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1
P, Nithya Priya Meena. "The Condition of the Washermen who do the laundry as shown ‘Koveru kazhuthaigal (Mules)’". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, n.º 4 (12 de octubre de 2022): 164–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22420.
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Human beings are rational in God's creation. In the early years, the occupations which were divided among themselves separately for the betterment of man are later divided on the basis of class. Thereafter, they create caste and divide certain castes into lower castes and other castes into upper castes. In a town where all the people live together, the last street is named colony street, where the lower caste people are excluded. These lower caste people are not allowed to enter the village freely even for festival-like events. Though there is an economy to buy quality food and clothing, the upper castes do not allow them to buy it. Vannar Kudi (Washermen Colony) is one such divided society. This article explains the condition of the washer people who are engaged in the business of washing.
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M, Thamim Mansoor. "Vannan Livelihood Carried in " Koveru Kazhuthaigal" (Mules)". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-10 (10 de agosto de 2022): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s102.
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Narratives are a literary form that records contemporary events. From time to time, authors record the realities of life through stories in Tamil literature. Especially in the lives of the people of the lower classes, they express external attitudes such as beliefs, customs, rituals, food habits, occupations, and internal attitudes such as love, anger, mercy, happiness, suffering, and poverty through stories. In this regard, writer Imaiyam has written novels like Sedal, Arumugam, En Kathe and short stories like Manbaram, Video Mariyamman, Kolacheval, Saavuu Soru, Narumanam, etc. Another of his novels, "Mules", chronicles the lives of Vannan (Washermen) people. This article presents some of its parts. The daily events, problems, speech patterns, diet, occupations, marriage events, death rituals, festivals, proverbs they follow in practice, and omens spoken in front of them are explored in this article based on this novel.
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Atkins, Keletso E. "Origins of the AmaWasha: the Zulu Washermen's Guild in Natal, 1850–1910". Journal of African History 27, n.º 1 (marzo de 1986): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853700029194.
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Research into the perspectives of both worker and consumer has shown the social history of Zulu washermen to be far more complex than was previously thought. Viewed from the standpoint of Zulu men, washing clothes was not a humiliating female task into which they had been coerced by adverse circumstances. Laundering recalled the specialist craft of hide-dressing in which Zulu males engaged as izinyanga, a prestige occupation that paid handsomely. These astute tradesmen, a number of whom may have come from artisanal families, recognized they could play a crucial role in the European household economy. ‘Craft conscious’, building on indigenous institutions and customs, they combined not merely to secure their position and bar entry into ‘the trade’, but also to impose standards of wages and regulate the labour given by the younger men. In this manner they became one, if not indeed the most, powerful group of African workmen in nineteenth-century Natal.The social history of the AmaWasha guild compels a re-evaluation of notions regarding openness to change in traditional societies; indeed, it underscores their capacity for innovation. Moreover, it has a fundamental bearing on the structural nature and patterns of resistance of early black working populations in South Africa. This study indicates that there were intimate historical links between precolonial artisanal associations and subsequent worker organizations, activities and consciousness.
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Manta, Faisal, Doddy Suanggana, Andre Amba Matarru, Muhammad Ilham Yusnin, Dinda Achmad Feridiansyah, Sony Doran Febriawan, Rafly Amanda, Faradhila Arham Hagan y Saut Hamonangan Mangunsong. "Pengelolaan Bank Sampah dan Pembuatan Pupuk Kompos di Kelurahan Baru ilir Kecamatan Balikpapan Barat". Abdimas Universal 4, n.º 2 (5 de septiembre de 2022): 260–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.36277/abdimasuniversal.v4i2.239.
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The waste bank management program aims to help the residents' economy and maintain environmental cleanliness by processing waste in the environment. The improvement of the residents' economy is done by selling inorganic/plastic waste that has economic value and converting organic waste into compost. Because of this background, the waste bank program was chosen as a community service activity for 2022 ITK by considering the appropriate location and partners. RT 56 Kelurahan Baru Ilir, West Balikpapan District is a densely populated area with the majority of its residents making seasonal livelihoods such as washermen and construction workers, so with the aim of helping the residents' economy, we decided to make RT 56 a partner for the waste bank program. The waste bank program is implemented in stages, namely coordination with the local government, socialization, waste collection, waste weighing, recording, selling waste and payments to customers. The processing of organic waste consists of refining organic waste, mixing in composting, ripening, harvesting compost. The Waste Bank program was implemented for 3 months, namely in March-May 2022 and obtained 23 customers with total customer funds reaching Rp564,324.00. The organic waste treatment program is carried out by making a composting prototype made from drums that is able to reduce the unpleasant odor produced during the composting process, so that in 1 month, ready-to-use organic fertilizer can be produced.
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Kakavoyannis, Evangelos. "The silver ore-processing workshops of the Lavrion region". Annual of the British School at Athens 96 (noviembre de 2001): 365–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400005335.
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The development in the Classical period of washeries where the crude ores were processed for smelting marked a big step forward in Athenian silver production, since they made it possible to exploit the hitherto unusable poorest argentiferous deposits. The discovery and excavation of the washeries and ergasteria have illuminated the technological advance from the pre-Classical two-phase to the Classical three-phase system. The earliest washeries were located perforce close to natural water sources, but when these became inadequate for the growing needs of the industry, ergasteria were built which, in addition to a washery, had a cistern to collect recyclable rainwater, and could thus be located close to the ore sources. Small communities in which the personnel lived and died grew up around them.
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Gupta, R. K. y G. Singh. "Water pollution profile of coal washeries". Fuel and Energy Abstracts 37, n.º 3 (mayo de 1996): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0140-6701(96)88393-7.
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Rajendran, Sripriya, M. Narasimha, A. Dutta, M. K. Sinha y Arun Misra. "Modelling of feed distributor at coal washeries". International Journal of Mineral Processing 81, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2006): 178–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2006.08.008.
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Photos-Jones, E. y J. Ellis Jones. "The building and industrial remains at Agrileza, Laurion (fourth century BC) and their contribution to the workings at the site". Annual of the British School at Athens 89 (noviembre de 1994): 307–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015446.
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A detailed programme of sample collection and laboratory analysis was undertaken at Agrileza, an ore-dressing installation in the Laurion. The site consists of three compounds with associated washeries (Agrileza A, B, and C), some excavated partially, others in full, in the late 1970s and early 1980s and dating to the last quarter of the 4th cent. BC. The particular functions of some of the rooms in compound C are tentatively put forward. The main part of the paper is concerned with the nature, composition, and particle size distribution of the tailings recovered both from washeries A and C and from elsewhere in compound C. The silver-to-lead ratios and particle size distribution of the tailings may suggest that the series of basins and channels making up each washery served not merely as a water purification device, but as a means of trapping ore that had escaped the first washing, for the purpose of dressing it further.
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Nakamura, Kelli Y. "Issei Women and Work: Washerwomen, Prostitutes, Midwives, and Barbers". Hawaiian Journal of History 49, n.º 1 (2015): 119–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hjh.2015.0011.
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Ghose, M. K. "Sustainable supplies of water for coal washeries in India". Science of The Total Environment 229, n.º 3 (mayo de 1999): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(99)00073-x.
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Ramesh, M., A. Balakrishna y P. Veeraju. "Distribution of Blood Groups Among Dhobis - A Washerman Caste Population of Andhra Pradesh". Journal of Human Ecology 3, n.º 1 (enero de 1992): 61–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09709274.1992.11907900.
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Beg, Tahrima Haque, Sunjida Khan, Taskin Afrina, Md Shakib Hossain y Nurul Mohammad Zayed. "Socio-Economic Instance of Ethnic Group in Bangladesh: A Case Study of Dhaka City". International Journal of Accounting & Finance Review 5, n.º 2 (2 de septiembre de 2020): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.46281/ijafr.v5i2.743.
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In Bangladesh, an ethnic community such as barber, cobbler, washerman, porter become victims of severe discrimination despite the constitutional declaration that protects citizen's equal rights regardless of their race, caste, religion. This study focuses on various minor and untouchable groups in our society. Due to various reasons like lack of education, extreme poverty, lack of proper healthy atmosphere, etc. they could not organize themselves to establish their rights. Consequently, they remain in the darkness of the community. They also remain out of development efforts, untouchable and downtrodden. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from 12th February to 27th February 2020 in different areas in the capital city. The purpose of the study is to determine the lifestyle, family background, education level, and socioeconomic impact to access credit among these groups of people.
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Dyer, Jenny. "Georgian Washerwomen: tales of the tub from the long eighteenth century". Continuity and Change 36, n.º 1 (27 de abril de 2021): 89–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416021000072.
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AbstractWasherwomen in the Georgian period belonged, for the most part, to the small army of part-time and casual workers who found employment when and where they could. As handlers of one of the most coveted (as well as necessary) commodities of the period they were a focus of interest to a wide range of society and were growing in number as many householders came to rely less on resident domestic servants. Washerwomen were prime players in the ‘economy of makeshifts’, relying on a miscellany of supplementary activities to ‘get by’ and in which they showed both enterprise and agency.
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Mohanta, S., B. Sahoo, C. H. Sampaio y C. O. Petter. "Practical Difficulties Associated with the Indian Coal Washeries: A Case Study". International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization 39, n.º 5 (28 de abril de 2017): 246–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19392699.2017.1314272.
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Sripriya, R., P. V. T. Rao, J. P. Bapat, N. P. Singh y Partho Das. "Development of an alternative to magnetite for use as heavy media in coal washeries". International Journal of Mineral Processing 71, n.º 1-4 (septiembre de 2003): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-7516(03)00030-9.
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Prizeman, O. E. C., J. Davis y L. Tam. "DIGITISATION OF RETREATING INDUSTRIAL HERITAGE; MODELLING THE DECOMMISSIONING OF THE COAL WASHERIES OF ONLLWYN". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-M-2-2023 (26 de junio de 2023): 1251–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-m-2-2023-1251-2023.
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Abstract. Digitisation for the purposes of recording cultural heritage and its condition is conventionally associated with the task of documentation for conservation. Occasionally emergency recording will anticipate the potential imminent destruction of heritage at risk. By contrast here, although the heritage status of the site whilst proposed in the 1990s, it was never secured yet the closure and eventual dismemberment of the buildings is a plan that is already underway. The coal washeries of Onllwyn sit within a vast landscape that is now most widely recognised as a National Park. During the last century, however, it was a thriving industrial site. The assembly of buildings used to wash and sort coal prior to distribution were recorded using a terrestrial laser scanner and an aerial drone in August 2022 shortly prior to the closure of a site that had been part of a changing industrial landscape since the mid-nineteenth century. As part of a wide agreement to build a historic narrative for a once large industrial site with a planned closure a comprehensive historical review has been built. This included the acquisition of historic maps but also of numerous historical aerial and terrestrial photographs as well as the collation of films and oral histories. Here pointclouds generated from terrestrial laser scans, photogrammetry from drone imagery and photogrammetry from historical aerial images have been combined in an attempt to create a navigable digital backdrop to the decommissioning of a vast industrial landscape as it anticipates a new future. The aim of the models created is to provide a virtual spatial platform to co-locate memories of a community life that is left centred around a lost place of work.
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Maudgal, S. y M. Kakkar. "Environmentally Compatible Coal Extraction and Utilisation Indian Scenario". Energy Exploration & Exploitation 11, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 112–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014459879301100203.
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Environmental quality is as much an indicator of the level of development as the generally accepted norm of per capita consumption of energy. Coal, being the mainstay of energy in India, will continue to play a crucial role on both the counts as annual coal utilization is expected to increase by 2.5 times by the year 2005. Indian coal being of poor quality with 35 to 48% ash content has serious adverse implications on air, water and land environment which will be aggravated further by opening up extensive areas for opencast coal mining operations to meet the increased coal demand. Many coal deposits in India are located in areas rich in bio-diversity and, these areas need to be specially protected as they are crucial for our very survival. Mining operations, therefore, need to be harmonised with protection of genetic stock and the forest areas which serve as cheap “Carbon-dioxide Sinks”. A prerequisite in coal extraction and its utilization is the need for making technological conversion processes as efficient as possible to achieve a higher output from the same resource base. This calls for setting up a chain of coal washeries for better plant performance, reduced environmental pollution and overall cost savings. Demonstrated benefits of coal washeries include 5–15% saving in coal consumption with a freight saving alone to the tune of $3 billion in the year 2000; 2% increase in plant availability for every percent drop in ash content and, improved plant load factor netting annual savings of $1.4 million in a single 210 MW thermal power plant. Switching over to cleaner technologies and replacement or retrofitting of vintage boilers can further add to coal savings, and an improved environment. Optimisation of coal utilisation and internalisation of environmental concerns demands adoption of “carrying capacity based” planning process. Adoption of rational pricing at full cost, introduction of fiscal incentives for promoting Clean Coal Technologies and, reorientation of lending policies towards “Greener Credit” can also contribute to improved benefit stream with reduced environmental damage. This paper outlines the strategy for sustainable development while concurrently meeting the obligations for controlling Green House Gases under the International Conventions.
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K, Abilasha. "Representation of Dalit life in Imaiyam's Koveru Kazhuthaigal". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, SPL 2 (28 de febrero de 2022): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt22s238.
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Indian society and its collective consciousness are polluted with casteism. After thousands of years of suppression and exploitation, the margin came to the centre and the other side of the history was revealed. Dalit literature gave insights about the dalit life which otherwise is never written in a dalit’s view. “Writing about Dalits by Dalit writers with a Dalit Consciousness” says Sharan Kumar Limbale about Dalit literature in his book Towards an Aesthetic of Dalit Literature. Having this as base, this paper proposes to study Imaiyam's Koveru Kazhuthaigal from dalit literary perspective and appreciate the life represented in it. The novel is set in an Indian village and the protagonists belong to the washerman community which is considered as the lowest of the lower in caste hierarchy practiced in Tamilnadu. The hypothesis is to question the collective consciousness regarding the inhuman casteist practices and demand change in the life of the oppressed and in the conscience of the oppressor. Famous Tamil Dalit writer Bama proposes eduation as a solution for casteism in her semi autobiographial text Karukku; Imaiyam shows change of place from rural to urban setup as a solution for better treatment. The real solution demands change from the oppressor too. Limitations of this research is the huge volume of the possible solution to the problem represented and the concrete presence of casteism in Indian psyche.
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Nagarjuna, U. y M. Durga Vara Prasad. "Concrete with Bottom Ash as a Replacement for Fine Aggregate Fails Mechanical Tests at Coal Washeries". International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer Science and Technology 11, n.º 5 (2 de septiembre de 2023): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55524/ijircst.2023.11.5.2.
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Critical research is focused on the use of a variety of commercial waste products as alternatives to total, such as coal pyrophoric waste, heater slag, fibreglass waste products, elastic waste plastics, work slime pellets, and so on. If waste materials are employed in place of bond mortar and cement in their entirety, the utilisation of waste materials will become more complex. This method of waste material utilisation can address issues with total shortage in various development locations as well as environmental concerns related to total mining and trash transit. Because the totals will effectively manage the characteristics of cement, their characteristics have a phenomenally spectacular significanceSo, before using any waste material as a total in cement, a radical analysis is essential followed by a thorough appraisal. Although several waste products are being investigated as choices for coarse total, this investigation is intended to propose a substitute material returning coal washing, also known as coal washery rejects (CWR), as a unique option for coarse total inside the solid business.
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Guzewicz, Wojciech y Leszek Moszczyński. "KONFLIKT NA TLE NAUCZANIA RELIGII W OKRESIE MIĘDZYWOJENNYM NA PRZYKŁADZIE PARAFII WIŻAJNY". Civitas et Lex 6, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2015): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/cetl.2064.
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From the very beginning of Polish statehood in 1918, conflicts sparked between the civilauthorities and the Episcopate of Poland. In a natural way, they projected downwards to townsand villages, antagonizing and dividing the Polish society. Many publications dating to just afterWorld War 2 one-sidedly assigned blame to the Catholic Church. The present paper shows suchaccusations to be wrongful and blatantly untrue. The choice of the parish is not random – it washere that the most renowned conflict around teaching religion in the Łomża diocese took place.Father Witold Balukiewicz’s endeavors to build a modern school and teach religion in the full scopeguaranteed by the law and the Father’s later social engagement. In light of the facts and with thebenefit of hindsight, it is not difficult to determine who was right.
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Bradbury, Bettina. "Surviving as a Widow in 19th-century Montreal". Articles 17, n.º 3 (5 de agosto de 2013): 148–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1017628ar.
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This paper is a preliminary attempt to examine demographic and economic aspects of widowhood in 19th-century Montreal and the ways working-class widows in particular could survive. Although men and women lost spouses in roughly equal proportions, widows remarried much less frequently than widowers. In the reconstruction of their family economy that followed the loss of the main wage earner, some of these women sought work themselves, mostly in the sewing trades or as domestics or washerwomen. A few had already been involved in small shops, and some used their dower, inheritance, or insurance policies to set up a shop, a saloon, or a boarding-house. Children were the most valuable asset of a widow, and they were more likely to work and to stay at home through their teens and twenties than in father-headed families. Additional strategies, including sharing housing with other families, raising animals, or trading on the streets, were drawn upon; they established an economy of makeshift arrangements that characterized the world of many working-class widows.
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Menes, Orlando Ricardo. "Solar de la Habana (In Praise of the Washerwomen), and: Lorca in the Forest of Goatskin Trees". Prairie Schooner 94, n.º 4 (2020): 31–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2020.0120.
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BANDOPADHYAY, P. "An Experimental Study of the Application of Oil Agglomeration to the Thickener Underflow from Indian Coal Washeries". Coal Preparation 1, n.º 2 (enero de 1985): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07349348508945545.
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Popova, Ol’ga D. "Maids, Batmen, Washerwomen and Other Servants in Russian Everyday Life at the Turn of the 20th Century". Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series Humanitarian and Social Sciences, n.º 1 (17 de febrero de 2023): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/2687-1505-v243.
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The article reviews a multi-authored monograph titled Domestic Servants in the Russian Empire in the Second Half of the 19th and Early 20th Centuries. The book comprehensively investigates the issue of domestic servants in post-reform Russia. It studies a great number of sources, contains interesting factual material and comes to some theoretical conclusions, as well as makes a serious contribution to understanding the social transformations in Russia. The review maintains that the investigated issues are highly relevant, since domestic service is in great demand in today’s Russia, though remaining as poorly regulated as it was in the early 20th century.
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Arora, V., U. Jha, P. Bandhopadhyay y S. Kumar. "An investigation of the relationship between raw coal characteristics and effluent quality of Kedla and Rajrappa Washeries, Jharkhand, India". Journal of Environmental Management 78, n.º 4 (marzo de 2006): 392–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2005.05.006.
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Sahu, H. B., J. Patra y R. K. Patel. "Effect of Coal-based Industries on Water Quality". Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 10, n.º 4 (enero de 2013): 43–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw-2013-10_4_06.
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The commercial and economic successes of our country can be attributed to the coal industry to a great extent. Coal continues to be the primary energy source and to meet the energy and other requirements a number of coal-based industries have been established. These industries have the potential of generating and releasing large quantities of pollutants to the environment. Among these, the release of various liquid effluents, which are associated with coal during the carbonization, cleaning and combustion processes are a major concern. The coal-based industries, such as by-product coke-plants, coal washeries and thermal power plants release their liquid effluents, which need urgent attention for the treatment, before they are discharged into the fresh water streams. In the present work, water qualities of three coal-based industries from Odisha viz. National Aluminium Company (NALCO), Angul; Rourkela Steel Plant (RSP), Rourkela; and National Thermal Power Corporation (NTPC), Talcher, have been evaluated. Nine stations were selected for collecting water samples and were analyzed for nineteen physico-chemical parameters as per standard procedure. A careful study of the water quality results reveals that one water sample each from Nalco Ash Pond and RSP, Rourkela were comparatively more polluted than the other water samples.
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McQuinn, Julie. "The Medieval Leper Plagues Modern Paris: Sylvio Lazzari'sLa Lépreuse". Nineteenth-Century Music Review 7, n.º 1 (junio de 2010): 45–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479409800001142.
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February 1912: The curtain of the Opéra-Comique rises to reveal medieval Brittany. Washerwomen gossip about lepers who walk among the healthy, in defiance of the law. The women hint to Maria that her son, Ervoanik, is in love with the beautiful Aliette, who, it is rumoured, is one of these freely roaming lepers. Ervoanik does love Aliette, and when he informs his parents of his decision to marry her, his father explodes in rage. Doesn't he know that she is the daughter of a leper? Ervoanik refuses to believe it. The hideous appearance of Aliette's mother, Old Tili, betrays her own leprosy as she attempts to lure young children with her singing to eat her infected breads. When Aliette and Ervoanik stop at Old Tili's cottage to rest before making a holy pilgrimage, Tili assumes that Aliette intends to infect him, just as she has infected so many others. When she realizes that Aliette truly loves Ervoanik and plans to live with him chastely, Tili lies, telling her that he already has a wife and children. Aliette confronts Ervoanik, and he claims it is true, as a joke. She immediately touches her lips to a cup of wine and offers it to him. He drinks. In the third act, Ervoanik, now a leper, awaits the procession of the dead, which leads him to his house of exile. Aliette joins him.
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Pandey, Shraddha, S. S. Dhuria y Gayatri Devi. "Environmental Risks Due to Heavy Metal Pollution of Water Resulted from Coal Mining Wastes in Korba Chhattisgarh, India". Ecology, Environment and Conservation 29, n.º 04 (2023): 1704–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.53550/eec.2023.v29i04.040.
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The mining waste facilities in the Dipka coal mining region of Korba are a result of coal extraction and coal washeries. Acid mine drainage (AMD), which poses a risk to the environment, particularly water resources, is a possibility when metal sulphide minerals from mining waste facilities are present. Some of the region’s mining waste deposits include is close to residential neighbourhoods, agricultural regions, and surface water, and is situated close to the town of Dipka. The short migration. An enhanced environmental risk is being brought on by the pathway between the sources and the sensitive receptors. Metalloids and heavy metals like Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, and Ni, are the principal pollutants present in the area. In the water samples taken from the area, their quantities were found to be over acceptable levels of contamination. In addition, substantial levels of heavy metals were detected in the groundwater coming from the settlements located downstream of the facilities for handling mining waste. Drinking water for people and pets as well as other agricultural uses (such as irrigation) are both done with the help of this water. The aim of the paper is to identify and analyse the most polluted water supply sources in the area and to draw conclusions about the environmental risk due to mining waste facilities. The results show high concentrations of heavy metals downstream of the waste facilities, leading to an increased environmental risk.
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Kazi, Shahnaz y Zeba A. Sathar. "Informalisation of Women's Work: Consequence for Fertility and Child Schooling in Urban Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 32, n.º 4II (1 de diciembre de 1993): 887–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v32i4iipp.887-893.
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Female employment is considered an important means of lowering fertility through ways such as raising the age at marriage, through influencing desired family size and also through better knowledge and use of contraceptives. Increasing female labour force participation is frequently recommended as a critical policy measure for reducing the birth rate. However the significant inverse relationship between employment and fertility found for developed countries is weak or absent in the case of developing countries [Rodriguez and Cleland (1980)]. More recent evidence indicates that it is not so much employment per se but type of employment which is a critical determinant of reproductive behaviour [United Nations (1985)]. It has been shown that while high status professional jobs are associated with greater influence on women's domestic autonomy and fertility, low paying jobs lead to an increasing burden of work with entirely different implications for fertility and other household related behaviour. In the context of Pakistan, despite two decades of industrial growth and development, official data sources show stagnant and low levels of female labour force participation rates (LFPR) in urban Pakistan. The LFPR for urban women ranged between 3 and 5 percent for the period between 1971 and 1988. Data collection methods of government agencies are known to greatly underestimate female labour force participation (FLFP) particularly in rural areas and in the urban informal sector where the distinction between productive and domestic activities tends to be ambivalent. Evidence from micro surveys indicates, on the contrary, an increasing influx of women in the urban labour market, particularly in the informal sector [Sathar and Kazi (1988); Shaheed and Mumtaz (1981); Bilquees and Hamid (1989)]. A large number are shown to be working in home-based piece-rate employment while domestic service mainly as sweepers, washerwomen, maids, etc.................................
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Araújo de Medeiros, Hadoock Ezequiel y Naelza De Araújo Wanderley. "Dona Dadi Calungueira: teatro popular da mulher nordestina// Dona Dadi Calungueira: Theater Popular of Northeast Women". O Eixo e a Roda: Revista de Literatura Brasileira 32, n.º 2 (16 de noviembre de 2023): 96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17851/2358-9787.32.2.96-112.
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Resumo: No decorrer da História, poucas mulheres destacaram-se por sua atuação na sociedade e, especialmente, na Literatura. Quando se trata da dramaturgia, a invisibilidade é ainda maior. No Nordeste brasileiro, por exemplo, fundamentado por uma sociedade patriarcal, as mulheres lavadeiras, romanceiras, cordelistas, violeiras, entre outras, ficaram no anonimato, muitas morreram sem deixar o seu legado. Nesse sentido, nosso trabalho, tem como objetivo, apresentar a dramaturga Dona Dadi, mestre bonequeira, do Teatro de João Redondo, no Rio Grande do Norte. O trabalho é um recorte de uma pesquisa em desenvolvimento em nível de Doutorado. Pretendemos com esse estudo, destacar a importância da sua obra para a dramaturgia feminina, no âmbito da literatura popular. Para isso, nos respaldamos em: Borba Filho (1966), Gomes (2002), Del Priore (2004), Falei (2004), Zolin (2005), Perrot (2007), Zilberman (2008) e Pereira (2010)Palavras-chave: Dona Dadi; autoria feminina; teatro popular.Abstract: Throughout history, few women have stood out for their role in society and, especially, in Literature. When it comes to dramaturgy, invisibility is even greater. In the Brazilian Northeast, for example, based on a patriarchal society, washerwomen, romancers, cordelistas, violeiras, among others, remained anonymous, many died without leaving their legacy. In this sense, our work aims to present the playwright Dona Dadi, master puppeteer, from the Teatro de João Redondo, in Rio Grande do Norte. The work is an excerpt of the research in development in the Doctorate, in the PPGLE (Postgraduate Program in Language and Teaching – UFCG). With this study, we intend to highlight the importance of her work for female dramaturgy, within the scope of popular literature. For this, we rely on: Borba Filho (1966), Gomes (2002), Del Priore (2004), Falei (2004), Zolin (2005), Perrot (2007), Zilberman (2008) and Pereira (2010)Keywords: Dona Dadi; Female authorship; Popular theater.
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SILVA, HILMARIA XAVIER DA. "Experiências Urbanas: Migrantes e Modos de Viver e Trabalhar na Periferia de Campina Grande na Década de 1960 * Urban Experiences: Migrants and Ways of Living and Working in the Outskirts of Campina Grande in the 1960s". História e Cultura 1, n.º 2 (4 de abril de 2013): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.18223/hiscult.v1i2.739.
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<p><strong>Resumo:</strong> A partir do final da década de 1940 e início de 1950, Campina Grande passa por uma significativa urbanização e expansão, favorecida pelo crescimento econômico. Observamos que trabalhadores do campo migraram da zona rural para a zona urbana de Campina Grande à medida que o trabalho na lavoura estava se tornando inviável em razão das secas e viam no centro urbano de Campina possibilidades outras de trabalhar e ter condições de vida mais dignas. Nosso trabalho intenta refletir sobre como alguns populares migraram para Campina Grande no fim da década de 1950 e década de 1960, modificando suas práticas no mundo do trabalho e alterando as características da malha urbana, já que, concentrando-se na periferia, homens e mulheres outrora lavradores passaram agora a desempenhar funções de vigilantes, pedreiros, lavadeiras, vendedores ambulantes, carroceiros, quebradores de pedra, dentre outras.</p><p><strong>Palavras-chave:</strong> Migração, Campina Grande, Trabalho.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstract: </strong>From the late 1940s and early 1950s, Campina Grande undergoes a significant urbanization and expansion, favored by economic growth. We observed that rural workers migrated from rural to urban area in Campina Grande in so far as the farming activity was becoming unviable due to droughts and they could see, in the urban center of Campina, other possibilities of working and worthier life conditions. Our work attempts to reflect on how some popular migrated to Campina Grande in the late 1950s and 1960s, changing their practices in the workplace and changing the characteristics of the city, because massing in the periphery, men and women who were ploughpeople in past, have now the role of watchers, bricklayers, washerwomen, street vendors, cart drivers, stone breakers, among others.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Migration – Campina Grande – Work.</p>
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Gordon, John. "Joyce and Dickens, Especially Martin Chuzzlewit". James Joyce Quarterly 61, n.º 1-2 (septiembre de 2023): 53–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjq.2023.a927909.
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ABSTRACT: That Joyce's work frequently shows an awareness of Charles Dickens's has long been recognized. Joyce himself told Samuel Beckett that "a Joyce fan could also be a Dickens fan." In the Padua essays discovered by Louis Berrone, Joyce positioned himself in opposition to what was then the widespread critical disparagement of Dickens's work, admiring his "creative fury," especially in imagining such vivid characters as the Mrs. Gamp of Martin Chuzzlewit . He also showed a familiarity with Dickens's seldom-read Pictures From Italy , which includes a passage notably similar to the opening of "Circe." This essay considers A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man in light of Dickens's two autobiographical novels, David Copperfield and Great Expectations. It proposes that the opening chapters of the former, at the time by far the best-known kunstleroman in English literature, established a narrative pattern of traumas inflicted and then revisited and reconsidered in memory, repeated in A Portrait , and that the latter, in beginning not with the protagonist's documented birth ("I Am Born") but with his first memories, is followed in Joyce's book: "Once upon a time" turns out to be not the words of someone about to tell us a story but the words heard by someone being told a story. Rather unexpectedly, the Dickens work most in evidence, particularly in Finnegans Wake, is Martin Chuzzlewit . As J. S. Atherton found, FW I.2, especially in its sarcastic account of Earwicker's origins, often draws on the language of that novel's shabby-genteel characters. The hostile American "payrodicule" reporter of FW I.3, assaulting the embattled HCE as a "lion" in his "teargarten," echoes the American orator of Martin Chuzzlewit who wants to lynch the Irish "Liberator" Daniel O'Connell for the crime of supporting the liberation of America's slaves. Most strikingly, the language of Mrs. Gamp, the character singled out in Joyce's Padua essay, which often anticipates the language of Finnegans Wake , is, in fact, loaded with neologisms ("Prooshious" for "Prussian," "widdered" for "widowed") that will later show up in that book. As a midwife disquietingly in partnership with the undertaking business, Mrs. Gamp also forecasts a theme which will run through Joyce's work, from "The Sisters" to the washerwomen of Finnegans Wake , including the " Frauenzimmer " of "Proteus," with their "gamp" umbrella and their (supposed) midwife's bag holding a "misbirth … hushed in ruddy wool."
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Hartono, Rudi, Arthur S. Nalan y Yanti Heriyawati. "Narasi Ketimpangan Sosial dalam Pertunjukan Topeng Banjet Abah Pendul Lakon Cerita Gordon Muda". PANTUN: Jurnal Ilmiah Seni Budaya 6, n.º 2 (5 de enero de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.26742/pantun.v6i2.1813.
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Mask Banjet is a folk theater which was born and developed from the community in Karawang Regency. The focus of this study is on the play of Topeng Banjet Abah Pendul performance. The analysis applies a critical sociology of art approach. In this study, the text of the play story which has been analyzed as a source of document data is Gordon Muda as a representation of the story text. Social inequality narratives are found to be thematic. The story of the play is presented in a comedic way with the story of Odah as a wife whose husband is left helpless economically. Her child is hungry. Buying rice is very difficult. To fulfil the necessities of life, various affairs are carried out such as being washermen, farm laborers, lawn mowers, selling fried food and borrowing money from Emok Bank. Gordon Young and his men carried out robberies. The robberies were planned to be used as the business capital. The description in the story above is the narrative of social inequality in the text of the performance. The text for the description of the story shows the conditions of the existing social factsKeywords: Performance play, Social Inequality, Sociology of the Arts
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Das, Pulak. "Urban Agroecosystems in Dynamic Yamuna River Sandbars in Delhi, Capital City of India". Qeios, 25 de marzo de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/e9i3kf.2.
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Present paper studies urban agroecosystems on Yamuna River sandbars (islands) in Delhi using GIS. These sandbars formally come under local administration and are used by people for different activities like agriculture, fishing, collection of various types of grasses, and grazing of livestock. Cheap laborers from different states of India migrate to the sandbars for seasonal employment. The crops grown by farmers include tomatoes, pumpkins, bottle gourds, ridge gourds, and bitter gourds. Tomatoes are grown on the maximum area of land on the sandbars. The products are sold at different nearby markets according to requirements. These small and fragile agroecosystems have inputs like seeds, human labor/hours, fertilizers, water, fuels, etc., and outputs like crops, grasses, fish, milk, etc. For a long time, people have been interested in these landscapes because; i) the deposits along the Yamuna are fertile and therefore appropriate for farming, (ii) the growth of natural vegetation/fodder species (which includes many types of grasses) makes them good pastures, (iii) the river banks along the attached sandbars provide space for the washermen, (_dhobi-ghat)_, (iv) even if the government officials abandon the slums/activities on these sandbars, the people involved in them could re-build it in no time, and (v) none of the sandbar dwellers were paying any rent/lease for the activities they are carrying out on the sandbars. The pastoralists (_gujjar)_ do not seem to have to pay anything to the claimant. On the other hand, the farmers do have to pay for cultivating on the sandbars.
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Das, Pulak. "Urban Agroecosystems in Dynamic Yamuna River Sandbars in Delhi, Capital City of India". Qeios, 5 de febrero de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.32388/e9i3kf.
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Present paper studies urban agroecosystems on Yamuna River sandbars (islands) in Delhi using GIS. These sandbars formally come under local administration and are used by people for different activities like agriculture, fishing, collection of various types of grasses, and grazing of livestock. Cheap laborers from different states of India migrate to the sandbars for seasonal employment. The crops grown by farmers include tomatoes, pumpkins, bottle gourds, ridge gourds, and bitter gourds. Tomatoes are grown on the maximum area of land on the sandbars. The products are sold at different nearby markets according to requirements. These small and fragile agroecosystems have inputs like seeds, human labor/hours, fertilizers, water, fuels, etc., and outputs like crops, grasses, fish, milk, etc. For a long time, people have been interested in these landscapes because; i) the deposits along the Yamuna are fertile and therefore appropriate for farming, (ii) the growth of natural vegetation/fodder species (which includes many types of grasses) makes them good pastures, (iii) the river banks along the attached sandbars provide space for the washermen, (_dhobi-ghat)_, (iv) even if the government officials abandon the slums/activities on these sandbars, the people involved in them could re-build it in no time, and (v) none of the sandbar dwellers were paying any rent/lease for the activities they are carrying out on the sandbars. The pastoralists (_gujjar)_ do not seem to have to pay anything to the claimant. On the other hand, the farmers do have to pay for cultivating on the sandbars.
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Priyomarsono, Naniek Widayati, Fermanto Lianto, Friska Mariana y William William. "KONSEP PENATAAN PERMUKIMAN TEPIAN SUNGAI DURI ROXY JAKARTA BARAT". Jurnal Bakti Masyarakat Indonesia 3, n.º 1 (11 de junio de 2020). http://dx.doi.org/10.24912/jbmi.v3i1.8336.
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The rapid development of Jakarta city is sometimes uncontrollable and independent of supervision. Likewise, a series of villages on the banks of the Duri river opposite Roxy Mas, which grow and develop without control, so it looks very vile. The residents of the village series consist of middle to lower class people, with livelihoods; motorcycle taxi drivers, construction workers, vegetable artisans, washermen, porter, and hawkers. This kind of work potential is actually needed by middle and upper class city residents. Problems that arise are the slum neighbourhood that ruin the city view, the danger of fire, the inhabitants of the community are very easily triggered by conflicts that cause quarrels. The method used is qualitative by way of approaching the inhabitants of society by using the theory of Strategy Grounded Theory Research, this is due to the fact that not only physical buildings are studied but also include people who occupy the research area and their culture. Devotion is done in 3 stages ; Stage1. a. Collecting social data by means of in-depth interviews with Focus Group Discussions (FGD), b. Unit measurement of space. c. Check the existence of the balcony above the river and the door to the outside of the unit leading to the balcony. Expected outcomes are in the form of guidelines regarding spatial planning per unit and its balconies. Stage 2; Give examples of healthy units both in terms of material selection, air circulation, color selection. Stage 3; Give examples of a sturdy balcony, beautiful, pleasing to the eye, and colorful painting. Now this is only devotion to stage 1.ABSTRAK:Perkembangan kota Jakarta yang demikian pesat kadang tidak terkendali dan terlepas dari pengawasan. Demikian juga perkampungan deret di tepian sungai Duri di seberang Roxy Mas, yang tumbuh dan berkembang tanpa kendali, sehingga terlihat sangat kumuh. Penghuni dari kampung deret terdiri dari masyarakat golongan menengah ke bawah, dengan mata pencaharian; tukang ojek, tukang bangunan, tukang sayur, tukang cuci, kuli, pedagang asongan. Potensi kerja semacam ini sebenarnya dibutuhkan oleh warga kota kelas menengah ke atas. Permasalahan yang muncul adalah perkampungan deret yang kumuh merusak pemandangan kota, bahaya kebakaran, masyarakat penghuni sangat mudah terpicu konflik yang mengakibatkan pertengkaran. Metoda yang dipakai kualitatif dengan cara pendekatan kepada masyarakat penghuni dengan memakai teori Strategy Grounded Theory Research, hal ini disebabkan karena yang diteliti tidak hanya fisik bangunan saja tetapi termasuk manusia yang menempati lahan penelitian tersebut beserta kulturnya. Pengabdian dilakukan dengan 3 tahapan yaitu; Tahap1. a. Menjaring data sosial dengan cara wawancara mendalam dengan Focus Group Discussion (FGD), b. Pengukuran unit ruang. c. Pengecekan keberadaan balkon yang berada di atas sungai dan pintu ke luar unit menuju balkon. Outcomes yang diharapkan berupa guidelines tentang penataan ruang per unit beserta balkonnya. Tahap 2; Memberikan contoh unit yang sehat baik dari segi pemilihan materialnya, sirkulasi udara, pemilihan terhadap warna. Tahap 3; Memberikan contoh balkon yang kokoh, indah, enak dipandang, serta pengecatan warna warni. Sekarang ini baru dilakukan pengabdian tahap 1.
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-, Dr Ambuj Kumar. "Rajdhobi sub-division of washerman in Bihar ; A Sociological study". International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research 6, n.º 3 (22 de junio de 2024). http://dx.doi.org/10.36948/ijfmr.2024.v06i03.23194.
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Rjdhobi is sub-division of waserman, The total population of Rajdhobi caste residing in Bihar state of India is about 30 thousand(2022).There is no sub-caste of this caste,rather these people are a sub-caste of washerman,and belong to kashyap gotra,Form the present study it has been revealed that earlier these people used to wash the clothes of kings and emperors,that is why they were named Rajdhobi.But as the kings came to an end,their traditional profession declined, when the profession declined, their income started decreasing ,due to which they were forced to do other types of work like daily labour,mat weaving,animal husbandry and farming on the deserted land of Darbhanga Maharaj on the banks of river kosi.The Rajdhobi caste,exploited and oppressed for centuries due to untouchability,is today going through a phase of rapid transition.Dhobis are recognized by the constitution of as the Scheduled caste community og India but same part Rajdhobi are put under other Backward community.
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"Coal washeries in Damodar Basin and their environmental impact". International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences & Geomechanics Abstracts 32, n.º 7 (octubre de 1995): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0148-9062(95)92557-x.
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YAŞAR, Özüm y Tuncay USLU. "Comparison of Flotation and Screening as Separation Method in Coal Recovery From Tailings by Agglomeration". Inżynieria Mineralna 2, n.º 1 (13 de diciembre de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.29227/im-2020-01-70.
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Dependency of Turkey on foreign energy adversely affects the economy of the country and may cause energy shortage in the near future. As a primary domestic energy source, coal is used for energy production in addition to imported oil and gas. However, significantamount of fine coal is lost together with tailings in coal washeries. Recovering of fine coals from these tailings will make an economiccontribution to country. In the present study, fine coals were recovered from tailings of a coal washery in Turkey by using oil agglomeration method. Flotation was used in agglomerate separation stage of oil agglomeration. Results were compared with that of previousstudy in which agglomerates were recovered by screening. The performance of the process increased sharply when flotation was usedinstead of screening in agglomerate separation stage. A clean coal with 28% ash was recovered from the washery tailings containing55% ash by 85% combustible recovery.
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Guo, Yu y Julie Q. Shang. "One-dimensional large strain electroosmotic consolidation of ultra-soft geomaterials". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Ground Improvement, 13 de febrero de 2023, 1–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jgrim.22.00050.
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Electrokinetic (EK) has been proven to effectively consolidate ultra-soft geomaterials, such as coal washeries, mine tailings, oil sands tailings, etc. The conventional consolidation model based on the small strain theory encountered difficulties with these geomaterials because of continuous changes in material properties during consolidation. This research developed a one-dimensional large strain EK consolidation model (LSEK-1D) for ultra-soft geomaterials. The model is validated using experimental laboratory results regarding settlements and times on mature fine oil sand tailings (MFT), a major environmental challenge for the oil industry in Northern Alberta, Canada. Moreover, the effects of initial sample heights and applied current densities on consolidation times are evaluated. The experimental data on consolidation times of MFT is consistent with the LSEK-1D model. The LSEK-1D model was used to find the scale effect of drainage path on the EK consolidation behavior of MFT. The model can also be used for other ultra-soft geomaterials and to facilitate the geotechnical engineering design for EK application.
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Cruz, Luiz Antonio da. "CHAFARIZ DE SÃO JOSÉ DA CIDADE DE TIRADENTES E SUA INTERVENÇÃO DE RESTAURO". Geonomos, 31 de diciembre de 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18285/geonomos.v24i2.881.
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ResumoTiradentes é protegida pelo IPHAN desde 1938, através do tombamento do Conjunto Arquitetônico e Urbanístico. Seus principais monumentos têm proteção individual e dentre eles está o Chafariz de São José, edificado em 1749. É um dos maiores e mais bonitos do Brasil colonial e construído em blocos de quartzito. É cercado por uma mureta com banco. Em sua fachada há três carrancas que jorram água em tanque abaulado. Há um oratório com a imagem de São José de Botas e acima o brasão de armas da Coroa Portuguesa. Encerrando a composição foram instalados dois pináculos e um acrotério com uma cruz, ambos na mesma rocha. Na lateral direita está o tanque para as lavadeiras e na esquerda o tanque para dar água aos animais. O chafariz é abastecido por água do Bosque da Mãe D’Água, conduzida por um aqueduto rústico, feito com o mesmo material pétreo. A cidade foi escolhida para abrigar um Caso do BNDES – Banco Nacional de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social para a restauração, revitalização de seus monumentos e um Programa de Educação Patrimonial. Alguns monumentos já foram restaurados e entregues à comunidade, há obras em andamento e outras estão sendo licitadas para iniciarem ainda em 2016. O chafariz passou por obra de restauro e já foi entregue. O presente trabalho pretende apresentar o Chafariz de São José como monumento significativo no contexto sociocultural de Tiradentes, bem como analisar sua obra de restauro que acabou de ser concluída.Palavras Chave: Chafariz de São José, restauro, Tiradentes. AbstractFOUNTAIN OF SÃO JOSÉ, CITY OF TIRADENTES, AND ITS INTERVENTION OF RESTORATION. The city of Tiradentes has been protected by IPHAN since 1938, under category “Architectonic and Urban Set”. Among the protected monuments is the Chafariz de São José – a public fountain built in 1749, surrounded by a short wall and stone bench. In the main facade there are three scowls that pour water. There is an oratory with the statue of São José de Botas, made in terracotta and above it is the Portuguese crown’s coat of arms. Enclosing the composition there are two pinnacles and a cross. On the right side we have a tank for the washerwomen and on the left we have a tank for animals. The water comes from Bosque da Mãe D’Água and is brought to the fountain through an aqueduct, made of quartzite blocks. The city was chosen to receive BNDES funding to restore historical buildings and a Heritage Education Project. Some of them have been restored and delivered to the community, some of them will still be restored. The present work intends to introduce Chafariz de São José as an important edification in the social and cultural life of Tiradentes and analyze its restoration.Keywords: Chafariz de São José, restauration, Tiradentes