Tesis: "Variation of interpretation of verbs"

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Gordeeva, Ksenia. "Aspectual Prefix Variation in the Novel Russian Verbs". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/24219.

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The study compared prefix variation in novel verbs to prefix variation in standard Russian. Thirty-seven native speakers of Russian participated in the designed experiment. The experiment elicited the perfective verbs formed from the borrowed English nouns. The novel prefixed perfective verbs attested during the experiment were analyzed in comparison with databases for CSR. The analysis revealed significant prefix variation among the novel perfective verbs. It is caused by the broad semantics of the novel verbs and the absence of the restrictions and rules in the language for their formation. The aspectual prefix za- demonstrated dominance over other prefixes in the formation of the perfective forms. The Overlap Hypothesis has proven effective for the prediction of the prefixes used for the perfectivization on the basis of the semantic tie between the prefix and the verb’s base.

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2

Mellor, Martin D. "Aspects of aspectual verbs in English and Russian". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/525.

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This thesis develops a theory of a spectual interpretation based on a representation of eventuality reference which is implicit in any sentence uttered in natural language. Language users categorise real world events into various types, termed aspectual class, and these event types can be identified by diagnostic tests,which rely on inferences between sentences and co-occurence with certain temporal adverbials and other aspectual forms.

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3

Cunha, Wilson de Angelo. "The interpretation of the Yiqtol verbs in Psalm 47.4-5". Theological Research Exchange Network (TREN) Access this title online, 2007. http://www.tren.com.

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4

Goundry, Katrin. "Regional variation and change in the history of English strong verbs". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7764/.

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This thesis investigates how the strong verb system inherited from Old English evolved in the regional dialects of Middle English (ca. 1100-1500). Old English texts preserve a relatively complex system of strong verbs, in which traditionally seven different ablaut classes are distinguished. This system becomes seriously disrupted from the Late Old English and Early Middle English periods onwards. As a result, many strong verbs die out, or have their ablaut patterns affected by sound change and morphological analogy, or transfer to the weak conjugation. In my thesis, I study the beginnings of two of these developments in two strong verb classes to find out what the evidence from Middle English regional dialects can tell us about their origins and diffusion. Chapter 2 concentrates on the strong-to-weak shift in Class III verbs, and investigates to what extent strong, mixed and weak past tense and participle forms vary in Middle English dialects, and whether the variation is more pronounced in the paradigms of specific verbs or sub-classes. Chapter 3 analyses the regional distribution of ablaut levelling in strong Class IV verbs throughout the Middle English period. The Class III and IV data for the Early Middle English period are drawn from A Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English, and the data for the Late Middle English period from a sub-corpus of files from The Penn-Helsinki Parsed Corpus of Middle English and The Middle English Grammar Corpus. Furthermore, The English Dialect Dictionary and Grammar are consulted as an additional reference point to find out to what extent the Middle English developments are reflected in Late Modern English dialects. Finally, referring to modern insights into language variation and change and linguistic interference, Chapter 4 discusses to what extent intra- and extra-linguistc factors, such as token and type frequency, stem structure and language contact, might correlate with the strong-to-weak shift and ablaut levelling in Class III and IV verbs in the Middle English period. The thesis is accompanied by six appendices that contain further information about my distinction of Middle English dialect areas (Appendix A), historical Class III and IV verbs (B and C) and the text samples and linguistic data from the Middle English text corpora (D, E and F).

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5

Knouse, Stephanie Michelle. "Variation in aspectual morphology stative verbs in the Spanish of Salamanca /". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0025145.

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6

Ward, Nick. "The Semantics of ja and ye: Semantic variation in Marathi motion verbs". Thesis, Department of Linguistics, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/5837.

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Ja and ye ('go' and 'come' respectively, from the Indian language Marathi) are first semantically examined as basic verbs of physical motion. Then instances which vary from this basic 'sense' of the words are analysed with respect to theories of polysemy via semantic extension (through metaphor and metonymy), and deixis. Some evidence is found to support theories of 'figurative' deixis, utilizing the concept of 'subjectivity' as a primary grounding force in our construction of meaning. Subjectivity is also implicated in the dominant mechanism of semantic shift by 'result' metonymy, wherein the word designating the event is semantically narrowed to designate only the result or outcome of the event. In discussing semantic extension through metaphor, the fundamental problem of distinguishing metaphorical from literal meaning is addressed, and 'image schemas' are invoked in the analysis of ja and ye. Data are chiefly from books on Ayurveda, and hence largely focus on the use of the ja and ye with reference to the human body.

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7

Tozer, Wade Colin. "Nitrogen Isotope Variation in the Environment: Implications for Interpretation". The University of Waikato, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2558.

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Natural abundance of 15N varies greatly and unpredictably within and between environments. The unpredictable nature of 15N limits the use of N isotope natural abundance (d15N) in tracing the flow and fate of N in environments. Recent investigations have, however, revealed consistent and repeatable patterns of 15N in some ecosystem components. These patterns suggest that d15N may yet provide a tool to investigate and illuminate ecosystem N cycling processes. Identifying and quantifying the sources of isotopic variation must precede any significant advance in the application of this technique, and to this end an assessment of isotopic variation associated with major ecosystem components has been carried out in this thesis. d15N patterns have been established, hypotheses proposed and tested, and conclusions about the application of the technique are presented. 15N patterns in surface and groundwater were measured in a variety of different land-use catchments in an attempt to identify distinct isotopic 'fingerprints'. High levels of 15N variation were measured in both stream and groundwaters, resulting in strongly overlapping land-use 'fingerprints'. Environmental 15N variation in streams and groundwaters was found to be too great to differentiate between land-uses based on d15N alone. In contrast, the artificially 15N enriched signature of effluent N was used to trace its flow and fate, following irrigation, in a forested catchment. The effluent d15N signature allowed it to be traced into the major ecosystem components, permitting a first order N budget to be determined for effluent N storage and loss. N sources with significantly different 15N signatures to that of 'background ecosystem N' can therefore be used to trace the flow and fate of N in ecosystems. During the course of this work a number of higher and lower order plants were observed to have highly depleted (lt; -8 ) d15N signatures. Epiphytes and lithophytes, strongly reliant on atmospheric N sources, were consistently depleted in 15N, with signatures as low as -24 , measured in a range of environments. A similar level of depletion was measured in a wide range of plants growing in early primary succession sites (as low as -22.3 ), which could not be accounted for by any abiotic or biotic factor or significantly depleted N source. The absence of any measurable driver of depletion suggested a universal fractionating mechanism which acts in a wide range of environments and vegetation types. Diffusive uptake of atmospheric NH3(g) and the proportional uptake of a supplied N source were two proposed mechanisms that could theoretically account for the level and universal nature of depletion. Diffusive uptake of atmospheric NH3(g) was tested as a primary fractionating mechanism in plants. Strongly N deficient plants were capable of utilising NH3(g) as a nutritional source, but the level of 15N depletion measured in these plants closely approximated that of the inherent NH3(g) d15N signature. No significant additional fractionation is associated with NH3(g) diffusive uptake. Diffusive uptake of atmospheric NH3(g) by plants cannot alone account for the level of depletion measured in early primary succession plant communities. Proportional uptake of a N source as a primary fractionating mechanism was tested by growing plants in various concentrations and rates of applied N. Fractionation attributed to the proportional uptake of a supplied N source, as a consequence of P limitation or rapid flow over roots, resulted in a significant level of 15N depletion in plants. The level of depletion attributed to this mechanism was, however, not sufficient to account for the level measured in early primary succession plant communities. Individual 15N fractionating mechanisms cannot alone explain the level of depletion observed in early primary succession plants, however a combination of fractionating mechanisms can. Fractionation attributed to the proportional uptake of an already depleted N source, i.e., wet deposited N, largely accounts for the level of depletion measured in early succession plant communities. This two-step fractionation model can act on both higher and lower plants, independent of ecosystem biotic and abiotic factors. Additional, and less dramatic fractionations attributed to atmospheric NH3(g) uptake, mycorrhizal associations, internal remobilisation, and taxon-specific N acquisition strategies, will contribute to the level of d15N depletion. This thesis presents the first extensive survey of highly depleted d15N signatures in terrestrial vegetation. Furthermore, thorough testing of theoretically plausible mechanisms has resulted in a full account of the highly depleted d15N signatures measured in a wide range of vegetation types and environments.

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8

Brohman, Kathryn. "Explaining variation in data warehouse usage, an interpretation perspective". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0015/NQ58115.pdf.

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9

Gómez, Vázquez Diana. "Posture verbs and internally-caused verbs in romance and germanic languages: causativity, stationary motion, and intransitive-locative alternations". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669400.

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La presente tesis se ocupa del estudio de la variación interlingüística con los verbos de postura y los verbos de causación interna en las lenguas romances y germánicas. Tomando como punto de partida el marco teórico de Ramchand (2008, 2014, 2018), se estudian varias construcciones en las que aparecen estas raíces verbales. En el capítulo 1 se presenta el enfoque constructivista de la estructura argumental propuesto por Ramchand (2008, 2014, 2018) y se considera cómo tratar la variación interlingüística en este marco teórico. Además, se inquiere la diferencia entre el significado estructural, el contenido cognitivo-conceptual separable del lenguaje y el significado enciclopédico. En el capítulo 2 se trata de mostrar en qué medida la codificación de la causatividad y la trayectoria son parámetros relevantes que tener en cuenta para explicar la variación interlingüística en el significado causativo de los verbos de postura en las lenguas romances y germánicas. Se identifican, además, los factores que influyen en la variación intralingüística en las lenguas germánicas. En el capítulo 3, una vez asumida la caracterización aspectual y estructural de los verbos procesuales de postura del capítulo anterior, se explora la variación intralingüística en la expresión de movimiento estático con estos verbos. En oposición a Talmy (1991, 2000), se descarta que exista un co-evento en el significado estático de posición de los verbos de postura y se discute el proceso de gramaticalización por el que los verbos procesuales de postura se convierten en cópulas. En el capítulo 4, se investigan dos tipos diferentes de alternancia locativa intransitiva con los verbos de postura y los verbos de causación interna. El hecho de que los verbos procesuales de postura aparezcan en esta construcción tanto en las lenguas romances como en las lenguas germánicas corrobora la asunción previa de que los verbos de postura no incluyen un co-evento en su significado estático de posición. Por último, se estudian las propiedades de los verbos de causación interna en español y su capacidad de aparecer en la alternancia locativa intransitiva, donde el argumento locativo asume el papel de sujeto de la predicación. En el capítulo 5, se presenta un resumen de las conclusiones principales, se enumeran las contribuciones de la tesis y se discuten futuros temas de investigación.
The present dissertation is devoted to the study of cross-linguistic variation with posture verbs and internally-caused verbs in Romance and Germanic languages. Using Ramchand’s (2008, 2014, 2018) first phase syntax, I examine a diverse range of constructions in which these verbal roots may appear. In chapter 1 I present Ramchand’s (2008, 2014, 2018) constructivist approach to argument structure and explore how cross-linguistic variation can be dealt with in it. I also consider the difference between structural meaning, pre-linguistic cognitive conceptual content, and encyclopedic meaning. In chapter 2 I endeavor to show that causativity and path encoding are both relevant parameters to account for cross-linguistic variation in the causative sense of posture verbs in Romance and Germanic languages. I identify intra-linguistic differences in Germanic languages and link them to the mentioned parameters. In chapter 3, building on the previous chapter’s characterization of process posture verbs, I explore intra-linguistic variation in the expression of stationary motion with these verbs. Against Talmy (1991, 2000), I discard the existence of a co-event in the simple position sense of posture verbs and discuss the grammaticalization of process posture verbs into copulas. In chapter 4 I concentrate on two different types of the intransitive-locative alternation with posture verbs and internally-caused verbs. The fact that process posture verbs in both Romance and Germanic languages appear in this construction confirms the absence of a co-event with posture verbs when they denote stationary motion. Finally, I look into the properties of internally-caused verbs in Spanish and their ability to enter the stative-locative alternation, where the location argument takes on the role of subject of the predication. In chapter 5 I summarize the main conclusions, present the contributions of the dissertation, and sketch future venues of research.

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10

Stenlund, Hans. "Improving interpretation by orthogonal variation : Multivariate analysis of spectroscopic data". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Kemiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43476.

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The desire to use the tools and concepts of chemometrics when studying problems in the life sciences, especially biology and medicine, has prompted chemometricians to shift their focus away from their field‘s traditional emphasis on model predictivity and towards the more contemporary objective of optimizing information exchange via model interpretation. The complex data structures that are captured by modern advanced analytical instruments open up new possibilities for extracting information from complex data sets. This in turn imposes higher demands on the quality of data and the modeling techniques used. The introduction of the concept of orthogonal variation in the late 1990‘s led to a shift of focus within chemometrics; the information gained from analysis of orthogonal structures complements that obtained from the predictive structures that were the discipline‘s previous focus. OPLS, which was introduced in the beginning of 2000‘s, refined this view by formalizing the model structure and the separation of orthogonal variations. Orthogonal variation stems from experimental/analytical issues such as time trends, process drift, storage, sample handling, and instrumental differences, or from inherent properties of the sample such as age, gender, genetics, and environmental influence. The usefulness and versatility of OPLS has been demonstrated in over 500 citations, mainly in the fields of metabolomics and transcriptomics but also in NIR, UV and FTIR spectroscopy. In all cases, the predictive precision of OPLS is identical to that of PLS, but OPLS is superior when it comes to the interpretation of both predictive and orthogonal variation. Thus, OPLS models the same data structures but provides increased scope for interpretation, making it more suitable for contemporary applications in the life sciences. This thesis discusses four different research projects, including analyses of NIR, FTIR and NMR spectroscopic data. The discussion includes comparisons of OPLS and PLS models of complex datasets in which experimental variation conceals and confounds relevant information. The PLS and OPLS methods are discussed in detail. In addition, the thesis describes new OPLS-based methods developed to accommodate hyperspectral images for supervised modeling. Proper handling of orthogonal structures revealed the weaknesses in the analytical chains examined. In all of the studies described, the orthogonal structures were used to validate the quality of the generated models as well as gaining new knowledge. These aspects are crucial in order to enhance the information exchange from both past and future studies.

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11

De, la Mora Juliana. "A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO VARIABLE SE-MARKING IN SPANISH INGESTIVE VERBS". The Ohio State University, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1306954111.

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12

Quinlan, Aaron Ryan. "Discovery and interpretation of genetic variation with next‐generation sequencing technologies". Thesis, Boston College, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/32.

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Thesis advisor: Gabor T. Marth
Improvements in molecular and computational technologies have driven and will continue to drive advances in our understanding of genetic variation and its relationship to phenotypic diversity. Over the last three years, several new DNA sequencing technologies have been developed that greatly improve upon the cost and throughput of the capillary DNA sequencing technologies that were used to sequence the first human genome. The economy of these so‐called “next‐generation” technologies has enabled researchers to conduct genome‐wide studies in genetic variation that were previously intractable or too expensive. However, because the new technologies employ novel molecular techniques, the resulting sequence data is quite different from the capillary sequences to which the genomics field is accustomed. Moreover, the vast amounts of sequence data that these technologies produce present novel statistical and computational challenges in order to make even the simplest observations. The focus of my dissertation has been the development of novel computational and analytical methods that facilitate genome‐wide studies in genetic variation with traditional capillary sequencers and with new sequencing technologies. I present a novel method that produces more accurate error estimates for sequence data from one of these next‐generation sequencing technologies. I also present two studies that illustrate the utility of two such technologies for genome‐wide polymorphism discovery studies in Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans. These studies accurately estimate the degree of genetic diversity in the fruitfly and nematode, respectively. I later describe how new sequencing approaches can be used to accelerate the mapping of causal genetic mutations in forward geetic screens. Lastly, I remark on where I believe these technologies will lead future studies in human genetic variation and describe their relevance to several of my future research interests
Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008
Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Biology

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13

Meyer, Kacie Jo. "Detection, interpretation, and functional consequences of genomic copy number variation in human disease". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/1026.

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In recent years, microarray technology has revealed the widespread presence of submicroscopic deletions and duplications throughout the human genome termed copy number variants (CNVs). CNVs have a profound effect on gene expression and are an important source of normal genetic variation. In addition, a small proportion of CNVs contribute to genetically simple and complex disease. This thesis focuses on the identification of pathogenic CNVs contributing to the etiology of diseases with "missing heritability" using a well-planned study design individually tailored to each disease cohort to optimize CNV detection and interpretation. We performed a genome-wide analysis for CNVs in five disease cohorts with genetic etiology: autism, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, clubfoot, and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Our results indicate that CNVs likely account for a proportion of cases for each disease cohort reported in this thesis. Approximately 20% of our cohort of individuals with autism from trio pedigrees harbors a CNV known to confer risk to develop autism and we identified other novel and rare variants that may play a role in autism pathogenesis. We also characterized a duplication of 2p25.3 identified in two male half-siblings with autism and determined that their mother was somatic mosaic for the duplication. Our work provides evidence that this novel CNV disrupting the genes PXDN and MYT1L are the autism-causing mutation in this pedigree. A comparative cases experimental design was used in the study of AMD and glaucoma. While no common "risk CNVs" were identified for either eye disorder, we did identify several rare overlapping CNVs disrupting genes known to play a role in the eye that may confer risk to disease in a small proportion of individuals. In a fourth genetically complex disease, clubfoot, we identified a duplication of 17q23.2 disrupting the genes TBX4, NACA2, and BRIP1 that segregates with the autosomal dominant clubfoot phenotype in a large pedigree with 16 affected individuals. In addition, the duplication is within the linkage interval identified for this family. We also applied microarray technology to analyze the genomes of individuals with BBS, an autosomal recessive disorder, for the presence of CNVs in known BBS genes as well as CNVs that elucidate novel candidate genes for BBS. From 34 BBS patients with an unidentified mutation, we observed one CNV, a heterozygous deletion of BBS10, unmasking a BBS10 frameshift mutation. A promising BBS candidate gene also emerged from our studies, implicated by an intragenic deletion of the gene MARK3 predicted to result in a frameshift and premature truncation of the protein. Functional studies utilizing antisense morpholino gene knockdown in the zebrafish provide additional evidence that MARK3 is a BBS gene as knockdown of zebrafish mark3 results in a Kupffer's Vesicle defect and a melanosome transport delay, two cardinal BBS phenotypes in the zebrafish. In addition to identifying CNVs involved in disease, the work outlined in this thesis provides valuable insight into the study design and interpretation of a genome-wide analysis of CNV. This includes the appropriate use of controls and publicly available control databases, methods for enriching for CNVs in a patient cohort to maximize efficiency and discovery, and the importance of analyzing all patient cohorts with heritable disease for the presence of CNVs disrupting known disease genes and CNVs that implicate novel genetic candidates. As the reliability and resolution of CNV detection continue to improve, allowing detection of > 1,000 CNVs in each individual genome, it becomes more important than ever to have a well-defined study design for both the detection and interpretation of CNVs.

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14

Fukuda, Shinichiro. "From words to structure how syntax can affect the distribution and interpretation of verbs and their arguments, three case studies from Japanese /". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2009. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3371731.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2009.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed September 15, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 246-260).

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15

Glikman, Julie. "Parataxe et Subordination en ancien français. Système syntaxique, variantes et variation". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2009. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5678/.

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Parataxe et subordination, ces deux termes, parfois antithétiques, sont problématiques du fait même de leur extrême polysémie. C’est de cette ambiguïté que naît l’objet d’étude, les constructions asyndétiques, au statut incertain entre intégration et indépendance. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons de réinterroger ce phénomène ancien et déjà bien connu en ancien français, en le mettant en regard des remises en question et avancées des recherches actuelles sur le sujet. Pour cela, il nous faut tout d'abord poser une définition de ce qu'est la subordination. Nous montrons ensuite que les constructions asyndétiques sont bien des cas de subordination. Cette thèse établit enfin que ce phénomène constitue, en ancien français du moins, une variante libre en syntaxe. Sa répartition et sa présence dans les textes a cependant très tôt diminué, mais l’existence de phénomènes parallèles en français moderne, tout comme d’autres indices, nous permettent de faire l’hypothèse que cette évolution tient d’une alternance oral / écrit. Cette thèse montre ainsi que les problèmes, comme les enjeux, ne diffèrent finalement pas, quel que soit l’état de langue et que la parataxe constitue bien une construction dans le système de la langue.
Parataxis and subordination, two sometimes antithetical terms, are problematic due to their high degree of polysemy. It is from this ambiguity that arises the subject of this study, asyndetic constructions, which have an uncertain status between integration and independence. In this dissertation we propose a reexamination of this ancient phenomenon, already well known in Old French, by placing it in the context of questions and advances in current research on the subject. In order to do this we must first give a definition of subordination. We then go on to show that asyndetic constructions are indeed a case of subordination. Finally, this dissertation shows that this phenomenon constitutes, at least in Old French, a free syntactic variation. Its dispersion and presence in texts diminished very early, but the existence of similar phenomena in Modern French, as well as other indicators, allow us to make the hypothesis that this evolution is due to an oral / written alternation. This dissertation thus shows that the issue related to subordination and parataxis do not actually differ, whether in Old French or Modern French, and that parataxis is indeed a construction in the language system.

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16

Fernebring, Felix. "Exploring a recent grammatical change : A corpus-based investigation of the core modals will and shall and the semi-modal BE going to in newspapers and blogs written by Swedes". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk (SPR), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31860.

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The aim of this study is to investigate how the modal auxiliaries will and shall and the semi-modal BE going to are used to express futurity by individuals whose first language is Swedish. The study is corpus based, and the corpora used in this study consist of Swedish newspapers in English (SWENC) and material from blogs which are written in English by Swedes (BESC). These are compared with the press sub-corpora in F-LOB (the Freiburg-LOB Corpus of British English) and Frown (the Freiburg-Brown corpus of American English), which represent British and American varieties of English. The method is quantitative and the results are mainly presented in frequencies. The results show that all of the modals are used in SWENC and BESC. The core modal will is the most frequently used modal in all of the corpora and sub-corpora. The semi-modal BE going to is most frequently used in BESC and the second core modal shall is most frequent in SWENC. However, qualitative examination of shall revealed that the writers in SWENC use the modal differently from how it is used in F-LOB Press. This study shows evidence of variation in use of the modals which express futurity. The fact that the semi-modal BE going to exists in the Swedish material indicates that the process of grammaticalization continues in the Swedish form of English.

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17

Pais, Artur Geraldo [UNESP]. "As formas de pretérito do modo indicativo no Ensino Fundamental II: reflexões e propostas de atividades". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/147128.

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os recentes materiais didáticos destinados à aprendizagem de Língua Portuguesa no Ensino Fundamental II têm procurado desenvolver um trabalho de gramática direcionado aos mais diversos gêneros textuais. No que diz respeito ao ensino dos verbos, particularmente as formas de pretérito do modo indicativo, gêneros como relato de experiência, notícia de jornal, crônica, biografia, entre outros, contemplam o conteúdo das formas de passado no português brasileiro. Entretanto, percebe-se que ainda persiste um mero ensino das características morfológicas desse tempo verbal. Noções de aspecto, modalidade e uso são deixadas em segundo plano, ou simplesmente ignoradas. O Currículo do Estado de São Paulo propõe, com base nos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais, que o ensino gramatical seja voltado para o texto em seus mais variados gêneros, e que tenha respaldo na língua em situações de uso real. Por outro lado, os materiais de apoio do Currículo (Caderno do Aluno e Caderno do Professor) não concentram o ensino da gramática a essas situações de uso e acabam seguindo o mesmo padrão adotado pelos livros didáticos, nos quais sequer existem menções a valores aspectuais e modais dos verbos. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar os resultados acerca da investigação e análise da abordagem dada às concepções de ensino de língua e aos estudos gramaticais nos materiais de apoio do Currículo do Estado de São Paulo e em alguns livros didáticos de Língua Portuguesa de 6º e 7º anos do Ensino Fundamental, com um recorte dado aos verbos e, particularmente, às formas flexionadas nos tempos do pretérito do modo indicativo no português do Brasil. Considerando os conceitos de tempo e de aspecto verbal e as diferentes perspectivas de abordagem dos tempos de pretérito do modo indicativo na Língua Portuguesa, esta pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, consiste na análise dos documentos oficiais e dos materiais didáticos utilizados na Educação Básica, e apresenta, como proposta de intervenção, um Caderno Complementar de Atividades para o professor aplicar junto aos alunos do Ensino Fundamental II, com exercícios que contemplem o passado dos verbos em português, dentro de uma perspectiva semântica e funcional, em diferentes gêneros textuais. A presente pesquisa também apresenta uma análise da elaboração do Caderno Complementar e da aplicação das primeiras atividades com alunos do 7º ano de uma escola pública da cidade de Assis, SP.
The newest schoolbooks for the learning of Portuguese language in Elementary Education try to develop a grammar teaching according to various text genres. When the subject is the teaching of verbs, particularly the forms of the past tenses in the indicative mood, text genres like experience report, newspaper report, chronicle, biography, and many others, include the contents of the forms of the verbs in the past in Brazilian Portuguese. However, it is very clear that there is still a mere teaching of the morphological characteristics of this tense. The verbal aspect, the modal verbs and the functions of verbs are not the main topic in the studies, or they are simply ignored. The Currículo do Estado de São Paulo – an official document that indicates the contents to be taught in public schools in São Paulo State – proposes, based on the PCN (Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters), that the grammar teaching must be focused on the text in its several genres, and has to consider the language in real use situations. On the other hand, the Currículo support materials (student’s and teacher’s notebooks) do not consider these situations in the grammar teaching, and the approach follows the same pattern adopted by the textbooks, in which there is not any mention about aspect values or modal verbs. The aim of this work is to present the results on the research and analysis of the approach of the language teaching concepts in the support materials of the Currículo do Estado de São Paulo and in some textbooks of the 6th and the 7th years in elementary school, with the focus on the grammatical studies about the verbs and, particularly, their inflected forms in the past tenses in the indicative mood, in Brazilian Portuguese. Considering the concepts of tense and verbal aspect, and the different perspectives of approach to the past tenses in the indicative mood in Portuguese, this qualitative research analyzes the official documents and the teaching materials used in Elementary Education, and presents, as a proposal of intervention, a Complementary Activities Notebook for the teacher’s work with the elementary school students, with exercises that include the verbs in the past in Portuguese, in a semantic and functional perspective, in different genres. This research also analyzes the development of that Complementary Notebook and the results of implementing its first activities with students in a 7th year at a public school in Assis, São Paulo State.

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le, Clercq Astrid. "Variation av interpretation : Olika utgångspunkter för tolkning av Brahms sonat i Ess dur för klarinett och piano". Thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för klassisk musik, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-3506.

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I detta arbete utforskas interpretation av västerländsk konstmusik, och olika utgångspunkter och tankesätt kring detta. I studien undersöks Johannes Brahms sonat i Ess dur för klarinett och piano (Op. 120, No. 2). Syftet var att ta upp och gräva djupare i aspekter såsom tidstroget framförande, kompositörens intentioner och eget uttryck för att kunna utveckla och förstå sin egen tolkning så mycket som möjligt. Sonaten har undersökts på två sätt. Dels presenteras en analys av första satsen, med fokus på motiv och teman och hur dessa förhåller sig till bl.a. harmoniken, samt en diskussion om huruvida musiken är i sen stil, alltså stildrag som brukar vara gemensamma för konstnärers sista verk. Det andra sättet sonaten har undersökts på är genom intervjuer med musiker om hur de tänker när de tolkar det här stycket. Studiens resultat påvisar att den djupare förståelse som en musikalisk analys medför innebär att jag som musiker kan fatta snabbare och mer motiverade beslut i min interpretation. Genom att sätta mig in i kompositörens liv och mående utvecklades en djupare känsla för stycket och en vilja att uttrycka något som känns rätt.

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Henderson, Charlotte. "Musculo-skeletal stress markers in bioarchaeology : indicators of activity levels or human variation? : a re-analysis and interpretation". Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/1953/.

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Musculoskeletal stress markers (MSM) have been widely used by bio-archaeologists as indicators of physical activity. These markers occur at the sites of attachment of soft tissue to bone. They are anomalies of bone formation or destruction at these sites and often called enthesopathies in clinical literature. The aims of this research were firstly to determine the aetiology of these features; in particular, whether they can be used as indicators of physical activity. Secondly, to create a new digital and quantifiable recording method, that is both cheap and simple to use. To achieve the first aim, several literature reviews were undertaken: of the bio-archaeological literature; of the anatomy of the attachment sites; of the relationship between trauma and enthesopathy formation; and of the relationship between enthesopathy formation and disease. Many diseases, for example DISH and ankylosing spondylitis, were found to be associated with enthesopathy formation. Findings of these reviews indicated current bio-archaeological recording methods and interpretive practises are at odds with clinical literature. The second aim had to take these factors into account. Pilot studies were undertaken to develop a new recording method. The final method used visual recording and measurement of enthese along with digitalisation of the surface in two-dimensions using a profile gauge. The digital curves were then quantified using roughness parameters commonly used in materials science. These described the surfaces and could also be used to determine whether this method was applicable to differentiate between normal entheses and those with enthesopathies. Discriminant function analysis demonstrated that this was possible. Stringent diagnostic criteria were also set in place to remove any individuals with possible disease-related enthesopathies. Using the same method, it was found that these could (in some circumstances) also be differentiated from the normal samples.

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Kanowski, P. J. "Characterization and interpretation of variation in forest trees : A reappraisal based on a progeny test of Pinus caribaea Morelet". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375259.

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Arimoto, Maya. "Intra- and inter-observer agreement in the visual interpretation of interim 18F-FDG PET/CT in malignant lymphoma: influence of clinical information". Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/233833.

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Aydemir, Evsen Ozlem. "Investigation of strain related to displacement transfer and along-strike variation using 3-D seismic interpretation, physical modelling and computer-graphics visualization". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0004/MQ28173.pdf.

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Larsson, Caroline. "Critical aspects of Understanding of the Structure and Function of the Cell Membrane : Students' interpretation of visualizations of transport through the cell membrane". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Behavioural Sciences and Learning, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11045.

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The aim for this research report is to categorize and describe students’ conceptions about the structure and function of the cell membrane from a phenomenographic and variation theory perspective. Students’ ability to understand different concepts depends on their ability to comprehend certain critical features of the content. The critical feature of understanding the structure of the cell membrane investigated here is the polar and non-polar properties of molecules. The critical feature of understanding the function of the cell membrane is transport through the cell membrane. Another aim is to investigate what animations, concerning cellular transport, can contribute to teaching and students understanding of the cell membrane. Furthermore, a subordinated aim is to distinguish whether there are any existing differences and similarities between South Africa and Sweden in consideration to students’ conceptions about the cell membrane.

Two different methods of data collection, questionnaires and semi-structured interviews, were used in this investigation. 80 students participated in the questionnaire and 5 students participated in the interviews.

Four categories of conceptions about the characteristics of polar and non-polar molecules have been identified. Furthermore, one of the most remarkable and notable findings discovered are that most teachers and students are not aware of the current scientific view on how water molecules are transported through the cell membrane. Knowledge about aquaporines, discovered by Agre in 1992, seems to be almost non-existing in science education in upper secondary school, in Sweden and South Africa as well. Furthermore, students experience animations to be complex and which in some cases seem to be regarded as messy representation. Simultaneously they strongly emphasise the need for animations to support learning and remembering. Animations can be seen as a source of variation in teaching. The conceptions described occurred both among the South African students as well among the Swedish students. Also similarities concerning students’ conceptions have been discerned between the two countries investigated. For example there could be that South African students possess a richer understanding for the concept of the cell membrane than the Swedish students, but find it more difficult to move between different contexts.

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To, Justin. "Assessment of the role of soil structure and water content in the interpretation of spatial variation in yield and yield response to nitrogen". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/MQ56374.pdf.

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Chung, Chiyoon. "A Performer’s Perspective on the Berg Piano Sonata, Op. 1:A Stylistic Analysis and Interpretation". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439282655.

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Mucha, Anne [Verfasser], Malte Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann y Lisa [Akademischer Betreuer] [Matthewson. "Temporal interpretation and cross-linguistic variation : A formal semantic analysis of temporal and aspectual reference in Hausa and Medumba / Anne Mucha ; Malte Zimmermann, Lisa Matthewson". Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/121839997X/34.

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Guma, Mthobeli Phillip. "The politics of UMOYA: Variation in the interpretation and management of diarrheal illnesses among mothers, professional nurses, and indigenous health practitioners in Khayelitsha, South Africa". University of the Western Cape, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/8409.

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Philosophiae Doctor - PhD
This study deals with the social interpretation of childhood diarrhea among the Xhosa speaking people of the Western Cape in South Africa. It highlights how in the Western Cape political consciousness and moralist discourses strongly influence relationships between different health care systems and the production of continuing conflicts around problems of health care delivery. It is argued that if meaningful relationships could be found between socially based health-seeking strategies and biomedical classifications of enteric and other diseases of women and children, they could facilitate the provision of more equitable, effective and widely acceptable health care. Furthermore, it compares the etiological explanations of childhood illness signs and symptoms of mothers and health practitioners of two kinds, i.e., professional nurses trained in biomedicine and indigenous African health practitioners (IHPs). The comparison focuses particularly on the interpretation of stool quality and associated symptoms. For stool quality the study refers to the color and texture of children's feces that mothers and health practitioners identify and associate with distinctive conditions of affliction. The study found these descriptive categories do not exhaust the variety of interpretations known to Nguni people in the area. There is variation, even ambiguity, in the interpretation of commonly understood illness categories and with respect to diarrheal illnesses, knowledge remains contested between mothers and professional nurses. Moreover, the availability of a wide range of therapeutic options m Khayelitsha diversifies the mother's causal explanations. It was found this diversity in causality and management of illnesses is manifested in the quality of children's stools, "green" feces in particular. Here too, different hues are not separable from the media in which they appear. Their interpretations draw on senses of value, ideas, social histories, different forms of power, systematic knowledge, and a great variety of other forms of significance that are embedded in the concrete domains of everyday life. In addition to the notion of isuntu,(that is humaneness) the study more importantly reveals that among Nguni of the Western Cape a tripartite relationship of umoya,(vital force) inyongo,(gallbladder) and ithongo (ancetral dream) is the dynamic philosophical component that describes Nguni experiences of health and illness. vi https://etd.

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Mucha, Anne [Verfasser], Malte [Akademischer Betreuer] Zimmermann y Lisa [Akademischer Betreuer] Matthewson. "Temporal interpretation and cross-linguistic variation : A formal semantic analysis of temporal and aspectual reference in Hausa and Medumba / Anne Mucha ; Malte Zimmermann, Lisa Matthewson". Potsdam : Universität Potsdam, 2016. http://d-nb.info/121839997X/34.

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Butterfield, Andrei. "Characterization of a Utica Shale Reflector Package Using Well Log Data and Amplitude Variation with Offset Analysis". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1401462908.

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Murchek, Jacob T. "Pre-Stack Seismic Inversion and Amplitude Variation with Offset (AVO) Attributes as Hydrocarbon Indicators in Carbonate Rocks: A Case Study from the Illinois Basin". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1620214269732212.

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Rosenberg, Susanne. "Kurbits-ReBoot : svensk folksång i ny scenisk gestaltning". Doctoral thesis, Kungl. Musikhögskolan, Institutionen för folkmusik, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kmh:diva-1348.

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This artistic research project is an explorative study in new forms of expression of Swedish folk singing in a scenic context, exploring expressive qualities in traditional Swedish folk song from the point of view of the folk singer as a creative performer. The fundamental research question is how, in a scenic context, can space be given to what is a characteristic quality of traditional folk song, namely creative interpretation in the moment, through variation and improvisation using the song as a concept rather than a fixed work. How can this view be expressed in a staged concert form that enhances the perception of the music being created in the moment? How can the aesthetic qua- lities and forms of variation and improvisation that are inherent to traditional folk singing be explored?The artistic exploration has been performed through five productions/projects, each one with its own specific theme: ReBoot/OmStart – en folksångperformance, Kurbits-Koral, The Spirit of the Moment – en musikhändelse, Getens horn – en musikskapelse, Voice Space – Röstrymd, Kulning – en utsmyckning av oändligheten. The thesis focuses on two aspects of the knowledge that has been developed in the artistic work, namely the processes for creating the work and the artistic concepts used to explore the question artistically.In ReBoot/OmStart the subtle forms of variation typical of traditional Swedish folk singing are explored within the frame of a concert consisting of one continuous set, a folk song performance. In this work principles of varia- tion for music and lyrics that are typical for Swedish traditional folk singing are explored, as well as new concepts for associative variation in the performance. This includes improvised combinations of different melodies as well as utilizing the frame story of a ballad as the ground for the performance rather than a specific ballad text.Kurbits-Koral has been inspired by traditional folk hymns, historical evidence of traditional folk hymn sing- ing, by the role of sacred folk song in traditional contexts and from folk polyphony. It can be viewed as a prac- tical exploration of the dimension of polyphony – monophony in folk vocal performance. This concert-perfor- mance also explores a form for interactive performance where the boundary between the audience/auditorium and the artists/stage is challenged, based upon the idea that the audience and the artists are jointly involved in a musical ritual or story-telling – the concert as a musical happening.Getens horn is an ensemble performance of entirely original music, which uses the form of an associative musi- cal narration in a scenic context that was developed in the previous concert projects. The lyrics of the songs ori- ginate from traditional and new stories about creation, how everything came about. It can be viewed as a musical saga, but not in the sense of a coherent literary narrative, rather as a musical narration, an associative web.In Voice Space traditional folk singing meets live electronics in a scenic space, where the interplay between live electronics and voice/instruments creates the possibility for an associative musical narration, a Voice Space. Can the fixed, static nature of a loop pedal and the flexibility of traditional folk singing voice introduce a creative tension? Voice Space can be regarded as a playful exploration of illusions and expectations within dimensions such as space, polyphony-monophony and improvisation-composition.Kulning explores the pedagogical and artistic applications of kulning as a vocal expression, in terms of style and vocal technique. How can the art of kulning as a form for vocal and artistic expression be explored pedago- gically, from a performance perspective?The result of this doctoral project consists first and foremost of the individual works, as documented in recordings/films, a book and in ‘musical scripts’, but also of the creative methods and artistic musical concepts that have been revealed by reflective analyses documented in the written thesis. In particular, concepts and methods stimulating improvisation, variation, presence and creation in the performance have been explored, from the point of view of the song as a concept and the folk singer as a creative performer. The written thesis can be regarded complementary to the performances, and is in itself an analysis of artistic processes, methods and concepts, placed in a theoretical framework relating to concepts such as orality-literacy, performance, flow and artistic expression.

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Maciel-barbosa, Tatiane Alves. "A variação entre futuro do pretérito e pretérito imperfeito do indicativo em orações condicionais iniciadas por "se" na fala uberlandense". Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2005. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/15492.

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This dissertation deals with the variation between the conditional and the pastimperfect indicative in conditional sentences beginning with the conjunction "if". The usage of these verb tenses alternate with simple verb constructions and verbal locutions. The author aimed to detect whether the verb forms actually alternate and the factors that determine which verb forms should be used. For the purpose of this work,linguistic factors have been analysed: size of constructions, order of sentences and formal parallelism. Besides, extra-linguistic factors such as social class and age group have also been investigated. The researcher worked with a corpus that represented the language spoken in Uberlândia, Brazil. This corpus was composed by 45 interviews with adult speakers from the city mentioned previously. The perspective of Labovian Sociolinguistics (Theory of Variation) and Parametric Sociolinguistics conducted the methodology of the research. This study shows that the past imperfect indicative is mostly used among low class and the formal parallelism favours one of the verb forms analyseds.
Esta dissertação trata da variação entre o futuro do pretérito e o pretérito imperfeito do indicativo, em orações condicionais iniciadas por "se". Essas formas verbais se alternam tanto em construções com verbos simples como em locuções verbais. Buscou-se detectar se essas formas verbais se alternam e quais fatores condicionam o uso de uma em detrimento da outra. Para tanto, foram investigados fatores lingüísticos, tais como, tamanho das orações, ordem das sentenças e paralelismo formal. Além disso, foram analisados fatores extralingüísticos, como classe social e faixa etária. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, trabalhou-se com um corpus representante da língua falada na cidade de Uberlândia, Brasil. Na composição desse corpus, foram utilizadas 45 entrevistas realizadas com falantes adultos desta cidade. Trabalhou-se na perspectiva da Sociolingüística Laboviana (Teoria da Variação) e da Sociolingüística Paramétrica. A análise realizada evidenciou que o pretérito imperfeito é o tempo verbal preferencial da classe baixa e que o paralelismo formal favorece um dos tempos verbais analisados.
Mestre em Lingüística

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Lay, Suzanne. "Prélude, fugue et variation : présences méloformes de J.S. Bach dans le roman du XXe siècle à nos jours". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AIXM0001.

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Les Faux-Monnayeurs et Contrepoint prennent tous deux pour modèle l’écriture fuguée et pour référence la figure du compositeur le plus cité en la matière : Johann Sebastian Bach. « Ce que je voudrais faire, comprenez-moi, c’est quelque chose qui serait comme L’Art de la Fugue », affirme Édouard chez André Gide, tandis que le Philip Quarles d’Aldous Huxley plaide pour une «musicalisation du roman» inspirée de l’écriture contrapuntique. Jeu musical, le roman fugué prend, chez les deux auteurs, la forme d’un contrat. Ce contrat connaîtra un retentissement certain chez les auteurs du Nouveau Roman du Gruppe 47 et au-delà : Roger Laporte, Robert Pinget, ainsi que Paul Celan, Friedrich Dürrenmatt et Wolfgang Hildesheimer, et plus tardivement Richard Powers, Gabriel Josipovici et Milan Kundera s’inspireront de la fugue mais aussi de la passacaille et de la variation pour structurer leurs récits. S’érigera ensuite sur l’œuvre de Bach et plus particulièrement sur les Variations Goldberg un nouveau pattern romanesque : le roman de l’interprète. Celui-ci interroge, chez Nancy Huston, Anna Enquist, Yves-Michel Ergal, mais également Dominique Autié, Robert Schneider, Thomas Bernhard et William Coles la figure de l’interprète et s’approprie via le medium du texte et le geste de l’écriture les caractéristiques de l’interprétation musicale. A travers l’étude de ces nombreux romans, nous entendons rendre compte des enjeux soulevés par l’appropriation formelle de l’œuvre de J.S. Bach, du point de vue de la forme même comme du point de vue des propos que cette forme a pu engendrer
Les Faux-Monnayeurs and Point Counter Point both use the fugal writing style as a model, and for reference the figure of the most quoted composer in the field: Johann Sebastian Bach. "What I would like to do, understand me, is something like The Art of Fugue," says Edouard Gide, while Philip Quarles of Aldous Huxley argues for a "musicalization of the novel" inspired by contrapuntal writing. In the shape of a musical game, the fugue novel adopts in both authors, the shape of a contract. This contract will impact the writers of the New Roman of Gruppe 47 and beyond: Roger Laporte, Robert Pinget, as well as Paul Celan, Friedrich Dürrenmatt and Wolfgang Hildesheimer, and later Richard Powers, Gabriel Josipovici and Milan Kundera. will use the shape of fugue, but also the shape of the passacaglia and of variation to structure their stories. Bach's work, and more particularly the Goldberg Variations, is then set off with a new novelistic pattern: the performer's novel. This one questions, through Nancy Huston, Anna Enquist, Yves- Michel Ergal, but also Dominique Autié, Robert Schneider, Thomas Bernhard and William Coles, the figure of the interpreter and appropriates, via the medium of the text and the gesture of writing, the characteristics of musical interpretation. Through the study of these many novels, we intend to report on the issues raised by the formal appropriation of the work of JS Bach, from the point of view of the form itself as well as from the point of view of the remarks that this form was able to engender

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Johansson, Patrik. "Att tolka spåren från det förflutna : Innebörder, lärande och meningsskapande av historisk källtolkning i gymnasiet". Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för de humanistiska ämnenas didaktik (CeHum), 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-107297.

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This licentiate thesis explores the activity of historical reasoning in terms of primary source analysis among upper secondary school students. The thesis is a compilation of two scientific articles in history didactics. Two Learning studies, a theory-informed and interventionistic research methodology, were organised to explore historical reasoning. Three research questions are ad- dressed: (1) what does it mean to be able to analyse historical primary sources, (2) what is critical to discern when learning primary source analysis, and (3) what is characteristic for the processes of learning and meaning- making when students work with source analysis assignments? The first article uses phenomenography to explore fifteen students’ perceptions of a historical primary source and the difficulties they face when examining the source. Data was collected through a series of group interviews where stu- dents were asked to respond to a historical letter. The analysis resulted in four qualitatively different categories of perceptions of the source and three critical aspects that emerged between the categories. It is suggested that it is critical to (1) discern and separate the historical perspective, (2) to discern and separate the perspective of the historical actor and (3) to discern and separate the subtext of the source in relation to the historical context. The second article uses a form of content focused conversation analysis to ex- plore the processes of learning and attributing meaning when students work with primary sources. Data was collected through audio recordings of stu- dents’ collaborative work on two assignments. The main results are descrip- tions of the students’ learning and meaning making processes. For instance, when students discern and separate the historical perspective and historical actors’ perspectives. An interesting finding was a strategy used by students to take on the roles of hypothetical historical agents. It is suggested that cer- tain aspects of school culture might inhibit students’ learning of primary source analysis and that students’ life-world perspective is vital in creating meaning. Finally, historical reasoning is discussed in relation to the concept of historical consciousness and it is argued that historical reasoning should include the perspectives of deconstruction, subjectivity and interpretation to better comply with history teaching.

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Chagas, Rebeca Meirelles das. "Estatística para alunos do 6º ano do ensino fundamental: um estudo dos conceitos mobilizados na resolução de problemas". Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2010. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/11444.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T16:59:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rebeca Meirelles das Chagas.pdf: 4359922 bytes, checksum: bd7233ef218fc3f506f8a6b7989024b8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-11
Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo
This study aims to identify the perception of variability and the level of reasoning about this peculiarity, with students of the sixth year at basic education at a state school in Cotia. We discussed what are the concepts and procedures deployed when they resolve issues that involve reading, interpretation and construction of graphs. In particular, diagnose which operative invariants related to the notion of variability that these students mobilized in these activities. As theoretical references, we consider the levels of understanding graphical mobilized by students who are solving problems in statistical context. We also considered the theory of Conceptual Fields seeking to identify the operational invariants by observing the students in situations of problem solving. We performed a qualitative research, with application of a diagnostic instrument, with voluntary participation by two pairs of students. The results pointed to the difficulties of students in reading, interpreting and constructing graphs in specific situations, such as graphs with non-unit scales and null often. For calculating the range, the results showed a stable procedure, especially on the part of one of the pairs studied, in other words, a possible operational invariant, the confusion between the variable frequency and the variable
O presente trabalho tem como objetivo identificar a percepção da variabilidade e o nível de raciocínio sobre essa característica, junto a alunos do sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental de uma escola pública estadual de Cotia. Discutimos quais são os conceitos e procedimentos mobilizados quando estes resolvem questões que envolvem leitura, interpretação e construção de gráficos. Particularmente, diagnosticar quais invariantes operatórios relacionados à noção de variabilidade que estes alunos mobilizaram nessas atividades. Como referências teóricas, consideramos os níveis de compreensão gráfica mobilizados pelos alunos em situação de resolução de problemas em contexto estatístico. Consideramos também a teoria dos Campos Conceituais, buscando identificar os invariantes operatórios por meio da observação dos alunos em situações de resolução de problemas. Foi realizada uma pesquisa qualitativa, com aplicação de um instrumento diagnóstico, com participação voluntária de duas duplas de alunas. Os resultados apontaram para as dificuldades dos alunos na leitura, interpretação e construção de gráficos em situações específicas, como gráficos com escalas não unitárias e o com freqüência nula. Quanto ao cálculo da amplitude, os resultados mostraram um procedimento estável, por parte principalmente de uma das duplas pesquisadas, ou seja, um possível invariante operatório, a confusão entre freqüência da variável e a variável

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Germain, Floriane. "Les visites nocturnes, l’impact de la nuit sur l’expérience de visite : le cas de la cour Marly au musée du Louvre". Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG1138/document.

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Cette thèse examine l’influence de la nuit sur la réception d’une visite de musée. Elle propose d’envisager le paramètre horaire comme participant de la construction de l’expérience et plus largement du sens donné à sa visite. Or, ce rapport de la nuit à l’expérience de visite est encore peu interrogé malgré les nombreuses occasions qui permettent de visiter de nuit des institutions culturelles telles que les musées ou les monuments historiques. L’analyse phénoménologique et sémiotique de cette situation de réception permet de comprendre ce que les visiteurs vivent et ressentent au cours d’une visite nocturne. Elle révèle une variation du sens qui se construit autour de l’émergence de la nuit à la fois comme donnée physique, naturelle, dans l’exposition et comme donnée mentale dans l’état d’esprit des visiteurs. À travers l’étude comparative de la réception de la cour Marly au musée du Louvre, de jour et de nuit, c’est l’univers du discours des visiteurs qui est mis en question. Les interactions entre la nuit, les visiteurs et l’exposition marquent, par rapport à la journée, un processus de transformation du sens donné par le message de l’exposition et du sens reçu par les visiteurs. Autrement dit, le changement lumineux intervenant entre jour et nuit influence la recomposition du discours de l’exposition par les visiteurs de nocturnes. La dimension émotionnelle ainsi que la fantasmatique de la nuit interviennent dans l’interprétation du discours de l’exposition et le transforment
The aim of this work is to analyse the impact of the night on the visitors’experience. Here, the time of the day is considered as a parameter of the processof meaning building within the visitor’s experience.The link between visitors’ experience and night has not yet been thouroughlyresearched although a lot of cultural events take place at night time and provideand occasion for visiting museums.The phenomenological and semiotic analysis of the night impact, and perception,lead to the understanding of the emotional experience of the visitors during anight time visit. It reveals a variation of the meaning created by the apparition ofthe actual night in the museum and of the idea of night in the visitors’ mind.A night and day comparison of the reception of the cour Marly, in the musée duLouvre, questions the visitors’ speeches. It shows a network of interactionsbetween the night, the visitors and the exhibition which initiates a transformationof the meaning given by the exhibition and received by the visitors.In other words, the lighting modification between night and day affects thereconstruction of the exhibition’s message operated by the visitors at night. Theemotional aspect as well as the night phantasmagoria partake in the interpretationof the exhibition’s message and change it.Key words: night - reception - visitors’ experience - interpretation - - - - - phantasmagoria - night visit

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37

Tubeuf, Helene. "Développement de stratégies de criblage de mutations d'épissage dans des gènes de prédisposition au cancer. Demystifying the splicing code: new bioinformatics insights for the interpretation of genetic variants A staggering number of genetic variations affect the splicing pattern of BRCA2 exon 7: validation of the predictive power of splicing-dedicated silico analyses MLH1 exon 7, an emblematic exon sensitive to intronic mutations but not to alterations of exonic splicing regulators, sheds light into the performance of SRE-dedicated bioinformatics approaches Calibration of pathogenicity of partial splicing defects: The model of BRCA2 Exon 3". Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMR009.

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Le développement du séquençage de l’ADN à haut débit a grandement facilité le criblage de variations génétiques dans le génome des patients. Désormais, l’un des principaux défis de la génétique médicale n’est donc plus la détection des variations, mais leur interprétation fonctionnelle et clinique. Récemment, nous avons montré, à l’aide de tests fonctionnels basés sur l’utilisation de minigènes, que bien que le nombre de mutations d’épissage, et en particulier celles qui affectent sa régulation, est actuellement sous-estimé, l’effet de ces variations pourrait être dorénavant prédit à l’aide d’outils bioinformatiques spécifiques. Nous avons ainsi étendu l’évaluation du caractère prédictif de ces quatre nouvelles approches bioinformatiques par une étude comparative des scores générés par ces approches avec des données expérimentales obtenues pour un total d’environ 1200 variations exoniques. Nos travaux ont ainsi démontré la fiabilité de ces approches, utilisées seules ou en combinaison, et ont permis de proposer des recommandations quant à leur utilisation en tant qu’outils de filtration pour prioriser les variations à analyser dans des tests fonctionnels axés sur l’épissage. Néanmoins, une analyse mutationnelle exhaustive ciblée sur l’exon 7 de MLH1, a mis en évidence l’échec apparent de ces approches, pourtant validées par des études menées sur l’exon 7 de BRCA2, l’exon 10 de MAPT et l’exon 5 de MSH2, laissant suggérer que ces méthodes pourraient ne pas s’appliquer de manière équivalente à tous les exons et/ou à tous les gènes. En effet, nous avons montré que cet exon était doté de caractéristiques particulières, i.e. de sites d’épissage remarquablement forts, lui conférant une résistance totale aux mutations de régulation d’épissage et mettant en échec les outils de prédictions. Ces données contribuent à mieux déterminer les limitations de ces outils bioinformatiques tout en contribuant à leur amélioration. En dépit de ces avancées, l'évaluation de la pathogénicité des mutations d'épissage reste complexe, en particulier celles conduisant à des anomalies d'épissage en phase et/ou partielles. En utilisant, comme modèle d’étude, des variations à l’origine du saut partiel de l’exon 3 de BRCA2, nos résultats ont révélé que l’activité tumeur-suppressive de BRCA2 tolère une réduction substantielle du niveau d’expression, étant donné qu’un allèle produisant jusqu’à 70% de transcrit codant une protéine déficiente n’est pas nécessairement associé à un risque élevé de développer un cancer. L’ensemble de ces données a d’importantes implications dans le diagnostic moléculaire et la prise en charge des patients et de leurs apparentés, avec un bénéfice direct pour les familles évocatrices d’une prédisposition héréditaire et devrait contribuer à l’interprétation de VSI identifiées par séquençage à haut débit dans toute autre pathologie d’origine génétique
The development of high-throughput DNA sequencing has greatly facilitated the screening of genetic variations within patient genome. Henceforth, one of the main challenges in medical genetics is no longer the detection of variations, but their functional and clinical interpretation. Recently, we showed by using splicing reporter minigene assays, that although splicing mutations, and in particular those affecting its regulation, are more prevalent than initially estimated, they could now be predicted by using dedicated bioinformatics tools. We thus extended the evaluation of the predictive power of these four newly developed computational approaches by a comparative study of the scores obtained by these approaches with experimental data for a total of about 1200 exonic variations. Our findings have demonstrated the reliability of these approaches, used alone or in combination, and allow to offer recommendations for their use as a filtration tool to prioritize the variations to be analysed as a priority in splicing-dedicated functional assays. Nevertheless, an exhaustive mutational analysis targeting MLH1 exon 7, has highlighted the apparent failure of these approaches, yet validated by studies focused on BRCA2 exon 7, MAPT exon 10 and MSH2 exon 5, suggesting that these methods might not be equivalently applicable to all exons and/or genes. Indeed, we have shown that this exon has particular characteristics, i.e. remarkably strong splice sites, conferring it a total resistance to splicing regulation mutations and defeating prediction tools. These findings help to better determine the limitations of these bioinformatics tools while contributing to their improvement. In spite of these advances, the pathogenicity assessment of splicing mutations remains complicated, especially of those leading to in-frame and/or partial splicing anomalies. By using variant-induced partial BRCA2 exon 3 skipping as a model system, we showed that BRCA2 tumor suppressor function tolerates a substantial reduction in expression level, as BRCA2 allele producing as much as 70% of transcript encoding deficient protein may not necessarily confer high-risk of developing cancer. Altogether, these data have important implications in the molecular diagnosis and clinical management of patients and their relatives, with a direct benefit for hereditary cancer-suspected families and should contribute to the interpretation of VSI identified by high throughput sequencing in any other genetic disease

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Nada, Vasić. "Primena jednodimenzionalnog i volumetrijskog merenja u evaluaciji terapijskog odgovora karcinoma pluća višeslojnom kompjuterizovanom tomografijom". Phd thesis, Univerzitet u Novom Sadu, Medicinski fakultet u Novom Sadu, 2019. https://www.cris.uns.ac.rs/record.jsf?recordId=110621&source=NDLTD&language=en.

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Karcinom pluća predstavlja vodeći uzrok smrtnosti među svim malignim obolenjima, a uprkos dostignućima u dijagnostici i terapiji u poslednjih 30 godina nije došlo do bitnog poboljšanja izuzetno niske ukupne stope petogodišnjeg preživljavanja kod ovih pacijenata. U momentu otkrivanja bolesti preko trećine svih novootkrivenih slučajeva nalazi se u IV stadijumu bolesti. Precizno i adekvatno praćenje odgovora tumora na terapijski tretman kod obolelih od karcinoma pluća u IV stadijumu kao i što ranije utvrđivanje progresije bolesti, odnosno neefikasnosti terapijskog tretmana kod ove grupe bolesnika od velikog je značaja, jer za ove pacijente hemioterapija predstavlja jedinu terapijsku opciju. Postojeće konvencionalne metode jednodimenzionalnih merenja i procena tumorskog odgovora na terapijski tretman prema RECIST kriterijumima ne koriste sve prednosti CT dijagnostike i oslanjaju se na subjektivnost manuelnih merenja. Primena naprednih radioloških tehnika, poput volumetrije, mogu doprineti razvoju imidžing praćenja terapijskog odgovora tumora kod pacijenata sa karcinomom pluća. Cilj istraživanja je evaluacija primene jednodimenzionalnog i volumetrijskog merenja u proceni terapijskog odgovora karcinoma pluća višeslojnom kompjuterizovanom tomografijom. Metodologija: Istraživanjem po tipu prospektivne studije obuhvaćeno je 100 pacijenata obolelih od karcinoma pluća u IV stadijumu bolesti u vreme otkrivanja, koji su ispitivani u periodu od 2013. do 2016. godine u Institutu za plućne bolesti Vojvodine u Sremskoj Kamenici i koji su ispunili kriterijume za ulazak u studiju. Kod svih pacijenata obuhvaćenih istraživanjem, dva radiologa nezavisno su evaluirali sve CT preglede grudnog koša, izvršili jednodimenzionalna manuelna i volumetrijska merenja odabranih target lezija što je omogućilo utvrđivanje unutarčitačke i međučitačke varijabilnosti i slaganja rezultata merenja target lezija primenom ispitivanih metoda. Na osnovu rezutata izvršenih merenja urađena je kategorizacija terapijskog odgovora tumora primenom konvencionalnih RECIST kriterijuma kao i primenom modifikovanog sistema kategorizacije za volumetrijsku evaluaciju terapijskog odgovora sa modifikovanim optimalnim graničnim vrednostima za klasifikovanje progresije bolesti i pozitivnog odgovora na terapiju, izračunatim na osnovu ispitivanog uzorka (model 3Dindividual). Urađeno je poređenje manuelne i volumetrijske procene terapijskog odgovora primenom razičitih ispitivanih sistema klasifikacije uz utvrđivanje stepena različite klasifikacije i analizu preživljavanja pacijenata do pojave progresije bolesti. Uticaj morfoloških karakteristika “target” lezija na rezultate volumetrijskog merenja određen je analizom odstupanja izmerenog volumena tumora u odnosu na aritmetičku sredinu između grupa lezija ispitivanih morfooških karakteristika. Rezultati: Primena volumetrijskog merenja, na ispitivanom uzorku, dovodi do niže stope varijabilnosti rezultata merenja dimenzija target lezija u odnosu na konvencionalnu manuelnu metodu merenja i u slučaju međučitačke varijabilnosti (0,9% vs 6,5%) i u pogledu unutarčitačke varijabilnosti (4,9% vs 0,9%). Volumetrijskom evaluacijom terapijskog odgovora tumora uz primenu modifikovanih graničnih vrednosti kategorizacije (model 3D-individual) postiže se značajno različita klasifikacija terapijskog odgovora u odnosu na primenu konvencionalnih RECIST kriterijuma. U slučaju volumetrijske evaluacije terapijskog odgovora, klasifikovanje pacijenata primenom novog sistema kategorizacije ”3D-individual” dovodi do različite klasifikacije u 22,2 % slučajeva u poređenju sa RECIST ekvivalent kriterijumima za volumetriju, uz održavanje jednako dobre predikcije PFS ova dva sistema. Rezultati istraživanja pokazali su da izgled ivica lezija i odnos lezije prema okolnim anatomskim strukturama imaju srednji uticaj na varijabilnost rezultata volumetrijskih merenja. Zaključak: Primena volumetrijskog merenja kao novog aspekta morfološke procene odgovora karcinoma pluća na primenjenu terapiju može unaprediti donošenje terapijskih odluka kako u lečenju individualnih bolesnika tako i u vođenju kliničkih istraživanja.
Lung cancer is the leading cause of mortality among all malignancies, and despite advances in diagnostics and therapy over the past 30 years, there has been no significant improvement in the extremely low overall rate of a five-year survival with these patients. At the time of the diagnosis, more than a third of all newly discovered cases are at the IV stage of the disease. Precise and adequate monitoring of the response of the tumor to therapeutic treatment with lung cancer patients in IV stage, as well as the early detection of progression of the disease or inefficiency of therapy in this group of patients is of great importance as chemotherapy is the only therapeutic option for these patients. The existing conventional methods of one-dimensional measurement and assessment of tumor response to therapeutic treatment according to RECIST criteria do not use all the advantages of CT diagnostics and rely on the subjectivity of manual measurements. Advanced radiological techniques, such as volumetry, can contribute to the development of the image monitoring of the therapeutic response of tumors in patients with lung cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the application of one-dimensional and volumetric measurement in the assessment of the therapeutic response to lung cancer with multslice computerized tomography. Methodology: A study per type of prospective study included 100 patients with lung cancer at the IV stage of the disease at the time of detection, which were tested in the period between 2013 and 2016 at the Institute of Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina in Sremska Kamenica and met the criteria for entering the study. With all patients involved in the study, two radiologists independently assessed all CT chest exams, performed one-dimensional manual and volumetric measurements of selected target lesions, which enabled the determination of intraobserver and interobserver variability and the agreement of the target lesion measurement results using the test method. Based on the results of the performed measurements, the categorization of the therapeutic response of the tumor with conventional RECIST criteria, as well as the application of a modified categorization system for volumetric assessment of the therapeutic response with modified optimal limit values for classification (progression of the disease and positive response to the therapy) was performed, calculated on the basis of the tested sample. Comparison of manual and volumetric estimates of the therapeutic response was made using various classification systems with the determination of the degree of difference in classification and analysis of survival of patients until the progression of the disease. The influence of morphological characteristics of target lesions on the results of volumetric measurement was determined by the analysis of the deviation of the measured tumor volume relative to the arithmetic mean between the groups of lesions of the examined morphological characteristics. Results: The application of volumetric measurements on the test sample leads to a lower rate of variability in the results of measuring the dimensions of the target lesions compared to the conventional manual measurement method, and in the case of interobserver variability (0.9% versus 6.5%) and in terms of intraobserver variability (4.9% to 0.9%). The volumetric assessment of the therapeutic response of the tumor using modified boundary categorization values (3Dindividual model) results in a significantly different classification of the therapeutic response in relation to the use of conventional RECIST criteria. In the case of volumetric assessment of the therapeutic response, the classification of patients using the new “3D-individual” categorization system leads to a misclassification in 22.2% of cases compared to RECIST equivalent to volumetric criteria, reflecting the equally good predictability of PFS in these two systems. The results of the study showed that the appearance of the lesion margins and relation to the surrounding anatomical structures influenced the variability of the results of volumetric measurements. Conclusion: The application of volumetric measurements as a new aspect of the morphological evaluation of lung cancer response to applied therapies can help in making therapeutic decisions both in the treatment of individual patients and in the conduct of clinical trials.

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MUTLAK, MERFAT. "I verbi di azione dell'arabo standard nell'ontologia dell'azione IMAGACT". Doctoral thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1159323.

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Action verbs have many meanings, covering actions in different ontological types. Moreover, each language categorizes action in its own way. One verb can refer to many different actions and one action can be identified by more than one verb. The range of variations within and across languages is largely unknown, causing trouble for natural language processing tasks. IMAGACT is a corpus-based ontology of action concepts, derived from English and Italian spontaneous speech corpora, which makes use of the universal language of images to identify the different action types extended by verbs referring to action in English, Italian, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish, etc. This paper presents the infrastructure and the various linguistic information the user can derive from it. IMAGACT makes explicit the variation of meaning of action verbs within one language and allows comparisons of verb variations within and across languages. Because the action concepts are represented with videos, extension into new languages beyond those presently implemented in IMAGACT is done using competence-based judgments by mother-tongue informants without intense lexicographic work involving underdetermined semantic description.

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Sarnecki, Mateusz. "Complement variation in English communication verbs". Doctoral thesis, 2017. https://depotuw.ceon.pl/handle/item/2165.

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Complementation patterns might be defined as ways in which a phrase can be completed with another phrase. This dissertation focuses on one such specific pattern: the combination of English verbs which refer to communication, for example “talk”, with prepositional phrases which express a topic, as in “talk about something”. In these contexts, speakers can often choose between two or more topic-introducing prepositions. The main goal of the monograph is to explore what factors make speakers select one of the two major “topic markers” in English: “about” and “of”. The dissertation consists of six chapters. The first one introduces the key concepts employed in the monograph. Chapter Two contains an analysis of the investigated variation couched within a theory of language known as “construction grammar”. Chapter Three discusses the role of quantitative analysis in linguistics and describes the statistical techniques used in three corpus-based studies reported in Chapters Four to Six. These investigations reveal several factors which influence the choice between “about” and “of”. The dissertation additionally offers possible interpretations of the results.
Wzorce dopełnieniowe można zdefiniować jako sposoby, w jakie dana fraza może zostać dopełniona inną frazą. Niniejsza rozprawa skupia się na jednym takim wzorcu: połączeniu angielskich czasowników odnoszących się do komunikacji, na przykład „talk”, z frazami przyimkowymi wyrażającymi temat, jak w wyrażeniu „talk about something”. W kontekstach tych, użytkownicy języka mogą często wybierać pomiędzy dwoma przyimkami lub większą ich liczbą. Celem monografii jest zbadanie jakie czynniki sprawiają, że użytkownicy języka angielskiego decydują się na jeden z dwóch podstawowych „znaczników tematu”: „about” oraz „of”. Rozprawa składa się z sześciu rozdziałów. Pierwszy definiuje główne pojęcia stosowane w monografii. Rozdział drugi zawiera analizę badanej wariantywności, osadzoną w ramach teorii języka zwanej „gramatyką konstrukcji”. Rozdział trzeci omawia rolę analizy ilościowej w językoznawstwie, a także opisuje techniki statystyczne wykorzystane w trzech badaniach korpusowych zreferowanych w rozdziałach od czwartego do szóstego. Badania te odsłaniają czynniki wpływające na konkretne wybory użytkowników języka, dokonujące się między „about” i „of”. Rozprawa dodatkowo oferuje możliwe interpretacje uzyskanych rezultatów.

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Zuercher, Beau. "Polysemy and cross-linguistic variation : a study of English and French deictic motion verbs". Thèse, 2013. http://www.archipel.uqam.ca/5782/1/D2527.pdf.

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La présente thèse en sémantique lexicale examine le phénomène de la polysémie (c.-à-d. l'existence de multiples emplois inter-reliés pour un même mot), et ce de deux points de vue : d'une part, celui du statut de la polysémie dans le lexique, et d'autre part, celui des causes de la variation de la polysémie entre les langues. Les tenants d'approches par sens multiples – en particulier ceux qui travaillent dans le cadre de la sémantique cognitive – attribuent la polysémie d'un mot donné à un réseau complexe de sens organisés autour d'un sens prototypique et concret, ces sens étant reliés par des relations telles que la similarité et la métaphore. Mais ces approches par sens multiples souffrent d'un manque de parcimonie (prolifération des sens, redondances entre connaissances sémantiques et connaissances du monde, redondances entre les sens individuels), et elles n'offrent pas de moyen adéquat pour rendre compte des différences de polysémie que l'on observe d'une langue à l'autre. La présente étude se penche sur les verbes déictiques anglais et français qui permettent d'exprimer des situations de 'mouvement' (COME, GO, VENIR et ALLER) par le biais de trois questions : 1) ces verbes ont-ils de multiples sens lexicaux ou un sens lexical unique; 2) pourquoi montrent-ils les ressemblances d'emploi que l'on observe en comparant les deux langues, et 3) pourquoi montrent-ils les différences d'emploi que l'on observe? En utilisant des données provenant de plusieurs dictionnaires, d'un petit corpus et des intuitions de locuteurs, nous avons identifié pour chaque verbe un grand ensemble de significations possibles qui appartiennent à une grande variété de domaines, et nous avons identifié le contenu sémantique lexical invariant de chacun de ces verbes en les analysant dans le cadre de l'approche monosémiste de Bouchard (1995) ainsi que celui de l'approche néo-saussuréenne de Bouchard (2002, à paraître). Nous montrons que chacun de ces verbes est monosémique au niveau lexical, ne possédant qu'une seule représentation sémantique abstraite dont les composantes sont ancrées dans des propriétés de la cognition générale. Plus spécifiquement, COME et VENIR expriment l'orientation abstraite vers le centre déictique (défini comme un point qui est accessible à un Sujet de Conscience), tandis que GO et ALLER expriment l'orientation abstraite vers une relation avec l'anti-centre déictique, le complément du centre déictique. Nous démontrons en détail comment tous les emplois sémantiques discutés dans cette étude découlent de la manière dont ces représentations sémantiques indépendantes de tout domaine particulier interagissent avec des inférences basées sur des connaissances extralinguistiques. Le degré élevé de polysémie contextuelle de ces éléments découle du caractère très abstrait de leurs composantes sémantiques ('orientation', 'Sujet de Conscience', 'accessibilité', localisation' et R, une relation combinatoire maximalement générale). Comme il existe de nombreuses façons pour un élément d'interagir avec ces composantes (selon la nature des entités impliquées dans la situation), ces verbes peuvent donner lieu à un nombre pratiquement sans limites de manifestations différentes en fonction du contexte. Nous montrons par ailleurs que les ressemblances observées dans ces paires d'équivalents français-anglais découlent de leur contenu sémantique commun, tandis que les nombreuses asymétries que l'on observe dans les emplois de ces paires s'expliquent par une seule différence au niveau du sens invariant : les verbes anglais contiennent une relation de localisation, alors que les verbes français correspondants contiennent la relation combinatoire générale R. Étant donné que les représentations sémantiques de ces verbes sont très abstraites, l'interaction entre cette petite différence au niveau du contenu sémantique, d'une part, et les connaissances contextuelles et les connaissances du monde, d'autre part, donne lieu à d'abondantes différences de surface. D'autres différences émergent de l'interaction entre ces sens uniques et les différences grammaticales et lexicales entre l'anglais et le français. Ainsi, nous démontrons qu'une approche monosémique permet d'offrir une analyse de la polysémie et de la variation qui est à la fois compréhensive et parcimonieuse. Les résultats obtenus appuient l'idée selon laquelle les mots tendent à être monosémiques au niveau du lexique ainsi que l'idée selon laquelle les composantes sémantiques lexicales (à la fois celles qui sont récurrentes d'une langue et l'autre et celles qui varient) sont ancrées dans des propriétés de la cognition générale. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : sémantique lexicale, polysémie, monosémie, variation, verbes de déplacement déictiques, anglais, français

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Tozer, Wade. "Nitrogen isotope variation in the environment : implications for interpretation /". 2006. http://adt.waikato.ac.nz/public/adt-uow20070124.124737/index.html.

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Thitathan, Siraporn. "Family roles and variation in interpretation of Thai folktales". 1987. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/18029004.html.

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Lai, Yu-Chieh y 賴又緁. "The research and interpretation of Bach Goldberg Variation BWV988". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/9693sd.

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碩士
國立臺灣師範大學
音樂學系
105
J. S Bach 's "Goldburg Variations ,BWV988" is the classic masterpiece of the Baroque period, in this piece Bach showing his superb skills for the harpsichord and the mastering techniques in variations . And the aria shows in the beginning and the end, also deeply influenced later generations of composers for the creative thinking of variations. There are six chapters in this paper: the first chapter describes the motivations and aims of this paper and the research methods. The second chapter will analyze and discuss the creative background and music structure of "Goldberg Variations". In the third chapter, focus on the first part of "Goldberg Variations", the aria to the fifteenth variation of the music analysis and performance interpretation. In the fourth chapter, focus on the second part, the sixteenth variation to the thirty variation of the music analysis and performance interpretation. And the fifth Chapter for the conclusion of this paper. Chapter 6 lists the reference materials.

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45

Vernillo, Paola. "METAPHORS AND ACTIONS: AN IMAGE-SCHEMATIC APPROACH TO THE ANALYSIS OF ITALIAN ACTION VERBS' SEMANTICS". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1201200.

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Action verbs encode typologically different action concepts and events (e.g., primary variation: Panunzi & Moneglia 2004). They may, in fact, refer to a large array of actions, each one of which is defined by specific motor schemas, perceptual properties, and spatial relationships. Yet, action verbs are also pervasively used in non-strictly action contexts, to express abstract concepts and convey figurative meanings (e.g., marked variation: Brown 2014). These predicates, thus, contain a significant amount of information not only about how action concepts and events are linguistically categorized, but also about the way metaphorical processes are represented in natural language. The exploration of the role that action verbs play in the representation of abstract thinking and, more in particular, in the encoding of metaphorical contents is the immediate aim of this thesis. From this point of view, the description of the kind of bond that ties together concrete and metaphorical uses of a given action verb stands as a first step toward a greater understanding of how sensory-motor information is re-used, in language, to shape highly abstract domains of knowledge. Moreover, the observation of action verbs’ behavior in metaphorical contexts enhances the understanding of how conceptual metaphors (Lakoff & Johnson 1980) may be encoded through language. Finally, the exploration of the semantic structure of single action verbs may shed light on the metaphorical potential of verbs that recur in the same linguistic and pragmatic contexts to encode the same events (e.g., local equivalent verbs). The analysis of the metaphorical variation of action verbs was limited to two internally cohesive groups of Italian verbs, one clustering together verbs that refer to vertically oriented actions (alzare, ‘to raise’; abbassare, ‘to lower’; salire, ‘to rise’; scendere, ‘to descend’; sollevare, ‘to lift’) and the other clustering verbs that refer to force patterns (premere, ‘to press’; spingere, ‘to push’; tirare, ‘to pull’; trascinare ‘to drag’). The annotation was started with the extraction of about 11,000 occurrences from Italian spoken corpora, such as IMAGACT and Opus (Italian subtitles). From these, a smaller set of sentences (about 600) was selected and annotated in detail. For each verb, metaphorical uses were gathered in classes organized by similarity, with respect to the meaning and the concept denoted. Each metaphorical class was associated to at least one conceptual metaphor (Lakoff et al. 1991) and to salient differential traits, presented in the form of image-schematic components (Johnson 1987; Lakoff 1987). Finally, the metaphorical variation of each action verb was evaluated and compared to that of the other verbs included in the same group (e.g., alzare vs. sollevare). Overall, this thesis offers a potential approach to the analysis of those phenomena that seem to systematically operate in the processes of sense extension within the semantic variation of action verbs, taking Italian as a case study. In this frame, the image-schematic investigation of the semantic mechanisms that are involved in processes of meaning construction and conveyance stands as an attempt to motivate, on a purely semantic level, the apparent discrepancies existing between the axes of the semantics of action and of metaphorical extension of a given action verb.

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46

Chen, Yi-Wen y 陳怡文. "An Analysis and Interpretation L.v. Beethoven's "Eroica" Variation op.35". Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69145728149006488370.

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Peng, Yu-Shu y 彭郁舒. "An Interpretation and Analysis of Variation: Based on Variation KV.460 by Mozart , Eroica Variation op.35 by Beethoven and Abegg Variation op.1 by Schumann". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23466956134432204700.

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碩士
中國文化大學
音樂學系碩士班西洋音樂組
100
When the variation form developed from the Baroque period to the Classical period, the materials of theme became simpler, and the techniques of variation were usually based on changing the harmony, the rhythm and the tonality of the theme passage. Until the Romantic period, composers has new attempt of the methods on creation. Not only has breakthrough on the arrangement of the tonality, also enlarged the variation form. Composers make texture of melody more plentiful, the technique of the variation more multiple and complicated. This study which is divided into five chapters, aim to discuss three different composers from the Classical period and the Romantic period: Mozart, Schumann, and Beethoven. Each chapter contains four parts which are composer’s personal life, the background, analysis and interpretation of the works. Chapter 1 is an introduction, which states the motive, purpose, scope and methods of this research. Chapter 2 discusses Mozart’s Variation in A major, KV.460. Chapter 3 discusses Beethoven’s Eroica Variation, op.35.Chapter 4 discusses Schumann’s Abegg Variations, op.1. Chapter 5 will conclude with the result of this research.

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48

Troberg, Michelle. "Dynamic Two-place Indirect Verbs in French: A Synchronic and Diachronic Study in Variation and Change of Valence". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/17269.

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This dissertation provides an account of an often-noted change in the history of French: the shift in the expression of the internal argument of a small class of dynamic two-place verbs best represented by aider ‘to help’ from “dative”, i.e., as an indirect object with the preposition à, to “accusative”, i.e., as a direct object with no preposition. The change does not appear to be correlated with a change in the meaning of the verbs. Traditional commentators have viewed it as random, affecting only a few lexical items, rather than systematic. One of the central results of this thesis is that the valency change affects a class of some twenty verbs at approximately the same period and it follows the same time course. Moreover, three properties distinguish this class of verbs from all others taking indirect objects in French: following current ideas about the syntactic manifestation of verbs and their arguments, they have a non relational argument structure, they do not possess lexical directionality, and they select for first or third order entities. These facts suggest that a structural change underlies the change in the realization of the internal argument. Adopting Lightfoot’s (1999, 2006) “cue-based” approach to language change, it is proposed that the valency change is a result of the loss of a functional item encoding directionality. Directionality is a derived property in Medieval French, available in particular to prepositions. It is demonstrated that when à was able to encode direction, it was also able to license first and third order complements in a broader range of contexts, namely, with aider-type verbs. The loss of this functional item is also correlated with several other structural changes that occurred in the 16th and 17th century.

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49

YAO, CHIA-YUAN y 姚嘉元. "Performance Issues and Analytical Interpretation on Variation Op.34 by Beethoven and Variation on a Theme by Corelli by Rachmaninoff". Thesis, 2007. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/39661776613341760472.

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碩士
中國文化大學
音樂研究所
95
Variation form was first originated and developed in the sixteenth century in Italy and Spain, and has become one of the most used compositional forms till the twentieth century. It often appears in the keyboard music, for example, Bach’s Goldberg Variations, the collections of Beethoven variations, Schumann’s Abegg Variations, Brahms’s Handel Variations, also Rachmaninoff’s Variations on a Theme of Corelli, etc. With this huge numbers of compositions set in the variation form, it is evident that the variation form is of significant importance. The thesis is divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 is an introduction. Chapter 2 discusses the development of variations from the middle age to the Classical and the Romantic periods. Chapter 3 offers an analytical and interpretive discussions on Beethoven’s Variations in F major, op. 34. Chapter 4 is on Rachmaninoff’s Variations on a Theme of Corelli, op. 42. Chapter 5 concludes the foregoing discussions.

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50

Cheng, Hong-Bang y 鄭宏邦. "Interpretation of redox potential variation during biological processes using linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic model". Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22741103978560674668.

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博士
國立交通大學
環境工程系所
100
Interpretation of redox potential variations during biological processes using linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic model Student:Hong-Bang Cheng Advisor: Jih-Gaw Lin Institute of Environmental Engineering National Chiao Tung University ABSTRACT Various forms of Nernst equation have been dceveloped using simplified assumptions and/or modifications to depict the process of reversible and irreversible thermodynamic reactions in terms of the oxidation reduction potential (ORP). However, these assumptions are sometimes inappropriate in the quantification of ORP for non-equilibrium systems. A linear non-equilibrium thermodynamic model, called MIRROR model No. 1 (MIcrobial Related Reduction and Oxidation Reaction Model No. 1), is proposed in this research for interpreting ORP of biological processes. In the proposed model, ORP is related to affinities of catabolism and anabolism, and the energy expenditure of catabolism and anabolism is directly proportional to overpotential (η), straight coefficient of electrode (LEE), and degree of coupling between catabolism and ORP electrode. In addition, modeling the ORP of the biological nitrification and denitrification processes is addressed using MIRROR model No. 1. Laboratory data based on temperature, dissolved oxygen, COD, amonium, nitrite, nitrate, pH and ORP, were excerpted from literature and used for calibrating the model to determine the optimal values of various stoichiometric, kinetic, and phenomenological model parameters. The calibrated model was used to simulate the ORP variation of a biological nitrification and denitrifcation processes. The simulation results are in good correlation with the experimental observations (R2>0.93). Additionally, the performance of MIRROR model No.1 was compared with a commonly used modified-Nernst equation for simulating the biological nitrification and denitrification processes. MIRROR model No.1 has superior efficiency based on statistical analyses on deviance (i.e. root mean square error and mean absolute error), residual analyses and model discrimination. Overall, MIRROR model No. 1 appears to be an effective alternative to several modified-Nernst equations for simulating the ORP of biological processes. The limitations of MIRROR Model No. 1 have also been discussed for expanding the applicability of this model. When the final ORP value of biological denitrification processes is between -80 to -160 mV, the deviance of simulation results using the model is within a narrow range. If the final ORP is lower than -160 mV, the deviance increases sharply. The occurrence of some other non-nitrogen biological processes such as biological sulfate reduction may affect the ORP measurement so that the deviance increases sharply when the final ORP decreases. There is a close relationship between the affinities of catabolism and the system ORP of the biological denitrification process, but the ORP variation per unit affinity of catabolism is not a constant but proportional to the molarity of electrons transferred catabolically. The linear relationship between redox potential and reaction rate that has been derived based on MIRROR model No.1 in this research is verified by using the experimental results reported in the literature. This linear relationship enables evaluation of the biological denitrification rate based on the real-time monitoring of the system ORP. In addition, MIRROR model No. 1 predicts a distinctive curvilinear dependence of redox potential on the utilization of a selected substrate in microbial processes. With the substrate is excess, the system ORP is a logarithmic function of the substrate concentration. When the substrate in question becomes limited, the system ORP is observed to be linearly proportional to the substrate concentration. Keywords: Nernst equation, MIRROR model No. 1, redox potential, biologcial nitrification and biological denitrification.

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