Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Vietnamese"
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1
Tran, Anh Thi Kim. "Pupils and students’ ability to recognise and use Sino-Vietnamese". Science and Technology Development Journal 18, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2015): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v18i2.1189.
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In this paper, we will not focus on the theory but pay attention to traits in practical activities of Sino-Vietnamese words in modern Vietnamese. The paper presents the appearance of Chinese characters in Vietnamese giving out the survey results so as to find pupils and students’ ability to recognise and use Sino-Vietnames to contribute data for the issue of Sino-Vietnamese position in modern Vietnamese.
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Vu, Hoang Minh. "Between Propaganda and Cao-Mienism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 15, n.º 1 (2020): 49–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2020.15.1.49.
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The generation of soldiers, advisors, politicians, and civilians who participated in Vietnam’s intervention in Cambodia between 1978 and 1989 had diverse, colorful, and powerful experiences. Their impressions and reflections as immortalized in diaries, songs, poems, plays, short stories, and even novels form the core of popular memory of Vietnam’s long involvement in Cambodia, which I term Vietnam’s Cambodian Decade. I argue that all Vietnamese literature on this period exhibits some combination of state propaganda to justify the Vietnamese presence in Cambodia on the one hand, and exoticization of Cambodia and Cambodians on the other. This latter tendency I term “Cao-Mienism,” drawing the connection between Edward W. Said’s critique of Orientalism and the old Vietnamese term for Cambodia, Cao Miên, which carries many outdated connotations of a mystical, uncivilized, violent, and hypersexual other. I divide Vietnamese literature on the Cambodian Decade into four distinct groups, based largely on the chronological order of their publication, but also on the distinct literary characteristics of each group, thereby charting the evolution of Vietnamese views of the Cambodian Decade through the years. My main finding is that Vietnamese literature on the Cambodian Decade started out largely to serve the needs of state propaganda, but has in time shifted decisively to Cao-Mienizing Cambodia. I conclude by warning that both strands of propaganda and Cao-Mienization remain relevant in contemporary Vietnamese literature and can serve to perpetuate and legitimize a hegemonic discourse on Cambodia that is detrimental to bilateral relations.
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Nguyen, Thuc-Doan T. y Russell Belk. "Vietnamese Weddings". Journal of Macromarketing 32, n.º 1 (30 de noviembre de 2011): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0276146711427302.
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This article examines the historical role of marriage and wedding rituals in Vietnam, and how they have changed during Vietnam’s transition to the market. The authors focus on how changes reflect the society’s increasing dependence on the market, how this dependence impacts consumer well-being, and the resulting implications for public policy. Changes in the meanings, function, and structure of wedding ritual consumption are examined. These changes echo shifts in the national economy, social values, social relations, and gender roles in Vietnamese society during the transition. The major findings show that Vietnamese weddings are reflections of (1) the roles of wedding rituals as both antecedents and outcomes of social changes, (2) the nation’s perception and imagination of its condition relative to “modernity,” and (3) the role of China as a threatening “other” seen as impeding Vietnam’s progress toward “modernization.”
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Kirby, James P. "Vietnamese (Hanoi Vietnamese)". Journal of the International Phonetic Association 41, n.º 3 (11 de noviembre de 2011): 381–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100311000181.
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Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is spoken natively by over seventy-five million people in Vietnam and greater Southeast Asia as well as by some two million overseas, predominantly in France, Australia, and the United States. The genetic affiliation of Vietnamese has been at times the subject of considerable debate (Diffloth 1992). Scholars such as Tabard (1838) maintained a relation to Chinese, while Maspero (1912), despite noting similarities to Mon-Khmer, argued for an affiliation with Tai. However, at least since the work of Haudricourt (1953), most scholars now agree that Vietnamese and related Vietic languages belong to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic family.
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Nguyen, To-The, Nguyen-Anh Tuan y Le Phuong Thao. "Vietnamese Tea Exporting and Forecasting to 2030". Vietnam Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 636–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31817/vjas.2020.3.2.07.
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This study aimed to determine the factors influencing Vietnamese tea export quantities, namely, the internal factors of national tea production, productivity, and cultivated areas, and the external factors of export price and world tea export quantity (excluding Vietnam). We employed a time-series linear model to estimate the magnitude as well as the sign of the aforementioned factors on Vietnam’s tea export quantity and two Box-Cox transformations called a simple back-transformed forecast and a bias-adjustment to forecast the growth rate of the Vietnamese tea export quantity until 2030. The results suggested that except for the total domestic tea production, all the proposed factors significantly affected the Vietnamese tea export quantity. The tea export quantity of other nations around the world had a significantly negative impact on Vietnamese tea that led to Vietnam’s tea exports dropping by 34 tons on average since the other countries exported 1,000 tons of tea. The forecasted outcome suggested an upward trend of Vietnamese tea exports up to 2030. In order to sustainably develop Vietnam’s tea industry, we recommend that the government should take supportive actions such as investing in in-depth tea processing to improve Vietnam’s tea export quality, focusing on post-harvest activities, investing in organic or high-value tea rather than conventional tea, continuing to accumulate land to support the growth of cultivated tea areas, and maintaining high productivity by using hybrid seeds.
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Pham, Thi Huyen Trang y Ngoc Dung Tran. "Developments of Vietnam’s policies towards Australia after the Cold War". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7, n.º 4 (16 de enero de 2024): 15–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2023.74-192531.
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This paper investigates Vietnam’s primary documents of Vietnamese Communist Party and Vietnamese government relating to diplomatic strategy to present the improvement and development of Vietnam’s policies towards Australia after the Cold War. In the context that Vietnam was embargoed and isolated in the region, Australia was an important bridge to help Vietnam to link with foreign countries. Due to the significance of Australia in both economy, politics, diplomacy, and recently security, Vietnam’s policies towards Australia are remarkable with great expectations and the bilateral relation between the two strong partners more and more obtains better results.
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Hendri, Zendri y Rahmad Dandi. "Tinjauan Historis Pengungsian Vietnam di Pulau Galang 1979-1996". Takuana: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sains, dan Humaniora 1, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2022): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.56113/takuana.v1i1.24.
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Vietnam's long history starts from the effort to gain independence from France, the prolonged civil war between Communist North Vietnam and nationalist South Vietnam, to the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia, which led to the massive migration of Vietnamese people to various countries using boats so that refugees This Vietnamese, known as the "Boat People." This study provides a comprehensive explanation of the background of the migration of Vietnamese refugees to Galang Island, the role of UNHCR and the Government of Indonesia in overcoming these problems, and their lives on Galang Island. This historical research was carried out successively from the heuristic process taken from the Vietnam-camp refugee document and observations on Galang Island. The data is then verified, interpreted analytically and synthetically, and presented in descriptive-explanative historiography. Apart from the pluses and minuses of various aspects of the history of Vietnamese refugees on Galang Island from 1979 to 1996, the Indonesian government has been maximal in overcoming the problem of Vietnamese refugees.
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Thi Hang, MA Nguyen y MA Nguyen Thi Hue. "SOME SOLUTIONS TO KEEP AND PROMOTE THE SPIRIT OF PATRIOTISM FOR VIETNAMESE STUDENTS TODAY". International Journal of Education Humanities and Social Science 05, n.º 03 (2022): 113–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54922/ijehss.2022.0390.
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The spirit of patriotism is the highest standard of morality and leading in the cultural and spiritual value system of the Vietnamese nation. Patriotism acts as a great endogenous motivation of the Vietnamese ethnic community, creating the unrivaled power in the resistance wars against foreign aggression and in the cause of building the country. Vietnamese youth in general and students in particular are the future generation of the country. Within the scope of the article, on the basis of the formation and development of Vietnam's national patriotic values, the authors raised the reality of patriotic education for students in order to give solutions to preserve and promote the spirit of patriotism for the Vietnamese students nowadays.
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Hardy, Andrew. "From a Floating World: Emigration to Europe from Post-War Vietnam". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 11, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2002): 463–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719680201100406.
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This article aims to explain the origins and formation of Europe's Vietnamese communities. It argues that emigration from post-war Vietnam (1975–1995) was a result of the dismantling of two models of Vietnamese society — the southern regime and the structures of socialism. However, the migration routes owe much to Vietnam's international relations in the Cold War. Isolation by western countries led to the formation of a Vietnamese community in Western Europe, consisting of refugees. At the same time, ties with the Soviet Union led to the formation of a community in Eastern Europe, consisting of guest workers. Two case studies present contrasting approaches to integration, and suggest possible alternate futures for Vietnamese communities in Europe.
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Kozlov, Vyacheslav A., Osor R. Ochirov, Aleksei Zh Yakushev y Truong Thi Huyen Thu. "THE ROLE OF SAMSUNG ELECTRONICS VIETNAM CO. IN THE VIETNAMESE ECONOMY". EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4/3, n.º 124 (2022): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2022.04.03.010.
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The purpose of the article is to assess the role of Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. on the Vietnamese economy. Methods were applied: system-structural, causal, situational, factor analysis, multi-level integrated approach, observations and comparisons, etc. Analyzed Vietnam’s business environment. It was concluded that Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. contributes to the increase in Vietnam’s GDP, and Samsung Corporation as a whole makes a significant contribution to attracting foreign investors to Vietnam and creates opportunities for Vietnamese suppliers to join the global network.
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Charney, Michael W. "Before and after the wheel: Precolonial and colonial states and transportation in West Africa and mainland Southeast Asia". HumaNetten, n.º 37 (22 de diciembre de 2016): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/hn.20163702.
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State formation in Vietnam followed an imperial pattern, namely, a process of conquests and annexations typical of an empire. At its peak in the early nineteenth century, the frontier of the Vietnamese empire encompassed much of today’s Cambodia and Laos. This imperial pattern was the basis on which the French built their Indochinese colony and the Vietnamese communist state built its modern hegemony. By re-examining Vietnamese history as that of an empire and hegemon, this paper challenges the nationalist historiography’s assumption about Vietnam’s need for survival from China as the driving force of Vietnamese history. In contrast, I argue that the threat to Vietnamese survival has come less from China than from other states on China’s southern frontier. Vietnam has in fact benefited from a positive synergy with China in much of its premodern and modern history. By situating Vietnamese state formation in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, I hope to correct the tendency in many studies that focus exclusively on Sino-Vietnamese dyadic interactions and that posit the two as opposites. Treating Vietnam as an empire or hegemon over a large area of mainland Southeast Asia also is essential to understand why Vietnamese sometimes did not automatically accept Chinese superiority despite the obvious “asymmetry” between them.
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Vu, Tuong. "State formation on China’s southern frontier: Vietnam as a shadow empire and hegemon". HumaNetten, n.º 37 (22 de diciembre de 2016): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.15626/hn.20163703.
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State formation in Vietnam followed an imperial pattern, namely, a process of conquests and annexations typical of an empire. At its peak in the early nineteenth century, the frontier of the Vietnamese empire encompassed much of today’s Cambodia and Laos. This imperial pattern was the basis on which the French built their Indochinese colony and the Vietnamese communist state built its modern hegemony. By re-examining Vietnamese history as that of an empire and hegemon, this paper challenges the nationalist historiography’s assumption about Vietnam’s need for survival from China as the driving force of Vietnamese history. In contrast, I argue that the threat to Vietnamese survival has come less from China than from other states on China’s southern frontier. Vietnam has in fact benefited from a positive synergy with China in much of its premodern and modern history. By situating Vietnamese state formation in the context of mainland Southeast Asia, I hope to correct the tendency in many studies that focus exclusively on Sino-Vietnamese dyadic interactions and that posit the two as opposites. Treating Vietnam as an empire or hegemon over a large area of mainland Southeast Asia also is essential to understand why Vietnamese sometimes did not automatically accept Chinese superiority despite the obvious “asymmetry” between them.
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Apostolova, Raia. "Duty and Debt under the Ethos of Internationalism". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 12, n.º 1 (2017): 101–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jvs.2017.12.1.101.
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Following Christina Schwenkel’s call to attend to different temporalities in the study of the Vietnamese diaspora, I examine three historical representations of workers sent to Bulgaria between the early 1970s and the beginning of the 1990s. These representations mediated Bulgarian-Vietnamese interstate relations: first, workers in relation to internationalist duty; second, workers in relation to financial debt; and finally, the workers as racialized, indebted subjects. My goal is twofold. Firstly, I turn my attention to the role and the figure of the Vietnamese worker under the ethos of actually existing socialism and navigate through the socialist rationalities that stood behind their arrival in Bulgaria. Second, I trace how representations of Vietnamese workers have changed from upholding the moral duty of socialist internationalism to becoming a labor force destined to repay Vietnam’s debt. This shift took place within a framework of changing power configurations that remodeled the extraction of surplus labor by relocating debt risks from the Vietnamese state to Vietnamese workers. I then trace the production of the indebted subject, which materialized in a historic type of racialization of the Vietnamese people, and which proved indispensable to Bulgaria’s transition to a market economy.
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Harms, Erik. "The Critical Difference: Making Peripheral Vision Central in Vietnamese Studies". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6, n.º 2 (2011): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2011.6.2.1.
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This discussion of contributions to this special volume on Vietnam's Northwest assesses the importance of an outsider's view in Vietnamese Studies, arguing that such a view helps challenge assumptions about Vietnamese Studies. However, the discussion also cautions that the tendency to view the Northwest as "outside" itself needs to be questioned. Building from the analytic power of the outsider's view while challenging the assumptions upon which such a view rests requires a methodological approach that makes peripheral vision central. This method may offer a useful model for future research in many areas of Vietnamese Studies.
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Shimojō, Hisashi. "From “Ideal Social Model” to Reality". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 16, n.º 1 (2021): 4–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2021.16.1.4.
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This paper examines the development of Vietnamese studies in post–World War II Japan. During the Vietnam War, Vietnamese studies in Japan was developed by a young generation of academics who were shocked by war coverage. Some of these scholars viewed Vietnamese society and its nationalist spirit as their “ideal social model,” and dedicated themselves to research topics centered on Vietnam’s rural society, revolution, and nationalism. However, when fieldwork became possible in the 1990s after the Đổi Mới reforms, research subjects became diversified among scholars who came after the Vietnam War generation as they encountered the country’s diverse realities.
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Giang, Dinh Le Hong, Giang Thi Thom y Nguyen Thi Thao Anh. "People-to-People Diplomacy of Vietnam in the 21st Century: Its Content, Mechanism And Russian Direction". South East Asia: Actual problems of Development, n.º 4(49) (2020): 154–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2020-3-4-49-154-167.
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In the article, the authors examine the concept of people-to-people diplomacy in the Vietnamese political lexicon and the mechanisms of its application in the practice of cooperation with Russia. The following conclusions are made: people-to-people diplomacy is an important tool for the implementation of modern foreign policy of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. The development of people-to-people relations can not only strengthen the social base for the Russian-Vietnamese comprehensive strategic partnership, but also improve the understanding of Russian society and Vietnamese diaspora in Vietnam's foreign affairs at the beginning of the XXI century.
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Toan, Vo Phuc. "Efforts of the Vietnamese in finance sector in Cochinchina during the colonial period: the case of Vietnam Bank (Société annamite de crédit)". Science & Technology Development Journal - Social Sciences & Humanities 5, n.º 1 (19 de abril de 2021): first. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjssh.v5i1.651.
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In feudal society, Vietnamese spent the most care on study Confusim to become courting and agriculture production. Trade and handicrafts were considered secondary in the economic thinking of Vietnamese. When capitalism followed France's conquest path into Vietnam, Vietnamese became a community that adapted slowly to change in the economy. Among difficulties of the reforming thinking and economic activities process, the finance sector was considered the most restrictive field of Vietnamese. In 1912, the Association of Mutual Agriculture was born in Cochinchina became the first experiment of Vietnamese in the finance sector. However, due to the limited financial potential, these agricultural associations depend on loans from Indochina Bank. In 1919, with the rising national spirit in the movement to boycott Chinese overseas, the plan to set up a financial association named the Vietnam Bank had appeared but unsuccessful. Eight years later, the first bank of the Vietnamese was established and called by Vietnam bank, reflecting Vietnamese's efforts to build the financial association independent from foreign businessmen. That is the result of combining the economic strength and national spirit rising in the patriotic movement of indigenous elites in the late 1920s.
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Han, Xiaorong. "SPOILED GUESTS OR DEDICATED PATRIOTS? THE CHINESE IN NORTH VIETNAM, 1954–1978". International Journal of Asian Studies 6, n.º 1 (enero de 2009): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479591409000011.
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This article examines the triangular relationship among the Chinese community of northern Vietnam, the North Vietnamese government, and China, focusing in particular on how the relationship affected the ethnic and national identities of Chinese residents in North Vietnam between 1954 and 1978. Scrutiny of the two important issues of citizenship and the Chinese school system reveals that North Vietnamese leaders adopted lenient policies toward Chinese residents mainly because they saw the relationship between the Vietnamese state and the Chinese community as part and parcel of North Vietnam's relationship with China. These policies ultimately contributed to a delay in the assimilation of Chinese residents, and by the end of the 1970s they still had not completed the transformation from well-treated sojourners into citizens of Vietnam. Though many Chinese residents embraced a status of privileged outsider, others willingly participated on Vietnam's behalf in the war against America. After reunification, the desire to clarify loyalty, i.e. to “purify” the nation-state, led the Vietnamese government to initiate an aggressive process of forced assimilation. This policy, and the deterioration of relations between Vietnam and China in the late 1970s, triggered an exodus of Chinese residents.
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Maass, Matthias. "‘Soft’ Coercive Diplomacy versus Informal Resistance: Attempts at Deporting ‘Illegal Vietnamese’ from Reunifying Germany, 1990-1995". Hague Journal of Diplomacy 9, n.º 3 (29 de agosto de 2014): 221–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1871191x-12341287.
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During the period of Germany’s reunification in the early 1990s, disagreement between Germany and Vietnam over the return of Vietnamese individuals to Vietnam escalated into a diplomatic dispute that also spilled over into Vietnam’s negotiations with the European Union over a major eu–Vietnam treaty. In mid-1995, however, the German and Vietnamese governments finally agreed on a repatriation arrangement that allowed Germany to begin deporting about 40,000 Vietnamese who were living in Germany illegally. This article explores the episode in the wider context of diplomatic dispute resolution. While Germany was demanding full cooperation from Vietnam on the issue of returning Vietnamese nationals, the Vietnamese government initially resisted large-scale repatriation for economic and social reasons. Hanoi attempted to frame the discussion within bilateral negotiations, economic costs and human rights, whereas Bonn argued from the perspective of customary international law and applied increasingly coercive diplomacy. German authorities escalated the disagreement and made economic threats with the aim of changing Hanoi’s behaviour. In order to frame this approach analytically, this article uses a modified form of coercive diplomacy. The analysis proceeds in three stages: first, the article analyses the origins of the dispute, which had its roots in German reunification; second, it evaluates the legal arguments advanced by each side; and third, it investigates Germany’s ‘soft’ coercive diplomacy and Vietnam’s response. The article concludes with an evaluation of Germany’s approach, benchmarking 1995’s diplomatic outcome against results on the ground, namely the number of returnees to Vietnam.
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Kokko, Ari y Fredrik Sjöholm. "The Internationalization of Vietnamese Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises". Asian Economic Papers 4, n.º 1 (enero de 2005): 152–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.1.152.
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Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been important for Vietnam's rapid economic development. This paper investigates the ways in which Vietnam's SMEs have been affected by the ongoing internationalization of the Vietnamese economy and points out the challenges that lie ahead if the country's plans for further trade liberalization are realized. The basis of our analysis is a unique database on the activities of a large sample of Vietnamese SMEs during 1990, 1996, and 2002, with quantitative data about company operations, as well as qualitative information about the entrepreneurs' perceptions of the current business environment and their expectations about the future.
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Serbin, Vladimir A. "Vietnam's position on Russia's special military operation". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 7, n.º 3 (29 de junio de 2023): 5–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2023.73-508782.
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This article examines the Socialist Republic of Vietnam's position on Russia's Special Military Operation. The study analyses the dynamics of Hanoi's official statements and identifies factors influencing its position, as well as examines the position of Vietnamese society. The article draws on a variety of sources, including Russian, Vietnamese and Western media sources. The author points out the need to consider the basic principles of the Vietnam foreign policy in order to better understand its position on the issue. It concludes by stressing the importance of Vietnam's flexible diplomacy in a complex geopolitical situation and maintaining neutrality in the conflict.
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Rato, Montira. "The Development of Vietnamese Studies in Thailand". Journal of Vietnamese Studies 16, n.º 1 (2021): 48–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/vs.2021.16.1.48.
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Vietnamese studies first emerged in Thailand during the Cold War period and developed into a vibrant field after the establishment of Thai-Vietnamese diplomatic relations and the end of the Cambodian conflict. Vietnam’s accession to ASEAN in 1995 and preparation for the ASEAN Economic Community prior to 2015 also provided favorable conditions for the expansion of Vietnamese studies in Thai research and scholarship. However, the study of Vietnam in Thailand is often seen as a part of Southeast Asian studies and ASEAN studies. Research on Vietnam is typically carried out comparatively within a regional context, especially in comparison with Thailand, rather than for its own sake.
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Hoang Tien, Nguyen. "Conditions for the development of Vietnamese business and entrepreneurship in Poland". Science & Technology Development Journal - Economics - Law and Management 3, n.º 1 (20 de mayo de 2019): 37–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjelm.v3i1.538.
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This paper outlines the history of the development of Vietnamese business and Vietnamese businessmen and entrepreneurs community in Poland. This special period of history of development was to be divided into two main phases. In addition, this article has analyzed the factors affecting international entrepreneurship spirit and international entrepreneurship capacity of this Vietnamese business community here in Poland. These factors are well identified in the overview part of international startups and international entrepreneurship study. The study showed that these factors include: foreign market appeal, government policies, compatibility of business practices, and adaptability to foreign markets. In the research part of this article, these factors were taken to be reanalyzed for the Vietnamese business community in Poland and showed why Vietnamese people choose Poland to be a good place for family settlement and for doing long-term business. Moreover, the success factors and success barriers behind their business development compared to the community of Chinese businessmen and entrepreneurs who came to Poland just only several years later have also been clearly identified. The research results show that, to strengthen the position and to raise the business awareness of Vietnamese business community in Poland, to strengthen it into a more developed and unified community for the purpose of future sustainable development, Vietnamese embassy in Poland with all of its networks of partnership, Vietnam's foreign trade promotion and trade representative agencies, and the diverse Vietnamese associations in Poland, both for profit and non-profit, need to play an interactive role to support Vietnamese businessmen and entrepreneurs to understand indigenous business practices, to overcome language and culture barriers in a bid to better integrate with the Polish business and social environment.
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Fedorin, Andrey L. "The conference on traditional Vietnam in the RAS ICCA". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6, n.º 4 (24 de diciembre de 2022): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2022.64-114862.
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This is a survey of the All-Russian conference Traditional Vietnam held by the RAS ICCA and dedicated to the 90th birthyear of D.V. Deopik, one of the founders of Vietnamese studies in Russia. The participants of the conference, over 80 Russian specialists, directly or on-line heard and discussed 13 detailed papers with the themes on Vietnamese philology, archeology, ethnography and Vietnams history up to 1945.
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Thuan, Bui Bich. "Digital literacy of Vietnamese human resources". Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 65, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2023): 71–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.65(2).71-84.
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The comprehensive digital transformation taking place across all aspects of global and Vietnamese societal life is both objective and inevitable. The successful execution of this transformation necessitates the development of appropriate digital human resources. Digital literacy has emerged as a paramount competence of the 21st century. Despite the qualifications and skills of Vietnam’s human resources, digital literacy remains limited. The demand for digital literacy is substantial and represents an urgent requirement for Vietnam in its pursuit of establishing a digital government, society, and economy. This paper explores facets of digital literacy, analyses the current state of digital literacy amongst Vietnamese human resources, and, based on this analysis, proposes recommendations and solutions to advance the digital literacy of Vietnamese workers.
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Riveros Lozano, Cid Marco. "Vietnam’s Confucianism within the Dynamics of Globalization". México y la Cuenca del Pacífico 10, n.º 30 (1 de septiembre de 2021): 169–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.32870/mycp.v10i30.732.
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The objective of this article is to further the study of Confucianism and its distinct expressions, focusing on Vietnam’s case, where it is proposed that Confucianism has followed an exceptional path from its origin, in China’s Shandong peninsula 2,600 years ago, up to its adoption by Vietnamese society. In the article, it is hypothesized, through a geopolitical analysis and particularly David Harvey’s uneven geographical developments, that Confucianism in practice, even if already implanted within certain structures of the Vietnamese society, has been displaced in the areas where globalization has impacted the most. Nevertheless, after having concluded the analysis, said hypothesis is discarded; although, given the rapid changes Vietnamese society is undergoing, future investigations may prove otherwise.
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Nguyen, Huyen Thi y Viet Hung Pham. "Background of compilation of Vietnamese spelling dictionaries in the 20th century". Journal of Education, Linguistics, Literature, and Art 1, n.º 1 (31 de octubre de 2023): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.62568/ella.v1i1.16.
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Spelling has garnered much attention in Vietnam since as early as the introduction of the Latin-based script (Quốc ngữ). Alongside the study of Vietnamese spelling, efforts have been made to compile Vietnamese spelling dictionaries. The descriptive approach is the main research method used in this article. Specifically, we use this method to describe the macro and micro structures of Vietnamese spelling dictionaries. We go over the kind of entries and how they are arranged in each dictionary in terms of the macro structure. In the micro structure, we highlight the similarities and differences between different Vietnamese spelling dictionaries by describing the information provided for each entry. Additionally, statistical methods are used to collect information on Vietnamese spelling, classify specific spelling problems in Vietnamese, categorize Vietnamese spelling dictionaries, and choose representative dictionaries as the source of the article's material. To compare the macro and micro structures of these dictionaries, comparative analysis is also used. In the 20th century, Vietnam's lexicography developed vigorously and gained significant achievements, as evidenced by the emergence of numerous dictionaries in various genres, including spelling dictionaries. This article delves into the state of spelling dictionary compilation in the 20th century in Vietnam by examining and describing several works to explore the authors’ approaches and how they addressed spelling problems. Thereby, the article highlights the strengths and shortcomings in existing spelling dictionaries and suggests solutions with the goal of contributing to minimizing spelling errors.
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Pham, Tram Ngoc. "Protecting Vietnam’s territorial waters - studying from the perspective of management and exploitation (from 1975 to now)". Science and Technology Development Journal 17, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2014): 97–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1251.
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Sea and islands of Vietnam are considered a gateway for exchange and development of socio-economic to the countries in the region and the world. Nowadays, the strong development of science and technology has helped people with great resources and documents on Vietnamese sea and islands. It has been their values and strategic location that have made the countries, subjectively and objectively, want to have immediate ownership of this sea area, especially Hoang Sa and Truong Sa islands group. Today, this East Ocean of Vietnam is the place that causes controversial disputes by countries like the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, Taiwan, China and Vietnam. Therefore, this region is a hot political spot for all disputing parties. In this complex context, to protect owner right, the Vietnamese party and State have taken actions, both flexible and strong, to declare Vietnamese's right over the East Sea areas. Vietnamese State also has implemented some important policies in managementto and exploitation of Vietnamese sea and islands.
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Ho, Thi Hoai Thu, Thi Thu Ha Pham, Trong Than Nguyen y Quynh Nhu Nguyen. "Factors affecting financial risks: Evidence from steel enterprises listed on Vietnam's stock market". International Journal of ADVANCED AND APPLIED SCIENCES 10, n.º 3 (marzo de 2023): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21833/ijaas.2023.03.010.
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The purpose of this article is to analyze and determine the influence of factors on the financial risks of enterprises in the steel industry listed on Vietnam's stock market. The data of the article are collected and calculated from the financial statements of 26 steel companies listed on the Vietnamese stock market from 2013 to 2020. With the application of E-view software in quantitative analysis to build a panel data regression model, the article has built a regression model to determine the relationship of internal factors affecting the financial risks of steel industry enterprises listed on the Vietnamese stock market. The results indicate that short-term payment ratio, return on assets, asset turnover ratio, working capital turnover, receivables turnover, debt maturity structure, and the ratio of long-term assets have a negative effect on financial risks, while debt ratio has a positive effect on financial risks of steel companies listed on Vietnam’s stock market. The findings of this article are considered to be useful for business managers in helping them to make the right financial decisions to control risks and increase corporate value in their condition.
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Thu Hien, Phan Thi. "How to Take Advantage of Trade Facilitation in Vietnam: A Case Study of Vietnam’s Logistics Firms". Global Trade and Customs Journal 15, Issue 6 (1 de junio de 2020): 308–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/gtcj2020072.
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Inspired by the theme of the World Customs Organization and its conclusion that ‘Trade facilitation initiatives and intergovernmental schemes of customs community have been providing logistics enterprises with many opportunities to join effectively and profitably in the integrated supply chains all over the world’, this analysis focuses on Vietnam Customs creation of Authorized Economic Operator (AEO) status. It aims to enhance global trade security and foster business competitiveness, promoting greater success in international trade and business. However, Vietnam’s logistics companies cannot readily benefit from the AEO program because they cannot meet the AEO criteria of high exports and imports volume (for Vietnamese traders) as well as a huge number of customs declarations (for Vietnamese customs brokers). Obviously, no Vietnamese logistics company has been granted AEO status since the beginning of AEO program. Shining a light on this, we can explore the reality of why Vietnamese logistics companies really have not benefitted from the current AEO program.
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Quoc Thinh, Tran, Ly Hoang Anh y Nguyen Ngoc Khanh Dung. "Factors affecting the development of the Vietnamese derivative securities market". Investment Management and Financial Innovations 17, n.º 4 (26 de octubre de 2020): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.17(4).2020.03.
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In the context of integration, the capital market has important implications for strengthening economic resources for development. This becomes even more important as the derivative securities market has recently emerged in some countries. It is an opportunity for countries to approach many capital sources, especially foreign capital. The objective of this paper is to identify factors affecting the development of Vietnamese derivative financial markets. The paper uses exploratory factor analysis and ordinary least squares to test the model. A survey sample includes 152 managers and experts of Vietnamese derivative securities companies in 2019. The results show that the International integration factor has the same direction, while the Legal environment factor has an adverse impact on the development of the Vietnamese derivative securities market. Therefore, Vietnamese regulatory bodies should amend some laws to create stability in the legal corridor, and state management agencies in the country need the orientation and the international integration strategy to attract financial resources for the development of Vietnam’s economy.
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Nguyễn, Tuấn-Cường y Anh-Chưởng Bùi. "The Chinese script, Confucian script, and Nôm script: Some reflections on writing and politics in monarchical Vietnam". Journal of Chinese Writing Systems 4, n.º 3 (septiembre de 2020): 146–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2513850220952175.
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“Confucian script” 儒字 (chữ Nho) has become a unique name used to refer to the “Chinese script” 漢字 (chữ Hán) in Vietnamese. The integration between Chinese script and Confucianism had progressed through monarchical centuries, motivated by Vietnam’s political tradition. Supported by rulers of the country, Chinese script overwhelmed the difference of languages, became the official writing system, and therefore held great influence on important activities of government such as administration, diplomacy, education, and employment. By looking carefully at how Vietnamese monarchs managed to manipulate the Chinese script, Nôm script, and Confucianism to serve their political purposes, we stress that it was Confucianism that served as the link tying the Chinese script with Vietnamese rulers. This link was so strong that the Chinese script remained the dominant form of writing even with the invention of the “Nôm script” 喃字 (chữ Nôm), which was a vernacular system developed to write the Vietnamese language. Furthermore, because Confucianism itself was the spiritual core of the Chinese monarchical structure, Vietnamese rulers learned from the Chinese model by way of the Chinese script when building their own independent state. Confucianism was viewed as the core of Chinese culture.
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Scott, Phoebe y Nguyen Nhu Huy. "Vietnamese". Southeast of Now: Directions in Contemporary and Modern Art in Asia 2, n.º 2 (2018): 83–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sen.2018.0020.
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Duong, Tran Thi Thuy. "Harmonisation Between Trade Liberalisation and Environmental Protection – A Long Way to Go? An Analysis of Vietnam’s Debris Importation Control in Light of WTO and CPTPP Rules". Vietnamese Journal of Legal Sciences 6, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2022): 19–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/vjls-2022-0002.
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Abstract As in many other countries, Vietnam’s integration into the international trade system has accelerated since its participation in the WTO and regional trade agreements. However, widening market access – the consequence of this integration process – risks exacerbating some of Vietnam’s existing environmental problems. In this context, the Vietnamese government is adopting measures in order to mitigate negative impacts of trade on the environment, but do these measures risk violating Vietnam’s international trade commitments? Can the environmental protection provisions of new generation free trade agreements like CPTPP be a reliable legal basis to justify Vietnamese trade restriction measures? The author will analyse these questions, while focusing on the case of debris importation control – an issue that has been attracting a lot of public attention in Vietnam and in South East Asia in recent years.
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Le Thi, Thanh Tam y Dong Chieu Nguyen. "The Vietnamese memory heritage of the war and the spirit of compassion". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 6, n.º 3 (6 de octubre de 2022): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2022.63-111121.
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Sino-Nom Funeral Orations are both a functional literary genre and one with high artistic and ideological value. It is a genre reserved for people who passed away and is associated with Vietnams history and society, as well as the patriotic wars and a way of life that includes gratitude. Thus, the Vietnamese Sino-Nom funeral orations are a treasured legacy. War and benevolence are prominent themes of these orations that make the genre highly moving. The article focuses on introducing, analysing, hypothesising, and confirming that the Vietnamese Sino-Nom funeral orations carry historical value in the countrys medieval and modern periods, as well as present a precious heritage of war and the compassionate spirit of the Vietnamese nation.
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Quang, Duong Xuan. "VIETNAMESE LANGUAGE – THE VIETNAMESE PEOPLE’S HERITAGE". Vietnamese Studies Review 20, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 89–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.31535/vs.2022.20.2.089.
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Huong, Nguyen Thi Que, Nguyen Thi Ngoc Quynh, Nguyen Thi Thu Trang, Nguyen Thi Thuy Hang, Bui Thi Anh Van y Vu Linh. "The Heritage of Catholic Village Regulations in the Red River Delta: Characteristics and Values". International Journal of Religion 5, n.º 7 (16 de junio de 2024): 1104–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.61707/zpqyzw97.
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Catholic village regulation is an remarkable product of Catholic culture’s integration to Vietnamese villages. Formed on the basis of Vietnamese village regulations, Catholic village regulations bear in them Vietnamese village element and religious element, thus carrying spectacular features, including political – religious institution and Catholic ceremonies. With the role to manage villages, maintain moral and cultural traditions in social life of the community, Catholic village regulations sketched out vigorous picture of various yet secret physical and spiritual life of the Catholics, and at the same time transmitted historical, ethical, cultural and social value throughout each period of Vietnam’s history. That is the value of Catholic village regulation herigate in the Red River Delta we would like to introduce in this study.
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Anh Thu, Luong, Sun Fang y Sham Sunder Kessani. "Factors influencing Vietnam’s handicraft export with the gravity model". Journal of Economics and Development 21, n.º 2 (7 de octubre de 2019): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jed-08-2019-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors that affect handicraft export from Vietnam to trading partners in the period 2007–2017, and how those factors influence the export of handicraft products of Vietnam. Design/methodology/approach The research uses the approach of gravity model based on panel data to evaluate the export of Vietnamese handicraft to 50 main trading partners, covering the period from 2007 to 2017. Findings The estimated results reveal that Vietnam’s GDP, importer’s GDP, trading partner’s population, Vietnam’s inflation, the economic distance between Vietnam and importer, the openness of Vietnam, importing country’s common language and the issue that both Vietnam and importer are member of APEC are the main factors affecting Vietnamese handicraft export. Research limitations/implications This study also has some limitations. It is limited in the data, as some other areas in the world have not been observed and included in the research. In the future, a study with large-scale data of space and time should be conducted, which will certainly give a universal result and fewer errors. However, this paper, in our opinion, provides a significant result and may help the government and policy makers to undertake appropriate measures to improve and promote the export of Vietnamese handicrafts to the world markets. Practical implications The research describes the current situation, and it studies factors influencing Vietnam’s handicraft export using the qualitative analysis. The result should be useful for the policy maker and enterprises to promote export activities of Vietnamese handicrafts to international markets. Social implications Handicraft export of Vietnam plays an important part in retaining the culture value and social development as well as encouraging sustainable development for the rural poor within the country. Originality/value The past research related to Vietnamese handicraft export almost analyzed the situation to promote export handicrafts. This research is based on the study of factors affecting trade and the gravity model to elaborate and supplement the factors that affect the export of handicraft in accordance with the actual conditions of Vietnam.
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Khramova, Marina y Huong Lan Do. "Vietnamese Entrepreneurs in Russia: Immigration, Business Problems and Cooperation Prospects". DEMIS. Demographic Research 3, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2023): 119–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/demis.2023.3.2.9.
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The paper analyzes some features of Vietnamese immigration to the Russian Federation. We provide estimates of the number of Vietnamese citizens living in Russia, their distribution by region, and key areas of employment. The results obtained in the work are based on official data published by Rosstat, the Main Directorate for Migration of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, as well as some survey data conducted by the authors of the article. We can say that despite the existence of an agreement on a “comprehensive strategic partnership” between Russia and Vietnam, the potential of Vietnamese migration remains underestimated. The structure of migration flows from Vietnam to Russia is dominated by labor and educational migration. However, in recent years Russia has lost some of its advantages, which were formed during the Soviet Union. Vietnamese migrants find new directions for migration. Among them are the countries of ASEAN, the USA, the countries of Europe. The main barriers to realizing Vietnam's migration potential in relation to Russia are the maintenance of an asymmetric visa regime, a decrease in the competitiveness of Russian wages, and high bureaucratic barriers to the entry of Vietnamese businesses into Russian regions. Additional risk factors are geopolitical tensions and the volatility of the ruble exchange rate. Nevertheless, it is noted that there is still interest from Vietnamese entrepreneurs to open a business in Russia. Opportunities for expanding Russian-Vietnamese migration ties may lie in the plane of the implementation of the Free Trade Agreement between the EAEU and Vietnam, ratified in October 2016.
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Nguyen Thi Van Anh. "Solutions to recover Vietnam's economy after the nCOV-19 pandemic". World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews 14, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2022): 051–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/wjarr.2022.14.3.0485.
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The Vietnamese government has made significant efforts to restore the country's economic development, with important responsibilities to boost national competitiveness and provide a larger space for enterprises. In addition, the Vietnamese government also offers synchronous solutions from supporting people's lives, developing social security and healthcare, and promoting national security. Policymakers and experts are also discussing specific solutions before being applied nationwide. This promises to be a driving force to recover soon Vietnam's economy, which has been severely affected by the nCOV-19 pandemic.
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Hien, Tran Thi Thao. "The Changes in the Religious and Belief Life of Vietnamese People in the Current Period: From Practice to Policy". Global Academic Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 4, n.º 6 (13 de noviembre de 2022): 199–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.36348/gajhss.2022.v04i06.001.
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The cause of national renewal under the Communist Party of Vietnam's leadership has been over three decades. Among the great and historically significant victories of the doi moi cause, it is impossible not to mention the victories in theoretical thinking and religious policies of the Party and the State of Vietnam. This study focuses on analyzing and explaining the changes in the religious and religious life of Vietnamese people today; the process of renewing awareness to reforming religious policies of the Party and the State of Vietnam; several discussion issues that need further clarification on Vietnam's beliefs and religion policy in the period of international integration; at the same time, propose several solutions to improve the policy of belief and religion; correct orientation of Vietnamese people's belief and religious activities in the process of Vietnam's international integration.
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Hoang, Phuong. "Domestic Protests and Foreign Policy: An Examination of Anti-China Protests in Vietnam and Vietnamese Policy Towards China Regarding the South China Sea". Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs 6, n.º 1 (26 de marzo de 2019): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2347797019826747.
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The Sino-Vietnamese relationship is characterized by asymmetry, yet Vietnam’s post-Cold War foreign policy towards China encompasses three paradigms: (a) internal and external balancing against China, (b) greater international integration to prevent political and economic dependence on China and (c) ‘cooperation’ with China on mutual interests while ‘struggling’ against China’s encroachment on Vietnam’s sovereignty. The ongoing dispute in the South China Sea presents a primary security concern for Vietnam as well as a challenge to its bilateral relations with China, particularly as maritime tensions provoke nationalist and anti-China protests among the Vietnamese public. This article presents an analysis of anti-China protests in Vietnam that resulted from South China Sea tensions between 2007 and 2017 in order to examine whether the protests—which are rare in Vietnam—had any effect on Vietnam’s foreign policy towards China. The findings reveal that the protests did not result in a change in Vietnam’s foreign policy towards China both during the maritime crises or in the long term.
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Nguyen, Thi Thu Hoai. "Vietnamese studies training programs in Vietnam in the context of international integration: Reality and development orientation". Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 64, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.64(3).105-114.
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Vietnamese studies was launched as a training program in Vietnam in the last decade of the twentieth century at Da Lat University. Since 1994, Vietnamese studies has gradually become established as a highly applicable science in the context of international integration. After nearly 30 years, dozens of international and national seminars on research and training orientation have been organised to evaluate early achievements as well as shortcomings and limitations that need to be addressed. This study is based on an analysis of the development process to find answers to the fundamental problems of Vietnam so it can thereby perform its roles and missions well under the current context of international integration. Vietnamese studies is a subject built on general knowledge about Vietnam's geography, history, literature, people, and culture. This paper is aimed to answer what distinguishes Vietnamese studies from other social sciences and humanities disciplines; how should interdisciplinarity, rather than a mere addition to forming general knowledge, be clearly understood to carry out the true nature; and how should the Vietnamese studies training program organization be designed to meet the new requirements set by the integration context. To achieve the research objectives mentioned above, the historical - documentary method, and observation - interview method were used in this paper.
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Thuy, Nguyen Thi, Tran Dinh Thao, Tran Thi Thuong, Dinh Cao Khue y Dinh Gia Nghi. "Fruit and vegetable consumer preferences of Japanese and Vietnam’s export potential". Ministry of Science and Technology, Vietnam 65, n.º 3 (20 de diciembre de 2023): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31276/vmostjossh.65(3).21-30.
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This study analyses consumer preferences of the Japanese for vegetables and fruits using secondary data. Additionally, to analyse Vietnam’s potential export of fruits and vegetables, this study interviewed 53 Japanese consumers. The Japanese have long embraced a healthy lifestyle. Eighty percent of the Japanese participants in the survey consume fruit and vegetable products daily or 2-3 times a week. They have a wide range of places from which to purchase vegetables and fruits. From the perspective of Japanese consumers, Vietnamese fruit and vegetable products are more diverse and cheaper than those from the US, China, Thailand, etc. However, their quality is perceived to be inferior to that of these countries. The total value of Vietnamese fruit and vegetable exports to the Japanese market is quite modest, representing less than 2%. Therefore, to promote the export of Vietnamese vegetables and fruits to the Japanese market, Vietnamese enterprises should undertake the following activities simultaneously: (i) Establish an import market assessment room/centre in each Vietnamese exporting enterprise; (ii) Conduct an in-depth market study of fruit and vegetables in Japan; (iii) Improve understanding of consumer culture in Japan; (iv) Ensure quality of exported fruits and vegetables; and (v) Enhance trade promotion activities.
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Lee, Joseph Thean Chye y Go You How. "Human capital development in East Asia: An empirical implication for Vietnam’s education and training needs". Tạp chí Khoa học Đại học Văn Hiến 8, n.º 3 (18 de octubre de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.58810/vhujs.8.3.2022.319.
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Human capital development is a contemporary issue facing Vietnam's academia, private organizations, and public policymakers. This paper illustrates Singapore as one of the highly developed countries in East Asia that successfully invests, designs, and manages human capital, asset, and resources for its economic growth. The discussion suggests certain propositions with a conceptual framework as an empirical implication to Vietnamese counterparts for further examining the relationships among human capital investment, human asset development, and human resources in the context of Vietnamese education and training needs.
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Dutton, George. "The Challenges of Writing Vietnamese History". Journal of Asian Studies 74, n.º 2 (mayo de 2015): 449–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021911815000091.
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I think it is fair to say that Keith Taylor's new history of the Vietnamese peoples, A History of the Vietnamese, is long awaited in at least two senses. Those who were aware that Professor Taylor was working on this project were eager to see how a senior scholar would present the broad sweep of the Vietnamese past. But even those who were not anticipating this particular work must have been waiting for the first serious and detailed English-language survey of Vietnam's long history. While there exist, for example, hundreds of such surveys in English on the history of China, until now there had been no serious effort by a respected scholar to set forth a similar work for Vietnam. In short, such a work is long, long overdue, and the field is deeply in Taylor's debt for having tackled such a daunting project.
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ZISSIMOS, BEN y JAN WOUTERS. "US–Shrimp II (Vietnam): Dubious Application of Anti-Dumping Duties – Should Have Used Safeguards". World Trade Review 16, n.º 2 (10 de marzo de 2017): 183–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474745616000501.
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AbstractThis article explores the idea that the USDOC imposed anti-dumping duties on Vietnamese shrimp producers despite the fact that the surge of shrimp imports giving rise to the duties may have come from elsewhere in the developing world. We argue that Vietnam's shrimp exporters may have been subject to anti-dumping duties because Vietnam has ‘non-market economy’ (NME) status in the United States. This makes it possible to levy higher duties against Vietnamese firms. We make the point that it was particularly inappropriate to impose anti-dumping duties against the Vietnamese shrimp industry because this industry shows clear indications of being perfectly competitive, whereby firms cannot dump. This in turn raises the question of how the USDOC was able to construct a dumping case where apparently none could have existed. Use of the ‘zeroing’ methodology, in conjunction with Vietnam's NME status, turns out to be central to the answer. The broader issue is that anti-dumping duties are overused where safeguards would be more efficient. The analysis is relevant for the current controversy over China's NME status with a number of its trading partners.
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Shkunov, Vladimir N. "Vietnam's Foreign Trade in the second half of the XIX century and Russian Foreign Trade Interests". Russian Journal of Vietnamese Studies 8, n.º 1 (13 de abril de 2024): 66–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.54631/vs.2024.81-601817.
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The article is devoted to the problems of the development of Vietnam's foreign trade relations during the second half of the XIX century. The analysis of the main foreign trade partners of Vietnam, the range of export and import, supply channels, volumes of foreign trade turnover, prices is presented. Special attention is paid to the policy of the European powers on the development of Vietnam's foreign trade relations. The main approaches of the Vietnamese authorities and traders to the organization of foreign trade relations with neighboring and European countries are noted. The characteristics of the main centers of trade in Vietnam, the peculiarities of the organization of trade in export and import goods, as well as the transportation of goods by land, sea and river routes are given. The views and approaches of the Russian authorities and entrepreneurs to the development of foreign trade relations of the Russian Empire with Vietnam are revealed. In particular, information is provided on the entry of Russian ships into the ports of Vietnam, as well as on the supply channels of Vietnamese goods to the Russian market. The article is based mainly on pre-revolutionary sources in Russian, French, English, Spanish and Vietnamese.
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Raymond, Chad. ""No Responsibility and No Rice": The Rise and Fall of Agricultural Collectivization in Vietnam". Agricultural History 82, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2008): 43–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00021482-82.1.43.
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Abstract Communist leaders in Vietnam attempted to use agricultural collectivization to transform a poor, agrarian country into a modern, socialist nation with an industrialized economy. Collectivized agricultural production lacked sufficient economic incentives for Vietnamese farmers; they preferred to produce privately for household consumption or the free market. State-initiated reforms to collectivize agriculture failed to improve the performance of the agricultural sector, and eventually the Vietnamese Communist Party was forced to abandon collectivization altogether. Once farmers were freed from collective labor and could pursue private production for the free market, Vietnam’s agricultural output skyrocketed.
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Đào, Mục-Đích y Anh-Thư Nguyễn. "Vietnamese Tones Produced by Australian Vietnamese Speakers". Heritage Language Journal 14, n.º 3 (31 de diciembre de 2017): 224–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.46538/hlj.14.3.1.
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This paper reports an acoustic study that examined the tonal features of Vietnamese language used by the Vietnamese community in Australia. The target of this examination is the comparative analysis of the phonetic characteristics of tones produced by Vietnamese in Australia and in Vietnam. Tones produced by young (n=10) and older (n=10) Vietnamese Australians residing in Brisbane, Australia, were acoustically examined and compared with those produced by corresponding young (n=10) and older (n=10) Vietnamese residing in either Ho Chi Minh City or Can Tho City, Vietnam. The results showed that the main patterns of mispronunciation of tones by the young Vietnamese in Australia (YVA) include (i) confusing tones that are in the same registers or/and have similar characteristics, (ii) the tendency to pronounce complicated tones as simple tones, and (iii) confusing the diacritics marking tones. By “mispronunciation”, we mean the differences in tones used in Brisbane, Australia from the tones used in Vietnam. This study also examined the frequency of the contour of all tones produced by all four groups. The results show significant differences in terms of the frequency and distribution of irregular and common tone contours between the YVA group and the three other groups, suggesting that the YVA group failed to produce the tones correctly or did not reach the required standard of tone production of contemporary Southern Vietnamese. In addition, the findings with respect to tone contours showed that the tonal range of the YVA group is narrower than that of the other three groups.