Artículos de revistas: "Victims' actions"

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Balemba, Samantha y Eric Beauregard. "What leads victims to resist? Factors that influence victim resistance in sexual assaults". Journal of Criminal Psychology 9, n.º 3 (5 de agosto de 2019): 122–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcp-05-2019-0014.

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PurposeVictim resistance has been shown to have an important impact on the outcome of sexual assaults. Thus, the factors that affect a victim’s likelihood of various levels of resistance are relevant to consider, given the possibly detrimental effect these actions can have on crime outcome. While not intended to blame the victim in any way, it is important to examine the role the victim plays within a sexually coercive interchange in order to completely understand the sex crime event and, thus, be able to inform potential victims as to the patterns that increase resistance and, potentially, overall violence. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachSequential logistic regression analyses were conducted on a sample of 613 sex offenses (incorporating both adult and child victims) to examine the individual and combined effects of offender lifestyle, disinhibitors, victim vulnerability, situational impediments and offender modus operandi on victim resistance levels.FindingsResults suggest that indicators of offender mindset are significant, particularly the use of pornography prior to the crime, and affect victim interpretation and response to the offender’s actions during the course of the assault. Other relevant factors include the victim’s age and the degree of violence present in the offender’s approach and subsequent offending strategies.Originality/valueThis information would be helpful to incorporate into victim education programs so that past and future potential victims can better understand the criminal event and the causes and effects of their own actions within that event.

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Zhmurov, Dmitry V. "Victims of Cyberbullying: The Problem Status". Russian investigator 1 (12 de enero de 2023): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1812-3783-2023-1-45-50.

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This article is devoted to the victimological problems of cyberbullying. The key, in the author’s opinion, problematic issues arising in the study of this phenomenon are formulated. During the theoretical analysis of the works of domestic and foreign researchers, data on the prerequisites of cyberbullying are provided. The definition of the term “victim of cyberbullying” is given, the classification of victims of such actions is proposed. According to the nature of the victim’s responses, they are classified into two main groups (involved / uninvolved victims) and a number of subgroups, among which they differ: aggressive, avoidant, compromise, protective, submissive, auto-incriminating, ignoring and derealization victims. Depending on the degree of intensity of reactions of the victim of cyberbullying, it is proposed to distinguish the reacting and neglecting type of victim.

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Wahanani, Sri Tatmala, Ira Alia Maerani y Siti Ummu Adillah. "The Legal Analysis of Age Limitations of Child Victims on Criminal Actions in Justice Perspective". Law Development Journal 4, n.º 3 (17 de agosto de 2022): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.4.3.416-422.

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The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the impact of changes in the age limit of child victims, provisions for the age limit of child victims in Islamic law and age limits for victims of crimes of decency with justice. The approach method in this study uses a doctrinal research method (juridical normative) and a legal psychological approach method, with a descriptive analytical research specification. In collecting data used literature study method with qualitative data analysis. From the results of the study, it was concluded that the change in the age limit of child victims in positive law in Indonesia in 2002 from 15 (fifteen) to 18 (eighteen) years had an impact on increasing the number of cases of decency crimes. Even criminal acts of decency are dominated on the basis of reports from the parents of the victim's child who do not approve of the courtship (consensual) relationship between the victim's child and the perpetrator of the crime of decency. This has implications for the conscience of justice for law enforcement officers to demand or make decisions against the perpetrators, there is a sense of injustice, there is a sense of inadequacy when they have to demand or impose punishment, because actually the crime was also desired by the victim. So for the sake of realizing justice, the age of the child victim of 18 (eighteen) years needs to be reconsidered for revision or change.

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Yun, Ilhong y Julak Lee. "Revisiting the Effects of Self-Protective Behaviors on the Risk of Injury in Assaults Against Women". Violence and Victims 29, n.º 1 (2014): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.vv-d-12-00126.

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Using data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS; 1992–2005), we closely examined the effects of victims’ self-protective actions on the risk of injury among female nonsexual assault victims. Building on previous research, we focused on 3 important methodological and conceptual issues: (a) gradational coding of the 16 different NCVS self-protective actions, (b) separate analyses of serious injuries, and (c) the victim–offender relationship. Our analyses demonstrated that the risk of injury was strongly and positively associated with the degree of forcefulness of self-protective actions. Furthermore, the likelihood of victim injury was inversely related to the relational distance between the victim and the offender.

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Chankova, Dobrinka y Gergana Georgieva. "Towards Coherent European Crime Victims Policies and Practices". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 25, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2019): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2019-0067.

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Abstract This study explores the latest developments on the European scale of the policies and practices towards victims of crime. Due to many economic and political factors a lot of people are in movement and exposed to the risk of becoming victims of crime. During the last decade the statistics already records enhanced victimization of the global European society. These have provoked numerous legislative actions and practical initiatives in order to ensure safety, to prevent falling victims to crime and to protect better victim’s rights and needs. The European Protection Order Directive, Victims’ Directive and Convention against domestic violence, are among the most advanced legal acts worldwide. However, it is observed that their implementation in Europe is asymmetric and sometimes problematic. This paper explores the role of the national governments and specialized agencies and mainly the deficits in their activities leading to the non-usage of victims of all the existing opportunities. The newest supra-national acts aiming at the acceleration of transposition and ratification of these important for the building of victim-friendly environment documents, are discussed. Practical recommendations for a more effective victim protection are developed.

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Björklund, Katja, Helinä Häkkänen-Nyholm, Lorraine Sheridan y Karl Roberts. "Coping With Stalking Among University Students". Violence and Victims 25, n.º 3 (junio de 2010): 395–408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.25.3.395.

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The present study examined behavioral coping actions and coping strategies in relation to specific contextual factors (e.g., victim–stalker relationship, stalking violence, duration of stalking, and prior victimization) among Finnish university students. Participants completed a stalking survey, also including items concerning coping. Victims of violent stalking threatened the stalker with the use of certain legal actions significantly more compared with victims of nonviolent stalking, but no difference in the actual use of formal help was found. Instead victims of stalking tried to avoid the stalker or turned to friends and family for help. Victim–stalker relationship, stalker violence, and number of stalking episodes had a significant main effect on certain coping strategies (e.g., positive reappraisal, escape–avoidance, and problem-solving), while no interaction effect was found. The findings suggest that knowledge of victim-coping behavior and strategies is crucial for health care and law enforcement professionals when devising appropriate support for victims and developing multidisciplinary approaches.

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Alam, Dippo. "DAMPAK TINDAK PIDANA CYBERBULLYING TERHADAP KORBAN DAN PELAKU DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF VIKTIMOLOGI DAN KRIMINOLOGI". SUPREMASI HUKUM 18, n.º 01 (25 de mayo de 2022): 11–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33592/jsh.v18i01.1903.

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In Indonesia, almost everyone has a gadget or more specifically, a smart cellular phone that is connected to the internet network very easily. Cyberbullying is a way of bullying that involves sophisticated digital technology, which almost always uses the internet as a tool. Cyberbullying is characterized by aggressive behavior carried out by a person or several people using electronic media services including the internet, which is carried out continuously, where the target victim is someone who is considered weak or unable to fight back. The forms of cyberbullying are usually in the form of ridicule, insults, threats or intimidation. The perpetrators of cyberbullying have the motivation to take these actions in the form of anger and revenge, frustration, wanting to be the center of attention of the surrounding environment, mere entertainment, or even just joking with the victim. Victims of cyberbullying often experience a number of psychological problems to even think of committing suicide. The problems that arise are how severe the cyberbullying behavior is in damaging the victim's psychology and/or physical appearance from the perspective of victimology and how to mitigate cyberbullying and take action against the perpetrators from a criminological perspective. The author conducted a qualitative research in which this research is descriptive analytical. Victims of cyberbullying have committed suicide. If it turns out that cyberbullying is felt to be very worrying, then what needs to be done is to capture a screen display containing bullying carried out on social media, be it via a smartphone or computer, then report it to the police. Victims of cyberbullying should receive treatment from professionals such as psychologists, psychiatrists, even the police and the Witness and Victim Protection Agency. The author recommends appropriate punishment for perpetrators who openly cyberbullying in accordance with the ITE Law, because some of them do not regret and even enjoy their actions. Keywords: Cyberbullying, criminology, victimology

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Lubis, Alvan Rahfiansyah. "Victimology Review of Online Gambling Perpetrators in the Perspective of Indonesian Criminal Law". Arkus 8, n.º 2 (14 de marzo de 2022): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37275/arkus.v8i2.182.

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Victimology is a science used to study victims. Following its meaning Victimology comes from the Latin word victima which means victim and logos which means scientific knowledge or study. The ease of access to gambling websites lures many people to try and get involved with online gambling. This study aims to discuss the victimization review of online gambling perpetrators from the perspective of Indonesian criminal law. This research is sociological legal research. Victimology in this regard is defined as a scientific study of victimization, including the relationships between victims and offenders, the interaction between victims and the criminal justice system. In conclusion, gambling is not justified regardless of its form in terms of playing cards, lottery, or slot gambling. Everyone involved in gambling, whether as a bookie or a gambler, must face legal consequences related to his actions.

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Eleanora, Fransiska Novita. "REHABILITATION AND LEGAL ASSISTANCE: FULFILLING RIGHTS OF VICTIMS IN VIOLENCE HOUSEHOLD". Melayunesia Law 4, n.º 1 (26 de junio de 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.30652/ml.v4i1.7753.

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Children as ideals and the generation a nation must always be protection of their rights, and such protection is obligation parties without exception and without discriminating against children, including children as victims domestic violence victims of violence as those suffer, are persecuted, sick, suffer losses due to perpetrators' actions. To heal the wounds or sufferings of victims to criminal acts of domestic violence with rehabilitation and legal assistance. Rehabilitation is carried the form recovery and treatment the condition his body can recover and return normal while legal assistance victim, as demanding perpetrators be given sanctions that are commensurate with their actions. The research method used the form normative research, this case by reviewing literature or books legislation relating to problem to examined. The aim is find out that providing rehabilitation and victim assistance is a form of legal protection and fulfillment of the rights of victims of violence in household.

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Addington, Lynn A. y Janet L. Lauritsen. "Is the Trouble Still Going On? Exploring Victims’ Accounts of Why Repeat Violent and Property Victimization Ends". Violence and Victims 33, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2018): 1193–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.33.6.1193.

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Programs designed to reduce repeat property victimization tend to be more successful than those aimed at repeat violence. To help understand this pattern, we examine narrative data about repeat victimization obtained from victims participating in the National Crime Victimization Survey. Victims report numerous reasons for the end of repeat property and violent incidents, though the modal response for both types of crime included victim-initiated actions taken to reduce contact with offenders. Victims of repeat violence also noted the importance of legal actions, especially for ending victimizations that involve intimate partners. We discuss how research that capitalizes on victims' perspectives can improve our understanding of how these incidents end and help inform programs seeking to reduce repeat victimization.

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Yahaya, Mahathir, Masarah Mohamad Yusof y Farhana Kamarul Bahrin. "Safety Including Health Factors Contribute the Female Victims to Escape from Domestic Violence: A Qualitative Analysis". Texila International Journal of Public Health 11, n.º 4 (29 de diciembre de 2023): 349–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21522/tijph.2013.11.04.art029.

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Domestic violence is one of the public health problems, and most of the victims are female. This vulnerable group can no longer bear the suffering caused by the atrocities committed by their husbands. The various abuses that the victim experiences not only impact their health but can also threaten the level of safety of everyone in the family system. This research aims to identify the safety factors including health aspect that contribute to the female victim’s violent actions being separate from their husbands. In line with the qualitative approach, in-depth interviews with 15 female informants of domestic violence were conducted around the state of Penang and this analysis using NVIVO 8 software. The results found that the theme of victim safety factors, including injury and social systems, especially children, motivates victims to free themselves from domestic violence and seek help for personal protection. The findings of this study have yielded several recommendations in the context of social work interventions to increase the positive health and social well-being of family system life, especially among female victims of domestic violence. Keywords: Female victim of domestic violence, Public Health Issues, Safety, Social work intervention.

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Tiara, Mafi Sri Wahyu y Novi Diah Haryanti. "PSIKOLOGI TOKOH KORBAN KOMUNIS DALAM CERPEN SURAT UNDANGAN, KERBAU BERTANDUK EMAS KARYA PUTU OKA SUKANTA, DAN TANAH AIR KARYA MARTIN ALEIDA". MEDAN MAKNA: Jurnal Ilmu Kebahasaan dan Kesastraan 22, n.º 2 (8 de enero de 2024): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.26499/mm.v22i2.6688.

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G30S is one of the great tragedies recorded in Indonesian history because it led an unreasonable number of casualties. It started with the emergence of a rebellion movement carried out by the communist party, triggering resistance that demanded the lives of many innocent victims. Several resistance and unfair treatment in several areas then occurred as an effort to wipe out descendants and people suspected of being communists in Indonesia. Apart from cruel detention and torture which resulted in physical injuries and bloodshed, this dark incident little by little eroded the mental condition of the victims and did not hesitate to kill them slowly. This research examines the psychology of communist victim characters in the short stories Surat Undangan, Kerbau Bertanduk Emas by Putu Oka Sukanta, and Tanah Air by Martin Aleida. The stories studied are equally themed about the suffering of the 1965 tragedy that was felt by the victims of the communists. This study uses a literary psychology approach according to Sigmund Freud's theory. The data in this study were found through comparative literature and qualitative descriptive methods using reading and note-taking techniques. The results of the research show that there are three psychological elements found in the victim character, namely Id, Ego, and Super ego. As a result of the victim's trauma, the form of ID shown in some of the data in the text occurs consciously, semi-consciously, or in a state that is not truly conscious. The form of the ego is photographed through the actions of victims that occur in reality or general reality. While the Super ego is the action of the victim character in the text which is motivated by the dominance of moral attitudes and politeness.

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Ngo, Fawn T. "Stalking: an examination of the correlates of subsequent police responses". Policing: An International Journal 42, n.º 3 (10 de junio de 2019): 362–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/pijpsm-12-2017-0157.

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Purpose Few studies have explored the correlates of police responses to the crime of stalking. The purpose of this paper is to examine the correlates of nine specific police actions (no action, multiple actions, took a report, talked to perpetrator, arrested perpetrator, recommended PO or RO, recommended self-protection, referred to prosecutor’s office and referred to social services) to this type of crime. This study found three of the four incident measures (victim-offender relationship, intimidation and physical injury) and three of the four victim demographic measures (age, gender and marital status) significantly predicted seven of the nine police actions. Design/methodology/approach Data for this study came from the 2006 Stalking Victimization Supplement of the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS). The sample included stalking cases that were reported to the police and all measures were constructed using victims’ responses to survey questionnaires. Nine logistic regression models were estimated and in each model, four incident characteristic variables and four victim demographic variables were regressed on each of the nine police actions. Findings This study found three of the four incident characteristic measures (victim-offender relationship, intimidation, and physical injury) and three of the four victim demographic variables (age, gender and marital status) were significantly related to seven of the nine specific police actions (no action, multiple actions, arrested perpetrator, recommended PO or RO, recommended self-protection, referred to prosecutor’s office and referred to social services). None of the incident characteristic and victim demographic measures were related to two of the nine specific police actions (took a report and talked to perpetrator). Research limitations/implications This study possesses the same shortcomings associated with the NCVS. The current study involves cross-sectional, official data that are over 10 years old. The measures employed in the current study are victims’ perceptions of how the officers acted. The study does not include information regarding how many times the victim contacted the police or the nature of the stalking episode. The study excludes other variables (suspect’s demeanor, the presence of witnesses) that may be relevant in examining subsequent police responses to stalking. Practical implications Frontline offices should be required to undertake stalking training. Further, stalking training needs to be conducted independently from domestic violence training. Mandatory stalking training for law enforcement officers will lead to a greater comprehension of existing stalking statute for the officers as well as help increase the number of offenders being identified and charged with this crime by the officers. Social implications Police inaction to reported stalking not only dissuade victims from reporting future victimizations, it will also result in stalking being an under-reported crime. Police inaction could potentially compromise victim safety and/or offender accountability. Police inaction also undermines the legitimacy of law enforcement and attenuates the relationship between citizens and police agencies. Originality/value To date, only one study has examined the correlates of subsequent police responses to the crime of stalking. However, this study employed broad measures of police actions (formal and informal). The current study involves specific police actions (e.g. taking a report, referring the victim to social service agencies). Contrary to the prior study that found none of the incident and victim characteristics was related to two broad measures of subsequent police responses, this study found several incident and victim measures significantly predicted seven specific police actions.

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Lusiana, Siti Nur Elisa Lusiana y Siful Arifin. "DAMPAK BULLYING TERHADAP KEPRIBADIAN DAN PENDIDIKAN SEORANG ANAK". Kariman: Jurnal Pendidikan Keislaman 10, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2022): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.52185/kariman.v10i2.252.

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The Purpose of this study was to analyze the impact of bullying on children’s personalities. The research approach in this study uses a qualitative research type. The data collection method is in the form of analysis which is literature study and documentation. The data analysis technique used descriptive-qualitative.The results showed that bullying was an aggressive act, both repeatedly, and there were differences in strength between the perpetrator and the victim. The impact of bullying for perpetrators and victims, including bullying perpetrators, has minimal empathy in social interactions. It is not only empathy that is problematic but also abnormal behavior. Hyperactive and pro-social behavior are related to the bullying’s actions against the environment around them. Bullies have a higher level of mental health problems, especially emotional symptoms, compared to victims ofbullying. The impact on victims of bullying such as experiencing physical and verbal abuse. Actions like this can be a prolonged trauma for the victim. Not only the trauma experienced by the victims of bullying,academic learning outcomes are also greatly affected by the victims of bullying. Physical violence received by victims of bullying includes often being socially isolated, having no close friends, not having good relationships with parents, decreased mental health,and worst of all, bullying can lead to depression that can lead to suicide. Efforts to overcome bullying in children, the main thing is to provide love, trust, and involve both the perpetrator and the victim. Not only that,cooperation between schools, teachers, and parents is needed to overcome bullying against children.

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Morozova, Julia y Anna Kudryavtseva. "MECHANISM FOR PROTECTING THE VICTIM'S RIGHT TO AN EFFECTIVE INVESTIGATION IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS". Bulletin of the South Ural State University series "Law" 23, n.º 2 (2023): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14529/law230204.

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The article examines the international legal foundations of the victim's right to an effective investigation, the possibility of exercising the victim's right to an effective investigation under the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation, as well as the mechanism for implementing the victim's right to an effective investigation in the decisions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The question of the procedural status of the victim and the moment of his acquisition as a starting point for the protection of his rights is investigated. Attention is drawn to the specifics of appealing actions and decisions of officials conducting criminal prosecution to victims of a crime in accordance with art. 125 The Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation as the most effective mechanism for protecting the rights of the victim in criminal proceedings.

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Zhmurov, Dmitry. "Cybervictim: Specifics of Classification". Russian Journal of Criminology 16, n.º 4 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 463–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2022.16(4).463-472.

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The article presents the authors approach to the classification of cybervictims, i.e. victims of various offences (criminal, administrative) on the Internet. Using the research of Russian scholars and his own analysis, the author singles out four types of victims, including: 1) neutral, not characterized by provocative behavior and not triggering crimes against themselves; 2) encouraging, actively provoking in their behavior and providing additional motivation for the actor (the potential offender) to commit discriminatory actions; 3) accommodating - creating favorable conditions and easing the implementation of a criminal intent (overly trusting, non-critical, inexperienced, passive, searching profit, suffering from a mental disorder, elderly or underage, single); 4) opposing - suspicious, opposing, obstructing discriminatory actions (overly vigilant, anxious, mistrustful), whose actions eventually result in victimization. The author presents additional subgroups (subsets) of victims for each of the four basic classification units. The classification is supplemented by interpretations and examples that thoroughly describe the specifics and victimological characteristics of victims. The author has also developed a mental scheme that visualizes the abovementioned classification and makes it easier to understand. Besides, the article presents an analysis of the motives of victim behavior on the Internet and provides a description of some most common internal driving factors for the victims behavior.

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Tamburri, Linda M. "Creating Healthy Work Environments for Second Victims of Adverse Events". AACN Advanced Critical Care 28, n.º 4 (15 de diciembre de 2017): 366–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4037/aacnacc2017996.

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Adverse events may cause a patient serious harm or death; the patient becomes the first victim of these events. The health care providers who become traumatized by the events are the second victims. These second victims experience feelings such as guilt, shame, sadness, and grief, which can lead to profound personal and professional consequences. An organizational culture of blame and a lack of support can intensify the provider’s suffering. Second victims, as they move through predictable stages of recovery, can be positively influenced by a supportive organizational culture and the compassionate actions of peers, managers, advanced practice nurses, educators, and senior leaders. The American Association of Critical-Care Nurses Healthy Work Environment standards provide a framework for specific actions health care professionals should take to support colleagues during their recovery from adverse events.

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Zhmurov, Dmitry. "Digital Theft: Concept, Contents, Victims and Their Classification". Russian Journal of Criminology 17, n.º 1 (13 de marzo de 2023): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-1442.2023.17(1).35-43.

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The goal of the article is to develop some aspects in the theoretical basis of digital thefts’ victimology. A digital theft is understood as stealing digital identifiers, assets, utilitarian digital rights or technological resources through inputting, blocking and modifying computer information. A victim of digital theft is a physical (juridical) person who suffered property or other damage from the illegal seizure of the abovementioned intangible objects. The author suggests singling out the following types of victims, depending on the crimes: 1. Thefts of means of payment (electronic and cryptocurrency, token-actions, credit tokens). They are carried out by a third party gaining illegal access to the blockchain purse of the victim or unsanctioned transfers from it. 2. Thefts of information (passwords, access keys, personal identifiers, accounts, elements of a digital person). The main type of information to be compromised is the so-called governing information in its numerous forms. 3. Thefts of resources (computational capacities, traffic, electric energy). From the economic viewpoint, this is theft of key production capacities of the information era. This subgroup includes victims of computational capacities’ theft (unsanctioned use of the victim’s processor and appropriation of the capacities of personal computers without the knowledge of the user), internet traffic (tunnelling), electric energy (unlawful use of energy resources through unsanctioned connection to the network with the use of telecommunication technologies). The author draws some conclusions regarding the spread of such crimes and the traditional risk groups among Internet users who run a higher chance of the type of victimization under analysis. The topic of digital thefts is considered to be highly urgent and relevant for complex research in the spheres of cybercriminology, cybercriminalistics and cybervictimology. This is of principal importance in the conditions of the digital transformation of the economy and criminalization of new actions infringing on the electronic means of payment (such as thefts from a bank account or other actions involving digital currency included in Part 3, Art. 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation).

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Tshite, Augustin Mukiekie, Sébastien Loosa Bolamba, Olivier Schmitz, An Verest, Bosmans Marleen, Edouard Konan y Chantal Nandindo. "Analyse des problèmes liés au parcours juridique des victimes des violences sexuelles dans la province de la Tshopo en République Démocratique du Congo". European Scientific Journal, ESJ 17, n.º 33 (30 de septiembre de 2021): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2021.v17n33p214.

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Cette étude vise deux objectifs, à savoir : dégager les problèmes liés au parcours juridique des victimes de violences sexuelles dans la province de la Tshopo et, proposer ce qui doit être fait pour élaguer ces problèmes et permettre une prise en charge efficace et équitable. Pour y arriver, l’étude qui s’inscrit dans le contexte de la théorisation ancrée a mobilisé comme sources les dossiers des victimes des violences sexuelles en justice, les comptes rendus des réunions, les groupes de discussion, les récits de vie des victimes et la littérature grise. Partant, il se dégage que les problèmes identifiés sont multiples et de diverses natures. On répertorie notamment : le dysfonctionnement des services judiciaires ; l’absence des preuves par des parties concernées (médecins, police, agents pénitentiaires, etc.) ; une pauvreté extrême des victimes ; les manœuvres dilatoires tendant à repousser perpétuellement les audiences pour freiner le procès ou bloquer l’action par des procédures irrégulières ; l’arrangement à l’amiable ; l’insuffisance et l’éloignement géographique des juridictions compétentes en matière de violence sexuelle ; l’environnement social des victimes ; et l’insécurité et la crainte de représailles. Que faire ? Le problème des violences sexuelles nécessite l’implication de toutes les communautés. Aussi, les campagnes de sensibilisation, les sessions de formations ainsi que des actions concrètes qui pourraient apporter des solutions aux problèmes répertoriés. This study has a dual objective which firstly aims to identify the problems associated with the legal process of victims of sexual violence in the province of Tshopo, and followingly to share recommendations to eliminate the identified problems to ensure that victims’ are dealt with effectively and fairly along the criminal proceedings. To achieve this, the study, using a Grounded Theory methodology, used the files of victims of sexual violence in the courts, the minutes of meetings, discussion groups, the life stories of victims and grey literature as sources. The problems identified are multiple and varied and include: dysfunctional judicial services; lack of evidence from the parties concerned (doctors, police, prison officers, etc.); extreme poverty of the victims; delaying tactics that tend to perpetually postpone hearings in order to slow down the trial or block the action through irregular procedures; out-of-court settlements; the inadequacy and geographical remoteness of the jurisdictions competent in matters of sexual violence; the social environment of the victims; and insecurity and fear of reprisals. What can be done? The problem of sexual violence requires the involvement of the whole community. Given that the problem of sexual violence requires the involvement of the whole community, this research proposes awareness-raising campaigns, training sessions and concrete actions as solutions to the problems identified.

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Nuryanto, Carto. "CRIMINAL SANCTIONS AND ACTIONS IN RELIGIOUS JUSTICE CRIME LAW ENFORCEMENT". International Journal of Law Reconstruction 3, n.º 2 (16 de enero de 2020): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26532/ijlr.v3i2.7793.

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Victims of drug abuse in the mandate of the Act should the victim run a rehabilitation, will remain in reality the victim immediately subjected to criminal penalties, so that there is a non-compliance with the law enforcement system carried out by the authorities with statutory regulations, weaknesses in the criminal sanction policy and actions in law enforcement in handling the current drug crime, as well as how the reconstruction of criminal sanctions policies and actions in the enforcement of the drug crime control system in realizing religious justice.

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Wahyuningsih, Sri Endah, Ali Sunhaji, Umar Ma’ruf y Deddy Prasetyo. "The Rights of the Victims in Submitting a Complaint against the Criminal Act of Counselling in Indonesia". International Journal of Social Science And Human Research 05, n.º 11 (2 de noviembre de 2022): 4820–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i11-02.

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The crime of sexual intercourse committed by adults accompanied by persuasion or promises is not regulated as a crime formulation in the Criminal Code (KUHP), so that women as victims do not get justice because the complaints made are not processed by the police, The purpose of this study is to analyse the regulation of the rights of victims in filing complaints against perpetrators of criminal acts of sexual intercourse and to analyse and find weaknesses in the regulation of victims' rights in filing complaints against perpetrators of crimes of sexual intercourse as well as reconstructing regulations on the rights of victims in filing complaints against acts of sexual intercourse so that they can be used as offense so that it can provide a value of justice. This research is a non-doctrinal/socio-legal-research research with a descriptive study. The approach method in this research is Juridical Sociological by using constructivism paradigm. The results showed that the act of sexual intercourse carried out by adults accompanied by persuasion or certain promises is a crime that has not been accommodated by current regulations so that the protection of the victim is not fulfilled as well as the victim's right to complain about the sexual act experienced because the police do not can follow up the complaint so that the criminal sanctions imposed on the perpetrators cannot be carried out. Weaknesses in the current regulations include lagging behind the Criminal Code as the basis of criminal law in accommodating the rights of victims of sexual intercourse in filing complaints, which are weaknesses in terms of legal substance, the resolution of cases by the police which is not optimal is a weakness in terms of legal structure and weaknesses in the perspective of legal culture related to vacancies. the law on the victim's right to file a complaint in the act of sexual intercourse which causes the victim to be reluctant to file a complaint, because the settlement will only be done through mediation, and does not provide a deterrent effect. Reconstruction of Article 284 of the current Criminal Code by including the element of deliberately breaking the promise to be responsible for sexual acts and the victim has the right to file a complaint with the police for the actions he has experienced so that the victim's rights can be fulfilled and get justice.

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22

Hasibuan, Lidya Rahmadani y Syaravina Lubis. "Rights of Restitution to Child Victims Under Law No. 35 of 2014 Concerning Child Protection". Mahadi: Indonesia Journal of Law 3, n.º 01 (28 de febrero de 2024): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/mah.v3i01.15455.

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Restitution is the compensation paid by a perpetrator, as determined by a court with a final legal decision, to cover the material and/or immaterial losses suffered by the victim or their heirs. In cases involving child victims, restitution becomes obligatory for the perpetrator to compensate the victim for their losses. This demonstrates the perpetrator's responsibility for actions that have harmed the victim, their family, or heirs, in accordance with Article 71 D Paragraph (2) of Law Number 35 of 2014, which amends Law number 23 of 2002 concerning Child Protection. Restitution, as a form of compensation for victims of crimes, aligns with the Principle of Restoration to its Original Condition (restitutio in integrum), aiming to restore victims to their state before the crime, although complete restoration may not be possible. It emphasizes a holistic recovery approach, addressing various aspects resulting from the crime's consequences. Through restitution, victims can recover their freedom, legal rights, social status, family life, citizenship, residence, employment, and assets. The research will be conducted at the Belawan Police, Medan LPSK, and Bagan Deli Belawan Village.

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23

Novitasari, Novitasari, Sri Endah Wanyuningsih y Aryani Witasari. "The Legal Protection of Victims on Criminal Acts of Agreement in Criminal Jurisdiction Process". Law Development Journal 4, n.º 3 (16 de agosto de 2022): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.30659/ldj.4.3.355-363.

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The purpose of this study is to examine and analyze the legal protection of victims of sexual intercourse in the criminal justice process against residents who experience mild mental retardation. The approach method used is empirical juridical lemphasizes obtaining legal knowledge empirically by going directly to the object with the theory of intentionality and will towards the problem under study. The results of the study that the application of legal protection for victims of the crime of sexual intercourse in the criminal justice process for victims of crime, especially victims of mild mental retardation/intellectual disability, to get protection in the form of granting victims' rights. The existence of compensation in the form of compensation, restitution and rehabilitation provided by the perpetrator to the victim considering the impact caused by the perpetrator's actions, physical, social, and psychological impacts. Although the defendant was sentenced to imprisonment for 7 (seven) years and 6 (six) months. The sentence handed down to the perpetrator is not commensurate with the suffering experienced by the victim.

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24

Pinho, Camila Noronha de, Cemille Luz Alves, Daniela Silva Leite, Dennis Ramos Alves, Vera Lúcia Lameira Picanço y Eugênia Suely Belém de Sousa. "Violence against women". International Journal for Innovation Education and Research 10, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2022): 325–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31686/ijier.vol10.iss1.3621.

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Violence against women is any form of discrimination, aggression or coercion, caused by the simple fact that the victim is a woman and causes physical, psychological, sexual, or moral damage, whether in the public or private sphere. It is a manifestation of historically unequal power relations between genders, which were gradually built and which continue today, showing the importance of knowledge of the actions of the Unified Health System (SUS) that coordinate and guide the conduct of health professionals, especially from the doctor. The present study aims to investigate medical conduct in the care of women victims of violence, SUS actions, and programs, specifically carried out at the Santa Casa de Misericórdia do Pará Foundation. This is a quantitative study and the instrument used was a questionnaire, prepared by the authors. Thirty-three physicians answered the questionnaire, where 97% have already assisted women in situations of violence, 97% know the protocols for the care of women victims of violence, and 67% judge public health actions to support these victims as ineffective. The data allow us to conclude that SUS actions have the potential to have a direct impact in the context of violence against women, if the necessary support is provided to make complaints, in addition to long-term protection and prevention protocols.

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25

Novozhylov, Viktor. "Mechanisms of attaining the objectives of criminal procedure on preservation of victims’ rights, freedoms and legitimate interests and prevention of secondary victimization in pre-trial investigation". Slovo of the National School of Judges of Ukraine, n.º 2(35) (20 de agosto de 2021): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.37566/2707-6849-2021-2(35)-9.

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The study is devoted to the issue of legal mechanism of attaining the objectives of criminal procedure on preservation of victims’ rights, freedoms and legitimate interests and prevention of secondary victimization in pre-trial proceedings (initiation of criminal proceedings and pre-trial investigation). This mechanism is composed of the procedure of legal entitlement of a harmed person with procedural status of victim, which provides the opportunity to participate sub actively in criminal process and to take advantages from corresponding legal guarantees in the process; the procedure for providing victims with a written acknowledgement of their formal complaint by criminal justice system officials that ensures that victim’s claim on the assumption that he or she has suffered some sort of harm as a direct result of criminal offense had been committed, is considered as true and simultaneously is examined by providing pre-trial investigation; ensuring that victims have been provided with the opportunity to receive preservation and protection of their violated procedural rights, in particular by providing access to challenge in court in pre-trial investigation processdecisions, actions or actions of investigator, inquirer, prosecutor or investigating judge. The author states that the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine prescribe that entitling of a harmed person with victim status is made through autodynamic procedure and that the Code purposely does not lie the burden of proof for attest suffered harm on the victim, which he or she proclaimed in a complaint. The common legal Presumption of Integrity and good faith of the person is embodied in mentioned legal provision and, as the author pointed out, have led to the obligation of competent officers to use an Anticipatory Trust Doctrine in resolving the issue of deprivation of the procedural status of the victim. The burden of proof for absence of harm is lied on investigator or prosecutor according to the author’s interpretation of Part 5 Art. 55 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine. The Code purposely does not provide the procedure for deprivation of the procedural status of victim in the stage of Trial too. Court order of investigating judge on the cancellation of the prosecutor's decision on deprivation of the procedural status of victim, ipso facto, entitling the complainant with victim status, as it restores the normative provision of first paragraph of Part 2 Art. 55 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine. The author analyzed nationwide statistic of court orders of investigating judge in two-last-years period and concluded that, on the one hand, the harmed persons often believe that their procedural rights are violated or ignored in pre-trial proceedings (at the initiation of criminal proceedings and in pre-trial investigation), which is leading to increased risks of secondary victimization; on the other hand, the rates of satisfaction of victims' complaints by the investigating judge are high, which proves the effectiveness of the institution of challenging in correcting mistakes that were committed earlier. Keywords: secondary victimization, objectives of criminal procedure, victim, harmed person, anticipatory trust doctrine, presumption of victims’ integrity, preservation of rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of victims, legal entitlement with status of the victim, acquisition of the status of the victim, deprivation of the procedural status of victim, refusal to recognize the victim, challenging in pre-trial investigation.

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Davis, Rob, Bruce Taylor y Sarah Bench. "Impact of Sexual and Nonsexual Assault on Secondary Victims". Violence and Victims 10, n.º 1 (enero de 1995): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.1.73.

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Much information has been collected on the effects of crime upon victims. Experts have spoken as well about the ripple effects of crime on those close to victims. To date, however, little empirical data are available to assess the impact of crime upon “secondary victims.” Our research looks at the effects of crime on a sample of persons named by victims of sexual and nonsexual assault as their primary significant others (SOs). We found that distress experienced by SOs did not vary according to victim distress or according to whether the crime was a sexual or nonsexual assault. Female SOs, however, experienced greater fear of crime than male SOs. High levels of SO distress did not interfere with the ability of SOs to lend supportive actions, but were associated with higher levels of SO unsupportive behavior. Higher levels of unsupportive behavior were also more likely among SOs of sexual assault victims than among SOs of nonsexual assault victims. Clinical implications of the findings are discussed.

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27

Terina, Tian, Muhamad Rusjana y Dery Hendryan. "Upaya Kebijakan Kriminalisasi dalam Penegakan Hukum Tindakan Prank di Masyarakat Melalui Saluran Streaming". Justicia Sains: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum 8, n.º 2 (30 de noviembre de 2023): 513–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.24967/jcs.v8i2.2563.

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The aim of the prank is to make the person, in this case the victim, feel pranked, thereby creating a sense of satisfaction in the prank maker. There are various types of pranks, including pranks that use a crime theme, such as kidnapping, pointing a sharp weapon, or acting as a thug who pretends to threaten the victim of his prank. However, not all pranks end in jokes or antics, excessive pranking can cause losses and also victims. These prank actions include actions that create pros and cons, whether these actions can fall into the category of criminal acts that require criminal sanctions or are just guidance.

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28

Chepkina, Elina V. y Denis S. Kolchin. "The Practice of Constructing the Character “Victim” in Journalistic Publications About the Terrorist Attack in Beslan". Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture 28, n.º 4 (2022): 16–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.4.062.

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The authors, using the method of discourse analysis, present the results of a study regarding how 15 years after the terrorist attack in Beslan, the victim characters were constructed in Russian print and online media. The leading discursive practices of constructing such victim characters in connection with the anniversary of the terrorist attack are identified. It is typical to assign a narrative role to the character in the context of describing the events, characterizing the victims of the terrorist attack using the direct speech of the participants and eyewitnesses of the tragedy, describing the actions of the “victims community in order to preserve the memory of the dead.

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29

Higheagle Strong, Zoe, Emma M. McMain, Karin S. Frey, Rachel M. Wong, Shenghai Dai y Gan Jin. "Ethnically Diverse Adolescents Recount Third-Party Actions That Amplify Their Anger and Calm Their Emotions After Perceived Victimization". Journal of Adolescent Research 35, n.º 4 (22 de julio de 2019): 461–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0743558419864021.

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Third-party adolescents (those aware of peer conflict as neither aggressors nor victims) can help shape their peers’ emotional responses to perceived victimization. Emotion regulation promotes resilience for those who have been victimized, and heightened anger can exacerbate negative outcomes. This study sought to understand how ethnically diverse victimized adolescents described third-party actions that amplified their anger and calmed their emotions—and whether there were gender, racial/ethnic, or school-level patterns. Data were drawn from 264 structured interviews using a multi-method, repeated measures design. Participants were 66 African Americans, 57 European Americans, 64 Mexican Americans, and 77 Native Americans from the Northwest United States. Open- and process-coding identified 16 themes that described third-party actions, and pattern coding provided insight into why particular actions may be perceived as anger-amplifying or calming. Wilcoxon Signed Rank tests on action frequencies revealed five actions (e.g., co-ruminating) that were associated with amplifying victims’ anger and eight actions (e.g., reassuring) that were associated with calming victims’ emotions. Group patterns were examined using chi-square and Mann-Whitney tests. Programs and interventions may draw on these qualitative accounts of victimized adolescents’ experiences to illustrate how third-party actions might differentially impact peers during or after aggressive incidents.

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30

Handayani, Safitri Sri, Lupma Miftah Ul Izza Aziz y Zahra Hafizha Fitria Anam. "PENANGGULANGAN TRAUMA PADA ANAK-ANAK KORBAN GEMPA BUMI". Al-Iqra Medical Journal : Jurnal Berkala Ilmiah Kedokteran 2, n.º 2 (28 de julio de 2020): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/aimj.v2i2.3954.

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The earthquake is one of the natural disasters that should be watched out for. The impact of the disaster was not only a material loss but also a loss of life. The most vulnerable earthquake victims are infants, toddlers, and children. This is because of their weak and bad protection abilities. What is caused by the main earthquake is physical trauma and psychological trauma to the victim. Trauma has a more fatal effect on child victims. The need for special actions to handle it.

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31

Ritonga, Erlin, Mohd Din y Sulaiman Sulaiman. "Perlindungan Hukum Melalui Restitusi Terhadap Anak Korban Kejahatan Seksual (Penelitian Di Kabupaten Aceh Jaya)". Jurnal Ilmiah Penegakan Hukum 8, n.º 2 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 121–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiph.v8i2.5599.

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This research aims to provide legal protection for child victims of crime through restitution as mandated in the law. Presidential Regulation (Perpres) Number 75 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of the Rights of Child Victims and Witness Children. The Presidential Regulation is a direct mandate of Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. In terms of suffering or material loss experienced by the victim as a result of a criminal act committed by another person, it is appropriate that the perpetrator of the criminal act (the other person) provides compensation. Restitution to victims of crime in the context of the relationship between the perpetrator and the victim, is a manifestation of the resocialization of the responsibility of the perpetrator as a citizen. Through the resocialization process, it is intended and expected to instill a sense of social responsibility in the perpetrator, so that the value of restitution in this case does not lie in its efficacy in helping victims, but serves as a tool to make the perpetrators of criminal acts more aware of their "debt" (due to their actions) to the victim

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Dovhan, Nataliia. "The first psychological assistance to the educational process participants: The structure and actions algorithms". SCIENTIFIC STUDIOS ON SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PSYCHOLOGY 51, n.º 48 (10 de enero de 2022): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.61727/sssppj/2.2021.145.

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The performed study is relevant because a system of psychological support for citizens shall be organized; this system shall meet the Concept on Mental Health requirements in Ukraine for the period up to 2030 and apply global technologies of the first aid for victims of emergencies in Ukraine. The article’s purpose was to add the practice of neutralizing acute stress disorders and preventing post-traumatic stress disorders in victims of emergencies to the internationally used set of first aid actions. According to the study results, a three-level psychological support system is proposed; this system supplements the internationally tested set of eight basic steps in emergencies. The debriefing method is recommended to use at the first level of psychological support to minimize the undesirable psychological consequences of an emergency. At the second level, problems of students’ life safety (according to Ukrainian legislation) shall be solved, and students’ psychological state shall be examined (regarding expediency to send them at consultation with mental health professionals). Crisis psychological assistance shall be provided to victims (analysis of psychological problems and threats of mental disorders to determine whether a victim should be sent to medical and psychological rehabilitation, specialized medical institutions, etc.). Prospects for further studies can include developing a program to train employees of social centers and psychological services working with the education system to coordinate the work at emergencies and rehabilitation assistance to members of local communities who have become victims or witnesses of emergencies

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33

Levush, Ruth. "Compensation for Victims of Terrorist Actions: Israel as a Case Study". International Journal of Legal Information 32, n.º 3 (2004): 582–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0731126500004431.

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The State of Israel has been subjected to numerous terrorist attacks since its establishment in 1948. The issue of rehabilitation, treatment, and compensation of victims of terrorism has been extensively regulated by its law. Special state funds for compensation of victims of terrorism have been established. This brief will describe the management and distribution of state funds to such victims. In addition, the right of victims to collect damages from those responsible for terrorist attacks will be analyzed. Specifically, this brief will explore whether victims of terrorism in Israel, as a precondition for filing for state compensation, are required to waive their rights to sue those responsible for the attack, and whether the State is entitled to reimbursement for money paid to victims. In addition, the right of Israeli victims of terrorism to sue knowing or unknowing tortfeasors and to sue terrorist states or quasi states will be analyzed. Special attention will be made to the application of the doctrine of foreign sovereign immunity to states and bodies responsible for terrorist actions.

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34

Dobry, Yuriy, María Dolores Braquehais y Leo Sher. "Bullying, psychiatric pathology and suicidal behavior". International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health 25, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2013): 295–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0065.

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Abstract Bullying is a highly prevalent behavior which carries a significant social, medical and financial cost for its victims and perpetrators, with powerful and long-lasting psychological and social impact. Bullying has been defined as a specific form of intentional, repeated aggression, that involves a disparity of power between the victim(s) and perpetrator(s). The aggression can take physical, verbal or gestural forms. The behavior of bullying crosses sociodemographic categories of age, gender, ethnicity, level of academic achievement and professional environment. It has been abundantly observed by teachers and parents in elementary schools, but has also shown its negative presence in corporate boardrooms. The direst outcome of bullying, for both victims and perpetrators, is an increased risk of psychiatric disorders including depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety disorders, substance abuse and suicidal behavior. Cruelty (and bullying, as one of its manifestations) breaks the basis of morality. Mental health professionals usually treat the victims of those actions unfortunately long after they have been exposed to the harm. The evidence does not support the idea that the majority of cruel actions are intrinsically “pathological”, in the sense of being motivated by “mental disorders”. Therefore, only moral rules and legal actions – but not psychiatric or psychological interventions – may dissuade humans from this form of cruelty.

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35

Amrullah, Muhammad Salam. "Reconstruction of law criminal development on victims of restoration as form of renewal Criminal law". Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist 3, n.º 2 (10 de abril de 2019): 176–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35326/volkgeist.v3i2.128.

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The crime of rape carried out by people, experiencing a development in criminal law, the formulation of offenses in the Criminal Code makes the criminal act, does not give a sense of justice to victims where the threat of punishment is relatively small and there are multiple interpretations of legal norms, while victims suffer a psychological loss which makes the victim lose his identity. In addition, the scope of the multi-interpretive criminal reparations is due to the unclear norms which regulate, for example, the category of rape itself. This research is a normative legal research that examines relevant laws and regulations and conceptualizes the law as the norm. From the results of the study found the unclear norms stipulated in article 285 of the Criminal Code, which resulted in the application of law enforcement to victims resulting in legal uncertainty, an increasingly broad category of actions while the legal norms did not specify the actions of the rape, from the results of the research the revision of the Criminal Code as a form of renewal of criminal law specifically article 285..

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36

Bachman, Ronet y Ann L. Coker. "Police Involvement in Domestic Violence: The Interactive Effects of Victim Injury, Offender’s History of Violence, and Race". Violence and Victims 10, n.º 2 (enero de 1995): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.10.2.91.

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While there is a proliferation of research devoted to ascertaining the efficacy of arrest and other formal sanctions in deterring domestic violence, little research has focused on factors related to the pivotal point at which this formal sanctioning process begins, namely, in a victim’s decision to report her victimization to police. This paper is an attempt to rectify this omission by examining those factors most important in predicting the police-reporting behavior of 1535 female victims of intimate-perpetrated violence (e.g., by husbands and boyfriends) taken from the National Crime Victimization Survey during 1987-1992. In addition to predicting the reporting decision of these victims, models predicting various police responses to a victim’s report were also examined, including police response times, police actions at the scene, and the probability of an arrest being made. A combination of contextual and demographic characteristics affected the probability that incidents would be placed into the realm of formal sanctioning. Black victims, victims who sustained injury as the result of their victimization, and victims who reported that the offender had not victimized them before were more likely to report their victimizations to police. These same factors were also significant predictors of arrest. Police were more likely to make an arrest in incidents in which victims had sustained injuries, when the offender did not have a history of violence, and in incidents which involved Black offenders victimizing Black victims. Implications for the “Battered Woman Syndrome” and suggestions for future research are discussed.

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37

Ovchinnikova, Oksana V. "Activation of the Victim’s Role in Pre-trial Proceedings: Remote Forms of Participation". Victimology 10, n.º 4 (28 de febrero de 2024): 442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.47475/2411-0590-2023-10-4-442-452.

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The article discusses the issues of activating the role of the victim in pre-trial proceedings as part of the implementation of the “minimum standard rules for the treatment of victims of crimes and abuse of power”. Since active participation in the investigation of a criminal case increases the level of satisfaction of the victim with the justice system, it is proposed to expand the relevant procedural possibilities, while not shifting the burden of proof to him. The beginning of the victim’s interaction with law enforcement agencies should be his participation in the inspection of the scene of the incident. The author proposes to provide the victim with the opportunity to participate in this investigative action remotely, using video conferencing. This will not only increase the level of confidence of the victim in law enforcement agencies, but also provide instant feedback between the investigative task force and the victim of the crime, allowing to correctly determine the direction of the ongoing investigation. The article notes that the victim acquires the full range of procedural rights from the moment the relevant decision is made. The author believes that the victim should be able to immediately familiarize himself with this document, as well as receive other information on the criminal case both personally and remotely, using information and communication technologies. It is noted that it is necessary to organize pre-trial proceedings in accordance with the needs of the victim, giving him the opportunity to choose the form of participation (in person or remotely), as well as the use of a personal digital device to participate in investigative actions through video conferencing. It is proposed to amend the legislation allowing the use of household messengers in the production of remote investigative actions, or the creation of an electronic service on the mobile platform of public services for video conferencing with government agencies.

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38

Fisher, Bonnie S., Leah E. Daigle, Francis T. Cullen y Shannon A. Santana. "Assessing the Efficacy of the Protective Action–Completion Nexus for Sexual Victimizations". Violence and Victims 22, n.º 1 (febrero de 2007): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/vv-v22i1a002.

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Research has shown that protective actions are often used by rape victims, and some actions, namely, forceful physical resistance, are more effective in preventing a completed rape than other types of actions, such as nonforceful verbal resistance. The research is less clear, however, on the extent to which women who are victims of nonrape sexual victimization use protective measures and on the effectiveness of these actions. There is also uncertainty on the nature of the relationship between different types of protective actions, contextual characteristics, and the likelihood of completion of nonrape sexual victimization incidents. To investigate these issues, we used data from a national-level study of 4,446 female college students. Our results indicate that the use of protective action varied across type of sexual victimization and that the effectiveness of these actions on reducing the risk of a completed act is differentially related to type of sexual victimization. The findings suggest the need for sexual victimization prevention and education programs to include information regarding the efficacy of protective actions in both rape and nonrape incidents.

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39

Paw, Barbara. "LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE INDIVIDUAL AGAINST MOBBING". Roczniki Administracji i Prawa 3, n.º XX (30 de septiembre de 2020): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.4287.

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The current legal norms - in the field of mobbing - do not guard the protection of the rights of victims of mobbing, nor do they favor the pursuit of statutory guaranteed claims by victims of mobber activities. Keep in mind that anyone can become a victim of mobbing and you never know when this problem will affect the next person. The joint responsibility of the legislature, executive and judicature for good law, which should take into account the protection of the individual against the destructive intensity of mobbing, will take place when victims of mobbing are protected by law,and the mobbers will be responsible for their actions. The inevitability of punishment for a mobber is a signal to society that public authorities are responsibly complying constitutional obligations.

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40

Buttu, Diana. "Blaming the Victims". Journal of Palestine Studies 44, n.º 1 (2014): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jps.2014.44.1.91.

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Without explicitly referencing the so-called Dahiya doctrine, Israel accompanied its summer 2014 onslaught against Gaza with a formidable media campaign of vilification and dehumanization, which enabled it to prosecute Operation Protective Edge with minimal criticism. Despite repeatedly violating the norms of international law, Israel portrayed itself as facing a near-existential threat from Palestinians who, in turn, were characterized as irrational actors and blamed for their own deaths. Israel's discursive dominance resulted from the failure of an official Palestinian media strategy and from the news media's reticence to question Israel's actions or challenge its narrative.

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41

Nurani, Siti Syahida, Dyah Adriantini Sintha Dewi, Joel Rey Acob Ugsang, Nurdin Nurdin y Heru Santoso Wahito Nugroho. "Domestic Violence in the Criminology and Victimology Perspectives: Case Study in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara". Varia Justicia 18, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2022): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v18i2.6856.

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The state controls the interaction of family members within the scope of the household through Law Number 23 of 2004 on the Elimination of Domestic Violence. Domestic violence cases often happen in Kupang City, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia. This paper analyzes domestic violence in the criminology and victimology perspectives. This study uses the qualitative method with an empirical juridical approach. Based on the results of the discussion, in the criminological perspective, domestic violence is a crime in the form of an expression of physical or verbal strength that reflects aggressive actions and attacks one’s freedom or dignity. In the perspective of victimology, the role of the victim is the basis for the emergence of violence, which impacts the physical, psychological, and social aspects. In Kupang, domestic violence cases are usually triggered by victims, i.e. provocative victims. Thus, both victims and perpetrators are responsible. While in other cases, the position of the victim as the basis for the emergence of domestic violence does not exist at all.

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42

North, Mark A. y Spencer Smith. "Victim Precipitation: Let's Not Silence That Voice". Industrial and Organizational Psychology 11, n.º 1 (marzo de 2018): 137–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/iop.2017.98.

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Cortina, Robello, and Holland (2018) advance a case for the danger of using the victim precipitation model in industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology—a model that is interpreted as suggesting that characteristics and behaviors of victims may influence criminals to select them as targets, in effect blaming victims for crimes committed against them. This “victim blaming” found its way into criminology, criminal justice, sociology, and other disciplines, resulting in revictimization and in the exoneration of violent criminals, among other undesirable outcomes. We agree with Cortina and colleagues that these outcomes, then and now, are unacceptable: Victims cannot and should not be blamed for their aggressors’ actions, and aggressors should unequivocally be held accountable for their crimes. This extends to workplace mistreatment. Using the operationalizations of generalized workplace harassment, workplace incivility, sexual harassment, and abusive supervision as guides (Rospenda & Richman, 2004, as cited by Cortina et al., 2018; Magley, Williams, & Langhout, 2001; Tepper, 2000; Walsh & Magley, 2014), we define workplace mistreatment as any interpersonal interaction in the workplace that creates an oppressively intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment that extends beyond acceptable evaluative and professional actions given situational demands (e.g., poor performance reviews, layoffs during downsizing/mergers/acquisitions, discipline, etc.). Although an unpopular point of view, we maintain that whether or not victims influence the contexts that facilitate victimization in the workplace is an empirical question. This research continues to be scientifically valuable, relevant, and practical, and it is necessary to more fully understand workplace mistreatment (Barling, 1996; Cortina, Magley, Williams, & Langhout, 2001). Two principal reasons drive this position: (a) the lack of scientific, data-driven evidence to support the exclusion of the victim precipitation model and (b) the potential harmful premise of its replacement, the perpetrator predation model. Elucidating our thoughts on these reasons will occupy our commentary.

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43

Puronvarsi, Nelli, Viivi Ruotanen y Juha Holma. "Female survivors’ experiences of authorities’ actions in cases of partner stalking". Journal of Gender-Based Violence 4, n.º 2 (1 de junio de 2020): 173–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/239868020x15815108958704.

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Previous studies have shown that civil authorities fail to understand the nature of stalking and the harmful consequences it causes victims. The aim of this study was to investigate how the victims of partner stalking had perceived the actions of civil authorities and the stalking investigation process. The data were drawn from conversations among members of an internet-based peer support group for female victims of partner stalking. We identified four main categories of victims’ experiences pertaining to authorities’ actions and the investigation process: authorities’ problems in dealing with stalking, dissatisfaction with the investigation process, trust in the authorities and expectations of future actions by the authorities. Negative experiences were clearly foregrounded in the data. The results indicate that civil authorities continue to have problems in dealing with stalking. Authorities, especially the police, representatives of the justice system and child protection personnel should be offered more comprehensive education to enable them to deal more effectively when encountering female stalking victims.

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44

Silvermint, Daniel. "Resisting for other reasons". Canadian Journal of Philosophy 48, n.º 1 (2018): 18–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00455091.2017.1332257.

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AbstractDoes a victim have to intend to resist oppression in order to discharge her obligation to do so, or is it sufficient to resist oppression intentionally in the course of pursuing other plans and projects of importance to her? I argue that resisting intentionally can be sufficient: given the ways that oppression interferes with the lives of victims, trying to counteract that interference by living the life you want is genuine resistance. Requiring that victims have justice-oriented or agency-preserving reasons before their actions count as resistance will distort or miss a wide range of everyday responses to oppressive burdens.

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45

Kikalishvili, M. "Corruption and its victims". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n.º 78 (31 de agosto de 2023): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.78.2.31.

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The article is devoted to the study of corruption, its victims and compensation for victims of corruption. The author emphasizes that detailed damages caused by specific corrupt acts are hardly ever considered in court proceedings. Those who suffer the most from corruption hardly ever receive any compensation or direct benefit from successful enforcement actions. The article provides definitions of victims of corruption based on international legal acts. The author notes that victims of corruption are states, legal entities and individuals. The article draws attention to the fact that states use different approaches to defining the concept of a victim of corruption. Most of them do not provide a clear definition of a victim of corruption in their national legislation. Instead, they rely on general provisions on victims of crime and reparations contained in national legislation, primarily in criminal and civil law. There are difficulties in defining and identifying real victims of corruption. In conclusion, it is determined that ensuring that victims of corruption can be represented in enforcement proceedings and receive compensation is important. Civil society and non-governmental organizations play an important role in ensuring that victims are represented in corruption proceedings and should therefore be able to report crimes, testify, represent victims or file lawsuits in the public interest. Finding new ways to give voice to victims of corruption is crucial to ensure that the harms of corruption are fully recognized. This includes recognizing communities as well as states as victims of corruption and encouraging law enforcement agencies in all countries to establish the full extent of the harm caused by a corrupt act and the possible victims affected. Compensation for victims is at the heart of justice, and they should be able to express their views and seek remedies. Compensation should not be based on a narrow interpretation of harm, but on a full analysis of the broader harm caused by the corrupt act.

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46

Cross, Cassandra. "Who is to blame? Exploring accountability in fraud victimisation". Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 6, n.º 1 (16 de diciembre de 2019): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-07-2019-0054.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the discourses surrounding accountability as it relates to fraud victimisation. Design/methodology/approach This paper is based upon interviews with 31 professionals across the fraud justice network (FJN) in the UK and Canada. Findings The paper highlights the complexities that surround participant’s perspectives of liability when it comes to fraud. Professionals articulated responsibility falling across the spectrum of victims, offenders and third parties. Further, it is evident that perspectives of accountability are largely influenced by the various types of frauds that exist and the ways in which victims incur losses. Research limitations/implications Interviews with selected FJN professionals may not be representative of those across the broader sector in each country. Despite this, there was still a diversity in views which highlights the tensions that currently exist as to where accountability is positioned. Practical implications The findings clearly indicate that accountability is not directed at any one party, rather there appears to be an interplay across offenders, victims and third parties. While the offender is arguably the one who should be held most accountable for their actions, a lack of official responses to fraud offending means that the offender is largely invisible. For those who place accountability on the victim, there is evidence of neoliberal discourses that argue for prudential citizens, or those who take responsibility for their own actions. This is in contrast to those who believed that victims could not be held accountable for actions beyond their control, and instead third parties were accountable, and should increase their role in education and awareness. Originality/value This paper articulates the discourses of accountability that exist for fraud, and how the current thinking can contribute to interactions with victims, as well as current responses to victimisation. Further work is required to better identify the criteria against which victims are being held accountable, as well as better understand who bears responsibility with responses to fraud victimisation.

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Fitria, Kusnul y Yessi Febrianti. "THE INTERPRETATION AND ATTITUDE OF BODY SHAMING BEHAVIOR ON SOCIAL MEDIA (A DIGITAL ETHNOGRAPHY STUDY ON INSTAGRAM)". Diakom : Jurnal Media dan Komunikasi 3, n.º 1 (17 de septiembre de 2020): 12–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17933/diakom.v3i1.78.

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The main objective of this research is to reveal the meaning and attitudes of victims of body shaming behavior on social media. Body shaming is the behavior of giving negative comments about a person's physical condition. Instagram is the social media most often used by body-shaming actors to carry out their actions. This research is a digital ethnographic study with primary data collection through digital observation, and in-depth interviews with five informants who were selected purposively. The results of this study, in general, encompass the description of three things which are: a) the awareness and experiences of the victim; b) the attitude of the victim; and c) the two ways interactions between the victim and the followers. The interpretation of the body shamming victims reflects body positivity and self-love form of content on their personal Instagram.

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48

Stepanov, О. I., Е. E. Zaitseva y S. A. Khudyakova. "MODEL OF CALCULATIONS FOR EXPERIMENTALLY-OBTAINED GAS AND WATERPROOF SER-VICE LINE OPERATIONAL PARAMETERS". Herald of Dagestan State Technical University. Technical Sciences 47, n.º 1 (21 de abril de 2020): 117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21822/2073-6185-2020-47-1-117-125.

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Abstract. Aim. Modelling and calculations were were carried out to justify the tactical capabilities of gas and smoke protection units of the fire and rescue units as primary units carrying out fire reconnaissance and rescue of victim s of fires. A methodology for assessing actions of personnel of fire departments when rescuing victims was analysed.Method. An experimental justification is given for the need to adjust the calculation methods for determining the working parameters of gas and smoke protection units when organising mass rescue of victims of a fire. A model is proposed for considering the actions of the fireteam of a gas and smoke protection service based on graph theory. Various approaches to forecasting operational parameters of gas and smoke protection units in fire services are considered.Results. Factors determining the limiting parameters of the gas and smoke protection units are presented along with examples for calculating operational parameters during mass rescue of victims of a fire.Conclusion. A conclusion is formulated regarding complicating factors of the work of the personnel of the gas and smoke protection service in the coefficient, considering the necessary air supply for the return trip, unforeseen circumstances and average air flow.

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Olenich, Tamara S., Olga N. Enina y Anastasia D. Melnik. "The Necessity of Developing Psychological Resilience in Individuals who have Experienced Domestic Violence: Analysis of the Issue". Innovative science: psychology, pedagogy, defectology 7, n.º 1 (29 de febrero de 2024): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2658-7165-2024-7-1-69-77.

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Introduction. The article is aimed at analysing the problem of overcoming the consequences of domestic violence through increasing the victim’s resilience. The relevance of the study is explained by several factors: firstly, the increasing frequency of domestic violence, and secondly, the necessity of including in rehabilitation programs blocks for the development of those personal characteristics that will allow not only to overcome the experienced stress, but also to reduce the possibility of getting into situations of violence again. Adequate levels of psychological resilience are seen by the authors as a necessary condition for optimizing the exit from the victim position. The novelty of the study is expressed in the fact that for the first time in our country resilience is considered as a factor influencing overcoming the consequences of violence.Objective. To explore the importance of developing psychological resilience in victims of domestic violence.Definition of violence and its types. The authors provide the main theoretical provisions regarding the psychological analysis of violence, the consequences of violence for the victim, and psychological resilience. Violence is distinguished from aggression and conflicts by its systematic nature and actions aimed at suppressing the will of the victim.The effects of violence on the victim. The authors mention the main consequences of violence, which include deterioration of physical and mental health, changes in behavioural patterns, and suicidal tendencies. The concept of psychological resilience. Psychological resilience as a factor influencing the recovery of a victim of violence is understood by the authors as the ability to withstand difficult life situations while maintaining mental and physical health.Discussion. The authors’ ideas about the mandatory development of resilience in victims of domestic violence are confirmed by the opinion of researchers of victim behaviour. The development of victim psychological resilience is associated with the replacement of victim behaviour with assertive behaviour. The ability to resist violence is also influenced by the development of such aspects of psychological resilience as fight avoidance, meaningfulness, emotional regulation, and building supportive social ties. In general, an adequate level of psychological resilience affects the ability to part with the subject of violence, as well as the development of psychological disorders in victims. The author’s position is expressed in the opinion that the formation of resilience in victims of violence will lead to the possibility of their self-change, which will transform public opinion about them.

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Garkavi, A. V., L. I. Dezhurny y A. S. Starkov. "Problems of First Aid to Victims on Russian Ski Resorts". Disaster Medicine, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2020): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33266/2070-1004-2020-4-48-52.

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The purpose of the study is to determine the measures necessary for effective first aid to victims in specific conditions of ski complexes (GC). Materials and methods of research. When forming the general theoretical base of the scientific research, we used extensive analytical material devoted to certain aspects of the organization of first aid and medical assistance to victims at the scene of the event, contained in the works of Russian and foreign scientists. A comprehensive comparative analysis of normative legal acts on the problem under consideration is performed. Research results and their analysis. The issues of first aid to victims in ski resorts of the Russian Federation are considered. Attention is drawn to the insufficient powers of employees of emergency rescue units (ASF) to provide effective first aid, as defined by the legislation of the Russian Federation and other regulatory legal acts. The article highlights the specifics of providing first aid to victims on ski slopes, proposals to expand the permissible actions of rescuers are substantiated, designed to ensure the maximum effectiveness of first aid during the "Golden hour" before the arrival of emergency medical teams. The recommended additions to the powers of specially trained rescuers are divided into first aid actions directly on the slope and actions at the control and rescue point at the foot of the mountain while waiting for the arrival of the SMP team. The most significant proposals for expanding such powers include the possibility of infusion therapy, the use of general analgesics, and the installation of an air duct in the absence of consciousness of the victim.

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