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Literatura académica sobre el tema "Volcanisme – Environnement – Régions tropicales"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Volcanisme – Environnement – Régions tropicales"
Candau, Joel. "Anthropocène". Anthropen, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.17184/eac.anthropen.070.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Volcanisme – Environnement – Régions tropicales"
Tidiga, Mariam. "Contenu et variabilité des aérosols de la stratosphère : impact des éruptions volcaniques sur la période 2013-2019". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Orléans, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021ORLE2011.
Texto completoLarge volcanic eruptions affect the climate by injecting sulphur dioxide gas into the stratosphere which is converted to sulphate aerosols. These aerosols have the power to warm the stratosphere, cooling the troposphere by reflecting solar radiation. Since the Pinatubo eruption in 1991, which resulted in a global cooling of 0.4◦C, observations have shown that the stratosphere has been regularly impacted by volcanic eruptions of moderate magnitude on a hemispheric scale, but that these events have been less well documented in the tropics. During our research, we carried out simulations by the global model WACCM-CARMA, including chemical and microphysical cycles of Sulphur to study the variability of stratospheric aerosol content in the tropics over the period 2013-2019. The simulations show that the volcanic events of the period (Kelud, Calbuco, Ambae, Raikoke and Ulawun) have significantly influenced the aerosol layer in the tropics, either by direct injection or by transport from distant latitudes
Aceves, Hernandez Francisco Javier. "Santé-Environnement-Développement. Technologies Environnementales Socialement Appropriées pour les Régions Tropicales. Une étude de cas au Chiapas, Mexique". Paris 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA030116.
Texto completoThe socially appropriate environmental technologies set up with the active participation of : - the concerned community, - the scientific and technical counsellors, and - the local and national decision makers, can help to improve and to preserve : - the public health, the natural and artificial environment, and - the socio-economic-cultural development in the tropical regions
Garot, Thomas. "Relation Convection-Environnement dans la troposphère tropicale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLV116/document.
Texto completoThe complexity of the climate depends largely on the water cycle. In the tropics, atmosphericwater is a key parameter, 60% of global rainfall occurs in the tropics. The understandingof the atmospheric water cycle on a global scale need to use satellite observations. The Indo-French satellite Megha-Tropiques, launched in 2011, allows to study for the _rst time simultaneous observations from moisture and rain. The _rst part of the thesis is the study of the impact of a hurricane on its environment. For this, a case study was selected (Typhoon Bopha) and a diagnosis was performed to study the production / consumption of moisture and heat in the typhoon. The second part of the thesis is the study of the relationshipbetween clouds and humidity in the upper troposphere. This study was conducted over the Indian Ocean (between 2011 and 2014) and over the Sahel (between 2012 and 2015)
Fernandes, Correa Gilberto. "Les microreliefs "et leur environnement pédologique dans l'ouest du Minas Gerais, région du Plateau Central brésilien". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10406.
Texto completoHöjgård-Olsen, Erik. "Observations du cycle de l'eau atmosphérique tropicale et de ses variations avec la température de surface de la mer, à l'aide d'une constellation de satellites". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ007.
Texto completoThe tropical atmosphere is a complex system of dynamic and thermodynamic processes. Superimposed on these complexities is a radiative forcing due to anthropogenically emitted greenhouse gases and a resulting global warming. Climate projections often assume that the feedback parameter is constant in time, so that changes in radiative flux are proportional to changes in surface temperature. Projection uncertainties are associated with the atmospheric water cycle’s response to surface warming, and motivate the need to better understand processes linking clouds, circulation of atmospheric water and climate.This work aims to improve our understanding of the covariability of sea surface temperature (SST), relative humidity (RH), clouds and precipitation, on different temporal and spatial scales in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). It relies on a unique synergistic dataset of high vertical resolution that measures the daytime (01:30 pm) RH profile, cloud characteristics and near-surface precipitation provided by the microwave radiometer SAPHIR, the CALIOP lidar and the CPR radar. This dataset has a 1° by 1° horizontal resolution and covers the time period 2012 to 2018. It is associated to SST and atmospheric vertical velocity fields of the ERA5 reanalysis.The synergistic dataset was explored along two scientific questions:(i) The first question concerned the instantaneous timescale and the co-evolution of RH profiles, cloud cover and SST, under large-scale circulation constraint. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive observational view of the tropical atmospheric water cycle’s response to SST on the instantaneous timescale. Different physical relationships are established for the different large-scale circulation regimes, and their characteristics are robust to natural variability (such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation). The descending regime is characterized by a dry free troposphere and decreasing opaque liquid cloud cover with SST, and an expected clear-sky cooling with SST. In contrast, the ascending regime is characterized by a nonlinear response in ice cloud cover and free-tropospheric RH with SST that peak around the 302 K SST, which likely induce nonlinear responses of the radiative fluxes.(ii) The second question addressed the assumption of timescale-invariant feedback factors on daily, monthly, seasonal and annual scales. Rates of changes of RH and cloud characteristics with SST defined on the global scale (tropical oceans) are compared to rates of changes computed on the grid box scale. On the global scale, negligible changes are observed in the RH profile with SST, opaque cloud cover decreases, and ice cloud altitudes rise with SST with little change in cloud temperature. These results suggest an enhanced clear-sky radiative cooling with SST, whilst cloud emission temperatures are invariant, as discussed in some assumptions on the tropical atmosphere. Overall, the results highlight significant differences according to the timescale considered for computing global scale rates of changes, which can be used as a strong diagnostic in the evaluation of climate models. Following this, a first analysis of the IPSL model was performed and shows the interest of such diagnostic based on observations
Salhi, Lakhdar. "Contribution à l’étude des comportements mécaniques et à la corrosion d’un système de fondation de type pieu vissé dans un sol mou en environnement tropical humide". Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0790/document.
Texto completoThe purpose of this thesis is to study the both behaviors mechanical and of the corrosion of a new foundation system, called spirec piles, for lightweight structures. The work was based on two main aspects. The first aspect concerns the analysis of behavior of the spirmec piles under axial loading on the basis of experimental and numerical modeling in a non-cohesive soft soil. On the second aspect, it addresses the problem of corrosion of steel forming the pile in a humid tropical environment. The behavior of the tested piles under axial traction load, in a non-cohesive soil, showed the development of a cylindrical surface of failure. This does not depend on the geometrical configuration of the tested piles such that: the spacing s, the helix diameter dh and the diameter of the shaft. By adopting this failure criterion and using statistical data analysis, we proposed four analytical methods for predicting the bearing capacity of the piles from in-situ and laboratory tests, which are: cpt method based on tip resistance penetrometer (cpt test), mpt method based on pressuremeter limit pressure (test mpt), method of installation torque and analytical method based on the shear parameters of soil (triaxial tests and shear box). These methods take into account the geometry of the pile, the method and implementation of soil compaction. Performance analysis of the proposed methods showed that the analytical methods and cpt represent better the behavior of piles tested. An axisymmetric condition was assumed to model this geometry in two-dimensional space. In this study, we proposed to model the pipe screw pile with plates elements available in plaxis 2d. The helixes were modeled as circular disks. Interface elements were incorporated along the pile to simulate the soil-pile interaction. Hardening soil model was chosen to describe the soil with drained behavior was assigned for all layers. Linear elastic for pile and elastic plastic model based on the mohr-coulomb criterion was used to describe the interface behavior. The lateral expansion generated by the pile shaft was modeled by anisotropic volumetric strains (ɛxx=ɛzz, ɛyy=0). The pile behavior under tensile loading at different volumetric strains, it is clear that the best fit was obtained at volumetric strain of 40%. The parametric study also allowed us to establish the existence of a linear variation between the bearing capacity and spacings. The behavior of the galvanized steel in the ground has also been studied using three approaches such as: electrochemical, microscopic imaging and gravimetrically. Electrochemical tests of the corrosion of the zinc have been made in artificial soil solution into two periods, the rainy season and after eight months of contact soil-pile. Is a strong dependence of the observed corrosion rate of the zinc at the ph and conductivity of the solution. The corrosion rate is higher in the rainy season compared to eight months of contact of the pile with soil. High sulfate concentrations increase the rate of corrosion. The meb analysis shows that the fluctuation zone of the water table is the most corroded area. Comparison between the different methods of evaluating the corrosion rate showed that the ground water may be used as a representative profile of the chemical environment of a non-cohesive soil and slightly granular
Majeed, Muhammad Zeeshan. "Emissions of nitrous oxide by tropical soil macrofauna : impact of feeding guilds and licrobial communities involved". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20073/document.
Texto completoSoils account for about 63% of N2O emissions. Tropical soils are estimated to emit 23% of global N2O emission budget which is much higher than temperate soil N2O emissions. These soils also harbor a huge biodiversity of invertebrates dominated by four types of macrofauna i.e. termites, earthworms, ants and scarabaeid grubs. These macrofaunal groups are considered as soil engineers because they regulate the availability of chemical resources, like mineral nitrogen, for the microorganisms via their specific digestion capabilities and/or by creating and modifying soil habitats. This study is based on the following hypothesis (i) the gut environment or biogenic structures of these soil engineers are considered as hotspots of N2O emission (ii) the N2O emission rates will vary according to their feeding behavior as these macrofauna thrive on diverse substrates with different C:N ratio (iii) the rate of N2O emission in each soil fauna will also depend on the gut density of the bacterial communities involved in the N2O emission (nitrifiers and denitrifiers) and on the mineral nitrogen content within the gut. To assess these different hypotheses in-vitro short-term N2O emission rates were assessed for either live macrofauna (30 species collected from Africa, South America and Europe) or their biogenic materials or both under aerobic incubations. Genes abundance of nitrifiers (AOA and AOB) and denitrifiers (nirK, nirS, nosZ) were quantified by real time quantitative PCR. Soil-feeders and fungus-growing termites and scarabaeid grubs emitted in-vivo N2O while ants did not. Surprisingly, wood- and grass-feeding termites revealed an uptake of N2O. Biogenic structures of earthworms and ants emitted substantial amount of N2O while those of termites did not. The emission difference between macrofauna or their biogenic materials and their control materials was significant for most of the macrofaunal groups studied confirming our first hypothesis. We also confirmed that the feeding behavior (total N content and C:N ratio of food material) is the main factor explaining the observed N2O emission pattern of each macrofaunal group investigated whereas genes abundances, particularly of denitrifiers and gut N mineral content did not appear to be relevant proxies of the N2O emissions rates. A back-on-the-envelope data upscaling suggests that soil macrofauna could contribute from 0.1–11.7% and 0.1–8.8% of the total soil N2O emissions, respectively, for the tropical rainforest and dry savanna ecosystems. This work should contribute to a better estimation of the soil biotic compartment in the different models of greenhouse gas emissions from tropical soils