Tesis: "Vegetables"

1

Soto-Ortiz, Roberto y Jeffrey C. Silvertooth. "A Crop Phenology Model for Irrigated New Mexico Chile (Capsicum annuum L.) Type Varieties". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215050.

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Field experiments were conducted with the objective of developing a general New Mexico chile type plant (Capsicum annuum L.) phenological model as a function of heat units accumulated after planting (HUAP). Field experiments were conducted from 2003 through 2005 in the Sulfur Springs Valley of Arizona, near Sunsites in Cochise County, Arizona (31° 56" N, 109° 52" W, about 4,000 feet elevation) on a Borderline fine sandy loam (coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive thermic Typic Calcigypsids) and in the Animas Valley, New Mexico (31° 57" N, 109° 48" W, about 4,400 feet elevation), on a Vekol fine sandy clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic, Typic Haplargids). Plant measurements were collected routinely and important phenological stages that corresponded to first bloom, early bloom, peak bloom, physiological maturity, and red harvest were identified and recorded. Results indicate that within locations, all varieties performed similarly in relation to HU accumulation patterns. A general New Mexico chile type plant phenological model as a function of HUAP for all sites and varieties was obtained. First bloom occurred at 954 ± 254 HUAP, early bloom at 1349 ± 306 HUAP, peak bloom at 1810 ± 261 HUAP, physiological maturity at 2393 ± 215 HUAP, and red chile harvest was identified to occur at 3159 ± 220 HUAP. The purpose of this phenological baseline or model is to provide a crop management tool for growers for predicting and identifying critical stages of growth. Further development and validation of this model is a continued objective of this research program.

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2

Soto-Ortiz, Roberto y Jeffrey C. Silvertooth. "Crop Phenology for Irrigated Spring Cantaloupes (Cucumis melo L.)". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215051.

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Field experiments were conducted in 2007 to evaluate a cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L.) plant development model as a function of heat units accumulated after planting (HUAP). Field experiments were conducted in 2007 in the Yuma Valley, Arizona (32° 42' N, 114° 42' W), about 150 feet (~ 32 m) elevation in four commercial cantaloupe fields managed by a cooperator-grower using four varieties. Plant measurements were made on regular 14-day intervals and the following growth stages were identified in relation to plant measurement data collection: pre-bloom, early fruit set, early netting, and physiological maturity (harvest). The model was evaluated by comparing the observed HUAP versus the predicted HUAP values using a repeated measures design. Mean differences within each sampling stage were separated using the Fishers’ protected least significance difference (LSD) test at P≤ 0.01. In addition, regression models were performed for all in-season data collected and the accuracy of the model was evaluated on the basis of the R² values with a specified level significance (α = 0.01). No statistical differences were found between the observed phenological data and the predicted values from the model throughout the study period. Also, the model presented an overall accuracy of 54 ± 37 HUAP (2 ± 1 day) in predicting cantaloupe-harvesting time. It can be concluded that the model can be used as a useful tool to assist cantaloupe growers in predicting and identifying critical stages of growth for irrigated spring cantaloupe crops in Arizona and the desert Southwest.

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3

Palumbo, John C. "Evaluation of Neonicotinoid Insecticides for Whitefly Management in Melons". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214926.

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Several studies were conducted in the spring and fall 2001 to evaluate a number of neonicotinoid compounds (Admire, Calypso, Actara, Platinum and dinotefuron) for whitefly control in spring and fall melons. The results of these studies demonstrate that several insecticide products are being developed that offer melon growers management alternatives for controlling whiteflies. The new foliar neonicotinoid Calypso (thiacloprid), shows excellent promise as a foliar, post-planting spray with 14-21 day residual. Further, no consistent negative interaction was detected between Platinum and fertilizer, 10-34-0 and UN 32, applied together as at-planting or side dress soil treatments. These treatments provided good whitefly control, but further research is needed to replicate these effects as Platinum has been labeled at lower rates than the manufacturer initially anticipated. At planting applications of Platinum at 8 oz (current labeled rate) did however provide acceptable residual control of whiteflies on fall melons under heavy population pressure.

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4

Palumbo, John C. "Influence of Planting Date and Insecticidal Control on Seasonal Abundance of Lettuce Aphids on Head Lettuce". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214927.

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Small plot studies were conducted from 1999-2001 to examine the population abundance and control of the lettuce aphid on winter and spring head lettuce crops. In each year, Seven, 0.25 acre planting of head lettuce were established beginning in Sep-Oct with final harvest occurring in April. Replicated plots within several planting were treated with an Admire treatment at planting, a side dress application of Platinum post-planting or allowed to remain untreated. Lettuce aphids were first detected in our experimental area in December in PD 3 in 2001, but in 2002 first occurred in lettuce almost 2 months later (Feb 21). Similarly, lettuce aphid abundance was much greater in 2001 than in 2002, probably a result of temperature difference. Temperature had an important influence upon lettuce aphid development based on our field observations. Population appeared to increase in early March when the average daily temperature was about 65 E F. We observed a sharp decline in population abundance in April where daytime highs exceeded 90E F. Insecticide treatments also influenced seasonal abundance. Under heavy aphid pressure in 2001, lettuce treated with Admire in the early planting dates appeared to prevent lettuce aphids from significantly infesting lettuce heads at harvest. However, lettuce aphids in the last 3 planting dates were able to colonize plants and infest a larger proportion of heads at levels not considered commercially acceptable. Under lighter pressure in 2002, lettuce aphids did not significantly colonize Admire treated lettuce. Green peach aphid, potato aphid and foxglove aphids were also present in both years, but seldom reached economic levels, and where completely controlled in plots treated with soil, systemic insecticides.

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5

Palumbo, John C. "Knockdown and Residual Efficacy of Biopesticides and Reduced-Risk Insecticides against Western Flower Thrips in Romaine Lettuce". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214928.

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Three separate field trials over two years were conducted to evaluate the comparative knockdown and residual efficacy of several conventional, Reduced risk and biopesticide compounds against western flower thrips in romaine lettuce. These trials consistently demonstrated that both Lannate-pyrethroid combinations and Success provided significant knockdown and residual control of thrips adults and larvae when compared to the other spray biopesticide treatments. Unfortunately, the biopesticide alternatives at best provided poor to marginal efficacy against western flower thrips. The implication of these results on desert lettuce production and resistance management programs is discussed.

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6

Umeda, Kai, V. Hicks y S. King. "Timing of Glyphosate Application for Weed Control in Glyphosate-tolerant Lettuce: 2nd Year Study". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214939.

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A field study was conducted in Yuma, Arizona during the late fall 2001 growing season to determine the optimum postemergence (POST) timing of glyphosate application on glyphosate- tolerant Lactuca sativa (head lettuce) for weed control. Head lettuce cv. Raider demonstrated excellent tolerance and no injury was observed on the crop after any glyphosate application at the 2, 4, 6, or 8 leaf stage of growth. A single application of glyphosate at 1.0 lb AI/A at the 4 or 6 leaf stage of lettuce growth was optimal for providing near complete control of Portulaca oleracea (common purslane), Chenopodium album (common lambsquarters), C. murale (nettleleaf goosefoot), Physalis wrightii (Wright’s groundcherry), volunteer cantaloupe (Cucumis melo), and Echinochloa colonum (junglerice). An early application at the 2 leaf stage resulted in few new weeds emerging after the application. A later application at the 8 leaf stage resulted in reduced yields of lettuce fresh weight due to weed competition. POST applications of glyphosate on lettuce offered superior weed control compared to soil-applied preemergence (PREE) herbicide treatments.

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7

Umeda, Kai. "Beet Armyworm Control in Lettuce". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214940.

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Success®, Proclaim®, and Confirm® treated lettuce exhibited no beet armyworm (BAW) larvae at 3 days after treatment (DAT). Avaunt®, Intrepid®, and S-1812 (Valent) treated lettuce had no medium-sized larvae but 0.3 to 0.5 small larvae were observed. At 7 and 10 DAT, BAW populations diminished significantly in all of the lettuce and no larvae or eggs were observed in any lettuce.

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8

Bellamy, David E., Mark K. Asplen y David N. Byrne. "Field Evaluation of Eretmocerus eremicus Efficacy in the Control of Sweet Potato Whiteflies Infesting Melons". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214941.

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The effect of three different release rates (1x, 10x, and 20x the recommended rate of 10,000/acre) of Eretmocerus eremicus, a whitefly parasitoid, on sweet potato whitefly populations in cantaloupe were evaluated against populations in untreated control plots. Parasitoids were released from a point source in the center of each of nine treatment plots. All stages of whitefly development were monitored within a 10-m annulus surrounding each release point in all 12 plots, as were rates of parasitism. This occurred over a 52-d period from July 21 through September 11, 2001. The rates of sweet potato whitefly population increase during this time were equivalent and independent of the parasitoid release rate. Whitefly densities were not controlled in any of our treatment plots, nor in the controls. Moreover, rates of parasitism did not increase with time in any of the treatment plots and did not differ among the three release rates (22.0 ± 16.2%). Hence, Eretmocerus eremicus, by itself, is not efficient as a means to control whitefly populations in melon crops in the Southwest US. The ineffectiveness of E. eremicus to control whitefly populations in the field may be due to its propensity to dispersal at low host densities.

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9

Palumbo, John C. "The Effects of Spray Adjuvants on the Insecticidal Activity of Success® (spinosad) on Lettuce and Melons". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214942.

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Studies were conducted in the field and laboratory to investigate how the addition of spray adjuvants to Success affected its insecticidal activity against leafminers, thrips and lepidopterous larvae. Studies were also designed to evaluate the knockdown and residual mortality of Success against worms when applied with a buffer to produce an acidic spray solution. Results indicated that Success applied without an adjuvant appeared to provide the most consistent adult mortality of Liriomyza leafminers. In contrast, the addition of a penetrating surfactant (crop oil concentrate) resulted in significantly greater larval mortality consistent with the leafminer feeding behavior. Efficacy of Success against lepidopterous larvae and western flower thrips was not improved using a spray surfactant. However, addition of buffering agents to Success spray solutions significantly affected efficacy against beet armyworm and cabbage looper. Lab bioassays and field studies showed that knockdown mortality was not affected, but residual efficacy was significantly reduced when Success was applied in an acidic (pH 4.2) spray environment.

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10

Palumbo, John C. y Todd A. Hannan. "Population Growth of Lettuce, Nasonovia ribisnigris, on Resistant Butter and Head Lettuce Cultivars". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214949.

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Studies to examine lettuce aphid population growth on resistant head and butter lettuce cultivars were conducted in small filed plots at the Yuma Agricultural Center. By artificially infesting plants on several lettuce plantings during the spring, the influence of the resistant lettuce plants were evaluated for their capability of preventing lettuce aphid populations from colonizing plants. Results of five field trials showed that several varieties of head and butter lettuce have been developed that almost completely prevent lettuce aphids from surviving and reproducing on plants during the spring. Although the cultivars tested did not posses marketable characteristic for harvests, they do provide germplasm for breeding new varieties suited for desert production. In addition, these studies also support conclusions drawn from the past several seasons that suggest lettuce aphid population growth is greatest when ambient temperatures average between 65-70 °F.

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11

Palumbo, John C., C. A. Sanchez y Jr C. H. Mullis. "Suppression of Western Flower Thrips by Overhead Sprinkler Irrigation in Romaine Lettuce". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214950.

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A two year study was conducted from 2000-2002 to evaluate the use of overhead sprinkler irrigation for suppressing thrips populations in romaine lettuce. Specifically we looked at how the duration and frequency of sprinkler irrigation use reduced adult and larval populations following various irrigation applications employed specifically for thrips suppression. We also evaluated combinations of insecticide spray regimes, used in association with sprinkler irrigation runs, for suppressing thrips populations in both fall and spring seasons. The results of the study demonstrated that overhead sprinkler irrigation has the ability to suppress thrips populations in romaine lettuce. At best, we experienced about 50% population reduction using only sprinkler irrigation compared with the untreated control during these trials. Sprinkler ruins of durations of > 4 hrs and more than 4 cm of water appeared to provide the minimal necessary for suppression. Furthermore, sprinkle runs of 2 or 3 times weekly appeared to provide the most consistent suppression. In contrast, insecticide sprays consistently provided >80% suppression and provided higher yielding and better quality lettuce than sprinklers. The use of sprinkler irrigation, in addition to insecticide sprays did not significantly improve thrips suppression or yields. However, sprinkler irrigation is being used season long in some romaine fields and in organic production and should be of benefit for thrips suppression, particularly in organic systems where effective insecticide alternatives are not currently available.

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12

Umeda, Kai. "Comparison of Postemergence Grass Herbicides for Grass Weed Control". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214956.

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Select (clethodim) and BAS-620 (BASF Corporation) at 0.1, 0.125, and 0.188 lb AI/A gave near complete control (99%) of watergrass at 8 days after treatment of the early application in watermelons and cantaloupes. Poast (sethoxydim) and Fusilade DX (fluazifop-p-butyl) offered nearly similar effective control of the watergrass with control ranging from 93 to 98%. Poast demonstrated a rate response with decreasing efficacy with decreasing rates of application. Fusilade and Poast at the high rate were comparable to Select and BAS-620 at the high rate. In lettuce, Select and BAS-620 performed similarly on large volunteer wheat with 97% control at about 3 weeks after treatment. Fusilade provided an acceptable level of control at 86% control. Poast did not provide any visible control of the volunteer wheat. Differences existed in the performance of the grass herbicides and optimal performance could be obtained with proper timing of application at effective rates and using effective adjuvants.

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13

Umeda, Kai. "Effect of Halosulfuron on Rotational Crops". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214957.

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A field test was conducted to evaluate and determine the safety of halosulfuron on typical rotational crops such as lettuce, broccoli, spinach, onion, alfalfa, barley, field corn, and melons after an initial application on cantaloupes. Halosulfuron at 0.05 or 0.1 lb AI/A applied on cantaloupes did not detrimentally affect crop stand establishment, height, or whole plant fresh weights when alfalfa, barley, spinach, lettuce, onion, and broccoli were planted at approximately 4 to 5 MAT. Cantaloupes and field corn planted at 1 YAT were not affected in establishing a stand and in growing during the early season as height or vine lengths were measured. At 15 to 16 MAT, lettuce, onion, and broccoli were not affected in establishing a stand. Watermelon planted at 1 YAT exhibited slight stand reduction and crop injury with halosulfuron applied PREE. Alfalfa planted after PREE applications indicated slightly depressed height and yield compared to POST treatments and the untreated check. Spinach planted where POST applications were made on cantaloupes tended to show a slight reduction in fresh weight at 15 to 16 MAT. Halosulfuron does not appear to be a major deterrent to typical crop rotational schemes in the diverse desert agricultural systems.

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14

Umeda, Kai. "Evaluation of New Preemergence Herbicides Alone and in Combinations for Weed Control in Melons". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214958.

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Azafenidin (Milestone®, Dupont) and flumioxazin (Valor®, Valent)) caused cantaloupe injury that was very marginal between acceptable (<15%) and unacceptable (>15%). Flufenacet (Bayer), isoxaben (Gallery, DowAgroSciences), and thifensulfuron (Harmony®, Dupont) at the rates tested caused severe crop injury. Isoxaben provided very good weed control (>90%), azafenidin provided acceptable control of only lambsquarters at 88% and less than acceptable (85%) control of pigweeds, purslane, and grasses, and flumioxazin at the higher rate of 0.05 lb AI/A tended to offer slightly better weed control than the lower rate but overall it was marginally acceptable. Bensulide (Prefar®) combined with flumioxazin caused negligible crop phytotoxicity and better than 93% control for purslane, pigweeds, lambsquarters, and grasses. Combinations of herbicides offered slightly improved weed control compared to herbicides applied alone. Crop injury increased for combinations with dimethenamid (Outlook®, Frontier®, BASF) and s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum®, Syngenta).

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15

Tickes, Barry. "Evaluation of Stinger (Clopyralid) for Weed Control in Broccoli". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214959.

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Three rates of Stinger (Clopyralid) were evaluated for weed control, crop safety and soil persistence in broccoli. Efficacy tests indicated that 0.25 pt./A was ineffective in controlling volunteer alfalfa; while 0.5 pt produced marginal control and 1.0 pt. produced excellent control. No injury was noted at any rate. 140 days after treatment, injury was moderate to severe to alfalfa, moderate to tomatoes, cotton, carrots and lettuce and slight to onions.

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16

Umeda, Kai y N. Lund. "Performance of Postemergence Herbicides for Cantaloupe Weed Control". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214960.

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Halosulfuron applied alone gave marginal to good control of common lambsquarters and common purslane, respectively, but did not provide control of the pigweeds. Acceptable control of 85% of the limited population of purple nutsedge was observed. Rimsulfuron applied alone gave good control of the pigweeds, lambsquarters, purslane, and marginal control of nutsedge. Weed control was effective until the late season evaluation at 9 WAT. The combination of halosulfuron and rimsulfuron gave similar results of the rimsulfuron applied alone, however, nutsedge control was not evaluated due to insufficient populations. Halosulfuron treated melons showed the least injury among all of the herbicide treatments applied alone. Rimsulfuron caused marginally unacceptable injury at 18% compared to flumetsulam, thifensulfuron, MKH-6561, and flufenacet which caused unacceptable injury ranging from 20 to 68%.

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17

Renfrow, Crystal. "Whiteflies in Winter Vegetables". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622385.

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18

Matheron, Michael E. y Martin Porchas. "Activity of Actigard® on Development of Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot on Pepper Plants". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214945.

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Phytophthora blight of peppers (Capsicum annuum), caused by the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora capsici, occurs in most regions where this crop is grown. The root and crown rot phase of the disease develops on plants in areas of the field where soil remains saturated with water after an irrigation or rainfall. Subsequent periods of soil saturation encourage further disease development. Actigard (acibenzolar-S-methyl), is a chemical activator of plant disease resistance, has no known direct antifungal effects and is thought to mimic salicylic acid in the signal transduction pathway that leads to systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Foliar applications of Actigard were evaluated for suppression of root and crown rot on pepper plants growing in the greenhouse in pots and inoculated with Phytophthora capsici or grown in soil naturally infested with the pathogen. Inhibition of stem cankers on pepper cultivars Bell Tower and AZ9 after two to four treatments with Actigard was significantly greater than on plants receiving a single treatment of the chemical. Inhibition of stem canker elongation on Bell Tower or AZ9 peppers ranged from 93.2 to 97.2% and 87.4 to 92.4% when plants were inoculated with P. capsici at 1 or 5 weeks, respectively, after the fourth application of Actigard. Survival of chile pepper plants in field soil naturally infested with P. capsici was significantly increased by three foliar applications of Actigard compared to nontreated plants in all three trials when pots were watered daily and in two of three trials when pots were flooded for 48 hr every 2 weeks. When soil was flooded every 2 weeks, establishing conditions highly favorable for disease development, plants treated once with Ridomil Gold survived significantly longer than those treated with Actigard. On the other hand, when water was provided daily without periodic flooding, establishing conditions less favorable for disease development, there was no significant difference in plant survival between the two chemicals in two of three trials. Growth of shoots on chile pepper plants treated with Actigard, watered daily and grown in soil containing P. capsici generally was greater than nontreated plants. Pepper plants subjected to periodic saturated soil conditions and receiving three foliar applications of Actigard plus a soil treatment of Ridomil Gold survived significantly longer and produced a greater amount of shoot growth than plants treated with either chemical alone. This work suggests that Actigard could be an important management tool for Phytophthora root and crown rot on pepper plants.

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19

Nischwitz, C., Mary Olsen y S. Rasmussen. "Influence of Salinity and Root-knot Nematode as Stress Factors in Charcoal Rot of Melon". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214946.

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Incidence of Charcoal rot, caused by the soil borne fungus Macrophomina phaseolina, may be increased in some crops by the addition of stress on the host caused by high salinity of soil or irrigation water and infection by plant pathogenic nematodes. Since both of these factors may be problematic in melon production in Arizona, studies were initiated to determine if higher salt concentrations of irrigation water and infection by Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) may be involved in recent increased incidences of Charcoal rot of melon. In greenhouse trials, higher concentrations of salts in irrigation water significantly increased the percentage of plants that died due to Charcoal rot. However, no significant difference was found in the percentage of dead plants inoculated with both root-knot nematode and M. phaseolina compared to plants inoculated with M. phaseolina alone. Results of these trials indicate that salinity may be a factor in the increased incidence of Charcoal rot of melon, but that root-knot nematode infection may not play a role.

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20

Matheron, Michael E. y Martin Porchas. "Effect of Messenger® on Chile Pepper Production and Bacterial Spot in 2001". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214953.

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Messenger is based on naturally occurring proteins called harpins that trigger natural plant defense systems to protect against disease and pest damage as well as activating plant growth pathways for potential improvements in crop yield and quality. An experiment was established in a commercial chile pepper field in Cochise County to evaluate the effect of Messenger on chile pepper production and bacterial spot. Bacterial spot of pepper occurs wherever this crop is exposed to moisture due to rainfall or overhead irrigation. Foliar application of Messenger, Kocide 2000 + Maneb 75DF (a standard bacterial spot treatment) or Messenger + Kocide + Maneb was performed June 5, 19 and 28; July 16; and August 8 and 22. A foliar defoliation (bacterial spot) rating was performed September 5 and yield (weight and number of chile peppers) was determined September 20 and 21. Compared to nontreated plants, the mean weight of chile peppers harvested from plants treated with Messenger, Kocide + Maneb and Messenger + Kocide + Maneb increased 11, 15 and 24%, respectively, whereas the number of peppers increased 14, 15 and 21%, respectively. The severity of bacterial spot symptoms was numerically (but not significantly) lower on plants treated with Messenger, Kocide + Maneb and Messenger + Kocide + Maneb compared to nontreated plants.

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21

Matheron, Michael E. y Martin Porchas. "Evaluation of Fungicides for Control of Powdery Mildew on Lettuce in 2002". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214954.

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Powdery mildew on lettuce is caused by the fungus Erysiphe cichoracearum. This disease is favored by moderate to warm temperatures and dry weather conditions. Several potential new fungicides were evaluated for control of powdery mildew on lettuce in 2002. Powdery mildew appeared in our plots by February 15 and reached moderate levels of severity by plant maturity on March 6 to 8th. Nontreated lettuce plants were moderately infected with powdery mildew at plant maturity, whereas the level of disease was low to virtually nonexistent in plots treated with Microthiol Disperss, Rally, Quinoxyfen, Flint, and Rally alternated with Kaligreen. Furthermore, other tested products provided moderate suppression of powdery mildew. The future availability of one or more of the tested chemistries not currently registered for lettuce could help in efforts to control powdery mildew on this crop and to establish and maintain a fungicide resistance management program for plant disease control products.

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22

Matheron, Michael E. y Martin Porchas. "Performance of Products for Management of Sclerotinia Leaf Drop of Lettuce in 2002". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214955.

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Sclerotinia leaf drop in Arizona is caused by two soil-borne fungi, Sclerotinia minor and S. sclerotiorum. Moist soil and moderate temperature favor this disease. Some new products in development were evaluated for control of leaf drop on lettuce during the winter vegetable growing season of 2001-2002. Sclerotia of each pathogen were applied to plots after thinning and just before the first of two applications of test compounds. Significant reduction of Sclerotinia leaf drop caused by S. minor occurred in plots treated with Endura, whereas other products tested against this pathogen did not significantly reduce the level of disease compared to nontreated control plants. The highest level of disease reduction in plots infested by S. sclerotiorum was achieved by the fungicide Ronilan as well as the biological material Contans. Somewhat lower but still significant disease control was achieved with Endura on plots infested with S. sclerotiorum. In this field trial, Endura provided the best level of disease control in plots infested with S. minor, whereas Contans provided the best level of disease control in plots infested with S. sclerotiorum.

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23

Umeda, K. y G. Gal. "Noncrop Herbicide Weed Control". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/221655.

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Paraquat and diquat were effective against weeds immediately at 3 DAT. Glyphosate, sulfosate, and glufosinate exhibited activity against the weeds at 7 to 10 DAT. Paraquat provided the most complete weed control of most weeds at 10 to 16 DAT. Most of the diquat treated weed recovered and exhibited regrowth after 22 DAT. Glufosinate did not provide adequate control of most weeds at 22 DAT similar to diquat. Glyphosate and sulfosate were nearly equivalent at 0.50 and 2.0 lb AI/A against most weeds at most of the rating dates.

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24

Conca, Karen Rose. "Ferulic acid and peroxidase infusion into disparate vegetables and its effect on texture /". View online ; access limited to URI, 2003. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/dlnow/3115625.

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25

Preston, Jennifer. "The characterisation of heritage vegetables". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/3385/.

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A collection of heritage variety accessions were characterised using Amplified Fragment length Polymorphisms (AFLPs) (200 accessions ) and multivariate analysis of morphological characters (366 accessions); key features of interest for the conservation of Plant Genetic Resources were the identification of diversity within and between accessions. Motivations and practices of heritage variety growers were explored using questionnaires. Heritage varieties are herein defined as traditional crop varieties that have a historical origin of over 40 years, are non-hybrid and non-GMO and are of cultural/heritage value to their users; they are part of the suite of plant genetic resources currently utilised by growers and of potential use to plant breeders in the future. A large range of morphological and genetic diversity was present between accessions in all crops; in addition, diversity was found within accessions, particularly in Vicia faba, Daucus carota and Cucumis sativum. Comparisons between data sets were made for diversity, relationships, comparisons with commercial standards and identifying potential duplicates. The synthesis of both data sets highlighted the three potential duplicates for further investigation by HSL (all in Pisum sativum). The findings highlight the importance of heritage varieties and the Heritage Seed Library, both culturally and in terms of conservation for present and future use.

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26

Hess, Joseph M. "A Man Needs His Vegetables". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1333631660.

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27

Martin, Edward C., Donald C. Slack y E. J. Pegelow. "Water Use in Vegetables - Cauliflower". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333141.

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28

Martin, Edward C., Donald C. Slack y E. J. Pegelow. "Water Use in Vegetables - Carrots". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/333162.

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29

Martin, Edward, Donald Slack y E. James Pegelow. "Water Use in Vegetables - Cauliflower". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146967.

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2 pp.
With most crops grown in Arizona, irrigation plays an important role in determining crop yield and quality. This is especially true for vegetable crops such as cauliflower where water stress can translate to poor yields (tonnage) or poor quality (firmness, head size, color). This publication addresses how to water cauliflower growing in Arizona and how to manage commercial irrigation.

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30

Martin, Edward, Donald Slack y E. James Pegelow. "Water Use in Vegetables - Carrots". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146989.

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Carrot production in Arizona has increased significantly during the past five years. Unlike most vegetable crops, carrots can be harvested at different times in the growing cycle depending on size required. Water stress causes carrots to become woody and hard and too much water causes poor color and rot. This publication provides information on how to water carrots. Topics covered are commercial irrigation management and water use by carrots.

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31

Zerkoune, Mohammed A. "Effect of Messenger® on Cantaloupe Growth Pattern and Yield". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214943.

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An experimental site was selected at Yuma Agricultural Research Center, University of Arizona, to evaluate the effect of Messenger on melon plant growth and yield. Four treatments in completely randomized block design replicated four times were applied to melon planted on 84- inch beds. High Mark open pollinated melon variety was planted on 3-20-2001 using a commercial planter. Treatments included Messenger applied at 3-leaf stage on 5-4-2001 Messenger applied every 14 days starting on 5-15, 5-29, 6-13, 6-27-2001, standard management practices and control. Observations collected included plant mapping and yield. Results were variable, showed no significant effect of Messenger on plant growth and yield. However, there was indication that Messenger may have an effect on plant growth pattern and yield. Messenger applied at 3-leaf stage and repeated applications seemed to induce an early melon formation, increased number of nodes and yield. It was not possible to make recommendation based on one-year results. Further investigation is needed to verify the results obtained from this experiment.

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32

Umeda, Kai. "Messenger® Effect on Melons". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214944.

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Messenger applied at three timely applications at early runner, bloom, and fruiting stages of watermelon versus bi-weekly applications, showed no significant statistical differences for vine length, number of blooms, or harvestable yields. Visual observations for the watermelon plant health at the end of the season tended to indicate that the three timely applications resulted in slightly more vigorous plants than the bi-weekly treated watermelon plants. Cantaloupe vine growth, number of fruit set, yield weight, and fruit size were not different between Messenger treatments and were not enhanced compared to the untreated check.

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33

Rethwisch, Michael D. "2001 Yield Response of Processing Onions in the Palo Verde Valley Treated with AuxiGro® WP". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214951.

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Processing onions were treated with AuxiGro in spring 2001. Applications were applied at four and 7.5 weeks prior to harvest. A single application of 4 oz. product/acre at either four or 7.5 weeks prior to harvest increased yield by approximately 0.7 tons/acre. Two applications resulted in a 1.3 tons/acre yield increase. Differences noted were not statistically different, but the two application treatment provided an increased net return of approximately $95/acre.

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34

Rethwisch, Michael D., Charles Poole, Rick Poole y Rudy Pacheco. "Effect of Dry Seed+ Application at Planting 1998 on Processing Onion Yields". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214952.

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Dry Seed+, a fertilizer/plant growth regulator, was applied to processing onions at planting in the fall of 1998 to evaluate the effect on yields. Yield data obtained June 1999 indicated no effect in this experiment, although this was dissimilar to other trial results. Salt content at the field was thought to have limited yields, and have stressed growing plants, which may have contributed to lack of yield differences noted. Further testing is necessary to further evaluate this product.

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35

Gardner, Becky M. "Increasing preschool children's acceptance of vegetables". Bowling Green, Ohio : Bowling Green State University, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=bgsu1187286405.

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36

Khan, A. A. "Mechanical properties of fruit and vegetables". Thesis, University of Reading, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234479.

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37

Jansen, van Rensburg WS, Averbeke W. Vab, R. Slabbert, M. Faber, Jaarsveld P. Van, Heerden I. Van, F. Wenhold y A. Oelofse. "African leafy vegetables in South Africa". Water SA, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000817.

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In this article the term ‘African leafy vegetables’ was adopted to refer to the collective of plant species which are used as leafy vegetables and which are referred to as morogo or imifino by African people in South Africa. Function is central in this indigenous concept, which is subject to spatial and temporal variability in terms of plant species that are included as a result of diversity in ecology, culinary repertoire and change over time. As a result, the concept embraces indigenous, indigenised and recently introduced leafy vegetable species but this article is concerned mainly with the indigenous and indigenised species. In South Africa, the collection of these two types of leafy vegetables from the wild, or from cultivated fields where some of them grow as weeds, has a long history that has been intimately linked to women and their traditional livelihood tasks. Among poor people in remote rural areas the use of these types of leafy vegetables is still common but nationwide there is evidence of decline, particularly in urban areas. Cultivation of indigenous or indigenised leafy vegetables is restricted to a narrow group of primarily indigenised species in South Africa. Seven groups of indigenous or indigenised African leafy vegetables that are important in South Africa were given special attention and their local nomenclature, ecology, use and cultivation are discussed.

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38

Hongu, Nobuko, Asuka Suzuki y Hope Wilson. "Guide to Eating More Vegetables: Carrots". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/581255.

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6 pp.
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommend 2 to 3 cups of vegetables daily for adults. The USDA reports that more than half of our vegetable intake comes from potatoes and tomatoes, whereas only 10% comes from bright, colorful vegetables, including carrots. This article focuses on many ways to enjoy carrots, introducing different types of dishes that utilize carrots and methods of preserving them for later consumption. The nutritional value and health benefits of carrots are also explained.

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39

Ogle, Britta M. "Wild vegetables and micronutrient nutrition : Studies on the significance of wild vegetables in women's diets in Vietnam". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2001. http://publications.uu.se/theses/91-554-5068-7/.

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40

Egigian, Tara Lynn. "Children's acceptability of vegetables: The relationship between food neophobia, vegetable neophobia, picky eating, bitter sensitivity, and mouth behavior". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2086.

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Although vegetables provide many beneficial nutrients and have been shown to help reduce the risk of dietary related chronic diseases, children in the United States are not meeting the national recommendations of vegetable servings. The overall goal of this research was to study the relationship between children’s vegetable acceptance and the following children’s characteristics: food neophobia (FN), vegetable neophobia (VN), picky eating (PE), 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP) sensitivity, Mouth Behavior (MB). The specific objectives were to: (1) develop a novel method for evaluating children’s MB, (2) assess the FN, VN, PE, PROP sensitivity, and MB levels in children in San Luis Obispo County, (3) examine the relationship between FN, VN, PE, PROP sensitivity, and MB, (4) determine exposure and willingness to try familiar and unfamiliar vegetables of the two levels of each of the children’s characteristics, (5) to determine acceptability of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables of each level of each of the children’s characteristics, and (6) determine if the preference between two levels of each children’s characteristic differed. Children’s acceptability of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables was conducted with 43 child and parent pairs. Parents completed five questionnaires: demographics, the Child Food Neophobic Scale, the Fruit and Vegetable Neophobia Instrument (vegetable subscale), the Child-Feeding Questionnaire (pickiness subscale), and the JBMB® typing tool. Children participated in consumer acceptance testing of red carrots (stick, sliver, and puree) and broccoli (floret, sliver, and puree). Sensory attributes were measured using a 5-point facial hedonic scale. The children’s PROP sensitivity was determined by having the children place a control taste strip on their tongue for approximately ten seconds and report what they tasted. This procedure was repeated with a PROP taste strip. The children’s MB was determined through a guided discussion about their eating behaviors and food preferences with their parents. Of the children in the study, there were 46.51% FN, 32.56% PE, 34.8% PROP sensitive, 44.19% VN, 60.47% chewers, 27.91% crunchers, 6.98% smooshers, and 4.65% suckers. From likelihood ratio chi-square analysis, the following characteristics were related: FN and VN (p This study indicates there are possible trends between FN, PE, MB, and vegetable acceptance. Another trend that appeared was that the sensory attributes of the non-bitter, unfamiliar red carrots were often rated higher than the sensory attributes of the bitter, familiar broccoli. It may be possible to determine child’s MB through discussions with the child and their parent. In conclusion, knowledge of a children’s MB and understanding how their eating behaviors are associated with the acceptability of familiar and unfamiliar vegetables served in different product forms may be able to help increase children’s vegetable consumption.

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41

Beamer, Bobby G. "Internal organization and management of fresh produce marketing in retail supermarket chains : implications for marketing specialty produce /". Thesis, This resource online, 1990. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-03032009-040405/.

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42

Roth, R. L. y B. R. Gardner. "Vegetable Research Under Sprinkler Irrigation". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214110.

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43

Rubeiz, I. G., N. F. Oebker y J. L. Stroehlein. "Vegetable Crop Response to Subsurface Drip Irrigation". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214134.

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Drip irrigation lines placed 15 cm (deep) and 5 cm (shallow) below soil surface were compared to furrow irrigation with zucchini squash as a summer crop and cabbage as a winter crop. Both crops were grown on the same drip lines in each treatment. Urea phosphate was injected in drip lines during growing season while the furrow-irrigated plots received preplant application of phosphorus. In squash, deep lines produced higher yields than did shallow. Deep-drip yields were comparable to those with furrow but used half the water and half the fertilizer. In cabbage, deep-drip yielded slightly higher than shallow-drip and furrow. In these studies, deep-drip was superior in applying water and fertilizer.

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44

Stroehlein, J. L., I. G. Rubeiz y N. F. Oebker. "Urea Phosphate Applied by Subsurface Drip Irrigation Increases Availability of Soil Nitrogen and Phosphorus". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214135.

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Application of water and fertilizer through buried drip lines shows promise for vegetable production in Arizona. Use of an acidic product is necessary if phosphorus is added through the system. Urea phosphate was shown to be a satisfactory product for injecting into buried drip lines for squash and cabbage.

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45

Byrne, David N. y C. J. Hoffman. "Impact of Trap Design and Placement When Monitoring for the Bandadwinged Whitefly and the Sweet Potato Whitefly". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214138.

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Several designs for yellow sticky traps where placed on the periphery of cotton and lettuce fields and evaluated to determine the most efficient type for capturing bandedwinged and sweetpotato whiteflies. Cylindrical traps caught more (55% of the total) than the other designs; upward-facing horizontal traps caught 26 %, vertical traps 16% and downward- facing horizontal traps 3 %. The number of both species of whiteflies captured by the various designs placed around fields was compared with the number caught on traps in lettuce field interiors. Catches from cylindrical and upward-facing horizontal traps were consistantly correlated at high levels with field populations. Traps placed at ground level caught a significantly higher number of whiteflies when compared with those placed at 50 and 100 centimeters (81% of the total versus 11% and 7% respectively). Aerial traps displayed more variation with field populations than did ground level traps.

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46

Umeda, Kai y Larry Sullivan. "Evaluation of Methyl Anthranilate for Use as a Bird Repellent in Selected Crops". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214909.

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Methyl anthranilate (MA) did not provide effective repellent effects when applied to crops to prevent stand reduction by birds. When compared to crops protected by netting and to untreated plots, greater crop stand reduction was observed for MA treated crops. MA at 2.0 pt/A was more efficacious than a lower rate of 1.0 pt/A for certain crops. MA performance was not enhanced by the addition of an adjuvant. Greater activity with birds moving from plant to plant was observed in MA treated crops compared to untreated plants.

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47

Asplen, Mark K., David E. Bellamy y David N. Byrne. "Eggs of Eretmocerus eremicus, a Whitefly Parasitoid". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214910.

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Reproductive traits of wasp parasitoids are thought to be strong indicators of their success as biological control agents. Our study looks at the number of eggs produced by the whitefly parasitoid Eretmocerus eremicus. A series of experiments conducted on female wasps reared in the absence of whitefly hosts demonstrated that adult wasps emerge with a large (approximately 54) number of eggs that is retained during the first 2 days of adult life. Eggs are then absorbed steadily until at least 8 days following emergence. The results of this study suggest that the mode of egg production exhibited by E. eremicus is the type where they emerge with all, or nearly all, of their eggs, i.e. they do not produce additional eggs as they age. This information is significant when considering how they find their whitefly hosts and how effective they might be in controlling whitefly numbers.

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48

Palumbo, John C. "Influence of Admire and Platinum on the Population Growth of the Lettuce Aphid Under Field Conditions". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214911.

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Studies to examine lettuce aphid population growth on Admire and Platinum treated plants were conducted on head lettuce at the Yuma Agricultural Center. By artificially infesting plants on several lettuce plantings during the spring, the influence of insecticide residual and temperature were measured. Results of five field trials suggest that both Admire and Platinum can have a significant influence on lettuce aphid population growth. Depending on timing of infestation and insecticide residual, significant suppression of population growth can result from the application of these compounds. Infestations initiated at 28 d following Admire application initially resulted in minimal population growth, but later allowed aphids to reproduce at high numbers. In both cases, Admire provided about 90% control of the lettuce aphid population. However, aphid infestations occurring at later periods of plant residual almost always resulted in higher population development. In addition, these studies also support conclusions drawn form last season that suggested lettuce aphid population growth is greatest when ambient temperatures average between 65-70 ºF.

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49

Palumbo, John C., F. J. Reyes, L. Carey, A. Amaya y L. Ledesma. "Interactions Between Insecticides, Spray pH, & Adjuvants". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214912.

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Studies were conducted in the laboratory to investigate how the addition of a insecticides to two sources of Colorado River water would effect the pH of spray mixtures. In addition, we were curious what the effects of various labeled concentrations of buffers, acidifiers, spreader/stickers, and foliar nutrient sprays would have on the pH of spray water. Results showed that in most cases, spray concentration remained alkaline following addition of insecticides and adjuvants, with variations occurring primarily for the OPs. Buffering agents dramatically lowed pH at concentration greater than 0.25% v/v. Studies were also designed to evaluate the knockdown and residual mortality of Success against worms when applied in an acidic spray solution. Bioassays of larval mortality on field-treated foliage showed that knockdown mortality was not affected, but residual efficacy was significantly reduced when Success was applied using acidic (pH 4.2) spray solutions.

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50

Palumbo, John C., F. J. Reyes, C. H. Jr Mullis, A. Amaya, L. Ledesma y L. Carey. "Residual Efficacy and Field Performance of Thiacloprid (Calypso) Against Whiteflies in Melons". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/214913.

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Studies were conducted to compare the residual field efficacy of Calypso, compared with soil applications of Admire and foliar sprays of Provado and Actara. The results demonstrate that several insecticide product uses are being developed that offer melon growers management alternatives for controlling whiteflies comparable to what they have experienced with Admire. Calypso showed excellent promise as a foliar, post-planting spray with good residual activity. Two spray applications provided good whitefly control and excellent crop and melon quality. Although we saw a measurable impact on some natural enemies, the compound is supposedly very safe to honeybees. Overall, when directed at low adult and immature densities, Calypso provided 14-21 days of residual control and was capable of preventing yield and quality losses in spring melons. These studies also emphasize, that like the IGRs, these foliar neonicotinoids should be used when whiteflies densities are low and beginning to build. This compound may be available as early as 2002.

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