Tesis sobre el tema "Voto strategico"

The aim of the diploma thesis is to analyse and evaluate the marketing strategy of VOYO.cz and recommend improvements of the current strategy. Theoretical part is divided into three chapters. The first chapter deals with the basic concept of marketing and the definition of marketing process. Second chapter defines the process of marketing planning and the third chapter offers basic theoretical approaches for the formulation of product, pricing, promotional and distribution strategy, which are applied in the practical part. The practical part describes the company CME and CET 21 and subsequently includes the analysis of VOYO.cz strategy in terms of 4Ps. Based on the findings there are recommendations offered in the last chapter to improve the current marketing strategy.

El objetivo general de la investigación es conocer si las estrategias del marketing político funcional de promoción y producto que se utilizaron para las elecciones presidenciales del Perú en el año 2016, tuvieron influencia en la preferencia de los electores entre 18 y 25 años de los NSE B-C en relación a los programas que utilizaron los cinco primeros candidatos políticos. Continuando con la misma línea los objetivos específicos de la investigación se centran en identificar si el uso de los medios tradicionales, redes sociales, imagen del candidato, atractividad y carisma del político inciden en la preferencia de los electores jóvenes antes mencionados. La investigación desarrolla las variables funcionales propias del marketing en un contexto político, resaltando los elementos de promoción y producto. Una vez analizado estas variables y su relación con el marketing político se procede al diseño de instrumentos que comprueben si existe vínculo con la decisión de voto del segmento. De esta forma se empieza a ejecutar herramientas cualitativas y cuantitativas que esclarezcan los objetivos e hipótesis. Entre las conclusiones centrales de la tesis resalta la fácil adaptación de las estrategias funcionales propias del marketing empresarial en el ámbito político. Ya que el producto puede ser graficado por el candidato, la marca representa al nombre del partido político y la promoción se apoya en la teoría comunicativa. Finalmente con respecto a los cinco candidatos se concluye que todos ellos cuentan con ideologías, posturas y propuestas diferentes lo que proporcionó diversas opiniones en el segmento objeto de estudio.
The general objective of the research is to know if the strategies of political marketing linked with promotion and product that will be used for the presidential elections of Peru in 2016, had an influence on the preference of voters between 18 and 25 years of the NSE BC in relation to the programs used by the first five political candidates. Continuing along the same lines, the specific objectives of the research focus on identifying whether the use of traditional media, social networks, candidate image, attractiveness and charisma of the politician affect the preference of the young voters identified above. The research develops the functional variables of marketing in a political context, highlighting the elements of promotion and product. Once these variables and their relationship with political marketing have been analyzed, proceed to the design of instruments that verify whether there is a link with the voting decision of the segment. In this way, qualitative and quantitative tools are used to clarify the objectives and hypotheses. Among the central conclusions of the thesis highlights the easy adaptation of the functional strategies of business marketing in the political field. Since the product can be graphed by the candidate, the brand represents the name of the political party and the promotion is supported by communicative theory. Finally, with respect to the five candidates, it is concluded that they all have different ideologies, positions and proposals, which provides different opinions in the segment under study.
Tesis

-Analysis of the complete ovidian recurrences of colo-cultus-incultus grouped in 8 thematic areas. - Evaluation of ovidian female model – and of his persuasive arms – configured in terms of a balanced union between ars/cultus and natura/forma. - Evaluation of ovidian male model - and of his persuasive arms: It seems that this male model recovers past models of genuine uirilitas. -Stressing the re-conquest strategy, based on the lack of cultus, made by Ovid using the topos of relicta. - Stressing, in the exile works, of the application of relicta’s topos to the poet himself, in order to heroize the exile, through the identification with Arianna.
-Analisi di tutte le ricorrenze ovidiane di colo-cultus-incultus raggruppate in 8 sezioni tematiche. -Valutazione del modello femminile ovidiano – e delle sue armi suasorie - configurato in termini di equilibrato connubio di ars/cultus e natura/forma. -Valutazione del modello maschile – e delle sue strategie suasorie -, che sembra recuperare modelli di autentica uirilitas. - Messa in luce della strategia di ri-conquista data dall’assenza di cultus attraverso il recupero, operato da Ovidio, del topos della relicta. - Messa in rilievo, negli epistolari dall’esilio, dell’applicazione del topos della relicta allo stesso poeta, nel processo di eroicizzazione dell’esule, attraverso un’identificazione con Arianna.

The objective of this study is to investigate how the phenomenon called the strategic vote is manifested in the legislative elections in France and Sweden. In order to gain knowledge in this domain of study, recent studies and well-established theories within the political science have been observed. The theory of the psychological factor, composed by the French political scientist Maurice Duverger lays the basis of the theory of the strategic vote, which is the central theory for this thesis, mostly defined by Gary W. Cox in Making votes count: strategic coordination in the world’s electoral systems (1997). The main question of research is as follows: “How does the strategic vote manifest itself amongst the voters in the legislative elections of the proportional electoral Swedish system and the majority electoral French system?” The following questions are follow-up questions to complement the main one: “Which are the effects of the strategic vote?” “Which are the differences in the French and Swedish legislative elections that are revealed throughout the interviews?” and “Is the validity of votes under the influence of the phenomenon of the strategic vote questionable?” The method used to obtain answers to the questions above is qualitative interviews with two groups of respondents: one group of respondents of French nationality and another group with respondents of Swedish nationality. The results of the study show that strategic voting in France is mostly due to the two-ballot system that is applied in the French electoral system, where the second ballot is the source to most of the strategic voting in France. The Swedish voters, however, first and foremost vote strategically by reason of the electoral threshold of 4 % that is employed in the Swedish electoral system. The effects of the strategic voting in the concerning states, found in this study are identical: an overrepresentation of the bigger political parties and an underrepresentation of the smaller political parties. Differences in the legislative elections of the countries, France and Sweden, which were revealed during the interviews are differences in electoral participation due to the structure of elections on the various levels, such as municipal, regional and legislative and so forth. The third follow-up question, being of a more philosophical nature, lead to two positions: an idealist and a realist one. Through the results found in this study, the idealist position is the preferred position, in order to respect and achieve the democratic ideals on which the democratic states France and Sweden are based.

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Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo geral identificar informações estratégicas que configuram os modelos de aeroportos e aerotrópoles, a fim de verificar a confluência de conhecimentos de Ciência da Informação e Administração nas ações estratégicas de natureza interdisciplinar entre as duas áreas. É uma investigação exploratória, pois se realiza em área na qual há pouco conhecimento acumulado e sistematizado. A revisão de literatura foi sistematizada tanto na conceituação e aprofundamento de aerotrópole, como na conceituação da disciplinaridade e da interdisciplinaridade, alicerçando gestão estratégica da informação e inteligência competitiva, bem como outros aspectos da informação entre as duas disciplinas. Ainda com relação aos meios de investigação, teve caráter quali-quantitativo, pelo uso de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, observação e questionários pela internet. Os principais resultados revelaram uma diferença de perspectiva entre os respondentes que trabalham no desenvolvimento e condução de aerotrópole e os que tem conhecimento ou se relacionam com aerotrópole, quanto ao mapeamento do ambiente e uso de informações estratégicas, nos setores Aeroporto, Cidade Aeroportuária e Aerotrópole/Cidade. Os resultados da pesquisa levaram à proposição de um portal para aerotrópole visando aumentar a sistematização e disponibilização de informações.
This research has as a general objective the identification of strategic information that forms the models of airports and aerotropolises, in order to ascertain the coming together of knowledge in Information Science and Administration in strategic actions of interdisciplinary nature between these two areas. It is an exploratory investigation, since it is carried out in an area where there is little accumulated and systematized knowledge. The review of literarure was systematized in the conceptualization and deepening of the idea of the aerotropolis, as well as in the conceptualization of the disciplinarity and interdisciplinarity of the subject, consolidating the strategic management of information and competitive intelligence, together with other aspects of information between the two disciplines. Still in relation to the means of investigation, this study presents a quali-quantitative character, by the use of semi-structured interviews, observation, and questionnaires via internet. The main results reveal a difference in perspective between the group that answered and work in the development of an aerotropolis and those who know or relate themselves with an aerotropolis, as regards the environmental mapping and the use of strategic information, in the sectors: Airport, Airport City, and Aerotropolis/City. The results of this research led to the proposal of a site for aerotroplis aiming at the increase of systematization and availability of information.

Many studies have focused on whether or not different kinds of strategies used towards radical right parties give them more or less electoral support and power. This study, however, sets out to center the MP’s subjective views on how the strategies and different approaches are being used and experienced in parliamentary committees in the Swedish Riksdag. The purpose of the study is to gain new and more detailed information of the motivations used for the strategies from the MPs subjective views of the Swedish Democrats (SD). The different types of strategies studied are excluding strategies such as ignore, cordon sanitaire, demonise and defuse. The including strategies which are examined are adapt and collaborate. Vote technical disidentification is a theoretical contribution to strategies being used from this study and shows how MPs blame other parties for voting more on SD than their own. Semi- structured interviews with MPs from five parties, including SD, in three different parliamentary committees with a total number of 15 participants, which are used as the material. The result of the study suggests that there are some differences in the approaches of the different MPs, and the difference lies mostly in between and within parties and not so much among the different committees. The MPs have some differences in their subjective conception of the SD where some have a tough approach against them while others have a softer understanding to them socially but none except for one MP want formal collaboration with them. In broad terms, the political right has some tendencies to use inclusion strategies and the political left uses the exclusion strategies more broadly and not the inclusion at all, according to the result. Informal approaches to take distance from SD, used more by the political left. The perception of the strategies and approaches being used differs a lot from between the MPs from SD and the rest of the MPs in the study. A more hard, unfair and undemocratic is the perceptions of the MPs from SD of the strategy and approaches while the others do not see them as commonly used.

Facebook is rapidly changing Australia’s political media landscape. Young voters’ growing reliance on Facebook for the consumption of political news has corresponded with politicians’ increasingly prudent use of social media; suggesting that Facebook will play a defining role as an influential political arena to access future generations of voters. It is therefore important for electioneers and political scientists to understand which electioneering strategies used over Facebook are the most effective at influencing the Australian youth vote. This thesis takes a post-positivist approach to research to examine this causal relationship; using the experimental method to isolate and test the effects of extant online electioneering strategies on the voting habits of young Australians. It employs web-based crowdsourcing services to recruit participants into the experiments, and in doing so encounters sample size problems which prevent it from drawing conclusions against hypotheses. While the thesis is unable to evaluate the causal relationship between online electioneering strategies and youth voting habits, by learning from the sampling issues encountered in the study it makes an important contribution towards our understanding of experiments in Australian political science. Additionally, considering problems in the study were caused by sampling issues rather than the methodological design, the thesis is able to offer a robust methodology for future post-positivist research into this area.

Satellite Formation Flying (SFF) is a key technology for several future missions, since, with respect to a single spacecraft, it allows better performances, new capabilities, more flexibility and robustness to failure and cost reduction. Despite these benefits, however, this new concept poses several signicant design challenges and requires new technologies. The Guidance, Navigation and Control (GNC) system is a key element in the SFF concept since it must be reliable in coordinating all the satellites fying in formation during each mission phase, guaranteeing formation integrity and preventing from formation evaporation, and, at the same time, efficient in using the limited on board resources. Model Predictive Control (MPC), also referred to as Receding Horizon Control, is a modern optimal control technique that seems to be suitable for these purposes because of its three main features: model-based control scheme, constraints handling ability and replanning nature. The final aim of my Ph.D. activities was to develop and test MPC strategies for SFF applications. This task was accomplished by means of both computer simulations and experimental tests conducted on both the MIT Synchronized Position Hold Engage & Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) testbed and the SFF Hardware Simulator under development at the Center of Studies and Activities for Space "Giuseppe Colombo" (CISAS), University of Padova. MPC capabilities were first tested in computer simulations in carrying out a formation acquisition maneuver for two space vehicles, taking into account two scenarios: a Leader-Follower (LF) formation and Projected Circular Orbit (PCO) formation. The performances of the MPC-based controller were compared with those of a Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) based controller in the presence of active constraints on the maximum control acceleration, evaluating also the effects of the gravitational harmonics J2 and J3 and atmospheric drag perturbations on the proposed maneuvers. Simulation results of both scenarios showed that, with similar performances in tracking the same reference state trajectory in terms of settling time, the MPC controller is more efficient (less delta-v requirement) than the LQR controller also in the perturbed cases, allowing a delta-v requirement reduction by 40% in the LF formation scenario and by 30% in the PCO formation scenario. The next activity concerned the development of some guidance and control strategies for a Collision-Avoidance scenario in which a free-flying chief spacecraft follows temporary off-nominal conditions and a controlled deputy spacecraft performs a collision avoidance maneuver. The proposed strategy consists on a first Separation Guidance that, using a computationally simple, deterministic and closed-form algorithm, takes charge of avoiding a predicted collision. When some safe conditions on the relative state vector (position and velocity) are met, a subsequent Nominal Guidance takes over. Genetic Algorithms are used to compute a pair of reference state trajectories in order to place the deputy spacecraft in a bounded safe or "parking" trajectory, while minimizing the propellant consumption and avoiding the formation evaporation. The performances of a LQR and a MPC in tracking these reference trajectories were compared, showing how a MPC controller can reduces the total delta-v requirement by 5 - 10% with respect to a LQR controller. MPC capabilities were then evaluated on the MIT SPHERES testbed in simulating the close-proximity phase of the rendez-vous and capture maneuver for the Mars Orbital Sample Return (MOSR) scenario. Better performances of MPC with respect to PD in executing this maneuver were conrmed both in a Matlab simulator and in the MIT SPHERES software simulator, with a total delta-v requirement reduction by 10-15 %. The proposed MPC control strategy was then tested using the SPHERES Flat Floor facility at the MIT Space System Laboratory. The last part of my research activities was devoted to the SFF Hardware Simulator of the University of Padova. My contributions to this project dealt with: (a) conclusion of the designing, building and testing of the five main subsystems of the hardware simulator; (b) software development for the hardware simulator and its Matlab software simulator; (c) preparatory experimental activities aimed at characterizing the thrust force performed by the on board thrusters and estimating the hardware simulator inertia properties; and (d) test of attitude control maneuvers with the use of predictive controllers. In particular, three main tests were carried out with the hardware simulator moving at one degree of freedom about the yaw axis. The first one aimed at tuning a Kalman Filter to properly estimate the yaw axis angular velocity using a double-integrator as dynamic model and angular position measurements provided by the yaw quadrature encoder. With the use of a simple Kalman Filter, the yaw angular position and velocity could be estimated with an error less than 0.1 ° and 0.1°/s, respectively. In the second test, an explicit MPC was used to perform a 170° slew maneuver of the hardware simulator attitude module about the yaw axis. The final target angular position was reached with an error less than 0.5° in 20 s. In the third test, a 3 degrees of freedom attitude reference trajectory was first computed using pseudospectral optimization methods for a repointing maneuver with active constraints on the attitude trajectory. The state trajectory was then projected along the satellite z-Body axis and tracked in the hardware simulator using an explicit MPC. Experimental results showed that with an explicit MPC the reference trajectories can be tracked with an error less that 1.5° for the angular position and less than 1°/s for the angular velocity, both in dynamic conditions. The final target state was reached with an error less than the estimation accuracy. The SFF Hardware Simulator is a ground-based testbed for the development and verification of GNC algorithms that in the present configuration allows the development and testing of advanced controls for attitude motion and in its final form will enable the derivation of control strategies for Formation Flight and Automated Rendezvous and Docking.
Il volo in formazione tra satelliti è una tecnologia fondamentale per molte missioni future, poiché, rispetto ad un satellite singolo, permette migliori prestazioni, nuove capacità, maggiore flessibilità e robustezza alle avarie e riduzione dei costi. Nonostante questi benefici, tuttavia, questo nuovo concetto pone svariate sfide progettuali e richiede nuove tecnologie. Il sistema di Guida, Navigazione e Controllo (GNC) è un elemento chiave per il volo in formazione, poiché deve essere affidabile nel coordinare tutti i satelliti che volano in formazione durante ciascuna fase della missione, garantendo l'integrità della formazione e prevenendo l'evaporazione della stessa, e, allo stesso tempo, efficiente nell'utilizzo delle limitate risorse di bordo. Il Model Predictive Control (MPC), chiamato anche Receding Horizon Control, è una moderna tecnica di controllo ottimo che sembra essere adeguata a queste finalità per le sue tre principali caratteristiche: schema di controllo basato su modello, abilità nel gestire i vincoli e ripianificazione. L'obbiettivo finale delle mie attività di dottorato è stato quello di sviluppare e testare strategie di controllo MPC per applicazioni di volo in formazione. Questo obiettivo è stato raggiunto sia mediante simulazioni al computer sia attraverso test sperimentali condotti e sul sistema Synchronized Position Hold Engage & Reorient Experimental Satellites (SPHERES) del MIT e sul simulatore hardware per volo in formazione che è in fase di sviluppo al Centro di Ateneo di Studi ed Attività Spaziali "Giuseppe Colombo" (CISAS) dell'Università di Padova. Le capacità del controllo MPC sono state dapprima testate mediante simulazioni al computer nell'eseguire una manovra di acquisizione di formazione per due veicoli spaziali, prendendo in considerazione due scenari: una formazione Leader-Follower (LF) e una formazione Projected Circular Orbit (PCO). Le prestazioni del controllore MPC sono state confrontate con quelle di un controllore LQR in presenza di vincoli attivi sulla massima accelerazione di controllo, valutando inoltre gli effetti perturbativi delle armoniche gravitazionali J2 e J3 e dell'attrito atmosferico sulle manovre proposte. I risultati delle simulazioni per entrambi gli scenari hanno mostrato che, per simili prestazioni nel seguire la stessa traiettoria di stato di riferimento in termini di tempo di assestamento, il controllore MPC è più efficiente (minor requisito di delta-v) rispetto al controllore LQR anche nei casi con perturbazioni, permettendo una riduzione del requisito di delta-v totale del 40% nello scenario LF e del 30% in quello PCO. L'attività successiva ha riguardato lo sviluppo di alcune strategie di guida e controllo per uno scenario di Collision-Avoidance in cui un satellite chief non controllato segue temporaneamente condizioni non nominali e un satellite controllato deputy esegue una manovra di anti-collisione. La strategia proposta consiste in una prima Separation Guidance che, utilizzando un algoritmo semplice, deterministico e in forma chiusa, ha lo scopo di evitare una collisione prevista. Quando vengono soddisfatte alcune condizioni di sicurezza sullo stato relativo (posizione e velocità), subentra una successiva Nominal Guidance. Gli Algoritmi Genetici sono usati per calcolare una coppia di traiettorie di stato di riferimento al fine di collocare il satellite deputy in una traiettoria chiusa "di parcheggio", minimizzando il consumo di carburante ed evitando l'evaporazione della formazione. Le prestazioni di un controllo LQR e di uno MPC nel seguire queste traiettorie di riferimento sono state messe a confronto, dimostrando come un controllo MPC può ridurre il requisito totale di delta-v del 5 - 10% rispetto ad un controllo LQR. Le capacità del controllo MPC sono state valutate anche nel sistema SPHERES del MIT nel simulare la fase di prossimità della manovra di rendez-vous and capture per lo scenario Mars Orbital Sample Return (MOSR). Migliori prestazioni del controllo MPC rispetto al controllo PD nell'eseguire questa manovra sono state confermate sia in un simulatore Matlab che nel simulatore software di SPHERES del MIT, con una riduzione del requisito totale di delta-v del 10 - 15%. La strategia di controllo MPC proposta è stata poi testata nella SPHERES Flat Floor facility presso lo Space System Laboratory del MIT. L'ultima parte dell'attività di ricerca si è concentrata sul simulatore hardware per il volo in formazione dell'Università di Padova. Il mio contributo a questo progetto ha riguardato: (a) la conclusione delle fasi di progettazione, costruzione e test dei cinque principali sottosistemi del simulatore hardware; (b) lo sviluppo di software per il simulatore hardware e del suo simulatore software in Matlab; (c) alcune attività sperimentali preparatorie finalizzate a caratterizzare la spinta prodotta dai razzetti di bordo e stimare le proprietà d'inerzia del simulatore hardware; e (d) il test di manovre di controllo d'assetto con l'utilizzo del controllo predittivo. In particolare, sono stati eseguiti tre principali test con il simulatore hardware in moto ad un grado di libertà attorno all'asse di yaw. Il primo test è stato finalizzato al tuning di un Filtro di Kalman per stimare in modo opportuno la velocità angolare di yaw usando un doppio integratore come modello dinamico e misure della posizione angolare fornite dall'encoder di yaw. Utilizzando un semplice Filtro di Kalman, è stato possibile stimare la posizione e la velocità angolare con un errore inferiore a 0.1° e 0.1°/s, rispettivamente. Nel secondo test, è stato utilizzato un controllo MPC esplicito per eseguire una manovra di ri-orientazione di 170° del modulo d'assetto del simulatore hardware attorno all'asse di yaw. La posizione angolare obiettivo è stata raggiunta con un errore inferiore a 0.5° in 20 s. Nel terzo test, una traiettoria d'asseto di riferimento è state dapprima calcolata utilizzando metodi di ottimizzazione pseudospectral per una manovra di ripuntamento con vincoli attivi sulla traiettoria di stato. La traiettoria di stato è stata poi proiettata lungo l'asse z-Body del satellite ed inseguita nel simulatore hardware utilizzando un controllo MPC esplicito. I risultati sperimentali hanno dimostrato che con un controllo predittivo esplicito le traiettorie di riferimento possono essere inseguite con un errore inferiore a 1.5° per la posizione angolare e inferiore a 1°/s per la velocità angolare, entrambi in condizioni dinamiche. Lo stato finale obiettivo è stato raggiunto con un errore inferiore all'accuratezza di stima. Il Simulatore Meccanico per il volo in formazione costituisce un banco di prova per lo sviluppo e la verifica in laboratorio di algoritmi di GNC; nella configurazione attuale il simulatore permette lo sviluppo ed il test di controlli avanzati per il moto d'assetto, mentre nella sua configurazione finale consentirà di sviluppare strategie di controllo per Formation Flight e Automated Rendezvous and Docking.

Que traduit la hausse de la participation aux élections présidentielles françaises de 2007 et américaines 2008 ? À partir d’enquêtes électorales française, américaine et canadienne, notre étude met en lumière les changements d’attitudes politiques des citoyens survenus ces dernières années et la pratique croissante d’une participation intermittente et sélective. Ces changements qui résultent de logiques d’individualisation ont permis aux individus de s’extirper de contraintes d’appartenance sociale et de s’affranchir d’allégeances partisanes. Leur jugement se fonde désormais sur une évaluation des critères de l’offre électorale. L’individualisation des valeurs en politique se traduit notamment par une évolution du sens du vote et une hiérarchisation des scrutins. Les électeurs ne se délaissent pas les élections, ils choisissent simplement de participer autrement. Plus instruits, plus autonomes et plus critiques, ces citoyens prescrivent des changements profonds de l’offre. Afin de rallier le plus grand nombre de suffrages, les candidats se voient contraints d’adapter leurs dispositifs stratégiques aux évolutions des comportements politiques des citoyens : structuration des partis, modernisation des campagnes électorales, militantisme à « la carte », nouvelles formes d’engagement politique, usage de l’Internet. Tout est fait pour que le citoyen individualisé trouve dans ces manières de faire la politique les bonnes raisons de voter
What does the increase of the voter turnout in the 2007 French and the 2008 American presidential election mean? With the French, American and Canadian surveys, we highlight the changes in the political attitude of the citizens occurred in recent years. The voters are now practicing an intermittent and selective voting. This changing political behavior reflects a growing individualization values in politics. They are making their mind up from an assessment of the electoral issues positions, an evolution of the meaning of the vote and, a priorization of elections. Voters are not leaving the polling stations, they are only choosing to participate in different way. More educated, autonomous and critical, the citizens require deep changes in the political evaluations. So, by winning number of votes, candidates have to adapt their strategical plan of actions by including the individualized behavior of the citizens : structuring the political party, modernizing the electoral campaigns, promoting a membership “à la carte”, developing new forms of political engagement, and using the Internet. Everything is done to increase the individualized citizens vote

Le choix social repose sur l’étude de la prise de décision collective, où un ensemble d’individus doit convenir d’une solution commune en fonction des préférences de ses membres. Le problème revient à déterminer comment agréger les préférences de différents agents en une décision acceptable pour le groupe. Typiquement, les agents interagissent dans des processus de décision collective, notamment en collaborant ou en échangeant des informations. Il est communément supposé que tout agent est capable d’interagir avec n’importe quel autre. Or, cette hypothèse paraît irréaliste pour de nombreuses situations. On propose de relâcher cette hypothèse en considérant que la possibilité d’interaction est déterminée par un réseau social, représenté par un graphe sur les agents. Dans un tel contexte, on étudie deux problèmes de choix social : le vote stratégique et l’allocation de ressources. L’analyse se concentre sur deux types d’interaction : la collaboration entre les agents, et la collecte d’information. On s’intéresse à l’impact du réseau social, modélisant une possibilité de collaboration entre les agents ou une relation de visibilité, sur la résolution et les solutions de problèmes de vote et d’allocation de ressources. Nos travaux s’inscrivent dans le cadre du choix social computationnel, en utilisant pour ces questions des outils provenant de la théorie des jeux algorithmique et de la théorie de la complexité
Social choice is the study of collective decision making, where a set of agents must make a decision over a set of alternatives, according to their preferences. The question relies on how aggregating the preferences of the agents in order to end up with a decision that is commonly acceptable for the group. Typically, agents can interact by collaborating, or exchanging some information. It is usually assumed in computational social choice that every agent is able to interact with any other agent. However, this assumption looks unrealistic in many concrete situations. We propose to relax this assumption by considering that the possibility of interaction is given by a social network, represented by a graph over the agents.In this context, we study two particular problems of computational social choice: strategic voting and resource allocation of indivisible goods. The focus is on two types of interaction: collaboration and information gathering. We explore how the social network,modelingapossibilityofcollaboration or a visibility relation among the agents, can impact the resolution and the solution of voting and resource allocation problems. These questions are addressed via computational social choice by using tools from algorithmic game theory and computational complexity

This research is an enquiry to find an electoral formula that conforms to Canadian constitutional values. Three core values that are pertinent to the issue of electoral systems are identified: democracy, diversity, and efficiency. Each of these core values is divided into different aspects. These aspects will form the backbone of the evaluation of different electoral systems in this work. I will begin with an evaluation of the plurality model of elections, which is currently used in Canada. I will demonstrate that many of the attributes of the current system are not in tune with Canadian constitutional values, in particular with the progressive interpretation that the Supreme Court of Canada has given to the right to vote as enshrined in Section 3 of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. Although the interpretation of the right to vote will be the main thrust of the constitutional scrutiny in this work, attention will also be given to other pertinent rights such as equality rights, minority rights, and the freedom of expression. Next, I will examine provincial electoral reform initiatives that were initiated in five Canadian provinces. All of these initiatives - three of which were put to referenda and eventually defeated - proposed adopting a variant of proportional representation. Accordingly, I will evaluate proportional systems according to the intended values. I will conclude that these systems have problems of their own and they also cannot strike a fine balance between competing values. In the final stage, I will make a new proposal for elections to the Canadian Parliament. First, I will demonstrate that majority systems are better candidates to attain the envisioned values. Then I will introduce a new variant of the majority model, which I call a majority-preferential two-round variant. I will demonstrate that this new variant will outperform the other variants in the attainment of values if adopted for elections to the House of Commons. Finally, I will argue that the combination of a House of Commons elected through the majority-preferential formula and a proportionally elected Senate will result in a more balanced approach to the relevant constitutional values.

Il presente lavoro introduce la possibilità di astensione dal voto nel modello di competizione politica spaziale à la Downs (1957), con l’intento di analizzare in che modo le decisioni di partecipazione/astensione, congiuntamente alla distribuzione degli elettori lungo lo spazio politico, influenzano il posizionamento strategico dei partiti e, quindi, l’equilibrio politico. In particolare, dopo una rassegna dei più interessanti contributi esistenti in letteratura, proposti come casi speciali di un unico modello generale, il lavoro si concentra sull’astensione da alienazione analizzando la relazione intercorrente tra le piattaforme elettorali in equilibrio, la tolleranza degli elettori e la loro distribuzione lungo l’intervallo di politiche. Infine, lo studio empirico sulla partecipazione al voto degli elettori nelle elezioni politiche italiane del 2008 mira ad individuare la relazione tra le caratteristiche individuali (socio-demografiche, attitudinali, di percezione del sistema politico) e la propensione all’astensione per indifferenza e/o alienazione, nonché ad esaminare la componente di astensione politica, ovvero verificare come l’impatto relativo di alienazione e indifferenza sull’astensionismo sia influenzato dalle posizioni politiche (ideologiche, dato il contesto uni-dimensionale) dei candidati.

碩士
國立中興大學
國家政策與公共事務研究所
101
In 2010 Taichung Mayor elections, the constituency changes, the voters increased, the patterns of the metropolitan area and non-metropolitan areas, cooperation with other local factions forces variables, resulting in the Taichung Mayor election has a great difference form the past mayoral elections. The candidate Su,Chia-Chuan and Hu,Chih-Chiang conditions faced campaign also will be different from the face of such a complex environment, how to choose the best strategy, through the assumption of rational choice, another zero-sum game between the two sides are also thinking about the candidates . We tried to study all five mayoral elections in 2010 for the study, summarized by the election results, the election results for Taichung, voter behavior studies to literature methods for related news topics, advertising strategies, propaganda shaping, etc. further strategies for the operation and effectiveness of the election would not affect the election results are discussed in order to use TEDS Taiwan''s Election and Democratization Study database (2010 mayoral election municipalities interviewed case) interviews data further validate whether the unanimous vote of the election strategy or split vote acts, supplemented depth interviews to understand the motives of candidates campaign strategy, campaign strategy led to know whether voting behavior change. After statistical data validation, as well as interviews with the results after finishing the course of the last election in Taichung, the two sides are not the best choice of candidates, the KMT candidate Hu,Chih-Chiang campaign strategy and city councilors decoupled and can not complement each other, creating a win-win; DPP Su Jia-Chuan still could not break the metropolitan area voters agree. Strengthen the integration of the KMT faction urgent action next election, the DPP will need to think about the image and transformed into a balance between rural grassroots shape, regardless of what political party is elected to completely serving the community, public opinion is democratic normalization politics beautiful achievement.

碩士
國立中山大學
高階公共政策碩士班
101
In Taiwan, the voting rate of the young is low. This paper studied the strategies concerning how to mobilize the youth to vote. In a word, the core purpose of this paper is to effectively improve voting tendency of the youth by application of the strategies. The proposed four strategies are 1. tendency of political party, 2. social community, 3. relationship and family affection, and 4. negative propaganda and clarification. Each strategy was designed based on the literary references. According to the strategies, we delicately designed an experimental questionnaire relating to a virtual election. The virtual candidates in the questionnaire were designed based on the real political men. The questions of the questionnaire were proposed according to our professional website design originality. By use of their emails, we sent the questionnaire to respondents who were expected to be 20~45 years old. In order to gain the real and meaningful data, our respondents were asked to imagine that they replied to this examination on the penultimate day of the real election. In addition, directly using the web linkage to our site, our respondents could promptly answered to us after they received the questionnaire. Therefore, we could collect and analyse the data from the respondents soon and then demonstrate the effects of the strategies. The questionnaires were sent to 623 respondents by email. The measuring time was from April 26th to May 9th, 2013. There were 149 effective samples retrieved through the web linkage to our site. The results showed that the middle-aged group (38 to 42 years old) were deeply influenced by tendency of political party and relationship and family affection. In contrary, the young-aged group (20 to 37 years old) were less influenced by these two strategies. Social community and negative propaganda and clarification had great effects on the young-aged group. Therefore, social community seems to be an effective method for moblizing the young to vote.

Airport disruption is a common situation and is expected to happen from time to time which can result from external and internal situations/factor. This dissertation aims to analyze the perception of passengers regarding disruption situations in the Lisbon Humberto Delgado Airport and to propose strategies and actions undertaken by the airport and the airline companies to improve the passenger experience and customer/passenger satisfaction. If disruption is foreseen to happen, in certain situations/factors, it can be predicted and planned/corrected in advance to diminish its effects. Also, when a disruption situation arises, the management process that is developed to provide a high level of satisfaction for the passengers is quite complex and challenging for the airport operator. Even so, the airport operator only has partial control of all the processes that make up the final offered service or product. The main research questions guiding this study are: aren’t passengers expecting from the airport management mechanisms to prevent this kind of situations? How can the airport improve passengers experience and offer customer value at the same time in a situation of disruption? A combined qualitative (personal deep interview with the Lisbon Airport Deputy Director and the Lisbon Hub Manager from the Portuguese flag company – TAP) and quantitative methodology (survey addressed to the passengers that used the Airport LHD in the summer of 2018, where 471 questionnaires were accepted). By analysing the obtained results, it was possible to demonstrate that the causes of disruption affect the level of satisfaction of the passengers as well as the actions taken by the airport and the airline. The level of information (high or low) that the passengers receive causes their level of satisfaction or unsatisfaction to increase or decrease with the operators.
A disrupção nos aeroportos é uma situação comum e expectável de tempos a tempos, tanto pode resultar de situações/factores internos e externos. Esta dissertação tem como objetivo analisar a percepção dos passageiros sobre situações de disrupção no Aeroporto de Lisboa Humberto Delgado e propor estratégias e acções empreendidas pelo Aeroporto e pelas companhias aéreas para melhorar a experiência do passageiro e a satisfação do cliente/passageiro. Se houver previsão que venha a ocorrer uma situação de disrupção, em determinadas situações/factores, esta pode ser prevista e planeada/corrigida com antecedência de modo a diminuir os seus efeitos. Além disso, quando surge uma situação de disrupção, o processo de gestão desenvolvido para proporcionar um elevado nível de satisfação aos passageiros é bastante complexo e desafiante para o gestor do aeroporto. Mesmo assim, o gestor do aeroporto tem controlo parcial de todos os processos que compõem o serviço ou produto final oferecido. As principais questões de pesquisa que guiaram este estudo foram: será que os passageiros não esperam mecanismos de gestão por parte do aeroporto para gerir este tipo de situações? Como pode o Aeroporto melhorar a experiência dos passageiros e ao mesmo tempo oferecer valor ao cliente numa situação de disrupção? Uma metodologia qualitativa (entrevista presencial com o director do Aeroporto de Lisboa e o director do Hub de Lisboa da companhia de bandeira Portuguesa – TAP) e quantitativa combinada (questionário dirigido a passageiros que utilizaram o Aeroporto LHD no verão de 2018, em que 471 questionários foram validados). Pela análise dos resultados obtidos, foi possível demonstrar que as causas de disrupção afectam o nível de satisfação dos passageiros assim como as acções tomadas pelo aeroporto e pela companhia aérea. O nível de informação (alta ou baixa) que os passageiros recebem faz com que a sua satisfação ou insatisfação aumente ou diminua com os operadores.

Cette thèse s'intéresse au lien qui existe entre le système électoral et deux comportements importants de la vie civique, soit la participation à une élection et la désertion stratégique du candidat préféré vers un autre candidat. Ces thèmes sont abordés dans de nombreux et de très importants ouvrages en science politique. En passant par la théorie (Downs, 1957) jusqu'à des études de terrain par l'entremise de sondages (Abramson, 2010; Blais, 2010), diverses méthodologies ont été employées pour mieux expliquer les choix des électeurs. Ma contribution à l'avancement des connaissances dans ce domaine passe par l'usage de la méthode expérimentale pour mieux saisir les similitudes et différences dans les comportements des électeurs sous le système uninominal à un tour (UT) et la représentation proportionnelle (RP) ainsi que les mécanismes au niveau individuel qui produisent ces similitudes et différences. Le cœur de la thèse est composé des trois articles dont voici les résumés : Article 1. Des élections expérimentales faites à Montréal, Paris et Bruxelles permettent d'estimer l’influence directe du mode de scrutin sur la décision des électeurs de voter ou non, et de voter pour leur parti préféré ou non. En tout, 16 groupes de 21 électeurs votent sous différents systèmes électoraux, soit le UT et la RP. Les préférences sont attribuées aléatoirement et connues de tous les participants. Nos résultats indiquent que le vote n'est pas globalement plus sincère et que la participation électorale n'est pas plus élevée sous le système proportionnel. Toutefois, nous observons moins de désertion d'un petit parti sous le système proportionnel. Article 2. Les expériences permettent également d'expliquer pourquoi les électeurs votent parfois pour un parti autre que leur parti préféré. La conclusion principale est que la décision de voter de façon sincère ou non est influencée par les préférences individuelles, mais aussi par les perceptions des chances de gagner des candidats ainsi que des chances que son propre vote puisse décider le résultat de l'élection. Les électeurs qui désertent leur premier choix prennent en considération quel candidat est le plus près de leurs positions politiques, mais également de la viabilité de cette alternative. De plus, les électeurs qui aiment prendre des risques ont davantage tendance à déserter. Article 3. Le modèle de l'électeur pivot est mis à l'épreuve pour mieux comprendre la décision de voter ou non lors d'une élection. Nos expériences permettent de répliquer, avec un devis expérimental différent, les résultats importants des travaux de Duffy et Tavits (2008). Nos résultats confirment que la perception d'être pivot augmente la participation, que ces perceptions sont sujettes à la surestimation et que cette surestimation ne décline pas complètement dans le temps. Nous allons également plus loin que les recherches de Duffy et Tavits et nous trouvons que la participation n'est pas plus forte sous RP que sous UT et que la probabilité d'être pivot a un impact plus important chez les électeurs évitant de prendre des risques.
This thesis focuses on the relationship between the electoral system and two important behaviors of civic life: participation in an election and the strategic desertion of the preferred candidate. These topics are addressed in very important books in political science. From theory (Duverger, 1954; Downs, 1957) to empirical research using surveys (Abramson, 2010; Blais, 2010), various methodologies have been used to better explain voter's choices. My contribution to knowledge is the use of experimental methods to better understand both similarities and differences in voter behavior under the plurality system (PLU) and the proportional representation (PR) system and the individual level mechanisms that produce these similarities and differences. The core of the thesis consists of three articles summarized below: Article 1. Experimental elections conducted in Montreal, Paris and Brussels estimate the direct influence of the voting system on the voters' decision whether to vote or not, and vote for their preferred party or another party. In all, 16 groups of 21 voters take part in elections under different electoral systems. The systems are simple plurality and proportional representation. Preferences are randomly assigned and known by all participants. Our results indicate that voting is globally not more sincere and that voter turnout is not higher under the proportional system. However, we observe less desertion of small parties under the proportional system. Article 2. We perform a laboratory experiment to explain why voters sometimes vote for a party other than the preferred one. The main conclusion of the paper is that in addition to voter preferences, perceptions of winning chances and belief in the possibility of affecting the outcome are key factors in the voter’s decision to vote sincerely or not. When they desert their first choice, voters consider their preferences and the viability of the alternatives. Voters who like to take risks are more prone to desert. Article 3. This paper examines the decision to vote or not in experimental elections. We replicate the important findings of Duffy and Tavits (2008) with a different design. Our results support their finding, that is, turnout is affected by the belief that one's vote counts and overestimation of the probability that one's vote counts does not decrease completely over time. Going beyond previous research, we also find that turnout is not higher under a proportional system than under a plurality system, and beliefs about being in a pivotal disposition have a greater impact on turnout among the risk averse.

INTRODUZIONE: Il presente progetto di ricerca nasce all’interno di un Dottorato Eureka, sviluppato grazie al contributo della Regione Marche, dell’Università di Macerata e dell’azienda Jobmetoo by Jobdisabili srl, agenzia per il lavoro esclusivamente focalizzata sui lavoratori con disabilità o appartenenti alle categorie protette. Se trovare lavoro è già difficile per molti, per chi ha una disabilità diventa un percorso pieno di ostacoli. Nonostante, infatti, la legge 68/99 abbia una visione tra le più avanzate in Europa, l’Italia è stata ripresa dalla Corte Europea per non rispettare i propri doveri relativamente al collocamento mirato delle persone con disabilità. Tra chi ha una disabilità, la disoccupazione è fra il 50% e il 70% in Europa, con punte dell’80% in Italia. L’attuale strategia europea sulla disabilità 2010-2020 pone come obiettivi fondamentali la lotta alla discriminazione, le pari opportunità e l’inclusione attiva. Per la realizzazione di tali obiettivi assume un’importanza centrale l’orientamento permanente: esso si esercita in forme e modalità diverse a seconda dei bisogni, dei contesti e delle situazioni. La centralità di tutti gli interventi orientativi è il riconoscimento della capacità di autodeterminazione dell’essere umano, che va supportato nel trovare la massima possibilità di manifestarsi e realizzarsi. Ciò vale ancora di più per le persone con disabilità, in quanto risultano fondamentali tutte quelle azioni che consentono loro di raggiungere una consapevolezza delle proprie capacità/abilità accanto al riconoscimento delle caratteristiche della propria disabilità. L’orientamento assume così un valore permanente nella vita di ogni persona, garantendone lo sviluppo e il sostegno nei processi di scelta e di decisione con l’obiettivo di promuovere l’occupazione attiva, la crescita economica e l’inclusione sociale. Oggi giorno il frame work di riferimento concettuale nel campo della disabilità è l’International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF), il quale ha portato a un vero e proprio rovesciamento del termine disabilità dal negativo al positivo: non si parla più di impedimenti, disabilità, handicap, ma di funzioni, strutture e attività. In quest’ottica, la disabilità non appare più come mera conseguenza delle condizioni fisiche dell’individuo, ma scaturisce dalla relazione fra l’individuo e le condizioni del mondo esterno. In termini di progetto di vita la sfida della persona con disabilità è quella di poter essere messa nelle condizioni di sperimentarsi come attore della propria esistenza, con il diritto di poter decidere e, quindi, di agire di conseguenza in funzione del proprio benessere e della qualità della propria vita, un una logica di autodeterminazione. OBIETTIVO: Sulla base del background e delle teorie di riferimento analizzate e delle necessità aziendali è stata elaborata la seguente domanda di ricerca: è possibile aumentare la consapevolezza negli/nelle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità che si approcciano al mondo del lavoro, rispetto alle proprie abilità, competenze, risorse, oltre che alle limitazioni imposte dalla propria disabilità? L’obiettivo è quello di sostenere i processi di auto-riflessione sulla propria identità e di valorizzare il ruolo attivo della persona stessa nella sua autodeterminazione, con la finalità ultima di aumentare e migliorare il match tra le persone con disabilità e le imprese. L’auto-riflessione permetterà di facilitare il successivo contatto dialogico con esperti di orientamento e costituirà una competenza che il soggetto porterà comunque come valore aggiunto nel mondo del lavoro. METODI E ATTIVITÀ: Il paradigma teorico-metodologico adottato è un approccio costruttivista: peculiarità di questo metodo è che ciascuna componente della ricerca può essere riconsiderata o modificata nel corso della sua conduzione o come conseguenza di cambiamenti introdotti in qualche altra componente e pertanto il processo è caratterizzato da circolarità; la metodologia e gli strumenti non sono dunque assoggettati alla ricerca ma sono al servizio degli obiettivi di questa. Il primo passo del progetto di ricerca è stato quello di ricostruzione dello stato dell’arte, raccogliendo dati, attraverso la ricerca bibliografica e sitografica su: l’orientamento, la normativa vigente in tema di disabilità, i dati di occupazione/disoccupazione delle persone con disabilità e gli strumenti di accompagnamento al lavoro. A fronte di dati mancanti sul territorio italiano relativi alla carriera e ai fabbisogni lavorativi degli/delle studenti/esse e laureati/e con disabilità, nella prima fase del progetto di ricerca è stata avviata una raccolta dati su scala nazionale, relativa al monitoraggio di carriera degli studenti/laureati con disabilità e all’individuazione dei bisogni connessi al mondo del lavoro. Per la raccolta dati è stato sviluppato un questionario ed è stata richiesta la collaborazione a tutte le Università italiane. Sulla base dei dati ricavati dal questionario, della letteratura e delle indagini esistenti sulle professioni, nella fase successiva della ricerca si è proceduto alla strutturazione di un percorso di auto-orientamento, volto ad aumentare la consapevolezza nelle persone con disabilità delle proprie abilità e risorse, accanto a quella dei propri limiti. In particolare, il punto di partenza per la costruzione del percorso è stata l’Indagine Istat- Isfol sulle professioni (2012) e la teoria delle Intelligenze Multiple di H. Gardner (1983). Si è arrivati così alla strutturazione del percorso di auto-orientamento, composto da una serie di questionari attraverso i quali il candidato è chiamato ad auto-valutare le proprie conoscenze, le competenze, le condizioni di lavoro che gli richiedono più o meno sforzo e le intelligenze che lo caratterizzano, aggiungendo a questi anche una parte più narrativa dove il soggetto è invitato a raccontare i propri punti di forza, debolezza e le proprie aspirazioni in ambito professionale. Per sperimentare il percorso di auto-orientamento creato, nell’ultima fase della ricerca è stato predisposto uno studio pilota per la raccolta di alcuni primi dati qualitativi con target differenti, studenti/esse universitari/e e insegnanti di scuola superiore impegnati nel tema del sostegno e dell’orientamento, e utilizzando diversi strumenti (autopresentazioni, test multidimensionale autostima, focus group). CONCLUSIONI: I dati ottenuti dallo studio pilota, seppur non generalizzabili, in quanto provenienti da un campione esiguo, hanno evidenziato come il percorso di auto-orientamento attivi una riflessione sulla visione di sé nei diversi contesti e un cambiamento, in positivo o in negativo, nell’autostima e nella valutazione di sé in diverse aree, ad esempio nell’area delle relazioni interpersonali, del vissuto corporeo, dell’emotività ecc. Tali dati ci hanno permesso soprattutto di evidenziare punti di forza e debolezza del percorso creato e di apportare modifiche per una maggiore comprensione e adattabilità del prodotto stesso. Il valore del percorso orientativo è connesso al ruolo attivo di auto-valutatore giocato dal candidato con disabilità, affiancando a questa prima fase di autovalutazione un successivo confronto dialogico con un esperto, tale da permettere un ancoraggio alla realtà esterna, al contesto in cui il soggetto si trova a vivere. In questo senso, l’orientamento assume il valore di un processo continuo e articolato, che ha come scopo principale quello di sostenere la consapevolezza di sé e delle proprie potenzialità, agendo all’interno dell’area dello sviluppo prossimale della persona verso la realizzazione della propria identità personale, sociale e professionale.