Literatura académica sobre el tema "Venture capital"

The article investigates the impact of venture capital investment and investment syndication on enterprise lifecycle and success using the exit history of venture capital backed companies in Australia. It is observed that the venture capital backed companies tend to outperform those which are not while companies receiving syndicated venture capital investment tend to outperform the other venture capital backed companies. Based on the classic venture capital investment theory, we argue that venture capitalists essentially engage in superior venture selection through pre-investment screening and contribute to entrepreneurial development through post-investment monitoring and value creation. We then empirically investigate the lifecycle of the Australian venture capital backed companies from company formation to first venture capital financing round to exit. Survival duration of the ventures, investment growth and exit status are specifically analysed to capture the lifecycle. The findings show that the survival duration prior and post venture capital investment, venture capital investment growth in successive rounds and investment syndication increase the probably of success for the ventures.

AbstractThis study aims to identify the position of foreign venture capital companies in Indonesia and to identify investment activities that occur between foreign venture capital companies and domestic start-ups. A venture capital company in Indonesia is one of the financing institutions. The development of the technology-based company industry or commonly known as start-up can not be separated from the role of foreign venture capital.There are different regulation enacted to foreign venture capital and domestic venture capital. One of the most striking features is the requirement for domestic venture capital to divest after ten years of investment. This study conclude that foreign venture capital investing in Indonesia considered as foreign direct investment. Therefore, all rules relating to direct investment are applied to foreign venture capital companies.Keywords: Iventure Capital; Foreign Venture Capital; Foreign Investment; Start-up Company.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kedudukan perusahaan modal ventura asing di Indonesia serta untuk mengidentifikasi kegiatan investasi yang terjadi antara perusahaan modal ventura asing dengan perusahaan rintisan (start-up) dalam negeri. Perusahaan modal ventura di Indonesia merupakan salah satu lembaga pembiayaan. Perkembangan industri perusahaan berbasis teknologi atau yang biasa dikenal dengan istilah start-up tidak luput dari peran perusahaan modal ventura asing sebagai investor. Terdapat perbedaan pengaturan yang diterapkan pada perusahaan modal ventura dalam negeri dengan perusahaan modal ventura asing. Salah satu yang paling mencolok adalah keharusan bagi perusahaan modal ventura dalam negeri untuk melakukan divestasi setelah berinvestasi dalam jangka waktu sepuluh tahun. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa perusahaan modal ventura asing yang berinvestasi di Indonesia termasuk dalam penanaman modal asing. Sehingga, semua aturan yang berkaitan dengan penanaman modal secara langsung berlaku bagi perusahaan modal ventura asing.Kata Kunci: Perusahaan Modal Ventura; Perusahaan Modal Ventura Asing; Investasi Asing; Perusahaan Rintisan.

Objective. The objective of the research is to identify the state and features of the world ven­ture business development. Methods. Following methods and techniques of knowledge are used in the process of the study: theoretical generalization and comparison, analysis and synthesis, induction and deduc­tion, grouping, and classification. Results. According to the results of the study, it is found that the number of venture funds in the world is increasing; the largest number of venture funds operates in America, including the USA; the most famous and reputable venture funds are: Intel Capital, Google Ventures, Salesforce Ventures, Comcast Ventures, Qualcomm Ventures, Cisco Investments, Santander InnoVentures, As­cension Ventures, CyberAgent Ventures, SBIInvestment, SMBC Venture Capital etc.; the volume of venture investments in the world in 2012-2019 increased significantly — almost in 6 times; venture investments are not equally distributed by stages of development of innovative entrepre- neurship — the largest volumes of venture investments in 2012-2019 are attracted to «Seed stage» and «Early stage»; it is recorded not only an increase in total venture capital, but also the average size of venture capital per project; the most attractive for venture investors are startups operat­ing in such areas as: software, fintech, pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, consumer goods and recreation; the world leader in terms of venture capital is the United States; the most attractive countries for venture investors are the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Australia, Germany, New Zealand and Denmark; since 2014, large companies have been venturing mainly not through their own venture funds, but by joining global venture funds — an average 30 % of the total number of projects supported by venture funds. The practical significance of the results obtained is in the possibility of their use in designing a development strategy and increasing the competitiveness of Ukraine's innovation infrastructure.

The paper investigates factors to financing from venture capital (VC) in the Peer to Peer (P2P) lending industry of China. We focus on the signal effects of founder-CEOs, human capital, and legitimacy on venture capital investment. An important issue for entrepreneurship research is how to reduce t information asymmetry between entrepreneurs and potential investors. This paper builds on the signal theory to explain how new ventures can signal their qualities and promising businesses to potential investors to obtain external investment. By using a total of 2388 new ventures in China’s P2P lending industry, this paper analyzed the effects of factors on VC investment. We found that the founder-CEO status and the legitimacy of third-party signals are crucial to obtain the support of venture capital. We found that the CEO’s international experience has positively significant on VC financing, but the industry experience of CEOs is insignificant to get VC investment. The results indicate that new venture should pay more attention to build the ways of signaling and legitimacy of new venture to get external resource providers.

Abstract I develop a model of venture capital (VC) intermediation that quantitatively explains central empirical facts about VC activity and can evaluate its macroeconomic relevance. The impact of VC-backed innovations is significantly larger than suggested by observed aggregate venture exit valuations, even after accounting for large exposures to systematic and uninsurable idiosyncratic risks. The risk properties of venture capital play a quantitatively important role in both explaining empirical regularities and shaping the value of ventures’ contributions to economic growth. The model is analytically tractable and yields exact solutions, despite the presence of matching frictions, imperfect risk sharing, and endogenous growth. Received January 16, 2018; editorial decision November 7, 2018 by Editor Stijn Van Nieuwerburgh.

In today’s modern, dynamically changing and globalized economy, venture investments as a specific technique for financial and organizational construction of investment ventures have established themselves as a significant segment of the market for economic activity. The thesis presented in this study is that, when being invested, venture capital does not bring a higher degree of uncertainty and risk in comparison to other traditional and alternative sources of capital investment. Venture investments are analyzed through the prism of the theory of information asymmetry, and, on this basis, the parameters ensuring security of the venture investor are identified.

The decision process of venture capitalists has received much attention from researchers and it is a complex and unclear process. There are plenty of factors that affect venture capitalists´ investment decisions. The purpose of this study is to find out the important factors in the due diligence process for the venture capital firms and venture capitalists during their investments. The authors find it interesting to find out factors that influence venture capitalists during their investment decisions according to due diligence process. Qualitative method was seen suitable for this study. Three phone interviews were conducted with three venture capital firms in Turkey named Is Private Equity, Ilab Ventures and Bosphorous Group. The authors find out management, market, location, product, industry and financial factors are important factors for venture capitalists to decide whether to invest or not.

Fundraising with venture capitalists can remain a largely mysterious process. In a world shrouded with non-disclosure agreements, the entrepreneurs are often unaware of the common practices of deal terms and are unable to benchmark their term sheets with respect to those given to others. Inherent conflicts of interest in the split of the financial returns, liquidation, and control of the company lead the venture capitalists to structure the deals which benefit their interests at cost to the interests of the entrepreneurs. This dissertation identifies and characterizes the term sheet structures used by venture capitalists today and establishes their frequency. This information can be used by entrepreneurs to benchmark their term sheets and by venture capitalists to evaluate their investment strategies.

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This thesis analyzes the differences between venture capital (VC) funds managed by banks and funds managed by independent institutions. Banks as VC fund managers (or bank affiliates funds) contact companies that commonly require banking services such as loans, underwriting and M & A advisory. Fang et al. (2013) and Hellman et al. (2008) explore the possibility that bank affiliates seek to invest in companies that may in the future be clients of the bank to which they are associated. In this case, banks sponsor VC funds to strengthen their commercial area. In addition, bank affiliates have access to the same flow of opportunities as independent funds. This thesis explores another possibility: independent funds seek co-investment with bank affiliates to facilitate the access of their investees to advantages such as greater capital volume and obtaining credit. In this case, the flow of opportunities of bank affiliates is differentiated because they are easier to participate in co-investments. Thus, the first objective of this thesis is to seek evidence that bank affiliates have a different flow of opportunities and that they are easier to co-invest. The second objective is to investigate whether the reinterpretation of Section 20 of the Glass-Steagall Act of 1933 (or GSA) that occurred in 1989 affected the structuring of the investments of affiliated funds of banks. The GSA has in many ways limited the performance of commercial banks. Section 20 prohibited commercial banks and their subsidiaries from being the underwriters in corporate bond issues. Over the years, there have been some attempts by Congress to soften or remove the GSA, but with little success. Regulators and banks were able to effectively soften the GSA through successive reinterpretations of their content. In 1989, the Federal Reserve (Fed) allowed some financial institutions to underwrite corporate assets (including IPOs). This permission created, exogenously, two groups of financial institutions: those that could and could not do underwriting (we call the commercial banks that obtained this authorization as subsidiaries Section 20 or SS20). This constituted an exogenous shock that affected only a portion of commercial banks and thus allows us to identify whether underwriting activity affects the behavior of banks as VC fund managers. A change in the investment style after 1989 that occurs only for the SS20 would be indicative that bank affiliates adjust their investment style in function of the activities and interests of the holding company. This also suggests the conflict of interest between these two activities. Regarding the first objective, we find that the model of VC investment of affiliates of commercial banks is dependent on the round of entry into the company. When they invest in the first round, commercial bank affiliates enter rounds up to four times larger in investments with fewer co-investors and investment rounds than independent funds. Investments of bank affiliates in companies in the first round of financing are made in sectors other than the investments of independent funds and 35% of the companies invested by banks acquire a bank loan. Co-investment in companies that have passed the first round of investment represents most of investments for VC funds. Bank affiliates make 63% of the investments in this modality (55% for independents) and invest companies 400 miles away. Bank affiliates coincide with a larger number of funds, even with lower ratio numbers. Despite some differences, the sectors invested between affiliated funds and banks are similar. Investment in VC increases the likelihood of selling other banking products such as loans, underwriting and M & A advisory. Finally, companies invested in the first round by bank affiliates seeking loans from the VC bank have a spread of 90 basis points higher than companies seeking loans from other banks. In relation to our second objective, we identified a change in the investment model of funds affiliated with banks that have SS20 as compared to the VC funds of banks without such subsidiaries. There was a drop in the percentage of investments made in the first round of the company's VC by approximately 15%, and the main reason for this decline is the 19% decrease in first-round investments made alone. Early-stage investments fell by approximately 10%, while the co-investment percentage increased by 19%. There was a decrease, both in the percentage of rounds that the bank invested and, in the total, invested in the company by 20%. The distance between bank and company has decreased by 400 miles. These changes in the investment style impacted the percentage of companies that went through IPO by more than 10%. The results suggest a change in the investment model of commercial banks SS20 after 1989. The subsidiaries invested in more mature and closer companies, co-investing in more investments. One possible explanation is the search for more mature companies that can issue debentures, shares or use the new services that SS20 have been authorized.
Esta tese analisa diferenças entre fundos de venture capital (VC) geridos por bancos e os geridos por instituições independentes. Bancos enquanto gestores de fundos de VC (denominamos por afiliados de bancos os fundos geridos por bancos) entram em contato com empresas que comumente necessitam de serviços bancários tais como empréstimos, underwriting e assessoramento em M&A. Fang et al. (2013) e Hellman et al. (2008) exploram a possibilidade que afiliadas de bancos procurem investir em empresas que possam no futuro ser clientes do banco ao qual estão associadas. Nesse caso, os bancos patrocinam fundos de VC para fortalecer sua área comercial. Além do mais, as afiliadas de bancos têm acesso ao mesmo fluxo de oportunidades que os fundos independentes. Essa tese explora outra possibilidade: que fundos independentes busquem o coinvestimento com afiliadas de banco para facilitar o acesso de suas investidas a vantagens tais como maior volume de capital e obtenção de crédito. Nesse caso, o fluxo de oportunidades das afiliadas de bancos é diferenciado porque estas possuem maior facilidade para participar de coinvestimentos. Assim, o primeiro objetivo dessa tese é buscar evidências de que afiliadas de bancos têm um fluxo de oportunidades diferenciado e que têm maior facilidade para coinvestir. O segundo objetivo é investigar se a reinterpretação da Seção 20 do Glass-Steagall Act de 1933 (ou GSA) que ocorreu em 1989 afetou a estruturação dos investimentos de fundos afiliados de bancos. O GSA limitou de vários modos a atuação dos bancos comerciais. Em particular, a Seção 20 proibiu que bancos comerciais e suas subsidiárias e depositárias fossem os underwriters em emissões de títulos corporativos. Ao longo dos anos, houve algumas tentativas do Congresso para amenizar ou remover o GSA, mas com pouco sucesso. Os reguladores e bancos conseguiram amenizar efetivamente o GSA por meio de sucessivas reinterpretações de seu conteúdo. De especial interesse para o nosso tópico, em 1989 o Federal Reserve (FED) permitiu que algumas instituições financeiras fizessem o underwriting de ativos corporativos (inclusive IPOs). Essa permissão criou, de maneira exógena, dois grupos de instituições financeiras: as que podiam e as que não podiam fazer underwriting (denominamos os bancos comerciais que conseguiram esta autorização como subsidiárias Seção 20 ou SS20). Isso constituiu um choque exógeno que afetou apenas uma parcela dos bancos comerciais e, portanto, permite identificar se a atividade de underwrinting afeta o comportamento dos bancos enquanto gestores de fundos de VC. Uma mudança no estilo de investimento após 1989 que ocorra somente para as SS20 seria indicativa de que afiliadas de bancos ajustam seu estilo de investimento em função das atividades e interesses da holding. Isso também sugere o conflito de interesse entre essas duas atividades. Com relação ao primeiro objetivo, encontramos que o modelo de investimento em VC das afiliadas de bancos comerciais é dependente do round de entrada na empresa. Quando investem no primeiro round as afiliadas de bancos comerciais entram em rounds até quatro vezes maiores, em investimentos com menor número de coinvestidores e rounds de investimento do que os fundos independentes. Os investimentos de afiliadas de bancos em empresas no primeiro round de financiamento são feitos em setores distintos aos investimentos de fundos independentes e 35% das empresas investidas por bancos adquirem um empréstimo bancário. O coinvestimento em empresas que passaram do primeiro round de investimento representa a maioria dos investimentos para os fundos de VC. Afiliadas de bancos fazem 63% dos investimentos nesta modalidade (55% para independentes) e investem empresas 400 milhas mais distantes. As afiliadas de bancos coinvestem com um maior número de fundos, mesmo com índices de número de relacionamento mais baixos. Apesar de algumas diferenças, os setores investidos entre fundos afiliados e bancos são similares. O investimento em VC aumenta a probabilidade da venda de outros produtos bancários como: empréstimos, underwriting e assessoramento em M&A. Por fim, empresas investidas no primeiro round por afiliadas de bancos que buscam empréstimo junto ao banco investidor de VC tem um spread de 90 pontos base maior do que as empresas que buscam empréstimo em outros bancos. Com relação ao nosso segundo objetivo, identificamos uma mudança no modelo de investimento dos fundos afiliados a bancos que possuem SS20, quando comparado com os fundos de VC de bancos sem tais subsidiárias. Houve uma queda na porcentagem de investimentos feitos no primeiro round de VC da empresa em aproximadamente 15%, e o principal motivo desta queda é a diminuição em 19% dos investimentos em primeiro round realizados sozinhos. Os investimentos em early-stage caíram aproximadamente 10%, enquanto a porcentagem de coinvestimento aumentou 19%. Houve uma queda, tanto na porcentagem de rounds que o banco investiu quanto no total investido na empresa em 20%. A distância entre a sede do banco e da empresa diminuiu em 400 milhas. Estas mudanças no estilo de investimento impactaram na porcentagem de empresas que saíram por IPO em mais de 10%. Os resultados sugerem uma mudança no modelo de investimento dos bancos comerciais SS20 após 1989. As subsidiárias investiram em empresas mais maduras e mais próximas, coinvestindo em mais investimentos. Uma possível explicação é a busca por empresas mais maduras que podem emitir debêntures, ações ou utilizar os novos serviços que as SS20 foram autorizadas.

Le capital-risque fournit les capitaux pour le lancement, le développement et la croissance des jeunes entreprises. Il facilite l'innovation et le progrès d'une économie. Les investisseurs institutionnels de capital-risque (VCs) représentent la plus grande contribution de capital. Les deux principaux facteurs du succès sont représentés par les entrepreneurs et les investisseurs. C'est grâce à leurs efforts, engagement et alignement que les idées initiales se transforment en entreprises viables offrant de grandes expansions et un fort retour sur investissement. Entrepreneurs et investisseurs sont confrontés aux conflits d'intérêts. La gouvernance des jeunes entreprises, définie et formée par des contrats d'investissement, fournit une structure de gouvernance adaptée qui est vitale pour libérer le potentiel en atténuant les conflits d'agence. Composée de trois publications, cette thèse apporte des éclairages nouveaux sur l'évolution de la jeune gouvernance, sur le début d'une formalisation de la gouvernance et sur l'impact de la gouvernance sur la future performance
Entrepreneurial finance provides the capital for launch, early development and growth of ventures,. It acts as an enabler for innovation and advancement of an economy. Institutional venture capital investors (VCs) account for the largest capital contribution. The two main pillars for venture success are represented by the entrepreneurial team and the investors. It is due to their effort, joint engagement and alignment that initial prospectus business ideas turn into viable companies with high upscaling opportunities and strong return on investments. Entrepreneurs and investors face conflicts of interest. Young venture governance, defined and shaped in form of venture capital investment contracts, provides a finely adapted corporate governance structure which is vital to unleash the full potential by mitigating agency conflicts. Comprising of three publications, this dissertation provides novel insights on the evolution of young venture governance over time, on the initial start of a formalization of the governance structure, and on the impact of motivating governance and contract terms on future venture performance

Abstract The purpose of this study is to explore the role of relational capital in raising and utilizing venture capital by international new ventures (INVs). This study reviews literature on INVs, venture capital, and social capital theory and defines relational capital as the level of trust developed in the course of interactions between INVs and venture capital firms (VC firms) that leads to positive venture capital decisions and value creation. This empirical study of relational capital formation and utilization is accomplished by the case study method. The study is based on interviews with five case INVs regarding entrepreneurs’ and venture capitalists (VCs)’ experiences with forming and utilizing relational capital for the purpose of new venture internationalization. This study approaches the relationship between INV and VC firm from the relational capital perspective, exploring how INVs can raise venture capital for internationalization as well as how they can use relational capital to improve outcomes of new venture internationalization after venture capital is allocated. The analysis identifies the factors that affect formation of relational capital between INVs and VC firms, the outcomes that result from relational capital formed in the pre-investment stage, and the impact on performance of INVs during post-investment collaboration. This study develops a conceptual model proposing that the financing process for entrepreneurial INVs consists of forming and using relational capital to obtain venture capital investment. The particular characteristics of the INVs and VC firms, as well as behavior-related factors, have been found to be important to forming relational capital between INVs and VC firms. The relational capital formation process creates an atmosphere in which entrepreneurs and VCs provide both tangible and intangible resources to support INV internationalization. This study adds the relational capital viewpoint to the literature pertaining to venture capital and INVs by analyzing the role of relational capital in financing entrepreneurial INVs. Regarding managerial implications, the study shows how entrepreneurs can influence the venture capital investment process, where VC firms should pay attention to while working with INVs, and how policy makers could contribute by providing a positive environment for INV and VC firm collaboration
Tiivistelmä Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkastellaan kansainvälisiin uusiin yrityksiin tehtyjä pääomasijoitusprosesseja suhdepääoman muotoutumisen ja hyödyntämisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimuksessa aihetta lähestytään sekä yritysten että pääomasijoittajien kannalta ja työn teoreettinen viitekehys rakennetaan kansainvälisten uusien yritysten, pääomasijoitusprosessin, ja sosiaalisen pääoman tutkimusjulkaisujen kautta. Työssä suhdepääoma määritellään luottamukseksi, joka kehittyy vuorovaikutuksen kautta yrityksen ja pääomasijoittajan välille ja johtaa positiiviseen pääomasijoituspäätökseen ja arvonluontiin. Työn empiirisessä osassa suhdepääoman muotoutumista ja hyödyntämistä tutkitaan tapaustutkimusmenetelmällä. Tutkimuksen aineisto on kerätty haastattelemalla viiden kansainvälisen nuoren yrityksen yrittäjiä sekä pääomasijoittajia heidän kokemuksistaan yrityksen kansainvälisen kasvun rahoittamiseksi. Työssä yritysten ja pääomasijoittajien suhdetta lähestytään suhdepääoman kautta, erityisesti kun yritysten tavoitteena on saada pääomasijoitus kansainvälistä kasvua varten ja hyödyntää syntynyttä suhdepääomaa pääomasijoituksen jälkeen yrityksen kansainvälistymisprosessissa. Analyysissä tunnistetaan tekijät, jotka vaikuttavat suhdepääoman kehittymiseen, tulokset, jotka ovat seurausta ennen pääomasijoitusta syntyneestä suhdepääomasta, sekä vaikutukset, jotka yrityksen ja pääomasijoittajan välisellä suhdepääomalla on yrityksen menestymiseen pääomasijoituksen jälkeen. Tutkimuksessa yrityksen ja pääomasijoittajan erityisillä piirteillä, toimintamalleilla ja käyttäytymisellä havaittiin olevan merkitystä suhdepääoman muotoutumisessa ja hyödyntämisessä. Suhdepääoman muotoutumisprosessi luo ilmapiirin, jossa yrittäjät ja pääomasijoittajat voivat tuoda aineellisia ja aineettomia resursseja yrityksen kansainvälistymisen tueksi. Työn teoreettinen kontribuutio on erityisesti sen tuoma suhdenäkökulma pääomasijoitusprosessitutkimukseen. Työssä osoitetaan myös kuinka yrittäjät voivat käytännössä vaikuttaa pääomasijoituksen saamiseen ja päätöksentekoprosessiin ja mihin pääomasijoittajien tulisi kiinnittää huomiota yritysten kanssa työskennellessään

Introduction:

Venture capital investment process is complex and different firms vary greatly in their investment practices. This has resulted in authors given several different factors that could be imperative for venture firms investment decisions. There is thus no consensus in the field of venture investing.

Purpose:

The purpose of this thesis is to list which factors are important for venture capital firms investment decisions in start-up firms.

Method:

The authors conducted structured phone interviews with seven venture capital firms in Sweden.

Conclusion:

The authors found the following factors to be important for venture firms investment decisions in start-up firms; Busienss plans that demonstrated the thinkings of the entrepreneur, communicate ideas, visions, product, market, competition, growth potential as well as the planned intentions with the recived funds. They also desired realistic, concreate, simple plans that explained the implementation process of the start-up firm. The second factor that was important was markets where large markets, market growth, market share, market entry and global markets were mentioned. The third factor of importance was product, in which uniqueness, simplicity, patents and time-to-market were listed. Management was the fourth factor of importance, in which sensibility, competence, technical skills, entrepreurial spirit, attitude, humbelness, determination, openness, drive, chemistry and confidence were included. The fifth factor of importamce financial embraced ROI, economioes of scale, valuation and the size of the investment. The last two important factors that the authors found to be important for the venture firms in the study were location and industry.

Gli investimenti in venture capital stanno ricoprendo sempre più spazio nell’attività economica a livello europeo. Con particolare riferimento all’Italia, viene sempre più considerato come l’investimento principale per lo sviluppo economico delle piccole e medie imprese. Ma all’interno di questa categoria, maggiore rilevanza negli ultimi tempi viene data al corporate venture capital (CVC), sottogruppo del venture capital, nel quale il soggetto che investe in una start up, il cosiddetto venture capitalist, è un azienda o un grande gruppo industriale. I vantaggi sono molteplici da ambedue le parti: le start up trovano un finanziatore affidabile e interessato al progetto o tecnologia sviluppati; l’azienda invece, nella maggior parte delle volte, investe in realtà vicine o utili al suo core business potendo così utilizzare il lavoro della start up come farebbe con un proprio centro di ricerca e sviluppo. In Italia il corporate venture capital può avere successo, in quanto il panorama delle start up è in piena espansione e vi sono certamente aziende medio/grandi capaci di investire somme di venture capital. Questo elaborato vuole indagare il fenomeno del corporate venture capital in Italia, cercando i punti di forza e le possibilità di investimento, ma anche le debolezze e le cause che fanno si che questo metodo di investimento non sia diffuso come negli Stati Uniti o in gran parte dell’Europa.