry, 1896) has been listed as belonging to the Istituto e Museo di Zoologia, Universita di Torino (Turin), but it actually belongs to the Hungarian Museum of Natural History (Budapest). Publication dates of both Exaerete frontalis Guérin-Méneville and Exaerete smaragdina Guérin-Méneville have been listed as 1845 but, in fact, the actual date is 1844. Based on the known geographic distribution and abundance of each species in orchid-bee inventories, IUCN criteria were applied and three species are recommended to be included in future lists of threatened species in one of the IUCN categories of risk: Eufriesea brasilianorum (Friese, 1899) and Euglossa cognata Moure, 1970 are suggested to be listed as “vulnerable”, and Euglossa cyanocholora Moure, 1996 is suggested to be listed as “endangered”. A fully annotated check list of all known orchid bee species is also presented as an Appendix.

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Hanson, Thor y John S. Ascher. "An unusually large nesting aggregation of the digger bee Anthophora bomboides Kirby, 1838 (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in the San Juan Islands, Washington State". Pan-Pacific Entomologist 94, n.º 1 (enero de 2018): 4–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3956/2018-94.1.4.

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Ellis, Rebecca. "What a Bee Knows: Exploring the Thoughts, Memories, and Personalities of BeesWhat a Bee Knows: Exploring the Thoughts, Memories, and Personalities of BeesStephen Buchmann. Washington, DC: Island, 2023. 278 pp. $30.00 cloth (ISBN 9781642831245); $29.99 electronic (ISBN 9781642831252)." AAG Review of Books 12, n.º 3 (2 de julio de 2024): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2325548x.2024.2350365.

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MORGAN, PHILIP D. "“To Get Quit of Negroes”: George Washington and Slavery". Journal of American Studies 39, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2005): 403–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875805000599.

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George Washington died much as he lived, stoic, dignified, controlled to the very end. True to form, his last moments, much like his life, saw him surrounded by slaves. At daybreak on the day he died – Saturday, 14 December 1799 – Caroline, a housemaid, bustled into his room to make a fire. Three other slaves fetched the physicians, who ministered to the dying General. Washington's body servant, twenty-four-year-old Christopher, otherwise known as Christopher Sheels, attended his master throughout the long day of his last illness. Indeed, in the afternoon Washington motioned Christopher to take a seat by his bedside as he had been standing throughout his vigil. At the moment of death, blacks outnumbered whites in the room. Caroline, Charlotte, a seamstress, and Molly, a domestic, were all standing near the door, and Christopher was by the bed, while only three whites – Dr. James Craik, his primary physician and old friend; Tobias Lear, his secretary; and Martha Washington, his wife – were present. At Martha's behest, Christopher aroused Lear from his grief by asking him to take care of the General's keys and other personal items which the body servant had taken out of the dead man's pockets. On the day after Washington's death, Frank Lee, the family's mulatto butler, Christopher, and Marcus, another house servant, received new shoes so that they would look presentable at the funeral.

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LAMB, ANNE E. "MICHENER, C. D., McGINLEY, R. J. and DANFORTH, B. N. The bee genera of North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington and London: 1994. Pp viii, 209; illustrated. Price $ 45.00. ISBN: 1-56098-256-X". Archives of Natural History 22, n.º 1 (febrero de 1995): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.1995.22.1.141.

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Walters, Tom W., Mark Bolda y Inga A. Zasada. "Alternatives to Current Fumigation Practices in Western States Raspberry". Plant Health Progress 18, n.º 2 (1 de enero de 2017): 104–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-rs-16-0068.

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Red raspberry production in the western United States is heavily reliant on preplant soil fumigation to ensure the successful establishment and productivity of a planting. However, due to issues related to the regulation, availability, and economics of soil fumigation, alternatives are needed for current fumigation practices. Trials were conducted in commercial raspberry fields in California and Washington to evaluate alternatives to current fumigation practices in each region. In Washington, tarped bed fumigation with 1,3-dichlorpropene (1,3-D):chloropicrin (Telone C-35) performed as well as, and sometimes better than, the industry standard nontarped broadcast fumigation with Telone C-35 for the control of the soilborne pathogen Phytophthora rubi and the plant-parasitic nematode Pratylenchus penetrans. In one of the Washington trials, yield of raspberry grown in tarped bed-fumigated areas was 47% greater than the yield of plants grown in nontarped broadcast-fumigated areas. In California, a combination of chloropicrin:1,3-D (Pic-Clor 60) performed as well as the industry standard of methyl bromide:chloropicrin. Raspberry plants grown in soil fumigated with either of these fumigants were approximately 26% taller than plants grown in nonfumigated soil. Our results indicate that there are viable fumigation alternatives to the current fumigation systems used in Washington and California raspberry production systems.

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ABEYTA, CARLOS, FRANK G. DEETER, CHARLES A. KAYSNER, ROBERT F. STOTT y MARLEEN M. WEKELL. "Campylobacter jejuni in a Washington State Shellfish Growing Bed Associated With Illness". Journal of Food Protection 56, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1993): 323–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-56.4.323.

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Consumption of raw Pacific oysters (Crassotea gigas) harvested from a Washington State recreational shellfish bed were associated with illness. Illness occurred within 2 d of ingestion of a half-dozen shellstock oysters. Each oyster consist of approximately 20 g of meat. The duration of illness lasted 2 d. Routinely, Campylobacter species have been found in several shellfish beds in the Puget Sound Bay. Its presence in the marine environment appears to be incidental and primarily, comes from wild birds, farm runoff, and sewage bypasses. This paper describes the first reported case of Campylobacter gastroenteritis associated with raw oyster consumption in the State of Washington.

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Ellison, J. Howard y John J. Kinelski. "‘Greenwich’, a Male Asparagus Hybrid". HortScience 21, n.º 5 (octubre de 1986): 1249. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.21.5.1249.

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Abstract Dioecious asparagus cultivars produce seed that traditionally has been saved by growers. This practice had led to the loss of high yield and rust resistance of the original ‘Martha Washington’ and ‘Mary Washington’ cultivars, as well as others, because of random matings among the unselected male and female progeny plants. Even saving seed from vigorous female plants has little value because of random pollination by unselected males. Seed produced by dioecious cultivars causes 2 other problems. One is volunteer asparagus seedlings behaving as weeds in the cutting bed. The other is the diversion of photosynthate that is stored in the seed instead of the roots, thus reducing vigor and spear yield of the female plants.

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Pohl, Molly. "Channel Bed Mobility Downstream from the Elwha Dams, Washington*". Professional Geographer 56, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2004): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0033-0124.2004.05603010.x.

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Michalsen, David, Zeki Demirbilek y Okey Nwogu. "VESSEL WAKE INDUCED SEDIMENT MOBILITY AT EAGLE HARBOR, WASHINGTON, USA". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n.º 33 (14 de diciembre de 2012): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v33.management.58.

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Eagle Harbor is a small natural harbor located in central Puget Sound on the eastern side of Bainbridge Island, Washington State, USA. Over a period of about 80 years, the harbor was severely contaminated. Approximately 28.3 hectares of the contaminated harbor were capped with dredged and upland sediments from 1993 to 2008. Recent monitoring data has concluded portions of the subtidal cap has eroded and may not be physically stable. Erosion in the vicinity of the car passenger ferry sailing line suggests the cap material may not be of sufficient size to achieve the objectives of providing a physical barrier for chemical isolation. Here, a two-dimensional finite difference model using a coupled Boussinesq-Panel method is used to investigate bed shear stresses on the existing sediment cap to analyze cap stability. Model results indicate the subtidal cap experiences over 100 Pa of bed stress within a 30 meter swath of the ferry sailing line. These bed stresses significantly exceed the critical shear stress of the original cap material indicating the cap is not physically stable.

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Palmer, Lorna Elise, Kevin Durkin y Sinéad M. Rhodes. "Checking Behaviours, Prospective Memory and Executive Functions". Behaviour Change 32, n.º 2 (29 de mayo de 2015): 74–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bec.2015.1.

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Explanations implicating memory in the causes and severity of checking symptoms have focused primarily on retrospective memory, and relatively little attention has been paid to prospective memory. Limited research has examined the relationship between prospective memory and executive functions. We assessed whether impairments in prospective memory and executive function predict checking symptoms in a sample of 106 adults. Checking symptoms were assessed using the Padua Inventory Washington State University Revision (PI-WSUR). All participants completed the prospective memory questionnaire (PMQ) and four computerised executive function tasks from the CANTAB, measuring inhibition, planning, attention set-shifting and working memory. Prospective memory and inhibition predicted checking symptom severity. Importantly, there were no correlations between internally cued prospective memory and inhibition or between prospective memory aiding strategies and inhibition. These variables appear to have an independent role in checking. The current findings highlight prospective memory and inhibition as key contributors to the checking symptom profile and provide the first evidence that these cognitive processes may independently contribute to checking symptoms. These findings have implications for a model in which memory performance is thought to be secondary to impairments in executive functions.

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Bailey, W. F. y T. G. Shea. "Expansion of Advanced Wastewater Treatment Facilities at Washington, D.C." Water Science and Technology 20, n.º 4-5 (1 de abril de 1988): 303–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0180.

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Advanced wastewater treatment facilities at Washington D.C.'s Blue Plains plant are being expanded and upgraded to provide increased capacity. In order to continue meeting the very stringent discharge limitations, modifications will be made to the secondary and nitrification activated sludge systems, wastewater filters, disinfection system, and plant instrumentation. Major upgrades are planned for sludge processing including construction of centrifuge and filter press dewatering facilities, mechanical composting and fluid bed incineration.

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Vagliasindi, F. G. A. y Mark M. Benjamin. "Arsenic removal in fresh and nom-preloaded ion exchange packed bed adsorption reactors". Water Science and Technology 38, n.º 6 (1 de septiembre de 1998): 337–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0269.

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Arsenic speciation and removal in continuous-flow packed bed adsorption reactors was investigated using a strong base anion exchange resin as the adsorbent. Preloading of the media was investigated passing arsenic-free Lake Washington water through columns packed with the resin prior to feeding influent spiked with arsenic. NOM preloading did not affect the systems, but sulfate adsorbed during the preloading and the subsequent adsorption steps caused chromatographic displacement of the adsorbed arsenic. Significant arsenic speciation changes occurred in the arsenic-spiked feeding solution that need further investigation.

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Dunlap, J. M., P. E. Heilman y R. F. Stettler. "Genetic variation and productivity of Populustrichocarpa and its hybrids. V. The influence of ramet position on 3-year growth variables". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 22, n.º 6 (1 de junio de 1992): 849–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x92-114.

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A 3-year study was conducted on the effects of different stem positions (from which cuttings were taken on a stool-bed ortet) on sprouting characteristics and stem growth of Populustrichocarpa Torr. & Gray. In 1986 ramets were collected from five stem positions, evenly distributed from the base to the tip, on three stool-bed ortets of each of 30 clones representing three river valleys in western Washington. Each set of five was planted at 1.22-m spacing in one of three adjacent blocks in an experimental field in Puyallup, Washington. First-year results showed that cuttings from the upper two positions tended to leaf out earlier and develop a single rather than multiple stem as compared with those from the lower positions. Analyses of variance of growth traits showed significant position, position–river, and position–clone within river interaction effects. Positional effects on sprouting and growth were strong primarily for material from the Dungeness River. At the end of the 3rd year, the largest Dungeness ramets (from position 2 near the top) averaged 860 cm in height and 7.3 cm in diameter, whereas the smallest (from position 4) averaged 753 and 5.8 cm, respectively. By this time, it appeared that the shorter trees had begun to suffer from competition associated with crown closure. Thus, the impact of competition in a tightly spaced, multiclonal plantation can influence the ultimate growth and survival of different clones and thereby bias a genetic evaluation.

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King, Mary A., Kathryn Koelemay, Jerry Zimmerman y Lewis Rubinson. "Geographical Maldistribution of Pediatric Medical Resources in Seattle-King County". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 25, n.º 4 (agosto de 2010): 326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00008281.

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AbstractObjective:Seattle-King County (SKC) Washington is at risk for regional disasters, especially earthquakes. Of 1.8 million residents, >400,000 (22%) are children, a proportion similar to that of the population of the State of Washington (24%) and of the United States (24%). The county's large area of 2,134 square miles (5,527 km2) is connected through major transportation routes that cross numerous waterways; sub-county zones may become isolated in the wake of a major earthquake. Therefore, each of SKC's three sub-county emergency response zones must have ample pediatric medical response capabilities. To date, total quantities and distribution of crucial hospital resources (available in SKC) to manage pediatric victims of a medical disaster are unknown. This study assessed whether geographical distribution of hospital pediatric resources corresponds to the pediatric population distribution in SKC.Methods:Surveys were delivered electronically to all eight acute care hospitals in SKC that admit pediatric patients. Quantities and categories of pediatric resources, including inpatient treatment space, staff, and equipment, were queried and verified via site visits.Results:Within the seven responding hospitals of eight queried, the following were identified: 477 formal pediatric bed spaces (pediatric intensive care unit, neo-natal intensive care unit, general wards, and emergency department), 43 informal pediatric bed spaces (operating room and post-anesthesia care unit), 1,217 pediatric nurses, 554 pediatric physicians, and 252 infant/pediatric-adaptable ventilators. The City of Seattle emergency response zone contains 82.1% of bed spaces, 83.5% of nurses, and 95.8% of physicians, yet only 22.8% of all SKC children live in that zone.Conclusions:The majority of hospital pediatric resources are located in the SKC sub-region with the fewest children. These resources are potentially inaccessible and unable to be redistributed by ground transportation in the event of a significant regional disaster. Future planning for pediatric care in the event of a medical disaster in SKC must address this vulnerability.

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Sanders, D. C., J. D. Cure, W. J. Sperry, J. C. Gilsanz, C. A. Prince y O. Bandele. "Long-term Effects of Rows per Bed and In-row Spacing on Yield and Spear Size of Asparagus". HortScience 33, n.º 4 (julio de 1998): 652–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.4.652.

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Three studies were conducted at Clinton, N.C., to investigate the relationship between number of rows per bed, in-row spacing, and spear yield of asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) over 11 to 13 years. In the first study, increasing plant densities from 21,550 to 43,100 plants/ha by doubling the number of rows/bed increased the cumulative yield from 64% to 80% for three hybrid lines (`UC 157', `WSU 1', and `WSU 2') but only 6% for `Rutgers Beacon'. The effects of doubling the plant density were still apparent 13 years later. In the second study, yields of `Princeville' (`Mary Washington' selection) crowns, grown at densities from 14,000 to 86,000 plants/ha, were also increased for 8 years by doubling rows at various in-row spacings. In a third study, in which densities ranged from 21,000 to 387,900 plants/ha, the magnitude of the response to rows/bed was dependent on in-row spacing. Efficient use of bed space and the avoidance of crowding exerted a larger influence on productivity than did average planting density. The yield response to rows/bed was greater and more persistent through the years for wider in-row spacings. Spear size was only marginally responsive to rows per bed and in-row spacing.

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Hallett, Judith P. "Ultra Veritatem Muliebris Vis: Women Classicists at and beyond Washington University in the Dawning of Post-Bellum America". Classical Journal 119, n.º 4 (abril de 2024): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tcj.2024.a924862.

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Abstract: To contextualize the all-female American production of Plautus’ Rudens at Washington University in St. Louis in 1884 by the university’s Ladies’ Literary Society, my discussion considers the topic of Plautus’ comedy—freeborn Greeks threatened with enslavement—and the historical circumstances of its first staging in ca. 200 BCE; the historical circumstances surrounding the production, in a former slave state, less than two decades after the US Civil War; and, to illuminate the milieu in which the female students revised and performed Plautus’ text, the lives and professional contributions of five prominent American women classicists educated between 1865 and 1917.

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27

Baggett, Henry C., Jeffrey S. Duchin, William Shelton, Danielle M. Zerr, Joan Heath, Ismael R. Ortega-Sanchez y Tejpratap Tiwari. "Two Nosocomial Pertussis Outbreaks and Their Associated Costs—King County, Washington, 2004". Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 28, n.º 05 (mayo de 2007): 537–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/513497.

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Objective.Pertussis outbreaks in healthcare settings result in resource-intensive control activities, but studies have rarely evaluated the associated costs. We describe and estimate costs associated with 2 nosocomial pertussis outbreaks in King County, Washington, during the period from July 25 to September 15, 2004. One outbreak occurred at a 500-bed tertiary care hospital (hospital A), and the other occurred at a 250-bed pediatric hospital (hospital B).Methods.We estimated the costs of each outbreak from the hospitals' perspective through standardized interviews with hospital staff and review of contact tracing logs. Direct costs included personnel time and laboratory and medication costs, whereas indirect costs were those resulting from hospital staff furloughs.Results.Hospital A incurred direct costs of $195,342 and indirect costs of $68,015; hospital B incurred direct costs of $71,130 and indirect costs of $50,000. Cost differences resulted primarily from higher personnel costs at hospital A ($134,536), compared with hospital B ($21,645). Total cost per pertussis case was $43,893 for hospital A (6 cases) and $30,282 for hospital B (4 cases). Total cost per person exposed to a pertussis patient were $357 for hospital A (738 exposures) and $164 for hospital B (737 exposures).Conclusions.Nosocomial pertussis outbreaks result in substantial costs to hospitals, even when the number of pertussis cases is low. The cost-effectiveness of strategies to prevent nosocomial pertussis outbreaks, including vaccination of healthcare workers, should be evaluated.

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28

Knight, Jasper. "Coeval brittle and ductile deformation beneath the late Wisconsinan Puget Lobe, Washington State, USA". Annals of Glaciology 60, n.º 80 (14 de octubre de 2019): 100–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aog.2019.33.

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AbstractLate Wisconsinan glacial sediments, exposed on Whidbey Island and Camano Island, Puget Sound (Washington State, USA), were deposited in a proglacial shallow marine/outwash environment during northward retreat of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran ice sheet. Sediments mainly comprise massive and cross-bedded sand and gravels, and rhythmically-bedded clay and silt/fine sand couplets, interbedded with diamictons that were deposited by a range of mass flows of different viscosities. Although sediment stratigraphy and ice advance–retreat patterns are well established for the Puget Lobe, brittle and ductile deformation structures within, and separating, these sediment units are less well understood. These structures record the nature of ice–bed interactions taking place in subglacial and proglacial environments. This study examines evidence for these processes and environments. Key deformation structures identified include open to overturned folds, normal and reverse faults, clastic dikes and hydrofractures and passive-loading structures. Evidence for coeval development of ductile and brittle deformation structures shows the close relationship between porewater changes, sediment rheology and sediment system responses to changes in strain caused by ice–bed interactions.

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29

Kuehn, Stephen C., Duane G. Froese, Paul E. Carrara, Franklin F. Foit, Nicholas J. G. Pearce y Peter Rotheisler. "Major- and trace-element characterization, expanded distribution, and a new chronology for the latest Pleistocene Glacier Peak tephras in western North America". Quaternary Research 71, n.º 2 (marzo de 2009): 201–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2008.11.003.

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AbstractThe Glacier Peak tephra beds are among the most widespread and arguably some of the most important late Pleistocene chronostratigraphic markers in western North America. These beds represent a series of closely-spaced Plinian and sub-Plinian eruptions from Glacier Peak, Washington. The two most widespread beds, Glacier Peak ‘G’ and ‘B’, are reliably distinguished by their glass major and trace element abundances. These beds are also more broadly distributed than previously considered, covering at least 550,000 and 260,000 km2, respectively. A third bed, the Irvine bed, known only from southern Alberta, is similar in its major-element composition to the Glacier Peak G bed, but it shows considerable differences in trace element concentrations. The Irvine bed is likely considerably older than the G and B tephras and probably records an additional Plinian eruption, perhaps also from Glacier Peak but from a different magma than G through B. A review of the published radiocarbon ages, new ages in this study, and consideration in a Bayesian framework suggest that the widespread G and B beds are several hundred years older than widely assumed. Our revised age is about 11,600 14C yr BP or a calibrated age (at 2 sigma) of 13,710–13,410 cal yr BP.

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30

Montero, Ángel, Carmen Diéguez y Diego García-Bellido. "Ejemplares de la Phyllopod Bed-Burgess Shale (Cámbrico Medio) en el Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC (Madrid, Espana)". Spanish Journal of Palaeontology 13, n.º 3 (27 de febrero de 2022): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.7203/sjp.23987.

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A collection of fossil invertebrates from well-known North American sites is hosted at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales-CSIC (MNCN-CSIC) of Madrid. This collection was a result of an exchange between this Institution and the Smithsonian Institution of Washington in the sixties of this century. In this collection there are eigth items from the Walcott's Quarry site of the Burgess Shale (British Columbia, Canada). It consists of twelve specimens included in the Kingdom Monera (one phylum) and Kingdom Animalia (six phyla).

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31

Aesif, Scott W., David M. Parenti, Linda Lesky y John F. Keiser. "A Cost-Effective Interdisciplinary Approach to Microbiologic Send-Out Test Use". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, n.º 2 (23 de abril de 2014): 194–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2013-0693-oa.

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Context Use of reference laboratories for selected laboratory testing (send-out tests) represents a significant source of laboratory costs. As the use of more complex molecular analyses becomes common in the United States, strategies to reduce costs in the clinical laboratory must evolve in order to provide high-value, cost-effective medicine. Objective To report a strategy that employs clinical pathology house staff and key hospital clinicians in the effective use of microbiologic send-out testing. Design The George Washington University Hospital is a 370-bed academic hospital in Washington, DC. In 2012 all requisitions for microbiologic send-out tests were screened by the clinical pathology house staff prior to final dispensation. Tests with questionable utility were brought to the attention of ordering clinicians through the use of interdisciplinary rounds and direct face-to-face consultation. Results Screening resulted in a cancellation rate of 38% of send-out tests, with proportional cost savings. Nucleic acid tests represented most of the tests screened and the largest percentage of cost saved through screening. Following consultation, requested send-out tests were most often canceled because of a lack of clinical indication. Conclusions Direct face-to-face consultation with ordering physicians is an effective, interdisciplinary approach to managing the use of send-out testing in the microbiology laboratory.

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32

Hilldale, Robert C., Wayne O. Carpenter, Bradley Goodwiller, James P. Chambers y Timothy J. Randle. "Installation of Impact Plates to Continuously Measure Bed Load: Elwha River, Washington, USA". Journal of Hydraulic Engineering 141, n.º 3 (marzo de 2015): 06014023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0000975.

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33

Hancock, D. D., T. E. Besser, M. L. Kinsel, P. I. Tarr, D. H. Rice y M. G. Paros. "The prevalence ofEscherichia coliO157.H7 in dairy and beef cattle in Washington State". Epidemiology and Infection 113, n.º 2 (octubre de 1994): 199–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268800051633.

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SUMMARYEscherichia coliO157.H7 was found in 10 of 3570 (0·28%) faecal samples from dairy cattle in 5 of 60 herds (8·3%). Several tentative associations with manure handling and feeding management practices on dairy farms were identified. Faecal/urine slurry samples, bulk milk samples, and milk filters from dairy herds were negative forE. coli0157.H7.E. coli0157.H7 was also isolated from 10 of 1412 (0·71 %) faecal samples from pastured beef cattle in 4 of 25 (16%) herds. The prevalence ofE. coli0157. H7 excretion in feedlot beef cattle was 2 of 600 (0·33 %). The identification of cattle management practices associated with colonization of cattle byE. coli0157.H7 suggests the possibility that humanE. coliO157.H7 exposure may be reduced by cattle management procedures.

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34

Urbanavichus, Gennady P. y Irina N. Urbanavichene. "Nephroma orvoi (Nephromatoideae, Peltigeraceae) – a new lichen species for Russia". Turczaninowia 24, n.º 4 (20 de diciembre de 2021): 54–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/turczaninowia.24.4.5.

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The lichen species Nephroma orvoi is reported as new to Russia from two localities in Murmansk Region. Description and colour illustrations of the material studied are provided. The species was previously known from Norway, Sweden, Finland, Switzerland, Canada (Alberta and British Columbia), USA (Washington), and Greenland. In Russia, it grows on rock outcrops in open habitat along the shore of a Paz River (Pasvik Nature Reserve) and in the bed of a small unnamed stream (neighborhood of Fedorova Tundra Mt.). The specimens were identified by the morphology (mostly laminal, brown, corticate soredia; faveolate, wrinkle-ridged lobes; lower side with short pseudotomentum in middle and inner part) and the identification was confirmed by lichen substances (a series of specific triterpenoids).

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35

Driedger, Carolyn L. y Andrew G. Fountain. "Glacier Outburst Floods at Mount Rainier, Washington State, U.S.A." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0260305500007631.

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During the twentieth century, glacial outburst floods have been the most destructive natural events on Mount Rainier, a stratovolcano in the Cascade Range in Washington State, U.S.A. In the period between 1930 and 1980 numerous floods were reported from five glaciers on the mountain, most of which flowed from Nisqually, Kautz, or South Tahoma Glaciers on its southern flank. Such floods threaten lives and property because they occur without warning and quickly mobilize the loose volcanic debris into debris flows.A monitoring program was begun in 1987 which was designed to measure the dimensions and timing of outburst floods, but this has been unsuccessful because no floods have yet occurred on the monitored streams. Four floods did burst from South Tahoma Glacier that was unmonitored, but in spite of this they have been useful in providing evidence of flood storage and release mechanisms. All flood volumes were found to be of approximately similar orders of magnitude, of 1 × 105 m3 of water, indicating that all floods probably had similar mechanisms for storage and release of water. Hydraulic pressure considerations indicate that such a large volume of flood water would be stored at the bed of the glacier rather than in isolated englacial cavities. The stepped bedrock terrain provides an ideal setting for the formation of subglacial cavities capable of storing the volumes of flood water noted.

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36

Driedger, Carolyn L. y Andrew G. Fountain. "Glacier Outburst Floods at Mount Rainier, Washington State, U.S.A." Annals of Glaciology 13 (1989): 51–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260305500007631.

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During the twentieth century, glacial outburst floods have been the most destructive natural events on Mount Rainier, a stratovolcano in the Cascade Range in Washington State, U.S.A. In the period between 1930 and 1980 numerous floods were reported from five glaciers on the mountain, most of which flowed from Nisqually, Kautz, or South Tahoma Glaciers on its southern flank. Such floods threaten lives and property because they occur without warning and quickly mobilize the loose volcanic debris into debris flows. A monitoring program was begun in 1987 which was designed to measure the dimensions and timing of outburst floods, but this has been unsuccessful because no floods have yet occurred on the monitored streams. Four floods did burst from South Tahoma Glacier that was unmonitored, but in spite of this they have been useful in providing evidence of flood storage and release mechanisms. All flood volumes were found to be of approximately similar orders of magnitude, of 1 × 105 m3 of water, indicating that all floods probably had similar mechanisms for storage and release of water. Hydraulic pressure considerations indicate that such a large volume of flood water would be stored at the bed of the glacier rather than in isolated englacial cavities. The stepped bedrock terrain provides an ideal setting for the formation of subglacial cavities capable of storing the volumes of flood water noted.

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37

Walder, Joseph S. y Carolyn L. Driedger. "Frequent outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier, Mount Rainier, U.S.A.: relation to debris flows, meteorological origin and implications for subglacial hydrology". Journal of Glaciology 41, n.º 137 (1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000017718.

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AbstractDestructive debris flows occur frequently at glacierized Mount Rainier volcano, Washington, U.S.A. Twenty-three such flows have occurred in the Tahoma Creek valley since 1967. Hydrologic and geomorphic evidence indicate that all or nearly all of these flows began as outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier. Flood waters are stored subglacially. The volume of stored water discharged during a typical outburst flood would form a layer several centimeters thick over the bed of the entire glacier, although it is more likely that large linked cavities account for most of the storage. Statistical analysis shows that outburst floods usually occur during periods of atypically hot or rainy weather in summer or early autumn, and that the probability of an outburst increases with temperature (a proxy measure of ablation rate) or rainfall rate. We suggest than outburst floods are triggered by rapid water input to the glacier bed. causing water-pressure transients that destabilize the linked-cavity) system, The correlation between outburst Hoods and meteorological factors casts doubt on an earlier hypothesis that melting around geothermal vents triggers outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier.

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38

Walder, Joseph S. y Carolyn L. Driedger. "Frequent outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier, Mount Rainier, U.S.A.: relation to debris flows, meteorological origin and implications for subglacial hydrology". Journal of Glaciology 41, n.º 137 (1995): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000017718.

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AbstractDestructive debris flows occur frequently at glacierized Mount Rainier volcano, Washington, U.S.A. Twenty-three such flows have occurred in the Tahoma Creek valley since 1967. Hydrologic and geomorphic evidence indicate that all or nearly all of these flows began as outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier. Flood waters are stored subglacially. The volume of stored water discharged during a typical outburst flood would form a layer several centimeters thick over the bed of the entire glacier, although it is more likely that large linked cavities account for most of the storage. Statistical analysis shows that outburst floods usually occur during periods of atypically hot or rainy weather in summer or early autumn, and that the probability of an outburst increases with temperature (a proxy measure of ablation rate) or rainfall rate. We suggest than outburst floods are triggered by rapid water input to the glacier bed. causing water-pressure transients that destabilize the linked-cavity) system, The correlation between outburst Hoods and meteorological factors casts doubt on an earlier hypothesis that melting around geothermal vents triggers outburst floods from South Tahoma Glacier.

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39

Gambi, Maria Cristina. "Flowering in a Zostera marina bed off San Juan island (Washington, U.S.A.) during winter". Aquatic Botany 30, n.º 3 (marzo de 1988): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3770(88)90058-7.

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40

Vaughn, Bruce H. y Andrew G. Fountain. "Stable isotopes and electrical conductivity as keys to understanding water pathways and storage in South Cascade Glacier, Washington, USA". Annals of Glaciology 40 (2005): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/172756405781813834.

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AbstractMeasurements of electrical conductivity (EC) and deuterium isotopes in glacier run-off provide the basis for the application of simple mixing models that separate hydrographs into four constitutive components: subglacial, englacial, melt and rainfall-derived waters. Volumes of these components are determined from the models in two adjacent drainage basins within the glacier. Peak arrival times of both EC and isotopes during discharge events on short-term time-scales (days to weeks) differ in each terminus stream by as much as a factor of 5. Englacial water storage determined from the model varied greatly (98%) between neighboring basins within the glacier. Estimates of basal water volumes expressed as a layer thickness at the bed of the glacier differed by 50% (5 and 10mm each). Other results suggest that a greater percentage of water is stored at the glacier bed during rainfall events, and exceeds the storage capacity found within the seasonal snow and englacial zones combined.

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41

Labson, Victor F. y Alex Becker. "Natural‐field and very low‐frequency tipper profile interpretation of contacts". GEOPHYSICS 52, n.º 12 (diciembre de 1987): 1697–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1442286.

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Anomalous vertical magnetic field (tipper) profiles acquired using natural or very low‐frequency (VLF) radio transmitter sources can be interpreted simply and rapidly for a number of geologic settings. The relations between computed numerical models, and outcropping dipping and buried vertical contacts are presented here in a series of interpretation charts. Use of the tipper phase in the analysis minimizes the effect of transmitter azimuth in the VLF case. Two examples illustrate the application to field data. An audiofrequency natural‐field tipper profile over a conductive bed in a north‐central Washington State metasedimentary sequence demonstrates the interpretation procedure for a dipping contact. VLF profiles over covered basement faults in Ontario demonstrate the application for a buried vertical contact. In both cases the quick results are in agreement with the much more laborious trial‐and‐error matching to two‐dimensional models.

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42

Peterson, Curt, Sandy Vanderburgh y Michael C. Roberts. "Late Holocene Geomorphology of the Columbia River Estuary, Oregon and Washington, USA". Journal of Geography and Geology 6, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jgg.v6n2p1.

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Abundant river sediment supply and an open-water central bay area characterize the geomorphology of the large Columbia River estuary (~ 100 km in length). Lateral floodplains and marsh islands do constrict the uppermost reaches of the estuary, but the central axes of the lower estuary are dominated by shallow sand shoals (0–4 m water depth). A total of 58 vibracores are used to document the grain size and age (0–2,500 14CyrBP) of late Holocene deposits in the estuary. Sedimentation rates in stable floodplains (1.1 m ka-1) reflect rates of relative sea level rise (0.75 m ka-1). Sedimentation rates of muddy sand accretionary banks and prehistoric sand shoals (1.5–7 m ka-1) greatly exceed coeval rates of sea level rise, so they must represent short–term rates of vertical accretion resulting from channel lateral migration and associated cut and fill processes. The apparent paradox of unfilled accommodation space in the estuary is resolved by 1) winter wind–wave erosion of sand shoals to -3 m NAVD88 elevation and 2) asymmetric fluvial-tidal advection that results in net seaward transport of bed load in shallow tidal channels (> – 10 m NAVD88) and shallow subtidal shoals (> – 4 m NAVD88) during spring river flooding.

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43

Rot, Byron W., Robert J. Naiman y Robert E. Bilby. "Stream channel configuration, landform, and riparian forest structure in the Cascade Mountains, Washington". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 57, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2000): 699–707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f00-002.

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The hierarchical relationship of five key elements, valley constraint, riparian landform, riparian plant community, channel type, and channel configuration, are described for 21 sites in mature to old-growth riparian forests of the western Cascades Mountains, Washington, U.S.A. Channel type (bedrock, plane-bed, and forced pool-riffle) was closely related to channel configuration (especially large woody debris (LWD) volume, density, and LWD-formed pools) at the smallest spatial scale and valley constraint at the largest. Valley constraint significantly influenced off-channel habitat (r2 = 0.71) and LWD volume within forced pool-riffle channels (r2 = 0.58). Riparian plant community composition was differentiated by four landform classes: three alluvial landforms based on height above the channel and one based on hillslope. Just above the active channel, floodplain landforms contained more deciduous stems than conifer and greater conifer basal area than deciduous. Conifers dominated other landforms. The diameter of in-channel LWD increased with the age of the riparian forest (r2 = 0.34). In old-growth forests, LWD diameter was equivalent to or greater than the average riparian tree diameter for all sites. In younger forests, the mixed relationship between LWD and riparian tree diameter may reflect a combination of LWD input from the previous old-growth stand and LWD input from the existing stand.

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44

McCarthy, Blythe, Pamela Vandiver, Alexander Nagel y Laure Dussubieux. "TECHNOLOGY OF EGYPTIAN CORE GLASS VESSELS". MRS Proceedings 1656 (18 de julio de 2014): 123–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2014.710.

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ABSTRACTOur knowledge of glass production in ancient Egypt has been well augmented not only by the publication of recently excavated materials and glass workshops, but also by more recent materials analysis, and experiments of modern glass-makers attempting to reconstruct the production process of thin-walled core-formed glass vessels. The small but well preserved glass collection of the Freer Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. was used to examine and study the technology and production of ancient Egyptian core-formed glass vessels. Previous study suggests that most of these vessels were produced in the 18th Dynasty in the 15th and 14th centuries BCE, while others date from the Hellenistic period and later. In an ongoing project we conducted computed radiography, x-ray fluorescence analysis and scanning electron microscopy on a selected group of vessels to understand further aspects of the ancient production process. This paper will provide an overview of our recent research.

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45

SAMADPOUR, MANSOUR, M. KUBLER, F. C. BUCK, G. A. DEPAVIA, E. MAZENGIA, J. STEWART, P. YANG y D. ALFI. "Prevalence of Shiga Toxin–Producing Escherichia coli in Ground Beef and Cattle Feces from King County, Washington". Journal of Food Protection 65, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2002): 1322–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-65.8.1322.

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Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is increasingly recognized as a common cause of diarrhea. STEC infection is a major public health threat because of its ability to cause serious and potentially life-threatening illnesses. The main reservoirs of STEC are believed to be the intestinal tracts of animals. Several studies have investigated the prevalence of STEC in various food items. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of STEC in the Seattle ground beef supply. In addition, the relative amount of STEC contamination between stores was compared, and possible differences between types of ground beef based on fat content (9, 16, and 23%) were investigated. A survey of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes in fecal samples from cattle at a local slaughter house was also conducted. Of 296 ground beef samples tested from area retail grocery stores, 16.8% were positive for the presence of the toxin genes. Our data showed that there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05) in the prevalence of STEC between the ground beef samples of different fat contents and between grocery store chains. Of the 103 cattle fecal samples tested, 19 (18.4%) were found positive for the presence of Stx-I and/or Stx-II genes. The presence of a rather high percentage of STEC in the food supply in the absence of large number of cases suggests that not all STEC lineages are pathogenic for humans.

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46

Pfeiffer, Allison M., Brian D. Collins, Scott W. Anderson, David R. Montgomery y Erkan Istanbulluoglu. "River Bed Elevation Variability Reflects Sediment Supply, Rather Than Peak Flows, in the Uplands of Washington State". Water Resources Research 55, n.º 8 (agosto de 2019): 6795–810. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2019wr025394.

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47

Collins, Brian D. y Thomas Dunne. "Gravel transport, gravel harvesting, and channel-bed degradation in rivers draining the southern olympic mountains, Washington, U.S.A." Environmental Geology and Water Sciences 13, n.º 3 (mayo de 1989): 213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01665371.

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48

Samolczyk, Mary A., James W. Vallance, Joel F. Cubley, Gerald D. Osborn y Douglas H. Clark. "Geochemical characterization and dating of R tephra, a postglacial marker bed in Mount Rainier National Park, Washington, USA". Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 53, n.º 2 (febrero de 2016): 202–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjes-2015-0115.

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The oldest postglacial lapilli–ash tephra recognized in sedimentary records surrounding Mount Rainier (Washington State, USA) is R tephra, a very early Holocene deposit that acts as an important stratigraphic and geochronologic marker bed. This multidisciplinary study incorporates tephrostratigraphy, radiocarbon dating, petrography, and electron microprobe analysis to characterize R tephra. Tephra samples were collected from Tipsoo Lake and a stream-cut exposure in the Cowlitz Divide area of Mount Rainier National Park. Field evidence from 25 new sites suggests that R tephra locally contains internal bedding and has a wider distribution than previously reported. Herein, we provide the first robust suite of geochemical data that characterize the tephra. Glass compositions are heterogeneous, predominantly ranging from andesite to rhyolite in ash- to lapilli-sized clasts. The mineral assemblage consists of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and magnetite with trace apatite and ilmenite. Subaerial R tephra deposits appear more weathered in hand sample than subaqueous deposits, but weathering indices suggest negligible chemical weathering in both deposits. Statistical analysis of radiocarbon ages provides a median age for R tephra of ∼10 050 cal years BP, and a 2σ error range between 9960 and 10 130 cal years BP.

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Nugraha, Adi y Tarang Khangaonkar. "Detailed Hydrodynamic Feasibility Assessment for Leque Island and Zis a Ba Restoration Projects". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 6, n.º 4 (16 de noviembre de 2018): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse6040140.

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Numerous restoration projects are underway in Puget Sound, Washington, USA with the goal of re-establishing intertidal wetlands that were historically lost due to dike construction for flood protection and agricultural development. One such effort is the restoration effort within the Stillaguamish Delta, benefitting from the cumulative effects from the Leque Island and zis a ba restoration projects. The preferred restoration design calls for the removal of perimeter dikes at the two sites and the creation of tidal channels to facilitate the drainage of tidal flows. A 3-D high-resolution unstructured-grid coastal ocean model based on FVCOM was developed to evaluate the hydrodynamic response of the estuary to restoration alternatives. A series of hydrodynamic modeling simulations were then performed to quantify the hydrodynamic response of the nearshore restoration project, such as periodic inundation, suitable currents, and desired habitat/salinity levels. Sediment impacts were also examined, including the potential for excessive erosion or sedimentation requiring maintenance. Simulation results indicate that the preferred alternative scenario provides the desired estuarine response, which is consistent with the planned design. A decrease in velocities and bed shear in the main river channels was noted for the restored condition associated with the increased inundation of tidal flat area and reduced tidal flows through the main channels. High bed shear near the restored tidal channel entrances indicates that the inlets may evolve in size until equilibrium is established.

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Rogers, Lauren R., Grayson Robbins, Grace Clark, Emily McDermott, Kathryn E. Reif, Bernard W. Krumpelman, Doug L. Galloway y Jeremy G. Powell. "106 Serial Evaluation ofA. Marginale Positivity Rate Within a Single Herd of Mature Beef Cows". Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_1 (1 de mayo de 2023): 76–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad068.090.

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Abstract Anaplasmosis is an economically devastating disease in cattle that is caused by the rickettsial pathogen Anaplasma marginale. Infected cattle can serve as biological reservoirs for the organism, thus enabling further transmission of the disease to naive individuals via ticks, biting flies and contaminated needles. It is estimated that this disease causes over $300 million in expenses for the U.S. cattle industry annually. As a result, a better understanding of this disease and its prevalence is needed. As part of an ongoing collaborative effort between the University of Arkansas and the Kansas State University (KSU) College of Veterinary Medicine, general surveillance testing of beef cattle herds in Washington county, Arkansas previously indicated a possible 30% positivity rate for A. marginale in 2019. The objective of this study was to utilize both quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) tests to determine the whole-herd prevalence of A. marginale within the University of Arkansas Washington county research herd. In the fall of 2020, the entire fall-calving herd (168, apparently healthy, mature beef cows) was sampled and tested. Both whole blood and serum samples were collected from each animal. qPCR testing was completed on each whole blood sample submitted at the KSU College of Veterinary Medicine, while cELISA testing was completed on each serum sample by the University of Arkansas. Of the68 cows tested, 20 cows tested seropositive, with a % Inhibition of 30 or above (mean = 45%). Confirmatory qPCR testing on all seropositive samples, however, indicated that all cows were negative for active infection with A. marginale. Subsequently, in the spring of 2022, all available cows that had previously tested seropositive for A. marginale were retested using the same protocol as previously described, except that all qPCR testing was completed by University of Arkansas Veterinary Entomology Lab. Of the 17 mature cows still in inventory, that had previously tested seropositive for A. marginale, only 7 were still seropositive with a % inhibition of 30 or above (mean = 39%). However, confirmatory qPCR testing on all 7 seropositive samples indicated that all cows were negative for active infections with A. marginale. Because of its lower cost, compared with qPCR testing, ELISA testing is commonly recommended to and utilized by producers and veterinarians as a first-line diagnostic for individual and herd health evaluation and management. Information gathered by this study indicates that cELISA testing alone may not provide an accurate depiction of actual infection rates within a herd, and that further investigation into possible causes of false positivity are required. As part of this study, additional assays investigating the specificity of the commercial Anaplasmosis cELISA and possible cross-reaction with other endemic rickettsial pathogens will be performed.

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