Tesis: "Walls Design and construction"

1

Cheung, Kwong-chung. "Reinforced earth wall design & construction in northern access road for Cyberport Development /". View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B3676288X.

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2

Lim, Chim Chai. "Analysis, design, and construction of tilt-up wall panel". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/45801.

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The idea of tilt-up construction started in America in the early I900’s. In the beginning, this technique was mainly used on structures such as industrial warehouses and factories. However, recent developments and improvements in tilt-up construction technique and accessories have enabled this building method to be applied to many architecturally appealing offices and residential structures. There are many details the design-build team must consider to ensure the success of a tilt-up project. The floor slab must be designed for panel casting and to withstand the loading of the mobile crane which will be used to lift the panel. The crane capacity affects the panel size and weight. Proper curing and bondbreaker application are very important to reduce bonding and to ensure clear cleavage between concrete surfaces. Changing rigging configuration consumes expensive crane time and must be reduced to minimum possible. The availability of ground-release quick connect/disconnect tilt—up hardware improves workers safety and speeds up the erection process substantially. Although the stress analysis of simple wall panels during erection can be done by hand, panels with more complicated geometry or with openings, are more efficiently analysed with a computer. Many manufacturers have technical services to help in the design of insert layout so that the concrete will not be over stressed when the panel is tilted into position. After the panel is plumbed, it is braced temporarily before the final connection is made. For in-place loading there are now design aids available which ease the design process. When properly designed and built, tilt—up has proved to be a fast, efficient, and economical building construction technique.
Master of Science

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3

Cheung, Kwong-chung y 張光中. "Reinforced earth wall design & construction in northern access road for Cyberport Development". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45014279.

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4

Camann, Kevin Robert. "Design and Performance of Load Bearing Shear Walls Made from Composite Rice Straw Blocks". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2009. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/218.

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Although rice straw and other grains have been used in building since pre-history, in the past two decades, there has been a move to utilize this rapidly renewable, locally available, agricultural byproduct as part of the sustainable construction movement. Up to this point, this has been done by simply stacking up the full straw bales. Stak Block, invented by Oryzatech, Inc., is a modular, interlocking block made of a composite of rice straw and binding agent that serves as an evolution in straw construction. This study investigates the feasibility of using these Stak Blocks as a structural system. The report was divided into four main parts: material testing, development of effective construction detailing, full-scale physical shear wall testing, and a comparison with wood framed shear walls. The first section investigated the feasibility of using the Stak Blocks in a load-bearing wall application. Constitutive properties of the composite straw material such as yield strength and elastic stiffness were determined and then compared to conventional straw bale. Next, the decision was made to prestress the walls to create a more effective structural system. Various construction detailing iterations were evaluated upon the full-scale shear wall testing using a pseudo-static cyclic loading protocol. Finally, the available ductility of the prestressed Stak Block walls in a lateral force resisting application is quantified along with an approximation of potential design shear forces. It was determined that the Stak Block material performed satisfactorily in gravity and lateral force resisting applications, in some respects better than conventional wood-framed construction, and has great potential as a seismically-resistant building material.

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5

Khalil, Ahmed Amir Ghobarah Ahmed. "Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete structural walls using fibre composites /". *McMaster only, 2005.

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6

Riley, Benjamin. "Concrete living walls". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2027/document.

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Bâtir de villes face à la surpopulation tout en prenant en compte les changements climatiques, demandera de faire appel à des solutions concrètes pour répondre aux besoins sanitaires, sécuritaires et biophiliques de leurs habitants. Le but de cette thèse est d'évaluer la possibilité d'avoir un système de mur vivant qui soit durable, écologiquement juste, non limité par la localisation et la typologie du bâtiment et plus abordable que les systèmes actuellement disponibles. L'hypothèse de cette thèse est le béton, en raison de sa durabilité, son coût et son ubiquité, a le potential pour être utilisé comme un moyen de croissance pour la vie végétale et qu'il s'agit actuellement du matériau le plus réaliste pour étendre la portée de la nature dans le milieu urbain.La thèse est pluridisciplinaire et il faudra combiner les connaissances des sciences de la botanique et des matériaux, connaissances qui seront appréhendées au travers d'un prisme architectural. Ce point de vue influencera la trajectoire de la conception future du système, par exemple pour déterminer si le système pourrait être structurel et utilisé pour l'intérieur et l'extérieur des bâtiments bas, moyens et hauts, ou encore quelles ambiance architecturales et urbaines il est susceptible de créer. Cette thèse de doctorat déterminera la faisabilité des systèmes de murs vivants en béton et, si elle est validée, fournira la base pour des solutions durables de murs vivants en béton
Cities facing overpopulation amid shifting climates will require practicable solutions to meet the biophilic, health, and safety needs of city dwellers. The goal of this thesis is to determine the possibility of having a living wall system which is durable, environmentally sustainable, unlimited by location and building typology, and more affordable than currently available systems. The hypothesis of this thesis is that concrete,due to its durability, cost, and ubiquity, is capable of being used as a growing medium for plant life and is currently the most realistic material choice to significantly extend nature’s reach into the urban milieu. The thesis is multi-disciplinary and combines botany and material science, but architecture is the lens throughwhich the inter-disciplinary work is validated. This architectural lens will influence the trajectory of future system design, e.g., in determining if the system would have the potential of being structural and used for the interiors and exteriors of low, mid, and high-rise buildings. This doctoral thesis would determine the feasibility of concrete living wall systems and if validated provide the foundation for sustainable concrete living wall solutions

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7

Reperant, Jefferey John Robert. "Studies of turbulent liquid sheets for protecting IFE reactor chamber first walls". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/18921.

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8

Burroughs, Van Stephan School of the Built Environment UNSW. "Quantitative criteria for the selection and stabilisation of soils for rammed earth wall construction". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of the Built Environment, 2001. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/17861.

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Modern building procedures and requirements demand that the selection and stabilisation of soils for the purposes of rammed earth construction be better quantified. This study examines the relationships between soil properties, stabiliser treatments, and stabilised strength and density for 111 soil samples taken from sites in New South Wales (Australia), and develops new quantitative criteria for soil assessment, selection, and stabilisation. Laboratory measurements of soil particle size distribution, plasticity, and shrinkage were made for each soil. Various quantities from 0-6 % of lime, cement, and asphalt were added to the soil samples, and the resulting 230 specimens were compacted, and cured for 28 days. Determinations were made of the optimum moisture content, maximum dry density, and compressive strength of the stabilised material. The samples showed stabilised strengths ranging from 1.0-5.4 MPa, with a mean of 2.62 MPa, and densities from 1.44-2.21 t/m3, with a mean of 1.86 t/m3. The results show that over 90 % of the variation in stabilised strength and density of the samples is due to variation in soil properties, with differences in stabiliser type or stabiliser quantity being relatively minor. The most important soil properties explaining stabilised strength are linear shrinkage and plasticity index. These properties have been used to categorise the soils into three groups on the basis of their suitability for stabilisation as measured against a compressive strength criterion of 2 MPa. Favourable soils have shrinkages of < 7.1 % and plasticities of < 16 %, and 90 % of these samples passed the 2 MPa criterion. Satisfactory soils have shrinkages of 7.1-13.0 % and plasticities of 16-30 %, and 65 % of these samples had strengths in excess of 2 MPa. Unfavourable soils have shrinkages of > 13 % and plasticities of > 30 %, and only 10 % of these samples exceeded the 2 MPa value. Soils in the favourable and satisfactory categories can be further discriminated using textural information. On that basis, all soils classified as favourable, and those classified as satisfactory and which also have sand contents < 60 %, are recommended as being suitable for stabilisation. Soils not fulfilling these criteria are unlikely to be successfully stabilised and should be rejected. These results stress the importance of selecting a soil favourably predisposed to stabilisation. Field techniques to search for such soils could be refined on the basis of the new soil criteria presented. Use of the criteria should also minimise unnecessary laboratory testing of the density and strength of soils that subsequently prove unsuitable for stabilisation. A flow chart is presented to guide practitioners through the different stages of soil testing, assessment, and rammed earth stabilisation.

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9

Spathelf, Christian Alexander. "Assessment of the behaviour factor for the seismic design of reinforced concrete structural walls according to SANS 10160 : part 4". Thesis, Link to the online version, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/2039.

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10

Garth, John Stuart. "Experimental Investigation of Lateral Cyclic Behavior of Wood-Based Screen-Grid Insulated Concrete Form Walls". PDXScholar, 2014. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/1857.

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Insulated concrete forms (ICFs) are green building components that are primarily used for residential wall construction. Unlike most polystyrene based ICF variants, the Faswall ICFs used in these experiments were significantly denser because they were made from recycled wood particles and cement. The current design approach for structures constructed with this type of wall form only allows the designer to consider the contribution of the reinforced concrete cores. Previous research has shown that this approach may be conservative. This project experimentally evaluated the lateral structural response of these types of grid ICF walls under increasing amplitude of in-plane cyclic loading. Two different height-to-length (aspect) ratios (approximately 2:1 and 1:1) were investigated, as was the effect of simultaneous gravity load. Furthermore, the reinforced concrete grid was exposed for each aspect ratio in order to examine the contribution of the ICF blocks to the lateral response. Analyses of hysteretic behaviors and failure modes indicated conservatism in the current design approach for estimating lateral strength and ignoring the beneficial contribution of the ICF blocks to overall performance. The presence of the wall forms increased the lateral shear capacity of the walls by an average of 42% (compared to the walls with forms removed), while also increasing the deformation capacity by an average of 102%. Furthermore, by considering an additional gravity load of 10 kips-per-lineal-foot (klf), the shear resistance of the walls increased by 32% (versus walls only subjected to self-weight), on average, and the deformation capacity of the walls increased by an average of 19%. Comparisons of the experimental results to several design equations led to the recommendation of a design equation that was previously accepted for another type of ICF system.

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11

McBride, William M. "The effect of wing wall geometry and well deck configuration on the stability characteristics of amphibious landing ship dock (LSD) class ships". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101234.

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Amphibious ships, configured with floodable well decks, present a unique challenge to the Ship Design Team to incorporate maximum troop, cargo and vehicle capacity, along with sufficient well deck size, to facilitate efficient operation of LCAC (Landing Craft Air Cushion) and other amphibious assault craft in support of power projection operations. Analysis of the various LSD 49 Class alternative designs, revealed significant variance in the stability limits for each design. These variations appeared to be directly attributable to wing wall size, as well as to the geometry of the well deck. In order to better understand the effect of these items, and to develop guidelines for future design efforts, this study concentrated on evaluating the stability limitations for various combinations of beam, well deck configuration, and wing wall size using an LSD 49 Class proposed hull form. The results indicated that the most significant parameter affecting the stability of the LSD 49 Class is the height of the well deck above the baseline. The higher the well deck, the smaller the loss of waterplane inertia caused by the entrance of flooding water into the well deck compartment. For lower well decks, the loss of waterplane inertia is more critical at smaller values of beam, but becomes less critical at the upper values of beam considered. In these cases, off-center wing wall flooding becomes more critical, and it is more advantageous to devote larger percentages of beam to the well deck compartment.
M.S.

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12

Van, der Merwe Johann Eduard. "Rocking shear wall foundations in regions of moderate seismicity". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1957.

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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In regions of moderate seismicity it has been shown that a suitable structural system is created when designing the shear wall with a plastic hinge zone at the lower part of the wall, with the shear walls resisting lateral loads and all other structural elements designed to resist gravity loads. A suitably stiff foundation is required for the assumption of plastic hinge zones to hold true. This foundation should have limited rotation and should remain elastic when lateral loads are applied to the structure. Ensuring a foundation with a greater capacity than the shear wall results in excessively large shear wall foundations being required in areas of moderate seismicity for buildings with no basement level. This study aims to investigate the feasibility of reducing the size of shear wall foundations in areas of moderate seismicity for buildings with no basement level. The investigation is aimed at allowing shear wall foundation rocking and taking into account the contribution of structural frames to the lateral stiffness of the structure. An example building was chosen to investigate this possibility. Firstly, lateral force-displacement capacities were determined for a shear wall and an internal reinforced concrete frame of this investigated building. Nonlinear momentrotation behaviour was determined for the wall foundation size that would traditionally be required as well as for six other smaller foundations. The above capacity curves against lateral loads were then used to compile a simplified model of the structural systems assumed to contribute to the lateral stiffness of the building. This simplified model therefore combined the effect of the shear wall, internal frame and wall foundation. Nonlinear time-history analyses were performed on this simplified model to investigate the dynamic response of the structure with different wall foundation sizes. By assessing response results on a global and local scale, it was observed that significantly smaller shear wall foundations are possible when allowing foundation rocking and taking into account the contribution of other structural elements to the lateral stiffness of the building.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Daar is reeds getoon dat ŉ voldoende strukturele sisteem verkry word in gebiede van gematigde seismiese risiko indien ŉ skuifmuur ontwerp word met ŉ plastiese skarnier sone naby die ondersteuning van die muur. Skuifmure word dan ontwerp om weerstand te bied teen laterale kragte met alle ander strukturele elemente ontwerp om gravitasie kragte te weerstaan. Vir die aanname van plastiese skarnier sones om geldig te wees word ŉ fondasie met voldoende styfheid benodig. Só ŉ fondasie moet beperkte rotasie toelaat en moet elasties bly wanneer laterale kragte aan die struktuur aangewend word. ŉ Fondasie met ŉ groter kapasiteit as dié van die skuifmuur lei daartoe dat uitermate groot fondasies benodig word in gebiede van gematigde seismiese risiko vir geboue met geen kelder vlak. Hierdie studie is daarop gemik om die moontlikheid van kleiner skuifmuur fondasies te ondersoek vir geboue met geen kelder vlak in gebiede van gematigde seismiese risiko. Die ondersoek het ten doel om skuifmuur fondasie wieg aksie toe te laat en die bydrae van strukturele rame tot die laterale styfheid van die struktuur in ag te neem. Eerstens is die laterale krag-verplasing kapasiteit van ŉ skuifmuur en ŉ interne gewapende beton raam van die gekose gebou bepaal. Nie-lineêre moment-rotasie gedrag is bepaal vir die skuifmuur fondasie grootte wat tradisioneel benodig sou word asook vir ses ander kleiner fondasie grotes. Die bogenoemde kapasiteit kurwes is gebruik om ŉ vereenvoudigde model van die strukturele sisteme wat aanvaar word om laterale styfheid tot die gebou te verleen, op te stel. Hierdie vereenvoudigde model kombineer gevolglik die effek van die skuifmuur, interne raam en skuifmuur fondasie. Nie-lineêre tydgeskiedenis analises is uitgevoer op die vereenvoudigde model ten einde die dinamiese reaksie van die struktuur te ondersoek vir verskillende fondasie grotes. Resultate is beoordeel op ŉ globale en lokale vlak. Daar is waargeneem dat aansienlik kleiner skuifmuur fondasies moontlik is deur wieg aksie van die fondasie toe te laat en die bydrae van ander strukturele elemente tot die laterale styfheid van die gebou in ag te neem.

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13

Sengun, Dogan Banu Nur. "An Investigation On The Performance Of Aluminium Panel Curtain Wall System In Relation To The Facade Tests". Master's thesis, METU, 2013. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12615435/index.pdf.

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Extruded aluminium has become the material of choice for building envelope owing to its lightness, wide range of possibilities for profile design, durability and the eco-friendly attitude. In the light of recent technological developments in metal and glass industries, there has been various new approaches towards aluminum curtain wall systems which are mostly preferred by architects in high-rise buildings. Herein, the panel curtain wall system is determined as innovative and the modern aluminium curtain wall system. Furthermore, in the recent prestigious high-rise buildings, the demand of the architects and the contractors begins to replace the conventional curtain wall system which is constructed via stick construction technique, with panel curtain wall system which is applied to the building in a modular form . The main aim of this study is to investigate why the panel curtain wall system comes to the forefront especially for high-rise buildings. Accordingly, the basic architectural, structural and constructional design principles of unitized aluminium curtain wall systems are defined, analyzed and then the advantages and disadvantages of this system are pointed out from an architectural point of view. In order to evaluate the performance of panel curtain wall system against environmental factors, the facade tests, which are new and still-developing methods in Turkey, are used. The extensive facade tests have been conducted on full-scale specimen under field conditions reproduced in an equipped test chamber by authorized facade testing company and the assessment of this curtain wall performance was provided accordance with related standards. The two story full-size specimen, was 3000 mm to 7600 mm, belongs to one of the prestigious office towers constructed in Istanbul. The facade tests conducted to the specimen include watertightness, air permeability, wind resistance and building movement tests. In this study, the performance criteria of panel curtain wall system were investigated not only against environmental factors but also against human sourced factors. It is expected that this study will provide a guideline for system designers on the future research and development phase and for architects on the selection of curtain wall systems for their buildings due to the conducted test results and other advantages taken throughout this study.

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14

Phelan, Michael. "THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, AND VALIDATION OF NOVEL ROTATING WALL VESSEL BIOREACTORS". Master's thesis, Temple University Libraries, 2018. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/488702.

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Bioengineering
M.S.
The rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactor is a well-established cell culture device for the simulation of microgravity for suspension cells and the generation of spheroids and organoids. The key to the success of these systems is the generation of a delicately maintained fluid dynamics system which induces a solid body rotation capable of suspending cells and other particles in a gentle, low-shear environment. Despite the unique capabilities of these systems, the inherently delicate nature of their fluid dynamics makes the RWV prone to multiple failure modes. One of the most frequently occurring, difficult to avoid, and deleterious modes of failure is the formation of bubbles. The appearance of even a small bubble in an RWV disrupts the crucial laminar flow shells present in the RWV, inducing a high-shear environment incapable of maintaining microgravity or producing true spheroids. The difficulty of eliminating bubbles from the RWV substantially increases the learning curve and subsequent barrier-to-entry for the use of this technology. The objective of this study is to create a novel RWV design capable of eliminating the bubble formation failure mode and to demonstrate the design’s efficacy. The tested hypothesis is: “The addition of a channel capable of segregating bubbles from the fluid body of the RWV will protect its crucial fluid dynamics system while enabling the growth of consistently sized and properly formed cell spheroids, improving ease of use of the RWV and decreasing experimental failure.”
Temple University--Theses

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15

Bou-Ali, Ghailene 1968. "Straw bales and straw bale wall systems". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276292.

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Hay and straw bales can be stacked up like giant insulating bricks to form load-bearing walls for a wide variety of structures. The technique could provide home builders with inexpensive, energy efficient, long-lasting, fire-resistant, easily built, comfortable houses from a natural resource yearly renewable and locally available. Unfortunately, the lack of knowledge regarding the structural properties of the bales and the wall systems incorporating them presents a major barrier to straw-bale construction. Without the quantitative information that standard engineering testing would provide, the wider use of bale construction will continue to be severely inhibited. This thesis examines the basic mechanical properties of individual straw bales (stress-strain behavior, ultimate strength, Poisson's ratio, etc ...), and prototype wall systems (vertical strength, in-plane lateral strength, out-of-plane lateral strength, deflection, creep, etc ...). The results of the tests on the individual bales as well as the wall systems are used to develop guidelines and equations for the design of straw-bale structures.

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16

Ozyer, Hafize Bilge. "Construction Process And Techniques Of Traditional Houses In Tarakli/sakarya: An Introductory Model For Web-based Gis Applications". Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610187/index.pdf.

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Historic towns and historic buildings are important witnesses of the past cultures and civilizations. Their sustainability and transfer to the next generations require continuous maintenance and repair interventions which should be compatible with their original construction techniques, details and materials. In order to define proper interventions to a historic building, it is necessary to understand how and from what it is built. Therefore, traditional construction materials, detailings and techniques should be well understood prior to any kind of intervention to a historic building. The objective of this study is, first of all, to provide a body of knowledge on traditional construction process and techniques
then, to store, structure, process, represent and share this knowledge in a systematic and controlled way by means of a web based GIS portal. In this respect, traditional timber framed houses of Tarakli in Sakarya has been chosen as the case study, on account of being one of the significant historical towns in our country where the tissue together with historical building is still conserved. For this study, among the applications of GIS technology, Web-based GIS has been determined as the most effective and functional tool in order to develop an online information portal for storing, displaying the collected raw data and sharing with other users as utilizable information.

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17

Oliver, Gabriel. "A Wall Building". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34951.

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This thesis investigates a constructive technique, within the materials and methods of conventional practice, which allows for a common building material such as concrete block to carry form and beauty. Furthermore, this project seeks to demonstrate the role human ingenuity, patience, attention, and perception can continue to play in architecture and construction. The project focuses on an experimental wall type consisting of regular eight inch concrete half-block masonry units, stack-bonded in elevation and subtly transformed in plan to reveal a gradual shift of the exposed faces of the units. A wall was constructed at the Building Research and Demonstration Facility to investigate one example of this wall type.
Master of Architecture

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18

Kintingu, Simion Hosea. "Design of interlocking bricks for enhanced wall construction, flexibility, alignment accuracy and load bearing". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2768/.

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The worldwide housing shortage has stimulated a search for appropriate, easy, fast and cost-effective new ways of wall construction. Among many technologies found to have promise is mortarless technology using dry-stack interlocking bricks/blocks. This thesis is about such mortarless walling technology and in particular: how to improve wall-construction flexibility, the effects of brick irregularities on wall alignment accuracy and wall behaviour (stiffness, strength) when subject to lateral forces. The flexibility of mortarless technology (MT) has been enhanced by the development of new bricks (centre-half bat and tee brick): the introduction of closer bricks led to the formation of two new bonds (patterns) namely Shokse and Lijuja bonds. It is now possible to construct more than half-brick-thick walls, to attach more than half-brickwide piers (buttresses) onto walls, and, using special bricks, to construct polygonal and curved walls using interlocking bricks. Three methods (theoretical modeling, physical experiments and computer simulation) were used to analyze the effects of brick imperfections on wall alignment accuracy. Theoretical analysis confirmed that brick moulders should concentrate on achieving parallel top and bottom faces rather than achieving true square-ness. Physical column assembly compared three brick-laying strategies namely: “random”, “reversing” and “replace”. The columns assembled using the “reversing” and “replace” strategies realized alignment improvement factors of 1.6 and 2.9 respectively over “random” strategy. The research also revealed that grooving, to prevent bricks making contact near their centre lines, improved column alignment by factor 2.13 and stiffness by factor 2.0, thus allowing construction of longer and higher walls without strengthening measures. In order to attain alignment accuracy in accordance with BS 5628-3:2005 in a dry-stack mortarless wall, this research recommends using full bricks with top and bottom surface irregularities not exceeding ±0.5mm for un-grooved bricks, and up-to ±0.9mm for grooved bricks. Further analysis was undertaken with respect to resource-use implications (cement, water, soil) of employing MT. Using MT will save 50% of wall construction cost and 50% cement consumption, which ultimately will reduce 40% of carbon emissions.

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19

Le, Roux Rudolf Cornelis. "Assessment of seismic drift of structural walls designed according to SANS 10160 - Part 4". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5282.

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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Reinforced concrete structures, designed according to proper capacity design guidelines, can deform inelastically without loss of strength. Therefore, such structures need not be designed for full elastic seismic demand, but could be designed for a reduced demand. In codified design procedures this reduced demand is obtained by dividing the full elastic seismic demand by a code-defined behaviour factor. There is however not any consensus in the international community regarding the appropriate value to be assigned to the behaviour factor. This is evident in the wide range of behaviour factor values specified by international design codes. The purpose of this study is to assess the seismic drift of reinforced concrete structural walls in order to evaluate the current value of the behaviour factor prescribed by SANS 10160-4 (2009). This is done by comparing displacement demand to displacement capacity for a series of structural walls. Displacement demand is calculated according to equivalency principles (equal displacement principle and equal energy principle) and verified by means of a series of inelastic time history analyses (ITHA). In the application of the equivalency rules the fundamental periods of the structural walls were based on cracked sectional stiffness from moment-curvature analyses. Displacement capacity is defined by seismic design codes in terms of inter storey drift limits, with the purpose of preventing non-structural damage in building structures. In this study both the displacement demand and displacement capacity were converted to ductility to enable comparison. The first step in seismic force-based design is the estimation of the fundamental period of the structure. The influence of this first crucial step is investigated in this study by considering two period estimation methods. Firstly, the fundamental period may be calculated from an equation provided by the design code which depends on the height of the building. This equation is known to overestimate acceleration demand, and underestimate displacement demand. The second period estimation method involves an iterative procedure where the stiffness of the structure is based on the cracked sectional stiffness obtained from moment-curvature analysis. This method provides a more realistic estimate of the fundamental period of structures, but due to its iterative nature it is not often applied in design practice. It was found that, regardless of the design method, the current behaviour factor value prescribed in SANS 10160-4 (2010) is adequate to ensure that inter storey drift of structural walls would not exceed code-defined drift limits. Negligible difference between the equivalency principles and ITHA was observed.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gewapende beton strukture wat ontwerp is volgens goeie kapasiteitsontwerp-riglyne kan plasties vervorm sonder verlies aan sterkte. Gevolglik hoef hierdie strukture nie vir die volle elastiese seismiese aanvraag ontwerp te word nie, maar kan vir 'n verminderde aanvraag ontwerp word. In gekodifiseerde ontwerpriglyne word so 'n verminderde aanvraag verkry deur die volle elastiese aanvraag te deel deur 'n kode-gedefinieerde gedragsfaktor. Wat egter duidelik blyk uit die wye reeks van gedragsfaktor waardes in internasionale ontwerp kodes, is dat daar geen konsensus bestaan in die internasionale gemeenskap met betrekking tot die geskikte waarde van die gedragsfaktor nie. Die doel van hierdie studie is om seismiese verplasing van gewapende beton skuifmure te evalueer ten einde die waarde van die gedragsfaktor wat tans deur SANS 10160-4 (2009) voorgeskryf word te assesseer. Dit word gedoen deur verplasingsaanvraag te vergelyk met verplasingskapasiteit. In hierdie studie word verplasingsaanvraag bereken deur middel van gelykheidsbeginsels (gelyke verplasingsbeginsel en gelyke energiebeginsel) en bevestig deur middel van nie-elastiese tydsgeskiedenis analises (NTGA). Die effek van versagting as gevolg van nie-elastiese gedrag word in aanmerking geneem in die toepassing van die gelykheidsbeginsels. Verplasingskapasiteit word deur seismiese ontwerpkodes gedefinieer deur perke te stel op die relatiewe laterale beweging tussen verdiepings, met die doel om nie-strukturele skade te verhoed. Om verplasingsaanvraag en -kapasiteit te vergelyk in hierdie studie, word beide omgeskakel na verplasingsduktiliteit. Die eerste stap in kraggebaseerde seismiese ontwerp is om die fundamentele periode te beraam. Die invloed van hierdie eerste kritiese stap word in hierdie studie aangespreek deur twee periodeberamingsmetodes te ondersoek. Eerstens kan die fundamentele periode bereken word deur 'n vergelyking wat 'n funksie is van die hoogte van die gebou. Dit is egter algemeen bekend dat hierdie vergelyking versnellingsaanvraag oorskat en verplasingsaanvraag onderskat. Die tweede metode behels 'n iteratiewe prosedure waar die styfheid van die struktuur gebaseer word op die gekraakte snit eienskappe, verkry vanaf 'n moment-krommingsanalise. 'n Beter beraming van die fundamentele periode word verkry deur hierdie metode, maar as gevolg van die iteratiewe aard van die metode word dit selde toegepas in ontwerppraktyk. Die resultate van hierdie studie toon dat die huidige waarde van die gedragfaktor soos voorgeskryf in SANS 10160-4 (2010) geskik is om te verseker dat die relatiewe laterale beweging tussen verdiepings binne kode-gedefinieerde perke sal bly. Onbeduidende verskil is waargeneem tussen die resultate van gelykheidsbeginsels en NTGA.

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20

Yuksel, Bahadir S. "Experimental Investigation Of The Seismic Behavior Of Panel Buildings". Phd thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1070309/index.pdf.

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Shear-wall dominant multi-story reinforced concrete structures, constructed by using a special tunnel form technique are commonly built in countries facing a substantial seismic risk, such as Chile, Japan, Italy and Turkey. In 1999, two severe urban earthquakes struck Kocaeli and Dü
zce provinces in Turkey with magnitudes (Mw) 7.4 and 7.1, respectively. These catastrophes caused substantial structural damage, casualties and loss of lives. In the aftermath of these destructive earthquakes, neither demolished nor damaged shear-wall dominant buildings constructed by tunnel form techniques were reported. In spite of their high resistance to earthquake excitations, current seismic code provisions including the Uniform Building Code and the Turkish Seismic Code present limited information for their design criteria. This study presents experimental investigation of the panel unit having H-geometry. To investigate the seismic behavior of panel buildings, two prototype test specimens which have H wall design were tested at the Structural Mechanics Laboratory at METU. The experimental work involves the testing of two four-story, 1/5-scale reinforced concrete panel form building test specimens under lateral reversed loading, simulating the seismic forces and free vibration tests. Free vibration tests before and after cracking were done to assess the differences between the dynamic properties of uncracked and cracked test specimens. A moment-curvature program named Waller2002 for shear walls is developed to include the effects of steel strain hardening, confinement of concrete and tension strength of concrete. The moment-curvature relationships of panel form test specimens showed that walls with very low longitudinal steel ratios exhibit a brittle flexural failure with very little energy absorption. Shear walls of panel form test specimens have a reinforcement ratio of 0.0015 in the longitudinal and vertical directions. Under gradually increasing reversed lateral loading, the test specimens reached ultimate strength, as soon as the concrete cracked, followed by yielding and then rupturing of the longitudinal steel. The displacement ductility of the panel form test specimens was found to be very low. Thus, the occurrence of rupture of the longitudinal steel, as also observed in analytical studies, has been experimentally verified. Strength, stiffness, energy dissipation and story drifts of the test specimens were examined by evaluating the test results.

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21

Wanigarathna, Nadeeshani. "Evidence-based design for healthcare buildings in England and Wales". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16161.

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A substantial amount of credible evidence shows that properly designed healthcare built environments can positively impact upon the health outcomes of the building users. This offers an opportunity to improve the quality of healthcare through appropriately designed healthcare built environments. Evidence-based design (EBD) emerged within healthcare building design practice to enhance the process of designing with credible evidence. This research explored improvement opportunities for EBD in the UK which would subsequently improve the quality of healthcare through built environment interventions. Specifically, three key research gaps were addressed during this research. Firstly, this research explored current practices of evidence use during healthcare designing and opportunities to increase the direct use of research-based evidence and alternative ways of conveying research-based evidence into the design process through other source of generic evidence for design. Secondly, this research explored how evidence could be effectively expressed within healthcare design standards, guidance and tools (SGaTs) in the forms of performance and prescriptive specifications. Finally, considering the unique nature of built environment design, this research explored how project unique contextual circumstances impact EBD processes and how practitioners reflect on these circumstances. These challenges were then transformed into six objectives. Following a comprehensive literature review, this research was divided into four phases. First, a model of the sources and flows of evidence (SaFE) was developed to represent evidence for EBD within generic evidence for design. The initial conceptual model was developed through desk study, based on the literature review, self-experience and the experience. This model was then verified with the comments from five un-structured interviews conducted with lecturers and senior lecturers of the School of Civil and Building Engineering. Finally, the model was validated using 12 semi-structured interviews conducted with design practitioners from the industry. In addition to the validating the sources and flows of evidence these interviews revealed rationales behind design practitioners use of evidence from four types of evidence sources. These results revealed improvement opportunities to increase the intake of research-based evidence use during healthcare built environments designing. The main data collection method for this research was case studies. Eight exemplar design elements within three case studies were investigated to explore details of evidence use practices; practices of using performance and prescriptive specifications; and impact of project unique contextual circumstances for EBD process and how design practitioners reflect on these circumstances. Results of this research revealed that EBD needs to be supported by both externally published research evidence and through internally generated evidence. It was also identified that EBD could be significantly facilitated through research- evidence informed other generic design evidence sources. Healthcare design SGaTs provides a promising prospect to facilitate EBD. Performance specification driven healthcare design SGaTs supplemented by prescriptive specifications to define design outputs and design inputs could improve effective use of evidence-informed SGaTs. These results were incorporated into a framework to guide development of healthcare design SGaTs. Finally, by exploring how projects unique contextual circumstances impact EBD processes and how practitioners reflect on these circumstances, this research identified the need for procedural guidance for designers to guide evidence acquisition, evidence application and new evidence generation.

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22

Abdipour, Morteza. "Arrangement Design Studies : the introduction of the digital wall in domestic environments". Licentiate thesis, Umeå universitet, Designhögskolan vid Umeå universitet, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-179883.

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This research focuses on the emergence of 'digital walls' that can project images onto almost all or even the entirety of interior (and perhaps exterior) walls, and what implications this might have for how we arrange our rooms. It demonstrates the arrangement, i.e., the way that domestic products are arranged physically, of rooms changes in the domestic environment in a complex scenario when using large screens. Due to the fast-growing demand for large screens, this product could potentially be available to be used by people in their home environments; however, it does not yet exist in reality at this scale. Constructing large screens can be carried out using different production methods. Here, this concept is called the digital wall, a very thin wall-sized interactive screen. The characteristics of the digital wall will vary to be able to create different scenarios. One such scenario is a space in the home where the surface of the wall is covered with screens, which allows multiple possibilities to experience and interact with digital content. In this research, the social gathering space of homes, nowadays called the living room, is considered as a highly relevant space for installing the digital wall. In this space, the conceptual framework outlines the basic elements of the research and demonstrates the relationships between people’s interactions with the digital wall and domestic products in the domestic environment. I show two examples from design history to understand how arrangement changes impact the home environment: the transformation of the parlor to the living room, and entry of the television into the living room. These two examples are focused on the place in the home where people gather for socializing. The discussion of these examples led to the elaboration of the relationships between the elements in the conceptual framework. I explored relevant design research methodologies to bring this future scenario into the present to understand the relationships between people and the digital wall. I applied research through design and the constructive design research approaches to frame the design research methodology. In this thesis, I set up seven series of design studies in two cluster groups: Supportive studies and Main studies. All of the design studies were conducted in the Design Research Lab, the actual space for carrying out the design experiments, prototyping the digital wall, and the setting of the experiments for user participation. The Lab was fully equipped with relevant technology and allowed me to use multiple methods to collect data while people were experiencing the design study sessions. The Lab was useful as a platform to understand user experiences, barriers for interactions as well as people's experiences in a simulated space of a domestic environment. The main contribution of this research is to understand the forms of arrangement changes when people use the digital wall in homes. The research demonstrates two significant implications that are seen in two forms of arrangements: tangible arrangement and imperceptible arrangement. These findings are useful for both designers and users of the elements of domestic contexts and the relations that can be shaped by the presence of a digital wall in home environments. This understanding may provide design guidelines in future scenarios in which the digital wall is used in homes. The findings are also beneficial for designing the domestic environment, improving the arrangement of space, and raising the requirements for designing domestic products.

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23

Stoffberg, Francis W. "Evaluation of incipient motion criteria for rock in Reno mattresses and rip rap". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/3004.

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Thesis (MScEng (Civil Engineering))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.
There has always been some debate in the past about the most effective and economical type of revetment to be used to combat or prevent erosion in rivers and channels. Some of the most common materials used for these mitigation measures are gabions, Reno mattresses and rip rap. A study done by the Colorado State University (CSU, 1984), comprised hydraulic tests of Reno mattresses used as a channel bed revetment. The result were compared with those of rip rap. This thesis mainly deals with the evaluation of incipient motion conditions for rock used in Reno mattresses and as rip rap. In this thesis the results of the CSU study and the design criteria of Maccaferri are evaluated and compared with the result obtained when applying the stream power theory and the Shields' theory with respect to incipient motion. This thesis includes the theory with respsect to incipient motion conditions, background to the CSU study and comparisons of the results of the CSU study and Maccaferri's design criteria with theoretical calculations. A cost comparison of Reno mattresses and rip rap as channel bed revetment measures, as well as conclusions and recommendations with regard to the design and use of these options, are also included. The frame of reference for this thesis is the set of CSU test results. The calibrations achieved, proposals made and accuracy of conclusions thus depend on those results.

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24

Chalita, Ana Cristina Catai. "Estrutura de um projeto para produção de alvenarias de vedação com enfoque na construtibilidade e aumento de eficiência na produção". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-20082010-153656/.

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O trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar a estrutura de um projeto para produção de alvenarias de vedação com enfoque na construtibilidade e aumento da eficiência na produção e ainda ilustrar a estrutura proposta por meio de exemplos reais de implantação de projetos para produção de alvenarias de vedação. Inicialmente discorre-se sobre as características da indústria da construção civil e as ações que têm sido tomadas rumo à sua industrialização. São apresentados os conceitos de processos construtivos tradicionais, processos construtivos racionalizados, processos construtivos industrializados, inovações incrementais, processos de produção, sistemas de produção e construtibilidade. Aborda-se ainda a inserção dos projetos para produção no ciclo de vida do empreendimento e sua importância como integrador do sistema de produção. Adicionalmente é apresentado o escopo desejável para o projeto para produção, destacando-se sua potencialidade como ferramenta indutora da vantagem competitiva das construtoras e é elaborada uma nova definição para projeto para produção. A partir da análise crítica dos projetos para produção de alvenarias de vedação disponíveis no mercado, complementada pela experiência desta autora e pela revisão bibliográfica realizada, são identificadas oportunidades de melhoria e é feita a proposta de uma estrutura de um projeto para produção de alvenarias de vedação com enfoque na construtibilidade e aumento da eficiência na produção. Conclui-se com a análise do atendimento aos objetivos propostos, a influência e as dificuldades previstas na implantação de projetos para produção de alvenarias de vedação em empresas construtoras.
This dissertation presents a structure of design for production of partition walls approaching constructability and increase of efficiency in production. The proposed structure is illustrated by means of real examples. The construction industry characteristics are described as well as the actions of the construction community in order to develop its actual stage of industrialization. The main concepts related to building production systems as rationalization, industrialization, project-based production systems, construction technology development, buildability and constructability are presented. The concept of an integrated design of product and process provided by the early insertion of the design for production in the development of new projects is discussed pointing out its importance as a production system integrator. Additionally, the desirable scope of design for production of partition walls is presented, indicating its potentiality as an inductive tool for providing competitive advantage for constructors. A new definition for design for production is proposed. A critical analysis of the current design for production of partition walls, available in the Brazilian building construction market, based on a review of the literature, on the professional experience of this author and on case studies experience leads to the definition of the proposed structure.

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25

Barrows, Richard James. "Two Dimensional Finite Element Modeling of Swift Delta Soil Nail Wall by "ABAQUS"". PDXScholar, 1994. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4741.

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Soil nail walls are a form of mechanical earth stabilization for cut situations. They consist of the introduction of passive inclusions (nails) into soil cut lifts. These nailed lifts are then tied together with a structural facing (usually shotcrete) . The wall lifts are constructed incrementally from the top of cut down. Soil nail walls are being recognized as having potential for large cost savings over other alternatives. The increasing need to provide high capacity roadways in restricted rights of way under structures such as bridges will require increasing use of techniques such as combined soil nail and piling walls. The Swift Delta Soil Nail wall required installing nails between some of the existing pipe piling on the Oregon Slough Bridge. This raised questions of whether the piling would undergo internal stress changes due to the nail wall construction. Thus, it was considered necessary to understand the soil nail wall structure interaction in relation to the existing pile supported abutment. The purpose of this study was to investigate the Swift Delta Wall using finite element (FE) modeling techniques. Valuable data were available from the instrumentation of the swift Delta Wall. These data were compared with the results of the FE modeling. This study attempts to answer the following two questions: 1. Is there potential for the introduction of new bending stresses to the existing piling? 2. Is the soil nail wall system influenced by the presence of the piling? A general purpose FE code called ABAQUS was used to perform both linear and non-linear analyses. The analyses showed that the piling definitely underwent some stress changes. In addition they also indicated that piling influence resulted in lower nail stresses. Comparison of measured data to predicted behavior showed good agreement in wall face deflection but inconsistent agreement in nail stresses. This demonstrated the difficulty of modeling a soil nail due to the many variables resulting from nail installation.

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26

Birol, Kemal Ozgen. "Design And Analysis Of Energy Saving Buildings Using The Software Energy Plus". Master's thesis, METU, 2012. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12614653/index.pdf.

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Being the major energy consumer of electricity and natural gas, buildings consume more than 70% of electricity and 30% of natural gas. On the way to green buildings and zero energy buildings, investigation and improvement of energy efficiency of the buildings will result in significant reductions in energy demands and CO2 emissions
make cost savings and improve thermal comfort as well. Key steps of a successful green, energy efficient building can be summarized as whole building design, site design, building envelope design, lighting and day lighting design and HVAC system design. Energy Plus®
software is mainly developed to simulate the performance of the buildings in the view of the above listed points. The design of a building or the analysis of an existing building with the software will show how efficient the building is or will be, and also helps finding the best efficient choice of the whole building system. Thesis focuses on the effect of changes in building envelope properties. In Turkey, topic of green buildings has recently started to be studied. Therefore, this thesis aims to present efficient technologies providing energy savings in buildings, to present green building concept and alternative energy simulation software. In the context of this study, design, methods and material guidelines are introduced to reduce energy needs of buildings and to bring in the green building design concept. Building and system parameters to enhance building energy efficiency and energy savings together with green building principles are summarized. Moreover, whole building energy analysis methods and simulation steps are explained
year-round simulation is performed for a sample building
as a result, energy savings about 36% is achieved.

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27

McLeod, Christina Helen. "Investigation into cracking in reinforced concrete water-retaining structures". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/80207.

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013.
Durability and impermeability in a water-retaining structure are of prime importance if the structure is to fulfill its function over its design life. In addition, serviceability cracking tends to govern the design of water retaining structures. This research concentrates on load-induced cracking specifically that due to pure bending and to direct tension in South African reinforced concrete water retaining structures (WRS). As a South African design code for WRS does not exist at present, South African designers tend to use the British codes in the design of reinforced concrete water-retaining structures. However, with the release of the Eurocodes, the British codes have been withdrawn, creating the need for a South African code of practice for water-retaining structures. In updating the South African structural design codes, there is a move towards adopting the Eurocodes so that the South African design codes are compatible with their Eurocode counterparts. The Eurocode crack model to EN1992 (2004) was examined and compared to the corresponding British standard, BS8007 (1989). A reliability study was undertaken as the performance of the EN1992 crack model applied to South African conditions is not known. The issues of the influence of the crack width limit and model uncertainty were identified as being of importance in the reliability crack model.

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28

Manneschi, Karen. "Escopo de projeto para produção de vedações verticais e revestimentos de fachada". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-03042012-083157/.

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No Brasil, a inserção do projeto para produção de vedações verticais e revestimentos de fachada nas empresas de construção civil gerou métodos de trabalho com melhorias significativas no desenvolvimento e na racionalização dos processos de construção civil. Essas melhorias influenciaram tanto o desempenho quanto as vantagens competitivas para as empresas contratantes. Os projetos para produção, além de oferecer excelentes informações para a tomada de decisões táticas e estratégicas para gerentes e coordenadores de projeto, geram também dados importantes para a equipe de produção, tornando-se uma ferramenta essencial para assegurar a compatibilidade e racionalização construtivas. Alguns pesquisadores têm demonstrado a importância dos projetos para a produção na indústria da construção civil ao propor diretrizes de projeto ou diretrizes técnicas para que esses projetos sejam desenvolvidos. No entanto, nenhum trabalho abordou o escopo essencial que esses projetos devam possuir, nem tampouco em que fase de desenvolvimento cada atividade deve ser elaborada. Esta pesquisa tem por objetivo elaborar uma proposição de escopos de projetos para produção de vedações verticais e revestimentos de fachada e analisar criticamente as mudanças introduzidas nas práticas do planejamento do processo do projeto de cada empresa participante da pesquisa, de maneira a proporcionar referências e documentações que norteiem tanto a que tecnologia construtiva quanto processo de projeto e o planejamento do mesmo na construção civil brasileira.
In Brazil, the incorporation of design for the production of partition walls and facade coverings into construction companies has generated working methods with significant improvements in the construction development and rationalization processes. These improvements affected both the performance and the competitive advantages for companies contractor. The design for production, besides offering excellent information support to enable the design managers to make strategic decisions, also generates important data for the production team, becoming an essential tool for achieving compatibility and rationalization in construction. Some researchers have demonstrated the relevance of production design in the construction industry; however, the content of those designs did not received sufficient attention from academics and professionals. This research aims to describe the elaboration scopes process of the production of partition walls and facade coverings and analyzing the changes made in the practices of the design process of each participating company, from manuals scopes of projects developed in attempt to provide references and documentation that directs the construction technology, the design process and also the planning of it in the Brazilian civil construction.

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Buyukkilic, Salih Gokhan. "An Appraisal Of Structural Glass Wall Systems With Emphasis On Spider Fitting Details". Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/1004662/index.pdf.

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The technological and innovational developments in steel and glass industries has enabled designers to create completely transparent faç
ades. Building faç
ade articulations designed to attain maximum transparency, have thus been executed with the contribution of elegant steel supporting systems, having heavy load bearing capacities, by minimizing the dimensions of structural systems. The aim of this study was to define, analyze and evaluate the accumulated knowledge on structural glass wall systems in general, with particular emphasis on those that may be denoted as &
#8218
spider&
#8482
glass fitting elements for potential applications, to formulate a design guide for professional designers. Hence, the primary elements of the system
the support structure, glass, glass connection joints and the other secondary elements have been evaluated within the architectural context. In the second part of the study, glass connection fitting elements were examined. Additionally the products developed by the manufacturing firms and commonly used in various projects were evaluated. Thereafter, whole document, data, photos of the spider fittings were combined in a spider fitting selection table, prepared and created by the author, which describes the types of spider fittings in detail. Finally, technical adequacy, experience, level of organization and workmanship within the context of Turkey, to evaluate the level of knowledge, were studied. In this regard, the glass wall facade the Akman Condomunium Business Center-Medicorium building, constructed with local materials and local manufacturing companies, was examined and compared with the Boeing Headquarters building in USA, which was constructed with a similair glass wall facade system.

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30

Bayram, Ayca. "Energy Performance Of Double-skin Facades In Intelligent Office Buildings: A Case Study In Germany". Master's thesis, METU, 2003. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/107830/index.pdf.

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The building industry makes up a considerable fraction of world&
#8217
s energy consumption. The adverse effects of a growing energy demand such as depletion in fossil fuel reserves and natural resources hassled the building industry to a search for new technologies that result in less energy consumption together with the maximum utilization of natural resources. Energy- and ecology-conscious European countries incorporated the well-being of occupants while conducting research on innovative technologies. In view of the fact that double-skin faç
ades offer a healthy and comfortable milieu for the occupants and use natural resources hence consume less energy they became a promising invention for all concerns. The analysis of the performance of the double-skin faç
ades and energy consumption is inconclusive at this time. However, based upon thermal performance analysis have been done so far, a double-skin faç
ade perform better and provide some energy reduction, particularly on the heating side cycle, from a standard double glazed unit wall. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between double-skin faç
ades and building management systems in intelligent office buildings as they relate to energy efficiency issues thus to find out whether or not the integration of these systems into intelligent buildings provides optimization in energy performance and comfort conditions. The building for the case study, which is an intelligent office building incorporating a double-skin faç
ade was selected as one that promises high comfort conditions for the occupants with low energy consumption. The working principles of integrated faç
ade systems, together with their advantages and disadvantages were investigated by means of the case study. It was concluded that due to their high initial costs, these systems offer no real advantages for today. However with the inevitable exhaustion of fossil fuels that is foreseen for the future, these systems would become an innovative solution in terms of energy conservation.

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31

Bhairappanavar, Shruti. "POTENTIAL USE OF DREDGED MATERIAL - CEMENT BRICKS IN THE DESIGN OF SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED GREEN WALL". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1532967974666973.

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Daniels, John Dennis II. "Edifying Design-Build: Towards a Practice and Place based Architectural Education". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/82553.

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Architecture in its primitive form enacted a relationship of making between intentions and outcome. Post- industrialized modernization has created a multiplication of complexities, resulting in a profession that has disengaged theory and practice through the specialization of the architect and the craftsman. Design-build has the ability to be an educational process that re-engages a direct dialog and collaboration of the roles of designer and maker, reinforcing the resilience of culture and place through joining intentions and built reality. Design-build projects have the ability to be an integral part of design education because of their ability to engage in physical manifestation that is fundamentally different than formal education of designing through drawing or design at a distance. Exploring the Washington Alexandria Architecture Center's Design-Build ethos as a primary case study, I intend to support this claim by providing evidence of how a Design-Build process can engage the designer, tools, methods, and materials, with the cultural, social, and environmental context that is sensible to place. By utilizing creativity and ingenuity of available resources as an opportunity for adaptation, an organic sense of place is perceptible, the place is created. Representation beyond drawing encourages one to be proactive in connecting the qualities and characteristics of existing space; this leads to a sustainable practice of continued investment in object, materiality, time, and place. Hybrid approaches to design, or the assembly of both design and building as an academic practice, are no longer insular, but are encouraged as a way to interrelate and connect the built environment with its unbuilt opportunities and impressions.
Master of Architecture

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33

Mis, Matthew Alexander Augustus. "Effects of construction tolerances on exterior walls". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0006/MQ59850.pdf.

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34

Iannaccone, Philip Michael 1976. "Implications of construction techniques on the performance of slurry walls". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/80164.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1999.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-46).
by Philip Michael Iannaccone.
M.Eng.

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35

Pilakoutas, Kypros. "Earthquake resistant design of reinforced concrete walls". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/7215.

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36

Jabbour, Samer. "Comparative design of reinforced concrete shear walls". Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/10755.

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Code provisions for the determination of earthquake loads are intended to give reasonable estimate of the lateral forces that occur on a building as a result of an earthquake. Two major steps can be described in the procedure: the calculation of the base shear based on both the characteristics of the earthquake and the building, and the distribution of the base shear over the stories and the resisting earthquake elements of the building. Reinforced concrete ductile shear walls are the earthquake resisting elements considered in this study. Code provisions for the design of reinforced concrete ductile shear walls are intended to provide adequate reinforcement details and concrete strength to permit inelastic response under major earthquakes without critical damage or collapse. The objective of this study is to provide, using an assumed building in Victoria, British Columbia, detailed description of the design procedures used by different design codes, and to compare the results obtained on the earthquake loads determination and on the reinforcement details provided to the shear walls. The NBCC-1995 and the IBC-2000 design code procedures were used to determine the earthquake design loads in Chapter 2, and the ACI318-99, the CSA-1995 and the NZS-1995 were used to design a reinforced concrete shear wall in Chapter 3. Comparative conclusions are presented Chapter 4. Generally, design of reinforced concrete shear walls using Canadian, American, and New Zealand provisions should be done based on the earthquake loads obtained from code provisions of Canada, the United States, and New Zealand, namely the comprehensive provisions of NBCC-1995/CSA23.3-94, IBC-200/ACI318-99, and NZS:3101:1995 respectively. However, it was necessary in this study to use the same loads in the different reinforced concrete shear wall design procedures in order to make comparative conclusions more effective. Therefore, the earthquake loads obtained from NBCC-1995 provisions were exclusively used to do the three different design procedures of reinforced concrete design using the code provisions of ACI318-99, CSA23.3-94, and NZS:3101:part 1:1995 respectively. The choice was based on the fact that the location of the building is in Canada. The fundamental assumptions that were made in this study include that: the building, described in Section 2.2, is be braced by reinforced concrete ductile shear wall systems, which means that the shear walls resisting system will resist 100% of the lateral forces resulting from an earthquake. The shear wall considered in the design has adequate foundation able to transmit 100% of all structural actions to the ground.

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37

Khlif, Jamel. "Construction d'un logiciel éléments finis : contribution à la modélisation numérique des sols et calcul d'ouvrages de génie civil". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10071.

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La situation actuelle est liee a l'extension des constructions sur sols de mediocres consistance et au besoin de rechercher les solutions les plus economiques. On a donc ete amene a etudier avec le plus de precision possible les differents facteurs entrant dans la realisation des ouvrages de genie civil. Si les caracteristiques des structures jouent un role important dans ces etudes, c'est essentiellement sur le comportement du sol que les differentes etudes sont generalement portees. Ceci bien evidement, depuis le debut de la phase constructive jusqu'a la fin des travaux. La methode dite aux elements finis qui presente l'avantage de modeliser le comportement du sol, depuis le chargement elastique initial jusqu'a la phase d'ecoulement plastique finale prend une place constamment grandissante dans ce domaine de science de l'ingenieur. C'est precisement dans ce contexte que notre travail s'est inscrit. Pour cela, nous avons construit un logiciel de calculs par elements finis quartiques, utilisant un solveur programme a partir d'un nouveau procede. Base sur une gestion dynamique de la memoire, notre procede a permis une utilisation realiste de l'outil micro-informatique pour les ouvrages calcules: mur de soutenement, fondation superficielle et essai pressiometrique. Cet apport constitue avec le modele de comportement mck implante l'aspect nouveau et original du travail. Cette rheologie type elastoplastique a deux mecanismes d'ecrouissage (un en compression et un en cisaillement) utilise des parametres de nature exclusivement physique communement connus par les praticiens geotechniciens

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38

Yang, Jin Rong. "The Application of Fuzzy Logic and Virtual Reality in the Study of Ancient Methods and Materials Used for the Construction of the Great Wall of China in Jinshanling". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu152410262072719.

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39

Stewart, Wayne. "The seismic design of plywood sheathed shear walls". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Department of Civil Engineering, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/2458.

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A design methodology for earthquake resistant plywood sheathed shear walls is presented. The sheathing nailing is selected as the ductile load limiting element, whereby the large displacement demands imposed during an earthquake can be sustained without failure of the timber members in bending, shear or tension. Analytical models for predicting the elastic behaviour and ultimate strength of shear walls are formulated in order to develop the design procedure. An experimental study of nailed sheathed joints was undertaken, and showed that such joints were able to sustain large reverse cycles well into the inelastic range. Complementary to the experimental study, an analytical strength model for nailed joints is described, and identifies nail diameter, nail length and nail coating as being the variables most influential on joint strength. Eleven full scale plywood sheathed shear walls were subjected to reverse cyclic quasi-static loading and shaketable excitation. The performance of the sheathing nailing, framing connections and anchorage connections is reported in detail. The test walls exhibited progressive stiffness degradation resulting in pinched hysteresis loops, prior to failure through the nail heads pulling through the plywood, or the nail point withdrawing from the framing. A theoretical time-history single degree of freedom idealisation is described to predict the dynamic response of shear walls. Theoretical predictions compared well with the experimental shaketable behaviour of the full scale test walls. The displacement demands on shear walls which exhibited pinched hysteresis loops are compared with the corresponding displacement demands on an elastoplastic structure.

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40

Hedayati, Mohammad Hassan. "Performance-based design of stainless steel blast walls". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=239895.

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Stainless steel profiled walls have increasingly been used in the process and other industries to protect people and personnel against hydrocarbon or chemical explosions. The existence of various uncertainties, in particular the ones associated with explosion loading and parameters, make the current design and assessment which are based on single degree of freedom (SDOF) and deterministic approach, very complicated and in many cases leading to unreliable design assessment. Therefore, developing an appropriate reliability approach for assessing and designing blast wall structures would greatly assist in improving the safety of personnel and plant facilities. The objective of this research study is to develop a practical framework for performance based design of stainless steel profiled barrier blast walls, with specific focus on reliability assessment by implementing stochastic finite element analysis (SFEA). Initially, the current traditional SDOF method is reviewed to identify the related issues and weaknesses and accordingly an appropriate method for structural assessments of the blast walls is proposed. Furthermore, a comprehensive investigation on various available methods is carried out to identify a suitable probabilistic approach for the reliability assessments. The corresponding reliability of these structures is evaluated with a MCS method, implementing the Latin Hypercube Sampling (LHS) approach. A programming package is developed using Ansys Parametric Design Language (APDL), to generate parametric finite element models and to perform automated reliability assessments. The significant uncertainties are combined with an advanced analysis model to investigate the influence of loading, material and geometric uncertainties on the response of these structures under realistic boundary conditions and connection configuration. Effective implementation of the framework is achieved by the development of a combined programming package to deal with both finite element and reliability analyses. A further development for this research study is associated with the development of performance based design approach, using the results of the probabilistic and finite element assessments. This can be utilised for optimum and appropriate design of the blast wall structures, based on the defined performance levels. Application and practicality of the developed approach and associated programming package is demonstrated through a number of case studies of realistic stainless steel profiled barriers subject to explosion loading. The results of the preliminary probabilistic case studies confirm that the explosion loading is the main influential input parameter and also nonlinearities are more critical than dynamic effects for unstiffened profiled barrier blast walls. An appropriate dynamic load factor (DLF) is proposed for the preliminary stage of the design and assessments. It is observed that using the probabilistic approach can help identify the important variables and parameters to optimize the design of profiled blast walls, and to perform risk assessments for these structures. The study is expanded to develop a performance based design methodology, linking the probabilistic results with various performance levels and associated parameters (e.g., damage levels). The results and discussions of the case studies associated with performance based design assessments confirm the suitability of the proposed framework, and also highlight the complications in defining intermediate levels, without preliminary investigations. This shows that QRA approach and involvement of professionals can play an important role to develop performance levels and the associated objectives. The developed programming package and associated framework are expected to provide valuable guidance to professional design engineers and researchers, by obviating the need for complex computational requirements.

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41

Terrade, Benjamin. "Evaluation structurale des murs de soutènement en maçonnerie". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1203/document.

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Partout où la pierre est facilement disponible, on trouve des constructions en maçonnerie de pierre. Suivant les coutumes et les usages, les blocs de pierres sont assemblés bruts, simplement ébauchés ou parfaitement taillés, avec ou sans l'ajout d'un liant. Supplantée par le béton dans les constructions neuves depuis le milieu du XX} siècle, les ouvrages en maçonnerie demeurent majoritaires dans le patrimoine bâti français, un patrimoine qu'il convient d'entretenir rationnellement. L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de poursuivre l'élaboration d'un cadre scientifique rigoureux et opérationnel afin de donner aux décideurs et aux gestionnaires les outils nécessaires pour mener à bien leur mission. Nous proposons ici deux outils d'évaluation de la stabilité d'ouvrages de soutènement en maçonnerie basés sur l'utilisation conjointe du calcul à la rupture avec des méthodes d'homogénéisation. Dans un premier temps, nous mettons d'abord au point un outil analytique permettant de dimensionner des ouvrages neufs ou d'évaluer la stabilité d'ouvrages peu déformés. Cet outil permet également de dimensionner des solutions de renforcement par clouage lorsque cela est jugé nécessaire. Dans un deuxième temps, nous implémentons cet outil dans un code numérique afin de lui donner la souplesse nécessaire à l'étude d'ouvrages non-conventionnels, de grandes taille ou fortement pathologique. Enfin, nous mettons en oeuvre plusieurs campagnes expérimentales qui nous fournissent les données nécessaires à la validation de ces modèles de calcul
Wherever stone is readily available, we encounter stone masonry buildings. Depending on customs or dedicated use, the blocks are used raw, lightly faced or perfectly cut, with or without the use of mortar. Althougth concrete has replaced masonry in new construction for some decades, the better part of the French built heritage is made of masonry, an heritage we are responsible for. This works aims at contributing to create a reliable scientific frame for that purpose. This thesis uses the yield design theory alongside with homogenisation techniques to study the stability of stone masonry earth retaining walls. First, we provide an analytical tool suitable for designing new structures or assessing the stability of existing ones that are still in good shape. Should it be needed, this tools allows for the design of a strengthening solution based on soil-nailing. Then, we implement it in a finite element code to give it the versatility required to study unconventionnal structures or structures badly damaged. We then present several experimental campaigns aiming at validating the proposed tools

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42

Crowther, David R. G. "Health considerations in house design". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339535.

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43

Marshall, Bradley. "Hearing Through Walls". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2018. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3391.

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The photographer discusses work in “Hearing Through Walls”, a Masters of Fine Arts thesis exhibit held at downtown Tipton Gallery from February 19th through March 2nd, 2018. The exhibition consists of 15 archival inkjet prints and one two-channel video piece, representing the artists three-year exploration into narrative forms in image making. Using non-traditional approaches to photographic portraiture and experimental exhibition layout, the artist forms questions around themes of domesticity, lost youth, and American masculinity. Among these themes is an investigation into photographic issues, including the cultural role that photographs play in perpetuating, miming, and disrupting the facades of everyday life. Non-photographic influences are listed, including the paintings of Edward Hopper and the filmmaking of Paul Thomas Anderson. Historic and contemporary photographic influences included are Garry Winogrand, William Eggleston, Philip-Lorca Dicorcia, and Katy Grannan.

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44

Boivin, Yannick. "New capacity design methods for seismic design of ductile RC shear walls". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/1962.

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In order to produce economical seismic designs, the modern building codes allow reducing seismic design forces if the seismic force resisting system (SFRS) of a building is designed to develop an identified mechanism of inelastic lateral response. The capacity design aims to ensure that the inelastic mechanism develops as intended and no undesirable failure modes occur. Since the 1984 edition, this design approach is implemented in the Canadian Standards Association (CSA) standard A23.3 for seismic design of ductile reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls with the objectives of providing sufficient flexural and shear strength to confine the mechanism to the identified plastic hinges and ensure a flexure-governed inelastic lateral response of the walls. For a single regular wall, the implemented capacity design requirements assume a lateral deformation of the wall in its fundamental lateral mode of vibration, and hence aim to constrain the inelastic mechanism at the expected base plastic hinge. This design is referred to as single plastic-hinge (SPH) design. Despite these requirements, CSA standard A23.3 did not prescribe, prior to the 2004 edition, any methods for determining capacity design envelopes for flexural and shear strength design of ductile RC shear walls over their height. Only its Commentary recommended such methods. However, various studies suggested, mainly for cantilever walls, that the application of these methods could result in multistorey wall designs experiencing the formation of unintended plastic hinges at the upper storeys and a high potential of undesirable shear failure, principally at the wall base, jeopardizing the intended ductile flexural response of the wall. These design issues result from an underestimation of dynamic amplification due to lateral modes of vibration higher than the fundamental lateral mode. The 2004 CSA standard A23.3 now prescribes capacity design methods intending in part to address these design issues. Although these methods have not been assessed yet, their formulation appears deficient in accounting for the higher mode amplification effects. In this regard, this research project proposes for CSA standard A23.3 new capacity design methods, considering these effects, for a SPH design of regular ductile RC cantilever walls used as SFRS for multistorey buildings. In order to achieve this objective, first a seismic performance assessment of a realistic ductile shear wall system designed according to the 2004 CSA standard A23.3 is carried out to assess the prescribed capacity design methods. Secondly, an extensive parametric study based on sophisticated inelastic dynamic simulations is conducted to investigate the influence of various parameters on the higher mode amplification effects, and hence on the seismic force demand, in regular ductile RC cantilever walls designed with the 2004 CSA standard A23.3. Thirdly, a review of various capacity design methods proposed in the current literature and recommended by design codes for a SPH design is performed. From the outcomes of this review and the parametric study, new capacity design methods are proposed and a discussion on the limitations of these methods and on their applicability to various wall systems is presented.

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45

Herbert, Daniel Mark. "An investigation of the strength of brickwork walls when subject to flood loading". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/53491/.

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The main purpose of this programme of research was to establish characteristic water levels to which new and existing properties of masonry construction can be protected against flooding. Typical flood protection systems often rely on the structural strength of the building and in doing so generate significant lateral loadings. Current guidance appears to be based on the results of a single experimental study and no calculation technique is currently available to determine suitable characteristic levels. The research aim was addressed by conducting a series of experimental tests at model scale and by developing a theoretical analysis. Model scale masonry wall panels were successfully tested in a geotechnical centrifuge and were subject to hydraulic loading or uniform wind loading. Wind loading was considered to allow validation of the experimental procedure to results in the literature. Wall panels were constructed from both brick and block units and the effect of different mortar strengths, openings, vertical loadings and cavity construction were assessed. The experimental procedure showed very good repeatability in terms of ultimate load and generally a yield line type failure mode was observed. A theoretical analysis based on yield line analysis was developed using spreadsheet software and verified using the results from the experimental programme. The analysis gave a good approximation of the experimental ultimate loads, but the optimised failure mode was not always consistent with that observed in the tests. A parametric study was completed to assess the effect of varying parameters not considered in the experimental study and in addition a typical domestic property was modelled to assess its resistance against flood loading. The characteristic water level for the weakest wall of the property was found to exceed the value given in the guidance, of 0.6 m, by 38 % and signified the importance of completing the correct modelling procedure.

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46

Karakus, Hulya. "New Seismic Design Approaches For Block Type Quay Walls". Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12608584/index.pdf.

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In this study, new design approaches are introduced for the seismic design of block type quay walls after reviewing the conventional methodologies. Within the development of the new design approaches an inverse triangular dynamic pressures distributions are applied to define both seismic earth pressures and seismic surcharge pressures. Differently from the conventional design methodology, the hydrodynamic forces are taken into consideration while dynamic forces are specified and equivalent unit weight concept is used during the both static and dynamic calculations Compatibility of this new design approaches are tested by case studies for the site and it is seen that the numerical results are in good agreement qualitatively with field measurements.

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47

Filipsson, Tomas. "Shear walls with double plasterboards : evalutation of design models /". Luleå, 2002. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2002/26.

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48

Kang, Beongjoon. "Framework for design of geosynthetic reinforced segmental retaining walls". Thesis, University of Delaware, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3613014.

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This thesis is concerned with a design-oriented formulation of reinforced Segmental Retaining Wall (SRW) structures. The formulation follows the concept of the safety map used in slope stability analysis. It calculates the minimum tensile force requirement along each reinforcement layer by utilizing limit equilibrium method with log spiral surface. In the formulation, the force in the reinforcement at each location produces a limit equilibrium state. It considers the pullout capacity of each reinforcement layer. Consequently, the required distribution of tensile force along each layer is produced rendering a baseline solution for design. The calculated tensile force distribution considers the required force and pullout resistance of all other layers. Hence, it produces an optimized system where failure is equally likely to occur at any point within the reinforced soil mass. The developed framework enables one to decide the required strength of the connection between the reinforcement and the facing. Extensive parametric studies were carried out to evaluate the effect of the each component comprising the system. The parametric studies consider the wall geometry, the quality of backfill, the length and spacing of reinforcement, the effects of intermediate layers, the pullout resistance, the coverage ratio, the toe resistance, and the impact of seismic loading. Verification of the analytical framework was conducted through comparison with some records of full-scale and centrifuge experiments. Design implications are presented through some examples.

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49

Fall, Niklas y Viktor Hammar. "Design of Perimeter Walls in Tubed Mega Frame Structures". Thesis, KTH, Betongbyggnad, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-147242.

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The Tubed Mega Frame is a new concept for constructing high-rise buildings,based on the idea of moving the main bearing system to the perimeter of thebuilding by using a number of large hollow columns, mega tubes, connected byperimeter walls at certain levels. The concept is under development by Tyréns ABand has not yet been implemented in reality. This thesis is part of the ongoing workprocess and has the aim of shedding light on the issues and problems with the newconcept when it comes to the perimeter walls. The perimeter walls are an essential part of the Tubed Mega Frame structure sincethey provide the main lateral stability of the structure by connecting the mega tubesand transferring lateral loads between them. It is therefore of big importance thatthe walls are designed and constructed to withstand all the loads they wouldpossibly be exposed to.In this thesis a perimeter wall in a prototype building of the Tubed Mega Framehave been analysed, designed and tested using non-linear FE-analysis in the pursuitof create a better understanding in how the perimeter walls works and should bedesigned. To begin with, a global analysis was performed to obtain the forces acting on themost critical perimeter wall. The stresses in the wall were then analysed in order tocreate an appropriate strut-and-tie model used to determine the reinforcementdesign for the specified perimeter wall. The perimeter wall was designed for amaximum shear force of 14.5 MN and corresponding moment of 87 MNm usingstrut-and-tie model according to American standards, ACI 318-11. The final step was to verify the design using the non-linear FE-analysis programATENA. A model of the reinforced wall was analysed with two different loadcases; one were the resistance was determined by unidirectional deformation untilfailure and one were the effects of cyclic loading was considered by initialdeformation corresponding to service loads prior to failure loading. The resistanceobtained from the first load case was 46.8 MN and for the second 19.1 MN usingmean values for material properties. In order to obtain a design resistance of the wall in the non-linear analysis, a globalsafety factor was determined by using the ECOV method. The design resistance were 39.9 and 13.5 for the two load cases respectively.
Tubed Mega Frame (TMF) är ett nytt koncept för att bygga höghus som bygger påidén om att flytta det bärande systemet till omkretsen av byggnaden med hjälp avett antal stora ihåliga pelare, megatuber, anslutna med omslutande tvärväggar påvissa våningsplan. Konceptet är under utveckling av Tyréns AB och har ännu integenomförts i verkligheten. Detta examensarbete är en del i den pågående processenoch målet är att belysa frågor och problem som finns med det nya konceptet närdet gäller de omslutande tvärväggarna. De omslutande tvärväggarna är en vital del av Tubed Mega Frame eftersom debidrar till huvudsakliga sidostabiliteten i byggnaden genom att sammankopplamegatuberna och överföra horisontalkrafter mellan dem. Det är därför av stor viktatt väggarna är konstruerade och tillverkade för att stå emot alla de belastningarsom de skulle kunna vara utsatta för. I detta examensarbete har en tvärvägg i en prototypbyggnad för Tubed MegaFrame analyserats, dimensionerats och testats med syftet att bidra till en bättreförståelse för hur tvärväggarna fungerar och bör utformas. Till att börja med har en global analys utförts för att erhålla de krafter som verkarpå den mest kritiska tvärväggen. Spänningarna i väggen analyserades sedan för attskapa en lämplig fackverksmodell som sedan användes för att bestämmaarmeringsutformning för den specificerade tvärväggen. Väggen dimensioneradesför en maximal tvärkraft på 14,5 MN och ett motsvarande moment på 87 MNmgenom att använda fackverksmetoden enligt amerikanska standarder, ACI 318-11. Det sista steget var att kontrollera konstruktionen med hjälp av det ickelinjära FE-analysprogrammet ATENA. En modell av den armerade väggen analyserades medtvå olika lastfall. I det första lastfallet genom att i en riktning deformera väggen tillbrott. I det andra lastfallet beaktades tidigare uppsprickning genom att först belastaväggen med en deformation motsvarande dess brukslast och sedan belasta väggen imotsatt riktning tills brott uppstod. Bärförmågan var 46,8 MN och 19,1 MN förrespektive lastfall, beräknat med medelvärden för materialegenskaper. För att erhålla en dimensionerande bärförmåga för väggen ur den ickelinjäraanalysen bestämdes en global säkerhetsfaktor med hjälp av ECOV-metoden.Dimensionerande bärförmåga var 39,9 MN och 13,5 MN för respektive lastfall.

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50

Fitzmaurice, Silas James. "Blast retrofit design of CMU walls using polymer sheets". Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4569.

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Thesis (M.S.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2006.
The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on April 17, 2009) Includes bibliographical references.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Walls Design and construction"

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