Tesis sobre el tema "Villes – Aspect environnemental – Effets de la pollution"
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Adon, Aka Jacques. "Evaluation de l'impact sur la santé de l'aérosol de combustion pour différentes sources urbaines en Afrique de l'Ouest en saison sèche et humide : caractérisation physico-chimique et toxicologique". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30049.
Texto completoThis thesis is in line with the scientific objectives of the DACCIWA-WP2 program. It is our responsibility to establish a link between emissions, air pollution and health impacts in terms of inflammation of the respiratory system for urban combustion sources, typical of West Africa: traffic, domestic fires and waste burning in Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire) and Cotonou (Benin) during the dry and wet seasons 2015-2017. Our results show that the particulate concentrations observed at all sites far exceed the recommendations of WHO. The site influenced by domestic fires is the most polluted site, dominated by a significant fraction of ultrafine (UF) and fine (F) particles. The comparison of traffic sites shows that the average concentrations for each size class are twice higher in Cotonou than in Abidjan. The physicochemical characterization of these particles (organic carbon, elemental carbon, soluble organic carbon, ions, dust, trace elements) underlines that organic carbon and dust are the two most important contributors for Fand UF particles with more organic carbon in Abidjan and dust in Cotonou respectively. Parallel biological studies were conducted to characterize the pro-inflammatory response induced by particles collected for each site quantifying the release of the IL-6cytokines by human bronchial epithelial cells. As a result, particles from the domestic fire site are the most pro-inflammatory particles whatever the season, while the fine and ultra-fine fractions of particles from the two traffic sites cause significant comparable effects for each season, with the Cotonou site distinguishing itself by the reactivity of its coarse fraction, linked to the presence of dust. The F and UF particles of the combustion sources therefore seem to have a significant impact. This is confirmed by the crossed analysis between physicochemical and toxicological data, which shows that the carbonaceous aerosol component of the aerosol (EC, OC, and WSOC) is best correlated with the IL-6 biomarker. This result allows us to draw up regional maps of the inflammatory impact linked to carbonaceous particles and their emission sources. These studies will eventually lead to the implementation of emission reduction solutions to improve air quality and health
Thouron, Laëtitia. "Modélisation dynamique multi-échelle de la pollution atmosphérique en milieu urbain". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1206/document.
Texto completoUrban air pollution has been identified as an important cause of health impacts, including premature deaths. In particular, ambient concentrations of gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) are regulated, which means that emission reduction strategies must be put in place to reduce these concentrations in places where the corresponding regulations are not respected. Besides, air pollution can contribute to the contamination of other media, for example through the contribution of atmospheric deposition to runoff contamination.The multifactorial and multiscale aspects of urban make the pollution sources difficult to identify. Indeed, the urban environment is a heterogeneous space characterized by complex architectural structures (old buildings alongside a more modern building, residential, commercial, industrial zones, roads, etc.), non-uniform atmospheric pollutant emissions and therefore the population exposure to pollution is variable in space and time.The modeling of urban air pollution aims to understand the origin of pollutants, their spatial extent and their concentration/deposition levels. Some pollutants have long residence times and can stay several weeks in the atmosphere (PM2.5) and therefore be transported over long distances, while others are more local (NOx in the vicinity of traffic). The spatial distribution of a pollutant will therefore depend on several factors, and in particular on the surfaces encountered. Air quality depends strongly on weather, buildings (canyon-street) and emissions.The aim of this thesis is to address some of these aspects by modeling: (1) urban background pollution with a transport-chemical model (Polyphemus / POLAIR3D), which makes it possible to estimate atmospheric pollutants by type of urban surfaces (roofs, walls and roadways), (2) street-level pollution by explicitly integrating the effects of the building in a three-dimensional way with a multi-scale model of transport chemistry (SinG) and (3) a microscale process which is the traffic-related resuspension of the particles present on the road surface with three different formulations (deterministic, semi-empirical and empirical).The interest of this thesis is to compare and evaluate the operability and performance of several air quality models at different scales (region, neighborhood and street) in order to better understand the characterization of air quality in an urban environment
Boukra, Mohamed-Amine. "Caractérisation intégrée de la matière organique dissoute : recherche d'empreintes physico-chimiques pour tracer les sources de pollutions anthropiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10094.
Texto completoAnthropogenic activities at the scale of a watershed can be very numerous (e.g. agricultural practices, industries, transport, and tourism). These activities generate pressures that result in the input of pollutants to the watercourse (e.g. major elements, organic micropollutants, trace metals). The identification of these sources of pollutants in watercourses remains a challenge to date. Organic matter in its dissolved fraction (DOM) constitutes a complex mixture of molecules whose composition and physicochemical properties depend on its origin, whether natural or anthropogenic, terrigenous or autochthonous, diffuse or point source. Because of its ubiquity, the DOM present in the rivers could be used as a tracer of the anthropic activities and thus of the sources of pollutants at the scale of a catchment. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to identify markers based on physico-chemical properties of DOM (that are characteristic of natural (e.g. terrigenous inputs, autochthonous production) and anthropogenic (e.g. wastewater treatment plant discharges, urban runoff, agriculture and livestock activities) sources at the watershed scale. For this purpose, an original database was built with more than 130 water samples representative of these different sources and analyzed with a wide range of analytical techniques (dissolved organic carbon determination, analysis by UV-Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission, analysis by steric exclusion chromatography coupled with UV and fluorescence detection - HPSEC/UV-fluorescence - , and molecular analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry - LC-HRMS - ). The exploitation of the database allowed to improve the characterization of DOM with the identification of new optical (HPSEC/UV-fluorescence) and molecular (LC-HRMS) indicators. A protocol for processing complex data from non-targeted LC-HRMS analysis was developed and validated using quality control in order to extract the most relevant molecular compounds to differentiate DOM sources. This work also validated a sampling methodology specific to land-based diffuse sources in relation to land use to build their footprints at the watershed scale. Finally, the integrated multi-analytical and multi-source approach developed in the framework of the thesis allowed the construction of specific fingerprints of the selected sources of DOM (natural, anthropogenic, diffuse, point). The results of this work clearly show that DOM can be considered as a tracer of the origin of the water masses and the associated pollutions in the rivers
Glockner, Stéphane. "Contribution à la modélisation de la pollution atmosphérique dans les villes". Bordeaux 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR12332.
Texto completoCrassier, Vincent. "Développement et qualification du système de modélisation physico-chimique MEso-NH-C: analyses de sensibilité de la pollution urbaine". Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU3A001.
Texto completoKalhori, Azadeh. "La qualité de l'air en milieu urbain : Entre mesures et perceptions". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/KALHORI_Azadeh_2008.pdf.
Texto completoThe atmospheric pollution in urban zones is a major stake in the world because cities concentrate the majority of the population of the globe at the moment. Cities make more and more the object of studies concerning the atmospheric pollution, its impacts (the sanitary risks) and the means to reduce the atmospheric pollution and its misdeeds. This one varies spatially and temporarily in city according to the morphology of districts, the weather conditions and the locations of the sources of pollutants. From then, the concentration of pollutants must be defined in a micro-urban scale to estimate the exposure of the populations. Indeed, this exposure is a part of a wider concept, the air quality which is considered as an essential element of today. These last ones are moreover subjected to an exposure to be estimated during the day during their movements, but also inside buildings. The individual perception of this pollution during its daily activities, brings a lighting interesting on the behaviour of the city-dwellers in front of the pollution and of its interactions with the individual well-being and the quality of life. This thesis has for objective to estimate the possible distortion between the individual exposure estimated at the pollution and the perception of this one to identify cognitive, environmental and cultural factors influencing the perception. In this respect, first of all, the concentration of pollutants was obtained by means of the model ADMS-Urban at an intra-urban scale. It allowed to obtain a concentration of pollutants continues over Strasbourg. Then, 200 inquiries of perception 'inquiry of follow-up' were realized. This helped us to determine the individual exposure of the pollution and their perception in various places. By implementing some type of analysis and a SIG, the characteristics of the pollution and the behaviour of the city-dwellers were revealing. The confrontation of this last information also allowed to understand the complex relation between the perception and the variation of the atmospheric pollution in city
Medina, Sylvia. "Pollutions atmosphériques urbaines : études épidémiologiques et impact en Santé Publique". Paris 5, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA05P602.
Texto completoCailleaud, Kévin. "Utilisation du copépode Eurytemora affinis pour étudier l'écodynamique et les effets biologiques des principaux composants organiques (PCB, HAP, Alkylphénols. . . ) en estuaire de Seine". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13265.
Texto completoDrèze, Vincent. "Effets de deux perturbateurs endocriniens (le 4 nonylphénol et la 17α-ethynylœstradiol) chez un poisson, la Gambusie (Gambusia Holbrooki) : Étude à différents niveaux d'organisation biologique". Metz, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001METZ027S.
Texto completoThe results of our study were used to evaluate the abilities of the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, in the perspective of analysis of xenobiotics effects at different level of biological organization including population. Our results showed that : 4-n-nonylphenol is biotransformed by mosquitofish ; sexual differentiation and growth of larvae were impaired during a 4-nonylphenol and 17α -ethynylestradiol exposure. These effects were persistent ; Gametogenesis of adults were impaired during a 4-nonylphenol exposure ; Mesocosms study showed that it is possible to conduct experimental study at the population level with this species and that effects observed in laboratory are partly translated at the population level. So all this results can allow us to hypothesize that mosquitofish might be an interesting model in risk assessment process concerning the xenobiotic use. Indeed, on the other hand we have showed that biological responses were observed at environmental concentrations of xenobiotics and in the other hand we have showed that it was possible to use this species in different experimental context that permit integrative approach of xenobiotics effects (from the cellular level on the population level)
Kelome, Nelly Carine. "Identification et évaluation de pollutions dans les zones urbaines et péri-urbaines de l'Afrique de l'Ouest : exemple de l'agglomération de Cotonou, domaine margino-littoral du Sud-Bénin". Dijon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006DIJOS001.
Texto completoCotonou, the main city, is the hub of almost all the economic and administrative activity in the Republic of Benin, which creates serious urban management problems. These activities contribute to various types of pollution. This study focuses on two types of pollution. To study air pollution, from 2001 to 2004, we tested a new atmospheric CO2 pollution indicator, using the carbon isotopic composition of a C4 grass (Eleusine indica). This new method allowed us to define the emission zones of CO2 from road traffic and industrial activities. The distribution of pollution zones follows dominant wind directions (SW-NE). The results obtained through direct measurement of CO2, carried out at various sites in the city and along transects throughout the town, validate those obtained with the isotopic method on the biomarker Eleusine indica. We also identified and evaluated surface soil pollution in the town of Cotonou. Yellow sand, largely used as landfill, shows organic and metal contamination linked to the deficiency and the absence of a cleaning network and of waste collection system but also to the multiple and variable use of the soil
Gaté, Romain. "Régulations de la pollution et de la congestion urbaine dans les villes polycentriques : Formes urbaines et tarification routière". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1G017/document.
Texto completoUrbanization in developed and developing countries has major drawbacks regarding air pollution, Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and congestion externalities due to transport in car-based cities. In this thesis, we study the effects of urban design on pollution, congestion, traveled distances and welfare. We build a theoretical model of residential choices with pollution and congestion externalities arising from commuting, where the location of jobs within the city is endogenous. Finally we collect data from French metropolitan areas to conduct an empirical analysis of spatial determinants of commuting time and distances. This thesis highlights the need of a cautious approach to implement some urban policies that would guarantee a sustainable development of a city. A polycentric city may be a desirable city or not depending on the (i) accessibility of workplaces, (ii) the quality of road infrastructure (high speed), (iii) the employment density and (iv) the distribution of population and workplaces in cities. This thesis also demonstrates the significant role of the housing demand on urban structure when the latter is endogenous in a context of unpriced transport congestion. Some urban densification project might reconsider and quantify the negative externalities (congestion and pollution) which arise when the population grows within any city. These externalities are indirect costs due to the adjustment of the housing and transport demand in the long run
Vlassopoulou, Chloé Anne. "La lutte contre la pollution atmospérique urbaine en France et en Grèce : définition des problèmes publics et changement de politique". Paris 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA020022.
Texto completoBusca, Didier. "Agriculture et environnement : la mise en oeuvre négociée des dispositifs agri-environnementaux : effets d'organisation, enjeux de territoire et dynamique d'appropriation stratégique". Toulouse 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU20067.
Texto completoThe consequences of intensive agriculture on environment are subject to increasing public intervention since the 90's. These agri-environmental policies are confronted with agricultural interests and their efficiency is often criticized. This leads to question oneself on how they are implemented. This thesis studies the implementation of an agri-environmental regulation (the Program for Control of Agriculture-Originated Pollution) and an encouraging policy (Ferti-Mieux) in the Adour-Garonne region. Backed up with thorough interviews, the negotiated exchanges between public agents, agriculture professional organizations and the designated farmers are analyzed. Moreover, a quantitative approach analyzes the impact of local situations on the implementation of policies. The proposed argument is that the environmental objectives of the policies are adapted by negotiated arrangements on the implementation means. This adaptation process is the consequence of an dynamics of strategic appropriation of the policies, individually by the farmers and collectively by the professional organizations. Some modulations are noticed due to local agriculture and tourism stakes
Etou, Semenya Amévi Dzidzogbé. "La pauvreté à Lomé (Togo), étude de son impact sur la pollution urbaine". Aix-Marseille 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AIX10056.
Texto completoDeprez, Samuel. "Évaluation des impacts environnementaux du transport routier de marchandises : application aux zones urbano-portuaires". Le Havre, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LEHA0021.
Texto completoRoad freight has a major role in all cities but it actively contributes to the problems of air pollution and noise disturbances, both causing suffering city dwellers. So this research takes into account the activity and its implications upon the quality of life of the inhabitants of Le Havre and Rouen. The first part will reveal a solid link between the roles played by specific part of these cities and the organization of freight and underline the importance of specialized economic functions. The latter constitutes a necessary introduction to make an environmental impact study of this activity. This second part is dealt with through the constitution of indicators of sustainable development, derived from a combination of information about noise disturbance and air pollution. The use of theses indicators highlights situations in which city dwellers are exposed to harmful effects which degrade their health. The results of this study enable us to branch out towards the idea of sustainable city by examining trade flow in the project of the reinforcement of the multi-purpose city in its social and functional aspects as future organization for urban centers
Delhomme, Olivier. "Etude de la variabilité et de l'évolution de la composition chimique de l'aérosol organique en fonction du lieu et de la période de prélèvement". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008STR13040.
Texto completoThe purpose of this study is intended to obtain a better knowledge of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols in urban areas. The study targets the evaluation of the airborne particulate phase contamination by various families of pollutants compounds, by carrying out seasonal and daily follow-up of their concentration levels. The PM10 particles sampling was carried out simultaneously related to the Besancon, Spicheren and Strasbourg target areas, all conducted by taking air samples on a daily basis, collecting four consecutive batches, each of a duration of six hours along a day. The most of the concentrations levels collected from the Strasbourg area are higher than those observed on the Besancon and Spicheren areas. Seasonal follow-up of the contamination by compounds made it possible to highlight that apart some exceptions, the studied concentrations, are in general higher the winter, than during milder seasons. Generally, regarding the summer period, it appears from the study that the main source of these compounds seems especially related to the automobile traffic. In winter period, this main source is completed by domestic heating, and for the Strasbourg area, by an apparent industrial source by airborne transportation. A source of emission related to the activities of kitchen is also present all over the year, mostly on the Strasbourg area. Last of all, related to the compounds only emitted from the biomass combustion, the contribution from domestic heating using wood in cold season, increases the abundance of the studied compounds
Beaulant, Anne-Lise. "CARTOGRAPHIE DE LA POLLUTION PARTICULAIRE EN VILLE". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00949078.
Texto completoReyes, Perez Eneida. "Chimie multiphasique des pesticides dans l'air : distribution et photoréactivité". Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6048.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on the environmental fate of pesticides, particularly in the atmosphere. We are interested on their partitioning between the different phases of the atmosphere and their photolysis in the environment. The partitioning between aqueous and gaseous phases in the atmosphere depends on the Henry’s law constant (H) while the partitioning between atmospheric particulate and gaseous phases is related to their vapor pressure. Henry’s law constants of two widely used herbicides, namely EPTC and trifluralin, were determined as a function of temperature (278 – 293 K) using a device based on a dynamic air/water equilibrium. The obtained results are the first experimental temperature dependence of H for trifluralin and the second one for EPTC. The measurements performed between 278 and 293 K have been used to determine the Van't Hoff expressions of H for both compounds and the corresponding enthalpies of solvation. Our data obtained at 283 K have also helped to calculate that only 0. 3% of gaseous EPTC and 0. 8% of gaseous trifluralin could be scavenged by clouds droplets, which can be considered as negligible. Thus, EPTC and trifluralin are almost exclusively present in the gas phase where degradation takes place through photochemical reactions [. . . ]
Allou, Lyassine. "Chimie multiphasique et mesure des concentrations des aldéhydes et des composés aromatiques dans l’air". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2008. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2008/ALLOU_Lyassine_2008.pdf.
Texto completoLéonard, Noémie. "Recherche et élimination des facteurs inhibiteurs de croissance dans les élevages piscicoles en circuit fermé". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20224.
Texto completoCherin, Nicolas. "Caractérisation des sources de polluants atmosphériques et de leurs dépôts sur les bassins versants urbains". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1057/document.
Texto completoPas de résumés
Alioua, Amel. "Détection de la pollution plombique d'origine automobile à l'aide de bio-accumulateurs végétaux dans l'agglomération de Skikda (N. E. Algérie)". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE18009.
Texto completoThe increase of the automobile pollution becomes alarming in urban environment. In this context, the research task consisted to use the lichens and other phanerogamic plants to characterize lead pollution and its environmental impact of the urban area of Skikda (N. E of Algeria). With this intention a study of bioindication and bio-accumulation carried out starting from relevant strategy of transplantations and sampling, allowed to carry out follow-ups spatiotemporels of the impact of the lead pollution of automobile's origin on the environment. Various analyses and measurements were carried out at the laboratory (wise C of lead, propotionning of chlorophyl, variation of the lead area and report/ratio MF/MS). In order to correlate lead pollution with the intensity of the road traffic, every month, some countings was carried during the peak hours during one years
Chèze, Benoît. "Pollutions locales et globales : Evaluation de leurs impacts environnementaux et des poltiques publiques visant à les réduire. Trois analyses empiriques". Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100052.
Texto completoThis thesis is composed of three different studies aiming at empirically analysing various pollutions and environmental policies examples, which are all emblematic of our contemporary life-style. A first Chapter provides air traffic CO2 emissions projections at the worldwide level and for eight geographical zones until 2025. We show that air traffic energy efficiency improvements yield effectively to reduce the effect of air traffic rise on corresponding CO2 emissions increase, but do not annihilate it. Thus, air transport CO2 emissions are unlikely to diminish unless there is a radical technological shift, or air travel demand is restricted. A second Chapter presents the results of a meta-analysis that focuses on the environmental valuation methods and their estimates of waste disposal sites disamenities. The mean external cost and the effect of key factors influencing these estimates are quantified by mean of specific econometric and statistical methods. A last Chapter aims at identifying the EU ETS carbon price drivers during its pilot Phase, i. E. From 2005 to 2007. The main result of this study features that price drivers of CO2 allowances linked to energy market prices, unanticipated weather events and economic activity vary around institutional events revealing the installations’ net short/long positions
Cirelli, Claudia. "Environnement et usage de l' eau". Paris 8, 2006. http://octaviana.fr/document/11844736X#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
Texto completoThis research analyses the controversial approaches of the use of the wastewater in irrigated agriculture and of the social and spacial system related to it. This use of wastewater, a mode of treatment closely related to the modernization of cities of the end of the XIXth and the beginning of the XXth century, is now regarded as hazardous. Nevertheless this pratice keeps spreading around fast growing cities and is often promoted as an efficient tool of development policies. This thesis approaches on a global level the emergence of these agricultural practices and the debate they give rise to. As far as the Mexican case is concerned (in particular the town of San Luis Potosi), it analyses the links between those practices and urban and environmental policies. It also studies the influence of those policies on the ways in which the actors of territories shaped by wastewater use try to maintain their activities in suburban areas
Arpin-Pont, Lauren. "Les produits pharmaceutiques et de soin personnel en milieu marin : prédiction des concentrations environnementales et étude des effets sur le métabolisme endogène d’organismes exposés". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS172/document.
Texto completoThe last twenty years, the issue of PPCP contamination of the marine environment caused a growing concern among scientific community. PPCP enter the environment mainly through wastewater treatment plants (WTP), not able to remove completely these substances. The first objective of the thesis was to assess the current state of knowledge on the PPCP occurrence in the different compartments of the marine environment (seawater, sediments and organisms) through a literature review. The contamination of the marine environment is generally assessed by “one-time” measures in situ. However, such monitoring campaigns are time-consuming and costly. Some approaches based on the determination of the predicted environmental concentrations (PEC) could be applied alternatively or complementarily to in situ measures. The PEC calculation is the first step of environmental risk assessment (ERA), to assess the exposure of non target organisms to these substances. However, this estimation needs to be refined to be accurate, by integrating site-specific information. The second aim of the thesis was to propose refined PEC calculation methodologies of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites in a coastal zone using an adapted hydrodynamic model. Two model compounds were chosen, carbamazepine and venlafaxine. In order to assess the environmental risk of pharmaceuticals, it is needful to assess their effects on organisms. Nowadays, few ecotoxicological data are available on marine organisms, contrary to freshwater organisms. Regulatory concept of ERA is often based on a set of short term standard tests carried out at high concentrations. Other tests, implemented at lower organizational levels, are more sensitive to low exposure levels and are more relevant for the marine risk assessment. The last objective was to study the effects of diclofenac on PG production, based on its mode of action, on marine mussels exposed
Merlin, Gérard. "Contamination par le PCP d'écosystèmes aquatiques reconstitués : dégradation et effets sur les végétaux". Grenoble 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988GRE10063.
Texto completoBasly, Ludovic. "Télédétection pour la qualité de l'air en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006291.
Texto completoMarot, Franck. "Caractérisation et traitement de sédiments de dragage contenant des polluants métalliques". Le Havre, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LEHA0009.
Texto completoAfif, Charbel. "L'acide nitreux atmosphérique : implications dans la chimie en milieu urbain". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00944178.
Texto completoTapia, Villarreal Irving. "Urban form, demography and daily mobility forecasts : comparative analysis France-Mexico". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010040/document.
Texto completoIn the context of the Kyoto Protocol, France has set Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission reduction targets of 75% below 1990 levels by 2050. More recently, Mexico has set the objective to achieve a 50% reduction by 2050 with respect to the base year 2000. Since the transport sector in urban areas with approximately 1 million inhabitants accounts for most CO2 emissions and will continue to increase its share, we wanted to determine to what extent the experiences observed in cities from developed countries (peak travel, dissemination of new vehicle technologies) may be repeated in urban areas from developing nations. For this purpose, we focus on case studies in France (Paris and Lille) and Mexico (Juarez and Puebla). The first objective of this thesis was to identify the determinants of mobility on each urban region. The second objective was to apply the age-cohort model for the development of long-term travel demand forecasts in order to take into account changes in the population structure (ageing) and in travel behaviour. The last objective was to develop GHG emissions assessments from observed travel demand. The decline in mobility and the dissemination of new vehicle technologies in France led to a reduction in GHG emissions. However, these changes are not sufficient to achieve the GHG reduction targets. The case studies in Mexico show the inability to reverse the trend towards the increase of GHG emissions; therefore the reduction targets will be hardly achieved. The case of Mexico give us an overview of trends in emerging countries, which are very far from achieving sustainable development and will face a major challenge in the coming decades
Kim, Tiam Sandra. "Effets de mélanges de pesticides sur les biofilms périphytiques d'eau douce". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01017169.
Texto completoDedeh, Amina. "Impact d'un sédiment dopé aux nanoparticules d'or ou de sulfure de cadmium sur un invertébré et un poisson d'eau douce". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0068/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis was to determine the impact of two types of metal nanoparticles (cadmium sulphide - CdS - and gold - Au) on two aquatic models (tubifex worms and zebrafish Danio rerio). The approach has been to dope the Garonne sediment with the two types of nanoparticles and characterize the effect of this contamination on the two animals using multiple markers at different levels of biological organization (biochemical responses, neurotransmission activity, genotoxicity, gene expression and bioturbation activity). The effects were evaluated after exposure to contaminated sediment in experimental microcosms systems for twenty days. In a number of cases this work revealed an effect of the nanoparticles that was not due to metal but to the nanoparticulate properties. Indeed, in the case of CdS nanoparticles, we observed alterations in the genome as well as the modification of the bioturbation activity of worms tubifex in response to the contamination of nanoparticles but not to that of the ionic form. In this work we observed the release of gold nanoparticles from the sediment into the water column, and its potential bioavailability to fish. These nanoparticles were causing DNA damage in both organisms, modifying the expression of certain genes and increased acetylcholinesterase activity in zebrafish. Bioturbation results showed no effects of gold nanoparticles on the movement of worms
Waisman, Henri. "Les politiques climatiques entre prix du carbone, rente pétrolière et dynamiques urbaines". Paris, EHESS, 2012. https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799199.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates the effects of constraints imposed on economic interactions by limitations due to natural resources, among which oil and urban land play a curcial role in the context of climate change. These dimensions, often neglected in existing analyses, have an ambiguous effect since they suggest both the risk of enhanced costs if carbon limitations reinforce the sub-optimalities caused by pre-existing constraints, but also, conversely, the possibility of co-benefits if the climate policy helps to correct some pre-existing imperfections of socio-economic trajectories. To investigate this issue, an innovative modeling framework of the energy-economy interactions is elaborated that embarks the specificities of the deployment of oil production capacities and the issues related to the spatial organization in urban areas. We demonstrate that, beyond the carbon price, the costs of climate policy essentially depend on the sequencing of complementary measures, with a crucial role of spatial policy designed to control transport-related emissions through mobility
Pujol, Sophie. "Le bruit environnemental en milieu urbain : exposition d'une population d'enfants et performances scolaires". Thesis, Besançon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BESA3018/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis was to quantify children's exposure to environmental ambient noise at home and at school and to assess the relation between noise exposure and school performance of 8-9 year-old-schoolchildren. This study was conducted among the 900 children living in a 120, 000 inhabitants city and attending one of the 35 public primary schools in key stage 2, year 4 in 2006-2007. Questionnaires were distributed to the families to locate the children's home and collect data on potential confounding factors associated with school achievement or failure. These questionnaires were completed by 724 families living in the city.A noise measurement campaign was performed at the residence of 44 randomly sampled schoolchildren (outdoor and indoor noise levels during one week) and a strategic noise map was built at the city scale to calculate the outdoor environmental ambient noise levels at home and at school. These noise levels were compared with the children's school performance at the national standardised assessment test in French and mathematics. A linear exposure-effect relation between noise exposure at school and impaired Mathematics score was found after adjustment for confounding factors. Furthermore, both the ambient noise exposure at school and at home individually considered were found to be associated with an impaired children French performance.This study mainly focused on the assessment of the noise exposure in an urban area. The magnitude of the effect we observed on school performance may seem to be modest, but, when considering the number of people potentially chronically exposed to similar environmental noise levels, this effect may be of importance
Doumbia, El Hadji Thierno. "Caractérisation physico-chimique de la pollution atmosphérique en Afrique de l'Ouest et étude d'impact sur la santé". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2012. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1915/.
Texto completoThis thesis was a contribution to the CORUS-POLCA (French acronym for " POLlution des Capitales Africaines ") program with the aim to characterize particulate pollution on traffic sites of two West-African capitals (Bamako, Mali and Dakar, Senegal) and to study aerosol biological impacts on lung inflammation. Urban particulate pollution with levels much higher than WHO norms, are in the focus due to intense African traffic sources and domestic fires. In this context, fundamental research of this thesis is centred on the following key scientific questions: - What is the chemical speciation of aerosols by size classes for black carbon, organic carbon, inorganic species, and trace elements for the two sites of POLCA program ? - What is the toxicity of these combustion aerosols and the oxidative stress levels ? - What is the link between aerosol size differentiated composition and inflammation markers for each source ? - What is the link between aerosol exposure and aerosol dose within the respiratory tract ? To tackle these questions, samples obtained during the intensive campaigns in Bamako (January 2009) and Dakar (December 2009) have been chemically analyzed to obtain differentiated aerosol chemical composition within size classes. All these measurements are conducted to a well physico-chemical characterization of particles in addition to source contributing determination using multivariate models (PCA, PMF). This study has been coupled to in vitro biological studies on sampled aerosols on the two sites. Such coupled studies allow to further understand the complex relationship between emissions source/aerosols chemistry/size distributions and biological health impacts. Finally, in this study, the DEPCLUNG (DEPosition, Clearance, LUNG) model was developed to evaluate chemically/size exposures to aerosol particle size distributions and calculate their respective concentrations/doses in the different compartments (trachea, bronchial, bronchiolar, alveolar) of the human respiratory tract. The conjunction of three themes, namely characterization of the urban particulate pollution in West Africa and its sources, its toxicological impact and dose modeling in the respiratory tract results in the multidisciplinary innovative character of the thesis
Duché, Sarah. "La pollution de l'air en région parisienne : exposition et perception sur les sites touristiques". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00840818.
Texto completoPigneret, Mathilde. "Réponses écophysiologiques à une pollution d’origine anthropique chez un organisme sentinelle et conséquences sur le fonctionnement des bassins d’infiltration". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1031/document.
Texto completoHuman populations are exposed to numerous pollutants. It is now necessary to evaluate the toxicity of urban contaminants in receptor ecosystems. In anthropized areas, many pollutants (mainly hydrocarbons and heavy metals) accumulate on the impervious surfaces (roads, parks, buildings, rooftops…). During a rainfall event, these compounds are re-suspended and drained up to stormwater infiltration basins. These structures were built to detoxify and to infiltrate runoff water to underlying groundwater. Toxic compounds are captured and accumulated in the fine sediment layer of the infiltration basins, where their concentrations may achieve important concentrations. Despite this harsh constraint, a few invertebrates inhabit stormwater basin sediments and have developed specific metabolic, physiological and/or behavioural adaptations. One of the most spread is the oligochaeta Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri. This tubificid worm burrows galleries (bioturbation activity) in sediments where it enhances the organic matter mineralization and the nutrients recycling. This species has an essential role in the infiltration basin functioning and on groundwater quality. L. hoffmeisteri is considered both as a sentinel species of ecosystem health and an engineer species. The first aim of this work was to highlight the ecophysiological responses that allow L. hoffmeisteri to survive in these harsh conditions. We exposed this organism during 1, 3 or 6 months to polluted sediments (from 3 infiltration basins), under laboratory conditions. Then, we measured the survival, the oxygen consumption, the energy body stores, the oxidative stress induced by urban pollutants (through the lipid peroxidation level), and the antioxidant defence mechanisms (the activity of the antioxidant enzymes) in L. hoffmeisteri. The same analyses were realized on worms incubated 1 to 6 months in a sediment from a non-urbanized environment (considered as a low-polluted/control sediment). The second objective of the present work was to determine the impact of urban pollutants on aerobic and anaerobic metabolisms in L. hoffmeisteri. We measured several mitochondrial parameters (the mitochondrial respiratory chain activity and the ATP production rate) and anaerobic end product concentrations in worms exposed to the 4 same sediments (polluted or not). This study demonstrated that urban pollutants induced a shift from aerobic to the anaerobic metabolism, linked to a mitochondrial dysfunctioning. Moreover, this study also showed that two anaerobic end products (succinate and propionate) constitute relevant biomarkers of urban pollution. Lastly, the third goal of this thesis was to evaluate the impact of an anthropic pollution on the engineering activity of L. hoffmeisteri (i.e. its role in the infiltration basin functioning). To this end, we measured during 1 month the burrowing activity of this tubificid worm using X-ray tomography, in microcosms containing slightly or highly polluted sediments. We measured nutrients fluxes, dissolved oxygen, CO2 and CH4 concentrations during the experiment to determine the influence of the pollution rate on nutrients recycling. These measurements were also realized in microcosms with or without worms, to quantify the functional role of engineer organisms
Deletraz, Gaëlle. "Géographie des risques environnementaux liés aux transports routiers en montagne : incidences des émissions d'oxydes d'azote en vallées d'Aspe et de Biriatou (Pyrénées)". Pau, 2002. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003245.
Texto completoThis thesis evaluates the impact of road pollution on mountain ecosystems (acidification and eutrophisation) and shows that geographic approach is complementary to that of the chemists or biologists. Two valleys have been chosen for field studies : Biriatou and the Aspe valley (Somport). Road atmospheric pollution studies raise many methodological difficulties. To study the effects of this pollution, it must be first charted. We describe the model of spatial diffusion of pollution used. The method integrates topography. We have established a cartography of nitrogen deposits for the two studied sectors. Then, this thesis talks about impacts. The evaluation of the deposition is not sufficient to determine the risk. Each ecosystem has specific characteristics (buffer capacity of soil, type of vegetation). The critical loads differ according to the environmental conditions. The definition of the risks areas needs the comparison of the levels of pollution and environmental conditions
Pioch, Magali. "Contribution à l'étude du devenir, en milieu urbain, pendant le ruissellement des eaux pluviales, des produits de fission émis en cas d'accident nucléaire". Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20068.
Texto completoElessa, Etuman Dipita Arthur. "Analyse des impacts des politiques énergétiques et de déplacements urbains sur la pollution de l’air : modélisation intégrée pour un espace urbain soutenable". Thesis, Paris Est, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PESC1248/document.
Texto completoAir pollution is a major environmental and social problem and, at the same time, it is a complex problem that poses multiple challenges in terms of management and mitigation of air pollutants. Air pollutants are emitted by anthropogenic and natural sources. They can be either emitted directly (primary pollutants) or formed in the atmosphere (secondary pollutants). Their impacts on health, ecosystems, the urban texture and the climate are proven. Effective action to reduce the impacts of air pollution requires a good understanding of its causes, how pollutants are transported and transformed in the atmosphere and their impact on humans, ecosystems, climate, society, the economy and buildings. Today, policies and development plans aim to make cities sustainable which involves taking into account the internal interactions that make the city a complex system. It is necessary to consider the determinants of air quality. Modeling is one of the most important tools for decision support. There is currently little modeling work integrating several disciplinary fields in terms of air quality. This research aims to develop an innovative approach to the modeling of air quality by integrating social, economic and transportation logistics
Zhang, Yuan. "Impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial carbon cycle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2020SORUS123.pdf.
Texto completoAnthropogenic atmospheric aerosols have been recognized to have significantly affected the climate system through their interactions with radiation and cloud during the last decades. Besides these well-known butpoorly-understood physical processes in the atmosphere, recent studies reported strong influences of aerosols on the carbon cycle, especially its terrestrial component. The changes in carbon cycle will further alter the climate through the climate-carbon feedback. It remains uncertain how much anthropogenic aerosols perturb the land carbon cycle. This thesis aims to quantify and attribute the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the terrestrial cycle using a modeling approach. In Chapter 2, a set of offline simulations using the ORCHIDEE land surface model driven by climate fields from different CMIP5 generation climate models were performed to investigate the impacts of anthropogenic aerosols on the land C cycle through their impacts on climate. The results indicate an increased cumulative land C sink of 11.6-41.8 PgC during 1850-2005 due to anthropogenic aerosols. The increase in net biome production (NBP) is mainly found in the tropics and northern mid latitudes. Aerosol-induced cooling is the main factor driving this NBP changes. At high latitudes, aerosol-induced cooling caused a stronger decrease in gross primary production (GPP) than in total ecosystem respiration (TER), leading to lower NBP. At mid latitudes, cooling‐induced decrease in TER is stronger than for GPP, resulting in a net NBP increase. At low latitudes, NBP was also enhanced due to the cooling‐induced GPP increase, but regional precipitation decline in response to anthropogenic aerosol emissions may negate the effect of temperature. As climate models currently disagree on how aerosol emissions affect tropical precipitation, the precipitation change in response to aerosols becomes the main source of uncertainty in aerosol-caused C flux changes. The results suggest that better understanding and simulation of how anthropogenic aerosols affect precipitation in climate models is required for a more accurate attribution of aerosol effects on the terrestrial carbon cycle
Thevenot, Gaël. "De la prévention des risques au changement des pratiques agricoles : les limites du droit de la protection phytosanitaire". Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE0040/document.
Texto completoPlant protection products, also known as pesticides, are used to fight against offensive organisms on plants. By doing so, they also guarantee crop yield and food supplying. French legal framework has been genuinely built to ensure market efficiency to these products even before trying to limit their impact on health and environment. With the community thematic strategy on sustainable use of pesticides, its objective gets more aspiring as it now concerns the reduction of farming dependency on pesticides. But more than reducing the use of these products, it becomes necessary to implement new practices. Moreover, new agronomical methods have to be set up against pest emergence and its uncontrolled growth. Although market rules on plant protection products, which are in the core of the legal package, do lower the risk on health and environment, they hardly reach this goal. It is the same analysis with the yet promising legal framework on pesticides use. Calling on the entire resources of agricultural law becomes necessary in order to redirect farming practises. In spite of the help from both market instruments and the very structuring framework of the common agricultural policy, the growing integration of health and environmental concern stays at an unsufficient level to substantially change these practices
Abidi, Ehgere. "Sources des aérosols en milieu urbain : cas de la ville de Paris". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4794.
Texto completoKnowing the sources of airborne fine particulate matter in ambient area became a major concern since their adverse effects on health were. Then, knowing in detail the nature and the sources of the fine particles (PM) is necessary to quantify the relative importance of the emissions on the total PM concentration. In this context, the main objective is to better know the chemical composition and the sources of the organic aerosol. This works is integrated within the MEGAPOLI framework. Two intensive campaigns were led in Paris region in summer and in winter at an urban (LHVP) and a suburban (SIRTA) sites. During the both sampling campaigns, a complete PM2.5 chemical characterization was made. The contributions of the PM2.5 primary sources were calculated by CMB modelling and the results were intercompared with those obtained by the AMS/PMF and the radiocarbon 14C approaches. The CMB analysis showed that in winter, the main contributing sources were primary, dominated by vehicular exhaust and biomass burning. In summer, the PM2.5 ambient concentrations were mainly governed by secondary species. According to the approach based on the secondary organic markers, the traditional biogenic SOA contribution to the PM2.5 mass was. The both CMB and AMS-PMF approaches comparison showed that in winter, the differences were particularly observed for both major organic aerosol sources: biomass burning and vehicular exhaust. In summer, the differences between both approaches were less visible. The comparisons of the CMB modeling approach results with the radiocarbon 14C measurements, a totally independent approach, show a very good agreement between both approaches
Rouspard, Pierre. "Etude phénoménologique du dépôt sec d’aérosols en milieu urbain : Influence des propriétés des surfaces, de la turbulence et des conditions météorologiques". Thesis, Rouen, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAM0007/document.
Texto completoAerosol dry deposition is not much known for urban areas due to the lack of data. Knowledge on this phenomenon is necessary to understand pollutant fluxes in cities and to estimate inhabitant exposition to ionizing radiation of radioactive aerosols. A data providing could enable to enhance dry deposition models for these areas. An original experimental approach is performed to study submicron aerosol dry deposition on urban surfaces. Wind tunnel coupled to in situ experiments give results to study different physical phenomen on governing dry deposition. Dry deposition velocities are measured using aerosol tracers. These data are associated to turbulent and meteorological measured conditions. This database permits to classify the principal physical phenomenon for each experiment type. Finally, different phenomenon must be considered for chronic and acute exposition of urban surfaces to atmospheric particles
Kuhfuss, Laure. "Contrats agro-environnementaux : évaluation et dispositifs innovants en France". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON10026/document.
Texto completoTerritorialized agri-environmental measures (MAEt) were introduced in France for the 2007-2013 Common Agricultural Policy program. The forthcoming CAP reform is an opportunity to improve the design of existing agri-environmental schemes. The first part of this thesis assesses this scheme (MAEt), with special attention paid to water pollution issues. In the first chapter we analyse theadvantages and limits of the partial decentralization of decision-making in the setting-up of agrienvironmentalprojects and of improved targeting through the identification of eligible priority areas.This analysis is illustrated by the results of a national survey conducted with eligible farmers andagents in charge of the implementation of the scheme and by two case studies conducted in Eure etLoir and Languedoc-Roussillon. These surveys help us to identify the reasons for the too low adoptionrates of pesticides reduction measures by farmers. In the second chapter, we estimate the impact ofherbicide reduction measures adopted by winegrowers in the Languedoc-Roussillon region using atreatment effects approach. The second part of the thesis proposes two innovative designs aiming atincreasing the acceptability of agri-environmental measures by farmers. In chapter 3 we study theintroduction of a collective dimension in the contracts. This collective dimension relies on a monetary‘bonus’ paid to each farmer who has signed a contract, provided that the proportion of landcollectively enrolled in the agri-environmental scheme reaches a predefined threshold. We finallyanalyse in chapter 4 the possible use of reverse auctions for the allocation of agri-environmentalcontracts, on the basis of the pilot experiment implemented by the Water Agency in Artois-Picardie.This mechanism enables farmers to adapt the practices they commit to and the payment that they receive to their own willingness to accept
Capdeville, Marion-Justine. "Études des cycles biogéochimiques des contaminants organiques dits « émergents » dans les systèmes aquatiques". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14304/document.
Texto completoPharmaceutical substances belong to the group of emerging contaminants due to their recent interest in environmental studies in comparison with pollutants who have been studied for a longer time like pesticides. They correspond to the active ingredient of drugs and by this mean are responsible for their pharmacological properties. Consequently they are biologically active molecules that can act on living organisms present in impacted ecosystems. The origin of pharmaceuticals in the environment is variable but the main sources are related to their use in human and veterinary medicine. Once consumed, pharmaceutical substances are excreted in urine or feces and are found in wastewater (human consumption) or animal manure (veterinary consumption). In the first case, they can be discharged directly in the environment, or indirectly, with treated wastewater or sludge from sewage treatment plants (SWTP). In the second case, they directly reach the environment when animals are bred on grassland or indirectly when livestock wastes are spread on agricultural soils as fertilizer. This PhD work has been focused on the study of the origin and fate of pharmaceutical substances in these 2 cases. Thus according to consumption data, occurrence in the environment reported in previous studies, toxicity and ecotoxicity data, originality and availability of reference standard compounds, 32 then 78 molecules belonging to 5 different therapeutic classes (antibiotics, antineoplastics, beta-blockers, anti-HIV, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE 5 inhibitors)) were studied in 2 continuums : i) hospital wastewater effluents – raw and treated wastewater – surface water, and ii) raw and treated wastewater – surface water – ground water. Based on the same selection criteria, the fate of 7 antibiotics was studied in pig manure in simple manure storage facilities (storage tank), in aerobic manure treatment facilities (treatment system like in small SWTP) and in mesocosms under controlled conditions. In order to achieve all these studies, analytical protocols implementing an extraction step by SPE (Solid Phase Extraction) or an ASE extraction (Accelerated Solvent Extraction) followed by a SPE purification and an analytical step by LC / MS / MS (liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry) have been developed. These protocols, by filling out quality criteria such as limits of detection and quantification compatible with environmental analysis (ng/l to dozen of ng/l), good linearity, precision, accuracy and performance, were used to analyze the dissolved phase of water samples and dissolved and solid phases of pig manure samples. The water samples analysis shows : i) beta-blockers, anti-HIV and antibiotic belonging to the families of macrolides, fluoroquinolones and sulfonamides are the most representative molecules of the environmental contamination from the classes studied; ii) SWTP releases are a major source of aquatic systems’ contamination; iii) wastewaters are more contaminated in winter than in summer; and iv) surface water are more contaminated in summer than in winter. The pig manure samples analysis shows : i) the levels of contamination of manure by antibiotics are high, from a few µg/l to mg/l; ii) the manure level of contamination is not related to the physiological stage of pigs; iii) the interest to store manure before spreading in order to reduce the antibiotics contamination is not highlighted; iv) oxytetracycline, tetracycline, tylosin and marbofloxacin are mainly present in the solid phase whereas sulfadiazine, lincomycin and monensin are mainly present in the liquid phase of manure; v) the separation of solid and liquid phases reduce manure contamination in aerobic treatment facilities; and vi) antibiotics degradation is mainly aerobic.Key words:
Bourgeois, Marc. "Impacts écologiques des formes d'urbanisation : modélisations urbaines et paysagères". Thesis, Besançon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BESA1029/document.
Texto completoThe global increase of urbanization during the past decades have induced a progressive artificialization of natural environments. The building of transport infrastructures and new housings causes a landscape fragmentation in an irreversible way and a strong decrease of the connectivity of ecological habitats. Maintaining the functionality of ecological networks is becoming a major goal of sustainable urban planning policies. With a special focus on urban evolutions in the horizon 2030 in the urban area of Besançon in eastern France (residential development and road traffic evolutions), this thesis aims to assess the potential impact of urban forms on landscape connectivity of animal species’ ecological networks. This research work promotes a modelling approach both on the field of theoretical and quantitative geography and landscape ecology.This approach follows three main steps: (1) simulating residential development and its associated road traffic changes using five prospective scenarios of differentiated urban forms; (2) modelling landscape graphs of various animal species using land-cover maps and ecological data; (3) assessing the potential impacts of each scenario on ecological networks from these graphs using connectivity metrics, with measures of the connectivity decrease attributable to each residential development scenario. Contrary to sprawled cities, the results show that compact and dense urban forms best promote the maintenance of ecological connectivity for the majority of species groups. Further analysis highlights the great contribution of road traffic evolutions regarding the ecological impacts of each scenario.According to some sensitivity analysis, the model used is quite robust. It demonstrates the interest of modelling in the decision-making process for environmental conservation and urban planning to think out the city of tomorrow in a sustainable way
Sylvestre, Alexandre. "Caractérisation de l'aérosol industriel et quantification de sa contribution aux PM2.5 atmosphériques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4714/document.
Texto completoIn order to limit the impact of air quality on human health, public authorities need reliable and accurate information on the sources contribution. So, the identification of the main sources of PM2.5 is the first step to adopt efficient mitigation policies. This work carry out in this thesis take place in this issue and was to determine the main sources of PM2.5 inside an industrial area. To determinate the main sources of PM2.5, two campaigns were lead to collect daily PM2.5 to: 1/ determine the enrichment of atmospheric pollutants downwind from the main industrial activities and 2/ collect PM2.5 in urban areas characteristic of the population exposition. Results allowed to obtain very representative profiles for the main industrial activities implanted inside the studied area. ME-2 analysis, combined to radiocarbon measurements, allowed to highlight the very high impact of Biomass Burning sources for all the PM2.5 pollution events recorded from early autumn to March. This study showed that industrial sources, even if they are the major sources during spring and summer, are not the major PM2.5 driver. However, this study highlights that industrial sources impact significantly the aerosol population (size, composition, etc.) in the studied area
Aminot, Yann. "Étude de l'impact des effluents urbains sur la qualité des eaux de la Garonne estuarienne : application aux composés pharmaceutiques et aux filtres UV". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14161/document.
Texto completoUbiquitous presence of pharmaceuticals in the environment is of great concern. In this Ph.D. work, occurrence and fate of these organic contaminants were studied in the estuarine Garonne River, receiving treated effluents of the Bordeaux urban area (France). After developing and validating the analytical methods for multi-residue detection of 53 pharmaceuticals in water and sediment, composition and variability of the Bordeaux wastewater treatment plant influents and effluents were characterized. Presence of analytes in river water, suspended solids and sediments was then investigated on a periurban river located in the suburbs of Bordeaux. Besides, a long-term monitoring of estuarine Garonne River revealed the relative importance of local and upstream inputs and clearly showed a seasonal in-situ degradation of certain pharmaceuticals. This degradation was further confirmed and examined through batch experiments simulating the mixing conditions of wastewater and estuarine river water, highlighting the importance of suspended solid concentration in biodegradation rates
Diop, Amadou. "Diagnostic des pratiques d'utilisation et quantification des pesticides dans la zone des Niayes de Dakar (Sénégal)". Phd thesis, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00959895.
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