Tesis sobre el tema "Virus – Reproduction (biologie)"
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Masante, Cyril. "Les minigénomes : un nouveau modèle de la réplication du VHC : mise en place et applications". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21455.
Texto completoThe hepatitis C virus (HCV) affects around 170 million people worldwide and 3-4 million persons are infected each year. This infection will lead to death in 5-7 % of patients infected with HCV as a consequence of liver disease. The virus was first identified by Choo et al. (1989) but until recently development of new treatment for this infection has been hampered by the lack of an efficient cellular system. We established a new model to study HCV replication. In this system, the genes coding for the HCV non structural proteins are introduced in Huh7 cells (human hepatoma cell line) in order to constitutively express the HCV complex. Its activity is analysed by transfection of non-coding RNA (RNA minigenome) in the modified Huh7 cells. Those RNAs include EGFP and hygromycine genes surrounded by 5'UTR HCV non coding sequences. Those regions are included in order to be recognised by the HCV complex. The actvity of the HCV replication complex was determined by flow cytometry. Only cells able to support RNA minigenome replication could express the EGFP gene. RNA minigenome replication was detected in cells and could be maintained under hygromycine selection. I used this model to analyze the differences in replication activities between HCV genotype 1 and 3. We have identified 7 non contiguous nucleotides specific of genotype 3 in the 5'UTR, and those nucleotides are only present in this genotype, I showed these changes could be responsible for the reduced efficiency of RNA replication in the genotype 3. I also used this model to study the role of a cis-acting replication element, previously shown to be critical for the virus' replication. We have shown that this sequence is not required for the replication of our minigenome. I designed experiments to understand and explain the differences observed
Harrus, Déborah. "Compréhension des déterminants moléculaires de l'activation de la réplication du virus de l'hépatite C par corrélation d'informations biochimiques et structurales sur sa polymérase NS5B". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA114861.
Texto completoHepatitis C virus (HCV) is a highly varaible virus, classified in genotypes that differ in their geographical distribution, the seriousness of the liver disease they cause, and response et the available treatment. RNA-dependant RNA polymerase NS5B is a choice target for specific inhibitors of HCV. Its organization can be described as a catalytic domain comprising the 530 N-terminal residues connected by a 40-residue linker to a C-terminal 21-residue transmembrane anchor. The linker occludes the catalytic cleft in the crystal structures of NS5B, a conformation likely conducive to initiation of RNA synthesis but clearly inhibitory to elongation, both because of direct steric hindrance and because it locks NS5B in a closed conformation. The main objective of our research was the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of de novo RNA synthesis by HCV, and more specially the conformation changes that occurs during the transition between the initiation and the elongation steps. We proposed a diagram explaining the sequence of events alllowing RNA synthesis. It begins with NS5B's recognition of the viral genome, followed by the fixation of the first two incorporated nucleotides, and so this neo-synthesized dinucleotide repositioning thanks to NS5B's conformational changes to allow the further RNA elongation. This mechanism description highly improves our understanding of HCV-NS5B
Jakubiec, Anna. "Etude du complexe de réplication du virus de la mosaïque jaune du navet (TYMV) : assemblage et régulation". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077111.
Texto completoTurnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) has a positive-stranded RNA genome encoding three proteins, one of which - the 206K -is essential for viral replication. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed that the 206K is cleaved into two products: the 140K containing domains indicative of methyltransferase (MT), proteinase (PRO) and helicase (HEL) activities and the 66K encompassing RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. During my PhD I studied interactions between these proteins and determinants of their subcellular localisation in order to gain insight into molecular mechanisms underlying the assembly of viral replication complexes. This work supports a model wherein the 66K is recruited to the replication sites through an interaction with the PRO domain of the 140K, which is the membrane tether for viral replication complexes. Using antisera directed against different domains of the 206K precursor, we showed that the 140K was further processed in vivo into two products: 92K, containing the MT and PRO domains and 42K encompassing the HEL domain. Preliminary results indicate that the cleavage is not essential, but it is required for efficient viral replication. Eventually, we showed that the 66K polymerase was phosphorylated in vivo and several phosphorylated residues were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Site directed mutagenesis experiments suggest two distinct functions for the 66K phosphorylation. We propose that phosphorylation in the N-terminal PEST sequence controls the metabolic stability of the 66K polymerase, while phosphorylation of its catalytic domain is involved in the regulation of viral RNA synthesis in the course of viral infection
Germon, Stéphanie. "Utilisation du modèle de l'hépatite B du canard pour la détermination de l'activité antivirale du L-FMAU et l'étude de la biologie de mutants de résistance à la lamivudine". Lyon 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999LYO1T274.
Texto completoLangon, Tania. "Clonage, séquençage et caractérisation des propriétés biologiques d'une souche très pathogène du virus de l'hépatite delta". Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO1T288.
Texto completoLavedrine, Aude. "Caractérisation des protéines cellulaires sélectivement ciblées vers l’autophagie lors de l'infection par le virus de la rougeole". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024LYO10227.
Texto completoAutophagy is a highly conserved lysosomal catabolic process in eukaryotic cells that allows the degradation of a wide range of cytosolic components. This mechanism is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, particularly during invasions by intracellular pathogens. In this context, autophagy, referred to as xenophagy, serves as a key tool to defend the cell and eliminate the invader. However, many infectious agents have developed strategies to escape autophagic degradation or even hijack this process to their advantage. Our team has identified that the measles virus induces a complete autophagic process that contributes to enhancing viral replication. To understand how the measles virus manipulates autophagy, the objective of this thesis was to identify the nature of the cellular proteins degraded by this process during infection. In a first study, we demonstrated that two autophagy receptors, p62/SQSTM1 and TAX1BP1/T6BP, are degraded by virus-induced autophagy. The degradation of these two proteins impacts the intracellular cycle of bacteria co-infecting the cells, thus demonstrating the major influence of autophagy modulation by an infectious agent on cellular biology. To delve deeper, we then used a large-scale unbiased approach to identify the entire cellular proteome targeted within autophagosomes during measles virus infection. Beyond the 1031 proteins identified in the autophagosomes of infected cells, proteomic analysis and Gene Ontology highlighted a pro-viral factor, ILF3, which appears to inhibit the autophagic process during measles virus infection. Many other cellular pathways targeted toward autophagy during infection were also identified. This work paves the way for a better understanding of the complex interplay between autophagy and the measles virus, and more broadly, between autophagy and infectious microorganisms
Mateo, Mathieu. "Etude du rôle de la protéine VP24 dans la réplication , la pathogénicité et l'adaptation du virus Ebola". Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0611.
Texto completoThis PhD work highlight the critical role of the Ebola virus VP24 protein in the development of fatal hemorrhagic fevers associated with Ebola virus infections. Indeed, we have demonstrated that the acquisition of Ebola virus pathogenicity in the guinea-pig model is associated with modifications in the VP24 protein. We have identified two domains in VP24 which allow the virus to control the innate immune system and we have demonstrated that the adaptative mutations do not affect the IFN-antagonist function of VP24. Adaptative modifications in VP24 lead to a reduced interaction with the cellular KPNA1 protein and to a better interaction with viral components, allowing the proper assembly of infectious virus particles in the primary intected cells. We also identified a new function for VP24 in the control of the oxidative stress response
Nicot, Christophe. "Clonage d'un provirus infectieux du HTLV-1 : étude de la replication virale in vitro dans des types cellulaires de différentes origines". Bordeaux 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR28342.
Texto completoReuse, Sophie. "Etude de la réactivation de l'expression des provirus HIV-1 latents par la prostratine en synergie avec des inhibiteurs de désacétylases: mécanismes moléculaires impliqués et potentiel thérapeutique". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210213.
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Etienne, Loïc. "Assemblage et sécrétion du virus de l'hépatite C : identification de dix résidus de la protéïne de capside importants pour optimiser la production du virus in vitro". Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR3309/document.
Texto completoDevelopment and cloning in 2005 of the highly replicative strain JFH-1 was a great opportunity to study the different stages of the infectious cycle of HCV as this strain easily propagate in the hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. Until now, these lates phases of particles assembly remain poorly understood, although the core protein is thought to probably play a major role in initiation of these mechanisms. Comparative studies of the capsid sequences of different strains of hepatitis C have allowed us to identify 10 specific residues in the JFH-1 strain that could explain the functional deficits of this protein. Indeed, the replacement in JFH-1 strain of these 10 residues by those most commonly found in strains of genotype 1 and 2 showed improvement of the assembly and secretion of new infectious particles and new subcellular localization of core. In addition, replacement of these ten residues by most common amino acid found in patients show a great enhancement of in vitro virus production and secretion. As a perspective, development of this optimized virus could also represent a valuable model to better purify and determine viral structure, and true viral assembly site; HCV fields that remain till now largely unknown
Ayrolles-Torro, Adeline. "Etude du mécanisme d’action des composés thiényl-pyrimidines et azines sur les prions et leur valorisation potentielle dans un test diagnostic des ESST". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20178.
Texto completoPrions diseases are fatal neurodegeneratives disorders, which affect both humans and animals. No early diagnosis test of prions as well as effective treatment exists. The infectious agent consists mainly of the abnormal form, named PrPSc of the cellular protein prion, PrPC. Even if the replication cycle of prions is not totally known, the majority of the therapeutic strategies target monomerics forms of PrPC, PrPSc as well as amyloid fibrils. Dimers or trimers of PrPSc were recently described and would be part of an unstable preamyloïde state. We hypothesize that the identification of small molecules interacting with those preamyloid intermediates would block the replication cycle of prions and thus would reduce their infectivity. For this purpose, we used an approach of virtual screening, followed by a cellular screening on prions infected-cells. We identified a family of thienyls pyrimidines and azines compounds, able of stabilizing dimers of PrPSc, and observable in denaturing conditions by immunoblot. In vivo studies indicate that the pre-incubation of compounds with infected brain homogenate, reduces the prion infectiosity of the inoculum, suggesting a potential therapeutic application. We also studied the mechanism of action of these molecules and we propose that these compounds could directly interact with prions via a mechanism of aggregation. We showed that thienyl pyrimidine compounds can discriminate the infected brain homogenates from healthy ones, by the presence of specific PrPSc dimers, suggesting a potential application for the development of a new diagnosis test for ESST
Mavigner, Maud. "Réplication résiduelle du VIH-1 et homéostasie lymphocytaire T sous traitement antirétroviral efficace". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOU30307.
Texto completoHIV-1 residual replication and CD4+ T-cell depletion are likely to persist in HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy. We find evidence that the residual viremia that persist in some patients despite prolonged antiretroviral therapy could be due to the release of archival virus from reservoir cells and/or ongoing virus replication. Our results also showed that the residual viremia in the poor immunological responders to antiretroviral therapy was positively correlated with the activation of their CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. The ongoing low-level virus production despite antiretroviral therapy in some patients might thus contribute to persistent immune activation. Additionally we demonstrate persistent alteration of CCR9+α4ß7+ CD4 T-cells homing to the GALT in HIV-infected patient. This lack of recruitment of CD4+ T-cells contributes to the gut mucosal damage, microbial translocation, and systemic T cell activation and could be involved in incomplete mucosal immune reconstitution
Vandenhoudt, Nathalie. "Etude du rôle des sites de liaison AP-1 intragéniques dans la régulation de l'expression du HIV-1 (Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1)". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210317.
Texto completoAu cours de notre thèse, nous avons poursuivi la caractérisation de ces sites de liaison AP-1 et avons montré que les facteurs c Fos, JunB et JunD interagissent in vitro avec ces motifs. Pour chaque site, nous avons identifié des mutations qui abolissent la liaison des facteurs AP-1 sans altérer la séquence en acides aminés sous-jacente de la transcriptase inverse. Par des expériences de transfection transitoire, nous avons démontré que les sites AP 1 intragéniques sont entièrement responsables de l’activité enhancer PMA-dépendante du fragment 5103. De plus, l’activité PMA-inductible du fragment 5103 est inhibée par le mutant dominant négatif A-Fos à condition que les sites ne soient pas mutés. A l’inverse, l’expression ectopique de dimères forcés AP-1 affecte positivement l’activité enhancer du fragment 5103. Enfin, nous avons étudié le rôle biologique des sites AP-1 intragéniques dans la réplication virale et avons montré que ces sites contribuent positivement à l’infectivité du virus.
Durant la seconde partie de notre thèse, nous avons entamé la caractérisation physique et fonctionnelle du fragment 5105. Nos résultats de transfection transitoire montrent que l’activité PMA inductible du fragment 5105 est localisée dans le dernier tiers de ce dernier :le sous fragment 5105.3. L’analyse bioinformatique de cette région a permis de mettre en évidence un site de liaison pour les facteurs AP-1 in vitro. Des mutations ponctuelles permettent d’abolir la liaison des facteurs à leur site mais altèrent la séquence en acides aminés sous-jacente codant pour les protéines Tat et Rev. Nous avons montré que ce site est impliqué dans l’activité transcriptionnelle de ce fragment. L’expression ectopique du mutant dominant négatif A-Fos inhibe l’activité transcriptionnelle PMA-inductible du fragment 5105. Une analyse bioinformatique plus large nous a ensuite permis d’identifier in vitro, par retard de migration sur gel, 5 sites de liaison pour le facteur YY1 et 2 sites de liaison pour le facteur PU.1 dont les implications pour le virus restent encore à déterminer.
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Cha, Sang-Ho. "Evolutionary biology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus". [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.
Buscar texto completoShort, James Roswell. "An investigation into the replication biology of Helicoverpa armigera stunt virus". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004026.
Texto completoGonzales, Baptiste. "Etudes des facteurs cellulaires et lipidiques déterminant la localisation du site d'assemblage et de bourgeonnement du VIH-1". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOUR3811.
Texto completoThe production pocesses of HIV-1 particle of HIV-1 particles results from the assembly of Gag Precursors at the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) of infected cells. Gag proteins are specifically targeted to PM through interactions between MA domain and PI(4,5)P2. This study describes the role of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase type 1 (PIP5K1alpha, beta et sigma) in the late stages of HIV-1 in the context of HeLa cells. We determined that PIP5K1alpha is the principal producer of cellular PI(4,5)P2. By using a confocal microscopy approach, we followed the Gag proteins trafficking and showed that only alpha and y isoforms are required for the correct targeting of Gag to PM. Their respective inhibition leads to the accumulation of viral precursors at distinct intracellular comprtements, and decreases the release of Gag pseudoparticles in both cases. Altogether, our results highlight for the first time the crucial role PIP5K1alpha and sigma in the HIV-1 assembly and budding and provide new insights for a better understanding of the late stages of the virus replication cycle
Cavrois, Marielle. "Expansion clonale des cellules infectées par HTLV-1 : incidences pathologiques". Lille 1, 1997. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1997/50376-1997-91.pdf.
Texto completoGerlach, Piotr. "La structure et la fonction de la polymérase d'orthobunyavirus La Crosse". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAV013/document.
Texto completoViruses are not more than particles composed of lipids and/or proteins with genetic information – the viral RNA or DNA genome – embedded inside. In order to be efficient, once they enter the host cell they need to multiply this genetic information, package it into new viral particles and spread out from the cell. While in order to produce viral proteins viruses highjack cellular machinery, for replicating their genome most viruses use their own, specialized polymerases.Bunyaviridae is the largest viral family of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses, comprising also Arenaviridae and Orthomyxoviridae families. Some bunyaviruses are causative agents of severe human diseases including heamorrhagic fevers, encephalitis and meningitis. Others infect a variety of plants and animals posing a significant economic threat to the crop cultivation and cattle breeding.RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses are multifunctional machines, able to perform both de novo genome replication via positive-strand cRNA intermediate, and viral mRNA transcription using cap-snatched host-derived mRNA primer. Viral RNA genome of bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and orthomyxoviruses is divided into three, two, and eight segments respectively. Each segment, coated by nucleoproteins and attached through its conserved 3′ and 5′ ends to the polymerase, constitutes an individual ribonucleoprotein particle – an autonomous RNA synthesis unit.The scope of the PhD project described in this thesis was the structural and functional characterization of the La Crosse orthobunyavirus polymerase, also named the L protein. It was based on the hypothesis that all polymerases of segmented negative-strand RNA viruses share a similar domain organization and mode of action. During the 1st year attempts were made to confirm and characterize a putative C-terminal cap-binding domain. During the 2nd year project was extended to study 3′ and 5′ vRNA ends interactions with the full length and C-terminus truncated L protein. Facing difficulties to establish replication and transcription assays in vitro, vRNA binding studies and co-crystallizastion were continued during the 3rd year. This finally led to the main achievement of the thesis – the x-ray structure of La Crosse orthobunyavirus polymerase in complex with vRNA. Obtained structure is a breakthrough in the bunyavirus field. It reveals – unlike it was initially believed – conserved, sequence specific and separate binding sites for 3′ and 5′ vRNA ends located within the polymerase. The 5′ vRNA end binding allosterically structures one of the conserved catalytic motifs within the polymerase active site. The structure sheds also some new light on bunyaviral replication and transcription mechanisms. There exist two distinct product and template exit channels, suggesting that the nascent RNA strand is separated from the template and leaves the polymerase as the single-strand RNA. Close proximity of the template entry and exit channels explains how the polymerase can translocate along the genomic template with minimal disruption of the RNP.In parallel to the La Crosse polymerase structure, structures of Influenza A and B heterotrimeric polymerases in complex with vRNA were also obtained in Stephen Cusack group. This gave a great opportunity to compare the domain organization and the nature of vRNA binding by viral polymerases belonging to Bunyaviriadae and Orthomyxoviridae families, and proved that despite minimal sequence homology the structural similarities are striking. This strongly suggests an evolutionary common ancestor, which can possibly be shared with non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses as well
Pullen, Rebecca Royale. "Effects of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus on porcine alveolar macrophage surface protein expression". Thesis, Manhattan, Kan. : Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/1123.
Texto completoChand, Ranjni Jagdish. "Study of recombination in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) using a novel in-vitro system". Diss., Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/16926.
Texto completoDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Raymond R. R. Rowland
Mechanisms for mutations in RNA viruses include random point mutations, insertions, deletions, recombination and re-assortment. Most viruses have more than one of these mechanisms operating during their life cycle. Impact of sequence divergence is seen in the areas of evolution, epidemiology and ecology of these viruses. Immediate negative consequences of genetic diversity include failure of vaccination, resistance to anti-virals, emergence and re-emergence of novel virus isolates with increased virulence or altered tropism. To identify specific sequence features that influence recombination, a new in-vitro system was developed using an infectious cDNA clone of PRRS virus that expressed fluorescent proteins. The in-vitro experimental system involved the co-transfection of a pair of closely related PRRSV infectious clones: a fully functional non-fluorescent PRRS virus infectious clone that possessed a single mutation in a green fluorescent protein (GFP) and a second infectious clone that contained a defective fluorescent virus. The readout for successful recombination was appearance of a fully functional fluorescent virus. The model system creates the opportunity to study several aspects of recombination, including the requirement for sequence homology between viruses undergoing recombination.
Nam, Bora. "EVOLUTION OF EQUINE ARTERITIS VIRUS DURING PERSISTENT INFECTION IN THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE STALLION AND THE MALE DONKEY". UKnowledge, 2017. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/gluck_etds/34.
Texto completoSun, Rong. "Viral innovations to fine tune reproduction: case studies of viral cis-acting RNA elements, a virus-encoded transcription factor, and a concentration-dependent functional switch of a viral protein". The Ohio State University, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1617992077464046.
Texto completoShaan, Lakshmanappa Yashavanth. "Development and Evaluation of Efficacy of Novel Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS) Virus Vaccine Candidates in Pigs". The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1532064253191032.
Texto completoKoopman, Tammy L. "Production of Porcine Single Chain Variable Fragment (SCFV) selected against a recombinant fragment of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus non structural protein 2". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13189.
Texto completoDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Richard 'Dick' Hesse
Carol Wyatt
Over the last two decades molecular laboratory techniques have enabled researchers to investigate the infection, replication and pathogenesis of viral disease. In the early eighties, Dr. George Smith developed a unique system of molecular selection. He showed that the fd bacteriophage genome could be manipulated to carry a sequence of DNA coding for a protein not contained in the phage genome. Infection of the recombinant bacteriophage or phagemid into a specific strain of the bacterium, Escherichia coli, produced progeny phage with the coded protein displayed as a fusion with the phage's coat protein. Antibody phage display utilizes the same technology with the DNA encoding an antibody fragment. The DNA insert can carry the information to produce either a single chain variable fragment (scFv) producing the heavy chain variable and light chain variable (VH-VL) portion or a Fab fragment which also contains the heavy chain constant 1 with the light chain constant (CH and CL) portion of an antibody. Screening an antibody phage display library has the possibility of producing an antibody not produced in the normal course of immune selection. This decade also saw the emergence of a viral disease affecting the porcine population. The Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been one of the most costly diseases affecting the pig producer. Molecular investigations found that PRRSV is a single, positive-stranded RNA virus which codes for five structural and 12-13 nonstructural proteins producing an enveloped, icosahedral virus. An interesting characteristic of PRRSV is the ability to produce infective progeny with genomic deletions, insertions and mutations within the nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2). With this knowledge, many researchers have produced marker vaccines containing fluorescent tags with the hope of developing a DIVA (Differentiate Infected from Vaccinated Animals) vaccine. In my Master‟s studies, I studied the techniques of antibody phage display technology and how to apply these methods to producing scFvs which recognize a recombinant PRRSV nsp2 fragment protein and the native protein during infection of MARC-145 cells.
Benoist, Romain. "Bases comportementales, physiologiques et génétiques du succès reproducteur d'un hyménoptère parasitoïde The Cotesia sesamiae story: insight into host-range evolution in a Hymenoptera parasitoid and implication for its use in biological control programs Low-cost automatic temperature monitoring system with alerts for laboratory rearing units". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=http://theses-intra.upmc.fr/modules/resources/download/theses/2019SORUS584.pdf.
Texto completoStudying the ability of insect parasitoids to reproduce in novel hosts is important to understand adaptive mechanisms at play when they are used for biological control. Cotesia typhae is an African parasitoid specialized on the Lepidoptera Sesamia nonagrioides and it is a potential biological control agent against this maize pest. C. typhae belongs to a group of species harboring a symbiotic virus which is injected in the host during oviposition and which contributes to the parasitoid virulence. I have found out that two strains of C. typhae differed in their offspring number and in their virulence against a French population of S. nonagrioides, which represents a new host. A QTL analysis (Quantitative Trait Loci) has been done to identify genes involved in these variations. We have built a genetic map of C. typhae, identified four QTL and listed candidate genes. To explain the difference of virulence and offspring number, numbers of eggs and viral particles injected during successive ovipositions have been estimated. These experiments have shown that 1/ the two strains have different patterns of egg allocation among the successive hosts parasitized, 2/ the quantity of injected viral particles is not correlated to virulence. To understand to evolutionary origin of the virulence variation, this trait has been estimated for the natural host populations. The results suggest that local adaptation could explain the better pre-adaptation of one C. typhae strain to the French host population. This work also allowed an in-depth characterization of the parasitoid reproductive success, essential for its use in biological control
Ciocchetta, Silvia. "The vector potential of the mosquito Aedes koreicus". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/119157/1/Silvia%20Ciocchetta%20Thesis.pdf.
Texto completoYanhua, Li. "Identification of PRRSV nonstructural proteins and their function in host innate immunity". Diss., Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/18663.
Texto completoDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Ying Fang
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) employs multiple functions to modulate host’s innate immune response, and several viral nonstructural proteins (nsps) are major players. In this dissertation, the research was mainly focused on identification and functional dissection of ORF1a-encoded nsps. PRRSV replicase polyproteins encoded by ORF1a region are predicted to be processed into at least ten nonstructural proteins. In chapter 2, these predictions were verified by using a panel of newly established antibodies specific to ORF1a-encoded nsps. Most predicted nsps (nsp1β, nsp2, nsp4, nsp7α, nsp7β and nsp8) were identified, and observed to be co-localized with de novo-synthesized viral RNA in the perinuclear region of the cell. Among all PRRSV proteins screened, nsp1β is the strongest type I interferon antagonist. In chapter 3, mutagenesis analysis of nsp1β was performed to knock down nsp1β’s IFN antagonist function. A highly conserved motif, GKYLQRRLQ, was determined to be critical for nsp1β’s ability to suppress IFN-β and reporter gene expression. Double mutations introduced in this motif, K130A/R134A (type 1 PRRSV) or K124A/R128A (type 2 PRRSV), improved PRRSV’s ability to stimulate the expression of IFN-α, IFN-β and ISG15. In addition to its critical roles involving in modulating host innate immune response, in the studies of Chapter 4, we demonstrated that PRRSV nsp1β functions as a transactivator to induce the -2/-1 ribosomal frameshifting in nsp2, which results in expression of two novel PRRSV proteins, nsp2TF and nsp2N. The conserved motif GKYLQRRLQ is also determined to be critical for the transactivation function of nsp1β. In chapter 5, the interferon antagonist, de-Ub and de-ISGylation activity of newly identified nsp2TF and nsp2N were evaluated. In vitro and in vivo characterization of three nsp2TF-deficient recombinant viruses indicated that all mutant viruses have improved ability to stimulate the innate immune response and provide improved protection in mutant virus-vaccinated animals. In summary, this study verified the previously predicted PRRSV pp1a processing products, further evaluated the function of nsp1β and nsp2-related proteins. These data obtained here will provide basic knowledge for future development of vaccines and control measurements.
Sanchez, Mendoza Laura. "Decoding protein networks during porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection through proteomics". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25206.
Texto completoPorcine reproductive and respiratory virus (PRRSV) is a pathogen of high importance in the porcine industry because it can lead to significant economic losses. One of the cell lines routinely used for research and vaccine production is MARC-145 (African green monkey kidney cells). Molecular interactions between the host cells and the virus are essential to understand how the virus uses the cell machinery to replicate and infect neighbouring cells. Our goal was to analyze the proteomic changes involved during the PRRSV infection in MARC-145 cells, including the composition of the infected cells' virions and exosomes. The infected and non-infected cells' supernatants were purified to obtain the host cells' virions and exosomes. Extracted proteins were further analyzed by High-Resolution-Quadrupole-Hybrid-Orbitrap mass spectrometry and classified according to molecular function and subcellular localization. The need for obtaining reliable proteomics data led to the next goal of optimizing the infection of MARC-145 cells with PRRSV. To assess the efficiency of the infection, we synchronized the infection, used a virus tagged with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and added polycations at different concentrations to stimulate the binding of the viral particles to the cell. To verify the percentage of infected cells, we used fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Our findings suggest the cellular proteins affected during the PRRSV infection could play important roles in host immune response and/or the viral life cycle. The efficiency of the use of polycations was demonstrated to be effective in increasing PRRSV infection.
Hernandez, Reyes Yenney. "Characterization of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae antiviral effect against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in porcine alveolar macrophages". Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/12394.
Texto completoPinilla, Vicente. "In vitro and in vivo effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) mycotoxin on porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in piglets". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13368.
Texto completoCereal crops are often contaminated with moulds that grow during harvest and storage and produce secondary metabolites called mycotoxins. Pig is known to be sensitive to deoxynivalenol (DON). On the other hand, infection by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes a flu-like syndrome and reproductive disorders. The objectives of this project were to determine the in vitro effect of DON on the replication of PRRSV in permissive cell lines, MARC-145 and PAM and the in vivo impact of DON-naturally contaminated feed on PRRSV infection in piglets. Firstly, cells were incubated with gradually increasing doses of DON and were infected with PRRSV to evaluate cytopathic effect and to assess cell viability, virus replication and cytokine mRNA expression on infected and uninfected cells. Results showed that DON concentrations of 560 ng/ml and higher were significantly detrimental to the survival of MARC-145 cells infected with PRRSV. In contrast, there was a significant increase of cell viability and decreased of cell mortality at DON concentrations within 140 to 280 ng/ml for PAM cells and 70 to 280 ng/ml ranges for MARC-145 showing a reduced cytopathic effect (CPE) caused by PRRSV. In vivo study was carried out on 30 piglets divided into 3 groups of 10 piglets fed naturally contaminated diets with different levels of DON; 0, 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg. After 2 weeks, pigs were further divided into 6 subgroups, 3 subgroups of 6 piglets were infected intra tracheally and intramuscularly with PRRSV. The other 3 subgroups of 4 piglets were used as uninfected controls. Clinical signs were recorded for 21 days post-infection (p.i.). Sera were evaluated for viremia by PCR. At the end of the experiment, piglets were euthanized and pulmonary lesions were evaluated. Results showed that ingestion of diet highly contaminated with DON at 3.5 mg/kg increased the effect of PRRSV infection on the severity of clinical signs, weight loss, lung lesions and mortality. Diet with DON at 2.5 mg/kg showed an increase of viremia at day 3 but had not significant impact on clinical signs and lung lesions. Keywords: DON, PRRSV, MARC-145, PAM, cytopathic effect, cytokines, PCR
Jian-Jun, Jia. "Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and resporatory syndrome virus replication". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3579.
Texto completoPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The etiological agent of PRRS is the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is known to have a very restricted host specifity and to be airborne transmitted. PRRSV RNAs and antigens were found in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine in PRRSV-infected pigs. Even if the interaction between porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and PRRSV plays an important role in the PRRSV infection, the role of the interaction between epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract and PRRSV should not been neglected. However, no epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract have been demonstrated to allow PRRSV replication in vitro and attempts to generate such a cell line have failed. The goal of this study is to determine whether epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract are permissive to PRRSV replication and are a suitable model for studying the viral pathogenesis of PRRSV. We have discovered that the SJPL cell line, an epithelial cell line of the respiratory tract of swine, is permissive to PRRSV infection and replication. To corroborate these results, PRRSV replication kinetics were evaluated in a subclone of the African green monkey kidney MA104 cells (MARC-145), which has been known to be fully permissive to PRRSV infection and replication, and in SJPL cells. No significant difference was found between the two cell lines for overall viral production. Moreover, the SJPL cells were able to permit the replication of several PRRSV North-American strains but they were slightly less efficient for virus isolation than MARC-145 cells. In addition, SJPL is phenotypically different from MARC-145. Specifically, the SJPL cells were more sensitive to procaspases 3/7 activation by PRRSV and several apoptotic inducers compared to MARC-145 cells. In addition, the SJPL cells showed 8 to 16 times more sensitivity to the antiviral effect of IFN-α against PRRSV replication than MARC-145 cells. Altogether, the SJPL cells could be an interesting substitute to MARC-145 cells for PRRSV vaccine antigen production, and could be a more relevant in vitro model, because of their origin (lung of the natural host), to study the pathogenesis of PRRSV.
Jia, Jian Jun. "Identification of a new cell line permissive to porcine reproductive and resporatory syndrome virus replication". Thèse, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/3579.
Texto completoPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most economically devastating diseases for the pig industry worldwide. The etiological agent of PRRS is the PRRS virus (PRRSV), which is known to have a very restricted host specifity and to be airborne transmitted. PRRSV RNAs and antigens were found in epithelial cells of the respiratory tract of swine in PRRSV-infected pigs. Even if the interaction between porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) and PRRSV plays an important role in the PRRSV infection, the role of the interaction between epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract and PRRSV should not been neglected. However, no epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract have been demonstrated to allow PRRSV replication in vitro and attempts to generate such a cell line have failed. The goal of this study is to determine whether epithelial cells of the swine respiratory tract are permissive to PRRSV replication and are a suitable model for studying the viral pathogenesis of PRRSV. We have discovered that the SJPL cell line, an epithelial cell line of the respiratory tract of swine, is permissive to PRRSV infection and replication. To corroborate these results, PRRSV replication kinetics were evaluated in a subclone of the African green monkey kidney MA104 cells (MARC-145), which has been known to be fully permissive to PRRSV infection and replication, and in SJPL cells. No significant difference was found between the two cell lines for overall viral production. Moreover, the SJPL cells were able to permit the replication of several PRRSV North-American strains but they were slightly less efficient for virus isolation than MARC-145 cells. In addition, SJPL is phenotypically different from MARC-145. Specifically, the SJPL cells were more sensitive to procaspases 3/7 activation by PRRSV and several apoptotic inducers compared to MARC-145 cells. In addition, the SJPL cells showed 8 to 16 times more sensitivity to the antiviral effect of IFN-α against PRRSV replication than MARC-145 cells. Altogether, the SJPL cells could be an interesting substitute to MARC-145 cells for PRRSV vaccine antigen production, and could be a more relevant in vitro model, because of their origin (lung of the natural host), to study the pathogenesis of PRRSV.
Alvarez, Fernando. "Création d'un modèle cellulaire des voies respiratoires du porc pour étudier les effets d'une co-infection virale au virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin et au circovirus porcin". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10767.
Texto completoPorcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 (PCV2) is a major pathogen in the swine industry and has been described as the causative agent of a long list of conditions under the designation of porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD). Attempts to replicate PCVAD initially failed, as it was discovered that an immune trigger could facilitate the reproduction of clinical signs, either by co-infecting with other swine pathogens or using immune stimulants. Of these, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is the most frequently co-isolated agent in the field. Most effort has been made to understand this interaction in vivo since most in vitro cellular models lack the ability to efficiently replicate both viruses. To answer the lack of an in vitro model, we developed a cell line that allows the replication of both PRRSV and PCV. A neonate porcine tracheal cell line (NPTr) was genetically modified to stably express CD163 (NPTr-CD163), a major PRRSV receptor. NPTr-CD163 cells were able to replicate all PCV genotypes (PCV1, PCV1/2a, PCV2a and PCV2b) and PRRSV. A significant effect of PRRSV on PCV replication was found to be genotype dependent, as PCV1 replication was down regulated in the presence of PRRSV and PCV2b replication was up regulated in the same conditions. Neither cell mortality assays nor cytokine expression analysis were able to provide an explanation for these results. The effect of PRRSV on PCV1 and PCV2b replication is suggestive of a more specific, yet still unknown, mechanism. Furthermore, this effect is PCV-genotype dependant.
Lalonde, Christian. "Amélioration des services de génomiques et de surveillance du virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24260.
Texto completoPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an important pathogen, costing over 130 million dollars annually in Canada. Surveillance is done by Sanger sequencing of the ORF5 gene, but we hypothesized that whole genome sequencing (WGS) of PRRSV genome will allow a better epidemiological monitoring of PRRSV compared to ORF5 gene sequencing. To develop an efficient method of PRRSV WGS, 149 PRRSV samples (sera, lungs, pool of tissues and others) collected for surveillance or from sick animals were tested. Viral RNA was concentrated using a poly(A) tailed RNA enrichment method, and sequencing was done on an Illumina platform. WGS was successful in 67.11% of cases. WGS was successful in some tissues and lungs samples with RT-qPCR cycle quantification (Cq) values up to 26.50, and in some sera with Cq value up to 34.13. The developed WGS methodology was 4650 times more sensitive for PRRSV WGS than previously described methods. To quantify the impact of WGS, 88 successful samples for the WGS of PRRSV were used to compare efficiency of WGS and ORF5 sequencing. Two different full-length genomes of PRRSV were found in four of those samples (coinfection rate of 4.55%). Six full-length PRRSV genomes (6.52% of PRRSV strains) were found to cluster differently compared to ORF5 sequencing. WGS of PRRSV also enabled a better classification or characterisation of 9.10% of the PRRSV infected samples compared to ORF5 sequencing. Thus, WGS can be both sensitive and more accurate then ORF5 classification for the characterisation of PRRSV strains.
Lévesque, Cynthia. "Modèles cellulaires pour étudier les interactions entre Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae et le virus du syndrome reproducteur et respiratoire porcin". Thèse, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/5149.
Texto completoThe respiratory tract of pigs is often colonized by more than one pathogen during an infection. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) are pathogens that can be associated with co-infection. The objective of this project was to study interactions between A. pleuropneumoniae and PRRSV during mixed infection. The PRRSV-permissive cell lines, St-Jude porcine lung (SJPL) and MARC-145 were used. In the first part, cells were pre-infected with PPRSV followed by an infection with A. pleuropneumoniae. Results obtained with a lactate dehydrogenase test showed that a co-infection resulted in a greater cytotoxicity then the single infections. The adherence of A. pleuropneumoniae to non-infected or PRRSV-infected cells was similar. Based on ELISAs tests, it was found that the cells produced IL-8 and IFN-γ when they were infected, but TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were not detected. In the second part, cells were pre-infected with A. pleuropneumoniae followed by viral infection. The results showed that a pre-infection with A. pleuropneumoniae decreased PRRSV replication in SJPL cells, whereas A. pleuropneumoniae did not impair PRRSV replication in MARC-145 cells. Preliminary results indicate that a molecule secreted by A. pleuropneumoniae is the factor impairing PRRSV replication in SJPL cells. The factor is probably a small molecular weight molecule that is heat-resistant. In conclusion, both cell lines allowed the study of A. pleuropneumoniae and PRSSV interactions during a mixed-infection and these models could be adapted to study interactions of other swine pathogens.