Artículos de revistas:

1

Prendergast, A. "Scientific Biography in the United States". Choice Reviews Online 46, n.º 02 (1 de octubre de 2008): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/choice.46.02.227.

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2

Gerber, D. A. "Veterans' Policies, Veterans' Politics: New Perspectives on Veterans in the Modern United States". Journal of American History 100, n.º 2 (13 de agosto de 2013): 581–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jat323.

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3

Adamich, Tom. "Veterans (Librarians) Helping Veterans". DttP: Documents to the People 46, n.º 3 (8 de octubre de 2018): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.5860/dttp.v46i3.6827.

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Libraries serving veterans and veterans’ needs is not a new concept. More than 120,000 libraries across the United States support veterans by providing “safe places where people care and want to help, and where core professional values of respect and confidentiality are upheld.” This role defines not only the inherent service mission of libraries in general, but also the democratic and inclusive qualities that library workers strive to uphold daily.

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4

Kaur, Harsimran, Aayushi Sood, Devkarn Sandhu y Vishal Bhatia. "Diabetes-Care Quality among Veterans in Southwest Indiana, United States". Journal of Social Health and Diabetes 7, n.º 02 (diciembre de 2019): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-3400215.

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Abstract Objective Diabetes is more prevalent among U.S. veterans than the general population. The study is among the U.S. veterans in Southwest Indiana with diabetes mellitus type 2 to understand their demographics, comorbidities, and complications that could help guide strategies to address the prevalence of diabetes among U.S. veterans in the area. Previous diagnosis and referral to the specialty clinics approaches are needed to lower the prevalence of diabetes among U.S. veterans and preventing diabetes-related complications to improve their health status. Method We constructed a retrospective study of veterans in the Southwest area with medically treated diabetes type 2, who received Veterans Health Administration primary care and were referred to our specialty clinic. We categorized based on demographics, comorbidities, initial HbA1c percentage, and complications, and created multivariable models. Results In our study of 80 U.S. veterans with diabetes, 90% had comorbidities already when they presented to our clinic. Diabetes was more prevalent in patients older than 60 years. Around 60% of patients presented with complications such as neuropathy, coronary arterial disease, and heart problems. We calculated the HbA1c when the patients came, and around 42% had hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) over 10%. Patients with exposure to Agent Orange during the Vietnam War had HbA1c over 9%. Conclusion U.S. veterans with diabetes type 2 referred to the specialty clinic have high HbA1c and more complications on their first visit. Therefore, veterans need to be referred early to the specialty clinics during the course to improve their health status. Mission’s Act 2019 empowers veterans with increased access to community care.

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5

Lookingbill, Brad. "Weisner And Hartford, Eds., American Portraits - Biographies In United States History". Teaching History: A Journal of Methods 23, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 1998): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33043/th.23.1.92-94.

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Teaching historians often assign biography to supplement reading lists for the introductory survey classroom, even though selecting which life to share might be a difficult process. Biography represents a unique form of history and literature, inviting a reader to come to terms with the significance of human agency. Indeed, a biography possesses the potential to reveal how a particular person influenced and was influenced by broader historical forces.

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Crane, Cory A., Robert C. Schlauch y Caroline J. Easton. "Dual diagnosis among veterans in the United States". Advances in Dual Diagnosis 8, n.º 1 (16 de febrero de 2015): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/add-09-2014-0035.

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7

Kumari, Meena, Suzanne Judd y Vin Tangpricha. "Vitamin D Status in United States War Veterans". Endocrine Practice 14, n.º 1 (enero de 2008): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4158/ep.14.1.127.

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8

Bonaparte, Yvette Lynne y Sharon D. White. "Sustainability, social marketing, veterinarians and United States veterans". Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science 30, n.º 3 (23 de junio de 2020): 240–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21639159.2020.1766366.

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9

Kinlen, L. J. y E. Rogot. "Leukaemia and smoking habits among United States veterans." BMJ 297, n.º 6649 (10 de septiembre de 1988): 657–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.297.6649.657.

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10

Fallon, Elizabeth A., Michael A. Boring, Anika L. Foster, Ellen W. Stowe, Tyler D. Lites y Kelli D. Allen. "Arthritis Prevalence Among Veterans — United States, 2017–2021". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 72, n.º 45 (10 de noviembre de 2023): 1209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7245a1.

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11

Phillips, Carla Rahn y William D. Phillips. "Christopher Columbus in United States Historiography: Biography as Projection". History Teacher 25, n.º 2 (febrero de 1992): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/494269.

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12

Ferguson, Jacqueline M., Hoda S. Abdel Magid, Amanda L. Purnell, Mathew V. Kiang y Thomas F. Osborne. "Differences in COVID-19 Testing and Test Positivity Among Veterans, United States, 2020". Public Health Reports 136, n.º 4 (7 de abril de 2021): 483–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00333549211009498.

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Objective COVID-19 disproportionately affects racial/ethnic minority groups in the United States. We evaluated characteristics associated with obtaining a COVID-19 test from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) and receiving a positive test result for COVID-19. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of 6 292 800 veterans in VHA care at 130 VHA medical facilities. We assessed the number of tests for SARS-CoV-2 administered by the VHA (n = 822 934) and the number of positive test results (n = 82 094) from February 8 through December 28, 2020. We evaluated associations of COVID-19 testing and test positivity with demographic characteristics of veterans, adjusting for facility characteristics, comorbidities, and county-level area-based socioeconomic measures using nested generalized linear models. Results In fully adjusted models, veterans who were female, Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino, urban, and low income and had a disability had an increased likelihood of obtaining a COVID-19 test, and veterans who were Asian had a decreased likelihood of obtaining a COVID-19 test. Compared with veterans who were White, veterans who were Black/African American (risk ratio [RR] = 1.23; 95% CI, 1.19-1.27) and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander (RR = 1.13; 95% CI, 1.05-1.21) had an increased likelihood of receiving a positive test result. Hispanic/Latino veterans had a 43% higher likelihood of receiving a positive test result than non-Hispanic/Latino veterans did. Conclusions Although veterans have access to subsidized health care at the VHA, the increased risk of receiving a positive test result for COVID-19 among Black and Hispanic/Latino veterans, despite receiving more tests than White and non-Hispanic/Latino veterans, suggests that other factors (eg, social inequities) are driving disparities in COVID-19 prevalence.

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13

Waite, Kristin, John Bihn, Gino Cioffi, Corey Neff, Carol Kruchko, Quinn Ostrom, Kaitlin Swinnerton et al. "EPID-31. BRAIN TUMORS IN UNITED STATES MILITARY VETERANS". Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_5 (1 de noviembre de 2023): v122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad179.0463.

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Abstract Veterans account for ~7% of the adult United States population, with half seeking care through the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). A comprehensive analysis of incidence and survival for brain tumors in the Veteran population has been lacking. Veteran data was obtained from VHA Medical Centers that diagnose and treat cancer via the VHA Corporate Data Warehouse. Brain tumor statistics on the overall US population were generated from the Central Brain Tumor Registry of the United States data. Cases were defined as individuals (≥18 years) with a primary brain tumor, diagnosed between 2004-2018, and identified using administrative criteria based on International Classification of Diseases for Oncology, Third Edition (ICD-O-3) topography and morphology codes. Annual age-adjusted incidence rates (AAIR) and 95% confidence intervals were estimated per 100,000 population. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were generated to evaluate overall survival outcomes among Veterans. The Veteran population was primarily white (78%), male (93%), and between 60-64 years old (18%). Individuals with a primary brain tumor in the general US population were mainly female (59%) and between 18-49 years old (28%). The overall AAIR of primary brain tumors from 2004-2018 within the VA cancer registry was 11.6. Non-malignant tumors were more common than malignant tumors (AAIR:7.19 vs 4.42). The most diagnosed tumors in Veterans were non-malignant pituitary tumors (AAIR:2.96), non-malignant meningioma (AAIR:2.62), and glioblastoma (AAIR:1.96). In general, in the Veteran population, survival outcomes became worse with age and were lowest among individuals diagnosed with glioblastoma. Differences between the Veteran and US population can be broadly attributed to the differences in the demographic composition of these groups. Prior to this study, there have been no reports on national level incidence rates and survival outcomes for Veterans. Statistics like these provide vital information that drive efforts to understand disease burden and improve outcomes for individuals with primary brain tumors.

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Kang, Han K., Clare M. Mahan, Kyung Y. Lee, Carol A. Magee y Frances M. Murphy. "Illnesses Among United States Veterans of the Gulf War:". Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 42, n.º 5 (mayo de 2000): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00043764-200005000-00006.

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15

Khanna, P., A. Reimold, G. Kerr, J. S. Richards, E. Chang, H. R. Schumacher y D. Khanna. "FRI0396 The veterans administration crystal registry from united states". Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 71, Suppl 3 (junio de 2013): 448.2–448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.2853.

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16

Xie, Y., J. Lafleur, A. Kamauu, M. Schuerch, N. Foskett y R. E. Nelson. "Multiple sclerosis early treatment rates in united states veterans". Value in Health 16, n.º 3 (mayo de 2013): A102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2013.03.483.

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17

Woodward, C. "United States war veterans gain access to medicinal marijuana". Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, n.º 13 (16 de agosto de 2010): 1405–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-3334.

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18

Pietrzak, Robert H., Jack Tsai, Paul D. Kirwin y Steven M. Southwick. "Successful Aging Among Older Veterans in the United States". American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 22, n.º 6 (junio de 2014): 551–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2012.11.018.

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19

Barilleaux, Ryan J. "Gonzo biography". Review of Politics 68, n.º 2 (mayo de 2006): 347–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034670506280136.

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The single organizing fact of the Cold War was “the bomb.” In our present age of unipolarity, globalization, and the clash of civilizations, it is useful to remember that our current complexities exist only because the previous age of stark simplicity has passed into history. The decades from the end of World War II until the fall of Communism were years shaped by a nuclear standoff. The threat of nuclear conflict between the United States and the Soviet Union framed the politics and culture of the age. This framing was especially apparent in the 1950s and 1960s, before arms-control agreements lent an air of manageability to nuclear politics.

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20

Edward Beauchamp. "Education and Biography in the Contemporary United States: An Introduction". Biography 13, n.º 1 (1990): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bio.2010.0381.

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21

Shah, RT y WM Parker. "Differences In The Utilization Of Preventive Services For United States Veterans And Non-Veterans". Value in Health 17, n.º 3 (mayo de 2014): A138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2014.03.803.

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22

Ross, David. "Treatment of veterans with hepatitis C in the United States Department of Veterans Affairs". Journal of Hepatology 59, n.º 1 (julio de 2013): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.028.

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23

Maust, Donovan. "Rising CNS Polypharmacy Among Older Adults in the United States". Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (1 de diciembre de 2020): 747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.2689.

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Abstract CNS-polypharmacy is defined by the AGS Beers Criteria as using 3 or more individual medications from the following classes: antidepressants, antipsychotics, benzodiazepines, other sedative/hypnotics, opioids, antiepileptics. Dr. Maust will review data suggesting that such prescribing has increased among older adults, along with the data suggesting there are associated harms. In addition, he will review recent evidence from the Department of Veterans Affairs, which suggests that older Veterans who use both Medicare and the VA system for medical care are at higher risk of potentially inappropriate CNS-active prescribing. Part of a symposium sponsored by the Aging, Alcohol and Addictions Interest Group.

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Johnson, Margaret O., Chin-Lin Tseng, Kerry Rowe, Vida A. Passero, Michael J. Kelley, Sara T. Ahmed y Michael A. Mooney. "QLTI-06. EVALUATING TWO DECADES OF GLIOBLASTOMA CARE IN THE UNITED STATES VETERANS HEALTH ADMINISTRATION". Neuro-Oncology 25, Supplement_5 (1 de noviembre de 2023): v246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/neuonc/noad179.0944.

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Abstract BACKGROUND The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) provides healthcare for U.S. military Veterans, including specialized care for glioblastoma (GBM). This study aimed to understand patterns of care and outcomes for Veterans with GBM. METHODS We derived a retrospective cohort of U.S. Veterans with histological diagnosis of GBM in 2000-2021 from the VHA cancer registry system (CRS), with follow-up times through May 31, 2022. Data sources were patient-level electronic health records, CRS, and other data from the VHA corporate data warehouse. Using descriptive statistics, we describe demographics, treatments, clinical outcomes, referral patterns, and overall survival (OS). RESULTS We identified 3,802 Veterans with GBM (median per year = 176, range 76-225). Among the 465 veterans diagnosed in 2018-2021, 192 (41%) had unknown IDH mutational status. The median age at diagnosis was 66 years (range 20-101), most were male (97%), non-Hispanic (78%) and white (70%). 32% were considered rural and 2% highly rural. 71% received radiation and 61% (n = 2,301) received systemic therapy with the most common being temozolomide (96%), bevacizumab (16%), and lomustine (6%). First use of Novo-TTF was February 2020 with a total of 25 total users to-date. Between 2018-2021, 57% (range 54-63%) of veterans received cancer-related community referrals (i.e. medical oncology, radiation oncology, or neurosurgery). The yearly rate of palliative care referrals remained ≥40% since 2008 and was highest in 2021 (64%). Median OS was 6.9 months (95% CI:6.6-7.3). CONCLUSIONS Using the largest cohort of Veterans with GBM, we identified gaps in molecular testing data and note a large fraction that received community care referrals. Patterns of cancer-directed therapy appear consistent with best practices, although the unadjusted median OS for Veterans was shorter than reported in other populations. In response to these findings, VHA is developing strategies to improve access, quality and research for Veterans with GBM.

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Odani, Satomi, Israel T. Agaku, Corinne M. Graffunder, Michael A. Tynan y Brian S. Armour. "Tobacco Product Use Among Military Veterans — United States, 2010–2015". MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 67, n.º 1 (12 de enero de 2018): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm6701a2.

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Johnson, Pamela Jo, Kathleen F. Carlson y Mary O. Hearst. "Healthcare Disparities for American Indian Veterans in the United States". Medical Care 48, n.º 6 (junio de 2010): 563–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e3181d5f9e1.

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Cawthorne, Cathey H., Kelly R. Rudat, Mary S. Burton, Kyle E. Brown, Bruce A. Luxon, Christine G. Janney y Claus J. Fimmel. "Limited success of HCV antiviral therapy in United States veterans". American Journal of Gastroenterology 97, n.º 1 (enero de 2002): 149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1572-0241.2002.05439.x.

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Kieran, David. "Burdens of War: Creating the United States Veterans Health System". Journal of American History 105, n.º 3 (1 de diciembre de 2018): 731. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jay390.

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Hughes, Jaime M., Christi S. Ulmer, S. Nicole Hastings, Jennifer M. Gierisch, Mid-Atlantic VA MIRECC Workgroup y Matthew O. Howard. "Sleep, resilience, and psychological distress in United States military Veterans". Military Psychology 30, n.º 5 (17 de agosto de 2018): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2018.1478551.

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Meca, Alan, HyeJung Park, Jennise Higgins, Hannah Hamrick, Taylor Webb, Rachel Davies, Leeanna Golembiewski, Adrian J. Bravo y Michelle L. Kelley. "The role of United States identity in adjustment among Veterans". Military Psychology 32, n.º 6 (30 de octubre de 2020): 408–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2020.1802400.

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Peltzman, Talya, Chandru Ravindran, Patrick M. Schoen, Sybil W. Morley, Karen Drexler, Ira R. Katz y John F. McCarthy. "Brief Report: Opioid‐Involved Overdose Mortality in United States Veterans". American Journal on Addictions 29, n.º 4 (29 de marzo de 2020): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13027.

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Davila, Jessica A., Jennifer R. Kramer, Peter A. Richardson, Zhigang Duan y Hashem El-Serag. "Referral and Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in United States Veterans". Gastroenterology 140, n.º 5 (mayo de 2011): S—935. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-5085(11)63876-6.

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Havnaer, Annika G., Paul B. Greenberg, Glenn C. Cockerham, Melissa A. Clark y Amy Chomsky. "Cataract surgery practices in the United States Veterans Health Administration". Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery 43, n.º 4 (abril de 2017): 543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.01.016.

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Hughes, Jaime M., Christi S. Ulmer, Jennifer M. Gierisch, S. Nicole Hastings y Matthew O. Howard. "Insomnia in United States military veterans: An integrated theoretical model". Clinical Psychology Review 59 (febrero de 2018): 118–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2017.11.005.

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GUERNSEY, JAMES M. "The Veterans Administration and Surgical Education in the United States". Archives of Surgery 124, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1989): 407. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.1989.01410040017002.

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Shiota, Seiji, Rita Reddy, Abeer Alsarraj, Hashem B. El-Serag y David Y. Graham. "Antibiotic Resistance of Helicobacter pylori Among Male United States Veterans". Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 13, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2015): 1616–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.02.005.

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El-Serag, Hashem B., Howard Hampel, Christine Yeh y Linda Rabeneck. "Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C among United States male veterans". Hepatology 36, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2002): 1439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hep.1840360621.

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Połeć, Jolanta. "A system of mental health care in The Veterans of The United States in the context of people affected by MST." Przegląd Nauk o Obronności, n.º 16 (17 de mayo de 2023): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37055/pno/165997.

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ObjectivesThe research purpose of this article is to describe the mode of operation of the mental health care system for veterans in the United States, in particular the treatment of people suffering from MST.MethodsThe main method used in this study is a systematic review of international literature and websites on the US Department of Veterans Affairs health care system in the context of people affected by MST.ResultsThe analysis allowed to determine the importance of the health care system in the US Department of Veterans Affairs, in particular those suffering from MST.ConclusionsThe highly developed system of psychiatric care for ill veterans in the United States is the result of the enormous international activity of one of the most powerful armies in the world. The American army achieved its status mainly through participation in peacekeeping and military operations abroad. Due to the high involvement of American soldiers in various types of missions, the vast number of cases related to psychological trauma in particular of MST. It became reasonable to introduce legal regulations and create an extensive healthcare system for people with veteran status. In order to care for a group of nearly 19 million people, the United States created an integrated state system of care for veterans and their families. The article presents two clinical cases that highlight the problem of MST mental health disorders that affect not only the veterans, but also their families.

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Lee, Kyongjune Benjamin, Ethan S. Rosenfeld, Michael A. Napolitano, Sheena W. Chen, Richard L. Amdur, Michael D. Greenberg y Gregory D. Trachiotis. "Influence of Age on Cardiac Surgery Outcomes in United States Veterans". Heart Surgery Forum 23, n.º 2 (16 de abril de 2020): E225—E230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1532/hsf.2907.

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Objective: Heart disease is still the leading cause of death for both men and women in the United States, and the rate of cardiovascular disease in veterans is even higher than in civilians. This study examines age-related outcomes for veterans undergoing cardiac surgeries at a single institution. Methods: We included all veterans undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and/or valve surgery between 1997 to 2017 at a single Veterans Affairs (VA) medical center. We stratified this cohort into 4 age groups: ≤59 years old, 60–69 years old, 70–79 years old, and ≥80 years old. Outcomes in age groups were compared using standard statistical methods with the ≤59 years old group as reference. Results: A total of 2,301 patients underwent open cardiac procedures at our institution. The frequency of simultaneous CABG and valve operations increased with age. Usage of cardiopulmonary bypass versus off-pump CABG and operative time was not associated with age. Increased pulmonary and renal complications as well as rates of postoperative arrhythmias all were associated with increasing age. There was no statistically significant difference in 30-day mortality. However, multivariable analysis adjusted for covariates showed all-cause mortality significantly was increased with older age groups (aHR ≥80 years old: 2.94 [2.07-4.17], P < .01; aHR 70-79 years old: 2.15 [1.63-2.83], P < 0.01, with ≤59 years old as reference). Conclusions: Older patients may have comparable perioperative mortality as their younger counterparts. However, age still is a significant predictor of all-cause mortality, pulmonary and renal complications, and postoperative arrhythmia, and should be considered as a major factor in preoperative risk assessment.

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Kent, Kelsey G. "Prevalence of gastrointestinal disease in US Military Veterans under outpatient care at the Veterans Health Administration". SAGE Open Medicine 9 (enero de 2021): 205031212110491. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20503121211049112.

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Objectives: There are currently no reliable estimates of the prevalence of gastrointestinal disease in the US Military Veterans. Hence, the study aims to determine its prevalence in military Veterans in the United States. Methods: This study utilized a retrospective, correlational design using a patient record database from the Department of Veteran’s Affairs. The participants in the study were Veterans diagnosed with gastrointestinal disease. Specific gastrointestinal diseases include more than 500,000 ambulatory care visits annually in the United States, which included peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, diverticular disease, ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and functional dyspepsia, as well as the symptoms of constipation and nausea/vomiting. This study revealed the exact prevalence of gastrointestinal disease diagnosed in Veterans served in outpatient settings by the Veterans Health Administration and broke down this prevalence over time and by the Veteran period of service. Results: Findings revealed that gastrointestinal disease prevalence among Veterans varied according to their period of service. Conclusions: Findings may help improve screening for Veterans with this increased risk factor. However, further research should be performed to verify the prevalence of gastrointestinal disease in Veterans as compared to the general American population.

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Oda, Gina, Aditya Sharma, Cynthia Lucero-Obusan, Patricia Schirmer y Mark Holodniy. "Exposure Sources Among Veterans With Elevated Blood Lead Levels, United States, 2015‒2021". American Journal of Public Health 112, S7 (septiembre de 2022): S670—S678. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2022.306936.

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Objectives. To determine characteristics and sources of exposure in veterans with elevated blood lead levels (BLLs). Methods. We included users of US Veterans Health Administration care aged 18 years or older tested for BLL from October 2015 to September 2021. Prevalence of BLL 10 micrograms per deciliter (µg/dL) or higher and 25 µg/dL or higher was determined within demographic groups. Logistic regression analysis measured association of International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification‒coded conditions with elevated BLL. Electronic notes were reviewed for exposure sources. Results. Among 1007 unique veterans with BLL 10 µg/dL or higher, prevalence of BLL 10 µg/dL or higher and 25 µg/dL or higher peaked at 4.9 and 1.3 per 100 000 veterans, respectively (fiscal year 2019), and was highest in non-Hispanic White men and those aged 25 to 34 years. Conditions predicted by elevated BLL were attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and nausea or vomiting. Firearms represented 70.1% of occupational and 85.9% of nonoccupational exposures. Toxicology consults occurred in 17 of 298 (6%) with BLL 25 µg/dL or higher. Conclusions. Firearms were the largest exposure source among veterans with elevated BLL. Clinicians should be alert for potential conditions (including ADHD and nausea or vomiting in our study) associated with lead exposure. Standardization of care regarding toxicology referral practices is warranted. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S7):S670–S678. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2022.306936 )

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Kurtzke, JF. "Some contributions of the Department of Veterans Affairs to the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis". Multiple Sclerosis Journal 14, n.º 8 (16 de julio de 2008): 1007–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1352458508096005.

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The first class 1 treatment trial ever conducted in multiple sclerosis (MS) was a Veterans Administration Cooperative Study. This led us to explore MS in the military–veteran populations of the United States in three main series: Army men hospitalized with final diagnoses of MS in World War II, all veterans of World War II and the Korean Conflict, and veterans of later service up to 1994. In each series, all cases had been matched with pre-illness military peers. These series provide major information on its clinical features, course and prognosis, including survival, by sex and race (white men and women; black men), as well as risk factors for occurrence, course, and survival. They comprise the only available nationwide morbidity distributions of MS in the United States. Veterans who are service-connected for MS by the Department of Veterans Affairs and matched with their military peers remain a unique and currently available resource for further clinical and epidemiological study of this disease.

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Op den Velde, W., P. G. H. Aarts, P. R. J. Falger, J. E. Hovens, E. Frey-Wouters, H. Van Duijn y J. H. M. De Groen. "Prevalence and Course of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Dutch Veterans of the Civilian Resistance during World War II: An Overview". Psychological Reports 78, n.º 2 (abril de 1996): 519–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1996.78.2.519.

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This study concerns the prevalence of current and lifetime Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in various groups of officially recognized Veterans of the Dutch civilian Resistance against the Nazi occupation during World War II. In total, 1046 Resistance veterans living in The Netherlands and 52 who emmigrated to the United States after the war were examined. Between four and five decades after the end of WW 11, between 25 and 50% were suffering from current PTSD. The life-time prevalence is estimated to be substantially higher. The course of PTSD proved highly variable. There had often been a delay of several decades between the end of the war and reoccurrence or first onset of posttraumatic symptoms. The prevalence of PTSD in Resistance veterans who emigrated to the United States was hardly different from that of the veterans still living in The Netherlands.

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44

Perlin, Jonathan B. "Transformation of the US Veterans Health Administration". Health Economics, Policy and Law 1, n.º 2 (23 de marzo de 2006): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744133105001222.

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Ten years ago, it would have been hard to imagine the publication of an issue of a scholarly journal dedicated to applying lessons from the transformation of the United States Department of Veterans Affairs Health System to the renewal of other countries' national health systems. Yet, with the recent publication of a dedicated edition of the Canadian journal Healthcare Papers (2005), this actually happened. Veterans Affairs health care also has been similarly lauded this past year in the lay press, being described as ‘the best care anywhere’ in the Washington Monthly, and described as ‘top-notch healthcare’ in US News and World Report's annual health care issue enumerating the ‘Top 100 Hospitals’ in the United States (Longman, 2005; Gearon, 2005).

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45

Gelpi, Christopher y Peter D. Feaver. "Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick? Veterans in the Political Elite and the American Use of Force". American Political Science Review 96, n.º 4 (diciembre de 2002): 779–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000305540200045x.

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Other research has shown (1) that civilians and the military differ in their views about when and how to use military force; (2) that the opinions of veterans track more closely with military officers than with civilians who never served in the military; and (3) that U.S. civil–military relations shaped Cold War policy debates. We assess whether this opinion gap “matters” for the actual conduct of American foreign policy. We examine the impact of the presence of veterans in the U.S. political elite on the propensity to initiate and escalate militarized interstate disputes between 1816 and 1992. As the percentage of veterans serving in the executive branch and the legislature increases, the probability that the United States will initiate militarized disputes declines. Once a dispute has been initiated, however, the higher the proportion of veterans, the greater the level of force the United States will use in the dispute.

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46

Berlin, Robert H. "United States Army World War II Corps Commanders: A Composite Biography". Journal of Military History 53, n.º 2 (abril de 1989): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1985746.

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47

Ross, Colin A. "LSD experiments by the United States Army". History of Psychiatry 28, n.º 4 (7 de julio de 2017): 427–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0957154x17717678.

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Extensive LSD testing was conducted by the US Army at Edgewood Arsenal and other locations from 1955 to 1967. A number of different reports have been produced describing the health effects of this testing, including the Veterans Health Initiative Report in 2003. By and large, these reports gloss over and minimize the short and long-term side effects and complications of this testing. However, the reports themselves document frequent, severe complications of the LSD. These side effects were regarded by the Army as having been directly caused by the LSD exposure. In view of the current resurgence of interest in hallucinogens within psychiatry, the sanitized version of the effects of LSD exposure on US soldiers needs to be replaced with a more accurate account.

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48

Ranavaya, Mohammed I. y James B. Talmage. "Impairment and Disability Compensation Systems in the United States". Guides Newsletter 4, n.º 6 (1 de noviembre de 1999): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.1999.novdec01.

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Abstract Although several states use the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides) when they evaluate individuals with impairments and disabilities, various disability systems exist in the United States. Disability and compensation systems have arisen to ensure that disadvantaged members of society with a medically determinable impairment, which may lead to a disability, have recourse to compensation from various sources, including state and federal workers’ compensation laws, veterans’ benefits, social welfare programs, and legal avenues. Each of these has differing definitions of disability, entitlement, benefits, procedures of claims application, adjudication, and the roles and relative weights assigned to medical vs administrative deliberations. Workers’ compensation statutes were enacted because of inadequacies of recovery from claims for injured workers under common law. Workers’ compensation is a no-fault system adopted to resolve the dilemmas of tort claims by providing automatic coverage to employees injured during the course of employment; in exchange for coverage, employees forego the right to sue the employer except for wanton neglect. Other workers’ compensation programs in the United States include the Federal Employees Compensation Act; the Federal Employers Liability Act (railroads); the Jones Act (Merchant Marine Act); the Longshore and Harbor Workers’ Compensation Act; the Department of Veterans Affairs; Social Security; and private, long-term disability insurance.

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49

Zhang, JJ Haijing, Ananta Wadhwa, Adam B. Weiner, Lorna Kwan, Michael J. Kelley, Karim Chamie, Kara Noelle Maxwell y Isla Garraway. "Genomic alterations and self-reported Agent Orange exposure in United States veterans with metastatic prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 41, n.º 16_suppl (1 de junio de 2023): 5068. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2023.41.16_suppl.5068.

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5068 Background: Agent Orange has been posited as an environmental risk factor for prostate cancer among United States Veterans. Prior studies have shown that Veterans with Agent Orange exposure are diagnosed at a younger age and at more advanced clinical stages. It is unknown if there are differences in somatic alterations among Veterans exposed to Agent Orange. Methods: Genomic alterations were identified from clinical tumor testing conducted from 2019 – 2022 in a large cohort of Veterans with metastatic prostate cancer diagnosed from 2001 – 2022. Primary prostate and metastatic carcinoma tissue specimens were submitted for Foundation Medicine tumor-only sequencing. Baseline demographics, clinical, and genomic alterations data were stratified by Veteran self-reported exposure to Agent Orange in accordance with an institutional review board approved protocol. Results: Of the 2673 Veterans with metastatic prostate cancer who underwent tumor-only genomic testing, 629 reported exposure to Agent Orange and 2044 were not exposed. After verification of military service records of Veterans with self-reported Agent Orange exposure to include only Veterans who served in the Vietnam War between 1962 – 1975 and Korean War between 1967 – 1971, 603 patients with self-reported Agent Orange exposure (22.8%) and 2044 without exposure (77.2%) were included in the analysis. On univariate analysis, TMPRSS2-ERG fusions were significantly more frequent in men who reported exposure to Agent Orange (35.3% vs 28.8%, p<0.01) after multiple hypothesis testing with Benjamini-Hochberg. Agent Orange exposure also correlated to higher rates of androgen receptor ( AR) alterations (12.4% vs 9.5%, p=0.04) and FGFR1/2/3/4 alterations (3.2% vs 1.7%, p=0.02). There were no significant differences in alterations by Agent Orange exposure in TP53, CDK12, ERBB2, EGFR, BRCA, and genes implicated in the DNA damage response and repair (DDR), mismatch repair (MMR), and PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathways. On multivariable analysis controlling for race, age at diagnosis, smoking, secondary malignancies, and environment, only alterations in AR (OR 1.43, p=0.02) remained more frequent in Veterans exposed to Agent Orange. As expected, age at diagnosis (OR 0.98, p <0.001) and Black/African-American race (OR 0.33, p<0.001) were associated with decreased odds of TMPRSS2-ERG alterations. Conclusions: Agent Orange exposure may contribute to tumor somatic alterations in Veterans with prostate cancer. These findings hold potential prognostic and therapeutic implications for U.S. Veterans with metastatic prostate cancer. [Table: see text]

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Tao, Frances, Cassidy T. Lee, Edgar Castelan y Ann Marie Cheney. "Social determinants of health among noncitizen deported US veterans: A participatory action study". PLOS Global Public Health 3, n.º 8 (2 de agosto de 2023): e0002190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0002190.

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This qualitative study examines the social determinants of health among noncitizen deported United States veterans. We utilized Photovoice, a participatory action research method used to inform structural level change, with 12 veterans. Audio-recorded semi-structured interviews explored photos and discussed deportation’s effects on veteran health. We performed rapid template and matrix analysis of interview transcripts. Interviews were conducted in Tijuana, Mexico from December 2018 to January 2019. Study findings show that veterans prioritize returning to the United States to improve their quality of life. Analysis of photos and narrative text indicated that deportation caused social, economic, and political insecurities. Veterans struggled to maintain access to necessities post-deportation. Disrupted social networks compounded their situation, resulting in chronic stress and poor health outcomes. The findings from this study offer insight into the ways deportation acts as a social determinant of health. The findings suggest modifying veteran reintegration programs, as well as reforming criminal justice and immigration laws, such as creating more Veteran Treatment Courts and allowing immigration judges to consider military history during deportation proceedings involving noncitizen veterans.

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