Tesis sobre el tema "Variation avec la salinité"
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Chaieb, Ghassen. "Variation de l’intensité de la facilitation avec la salinité et l’aridité dans les dépressions salines continentales de Tunisie". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0284.
Texto completoWe aim to clarify the debate of the community ecology literature on changes in plant-plant interaction along water stress gradients. We focused on the importance of the type of stress (resources vs. non-resources) and the method used (observational vs. experimental) to quantify biotic interactions. The continental saline depressions (Sebkhas) of Tunisia, characterized by the existence of a strong gradient of salinity in contrasting climatic conditions, is an excellent model system to clarify this debate, in particular by separating the effects of salinity from water stress.In a first step, we carried out an observational study on the scale of the Tunisian arid zone in order to identify the consequences of the possible interactions existing between topography and climate and determining variations in salinity and water stress and ultimately the structure, composition of plant communities and ecosystem functioning. We set up a field design combining a topographic position treatment (with four habitats) and a water stress treatment (with two climate conditions: the wet arid climate and the dry arid climate) with four replicates at the regional scale. We also carried out two experiments, one on the effect of neighbors using the observational method with transplants of three dominant species in all treatments and a second on the effect of the method (observational vs. experimental) with transplantation of three Poaceae in the two least saline habitats.The observational study clearly showed that salinity was the major direct factor determining the composition, diversity and structure of communities, as well as the productivity of ecosystems and their fertility. Aridity has less, more subtle effects, which can only be spatially compared in the least saline habitat between the low and high arid climates.The first experimental study showed that salinity stress (a direct, non-resource factor) induced a facilitation collapse that increased with increasing aridity, both temporally and spatially. The switch to competition in extreme conditions of aridity predicted in the literature was not found. This is very likely due to the weakly competitive strategy of Chamaephytes dominating the most saline habitats. The second experimental study showed that, before the dry summer season, the short-term interactions measured by the experimental method (removal method) were negative whereas the long-term interactions, measured by the combination of the observational and experimental methods were positive, thus, supporting our hypotheses and the literature. However, after the dry summer season, the short-term interactions turned to positive, whereas the long-term interactions collapsed due to vanishing the buffering effect of the vegetated soil on humidity.These results are crucial because they showed that in this arid and saline system, the collapse of facilitation is the major process explaining the structure, diversity and functioning of ecosystems, both along salinity gradients and when water stress increases. On the other hand, the combination of the observational and experimental methods was crucial to show that the increase in facilitation predicted by SGH with increasing water stress is only a response of plants to the increasing negative effect of abiotic environment (environmental-severity effect). This contrasts with the increased competition in unstressed environments and increased facilitation from highly stressed to intermediate environments, both being neighbor-trait effects
Segueni, Farid. "Etude des variations de la mousson nord africaine et de l'hydrologie de l'Atlantique à la transition mio-pliocène : relations avec la crise de salinité messinienne en Méditerranée". Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA112021.
Texto completoMineralogical and geochimical results on sediments of Site ODP 659 permitted to establish a new model of sediment deposit in Cap Verde rise which constitute a key area on restitution of eolian input from Africa to Atlantic Ocean. We brought additional constraints on feeding zones and detritals inputs of the sedimentary material to the Cap Verde rise and shown a close link between the sedimentation of this zone and the variations of African Northern monsoon. We thus established new mineralogical and geochemical tracers of the last changes of African monsoon. In addition to a very narrow control of African monsoon by the insolation received by the Earth at the low latitudes, we highlighted the existence of changes in the monsoon which escapes of orbital control. Those seem related to the palaeogeographic changes of the Mediterranean field in connection with the progressive draining and drought of the Mediterranean Sea at the time of the major events of the messinian salinity crisis. On an orbital timescale, study of oxygen and carbon stable isotopes obtained on benthic Foraminifera Cibicides wuellerstorfi permit to reconstruct the variations of major hydrology in the Atlantic as well as the variations of world sea level. More particularly, we confirmed that the closing of the oceanic bridges between the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean during the messinian salinity crisis are not controlled by the variations of the sea level but well by tectonic movements
Guibbolini, Marielle. "Caractérisation et régulation de l'activité adenylate-cyclase dans la branchie des téléostéens, en relation avec l'adaptation a la salinite". Nice, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987NICE4124.
Texto completoBERRED, MOHAMED. "Variation reguliere avec reste et valeurs extremes". Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066414.
Texto completoMallet, Pierre-Luc. "Impact des contaminants des sables résiduels de l'industrie pétrolière albertaine sur Frankia SP. et sa symbiose avec l'aulne". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2009. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/4898.
Texto completoLEMOINE, FLAVIEN. "Changements de l'hydrologie de surface (temperature et salinite) de l'ocean austral en relation avec les variations de la circulation thermohaline au cours des deux derniers cycles climatiques". Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066737.
Texto completoMignot, Juliette. "Sur la variabilité climatique de la salinité de surface en Atlantique Nord et son lien avec la circulation océanique dans un modèle couple". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005370.
Texto completoMignot, Juliette. "Sur la variabilité climatique de la salinité de surface en Atlantique Nord et son lien avec la circulation océanique dans un modèle couplé". Paris 6, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005370.
Texto completoPeyroutet, Fabrice. "Etude d'une méthode Splitting pour des lois de conservation scalaires avec terme de source". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU3029.
Texto completoKessai, Fodil. "Élaboration d'un dictionnaire électronique de berbère avec annotations étymologiques". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCF029/document.
Texto completoThe Berber language is usually presented as a set of distinct dialects, with more or less hermetic boundaries, which are, most often, studied and taught in a cleaved or even exclusive way.This atomization and this differentiating practice obscure the structural unity (grammar and lexical bases) which founds that common language to which all these dialects refer and give only a fragmentary view of it. The field of lexicography does not depart from this usage. Each dictionary is devoted to a single dialect with a specific spelling, and it is in the lexicon in particular that Berber appears the most disparate.To go beyond particularism and grasp the language as a whole, we explore, through the lexical material, a panel of dialects (17) representing all of Berber diversity. We establish, by comparative approach, inter-dialectal bridges and then gather the common elements of the lexicon collected to date. We then note the phonetic, phonological, morphological and semantic changes observed in lexical units in order to better understand the evolution of the lexical system.To do this, we develop a bilingual E-dictionary (Berber <-> French) which allows - as a didactic tool - for the studying of the Berber language in its unity as well as in its dialectal diversity and - as a heuristic means of research and analysis - for etymology and linguistics facts in synchrony and diachrony.Finally, we introduce a statistical tool (the “homogeneity rate”) that measures the proximity between lexicons (or dialects)
Morante, Daniele. "Le champ gravitationnel linguistique : avec un essai d'application au champ étatique - Mali". Grenoble 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE39014.
Texto completoLanguage is a social fact, therefore there are less languages than men. Every man cannot speak anything less than a language, therefore every topolect is one. A language has no varieties. Any diversity originates from the interaction among languages and the ceaseless change it gives rise to, resulting in new states of language = languages. The primary community, the inhabited centre, has no topolects, it is linguistically a point ; secondary communities can give rise to more languages (“common languages”). The “linguistic space” is actually a field of force, whose vectors are languages. Relationships between languages are ruled from gravitational laws. Their parameters are the mass of parole, resulting from the release of parole x the width of the audience x the content in the given language ; as well as the distance, that measures exposure. Both bring about the intensity and the direction of attraction. Inter-individual diversity spans the time-line, alongside language change. There are accordingly worldwide, at any moment, about 2 million inhabited centres = 2 million languages >, a terminus ad quem. Absolute identity of two languages does add up to a single language, but it has to be proved each time : we think that it can't, unless within the framework of the global village / the diffuse city. As language is a vector, it is defined by a mathematical quantity-intensity. The interaction of these vectors sketches the linguistic state of the world as well as the forecast of future change. A nine-months field survey in Mali provides us with a test of validation of the model
Colin, Jean-Louis. "Variation des concentrations des especes minerales dans les precipitations humides en relation avec l'aerosol atmospherique". Paris 7, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA077036.
Texto completoBrondeau, François de. "La morphologie de la base du crâne et ses relations avec le maxillaire et la mandibule : variations et auxologie". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13670/document.
Texto completoBasicranio-facial relationships and their variations during ontogenesis are studied on the modern human. The study of the sagittal facial typology (skeletal class) has been realized in relation with the cranial base shape. The aim was to establish a model of the basicranio-facial development leading to the different facial typologies of modern human. - A first two-dimensional study aims to define the variables of the cranial base caracteristical of the facial relations in the extreme sagittal dysmorphoses. The results show the link between the flexion of the cranial base, its posterior region and the facial antero-posterior discrepancy. - A second study on X-ray scanners looks into the interactions between the transverse and sagittal dimension. The results suggest the importance of the antero-posterior positioning of the cranial structures in sagittal facial shape. This study reveals few relationships between the basicranial transverse dimension and maxillary, mandibular prognathism, but shows the influence of the petrous pyramids orientation, the distance between pterygoid processes and the cranial base angle flexion. - A third longitudinal study analyzes the evolution of the variables observed in relation with the age and the stage of dental evolution for each skeletal class. The basicranial parameters are not predetermined at birth, those describing flexion and the posterior region of the cranial base become characteristic later on. The stages of the deciduous occlusion denture and of the first permanent molar evolution are key events for the link between cranial base and facial type. Based on the three craniofacial shapes described (skeletal dysmorphoses) a basicranio-facial development model is proposed. Perspectives in ancient and modern population anthropology are suggested
Penquerc'h, Virginie. "Variation avec le cycle solaire et modélisation globale du champ magnétique ionosphérique : préparation de la mission Swarm". Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011GLOB0001.
Texto completoThe Earth’s magnetic field is continuously measured by about 200 magnetic observatories worldwide and by satellites, such as Oersted (launched in 1999) and CHAMP (2000-2010). These recordings are used to study the properties of the geomagnetic field, and in particular to model the contributions of the various sources of the field. Among these, the electric currents flowing in the ionosphere around 110 km of altitude cause the diurnal variation of the field, which has been observed since the eighteenth century. This field, the so-called Sq ionospheric field, is mainly present on the dayside of the Earth, at midlatitudes, and strongly varies with days, seasons and solar activity. The aim of this study was twofold: to study the variability of the Sq field with solar activity, and to improve its parameterisation in numerical models as a preparation for the upcoming ESA Swarm mission. This thesis is divided into two parts. The first part presents a study of the variability of the Sq field over several solar cycles as a function of the f10. 7 index, which is a good indicator of solar activity. Using data from several observatories, we show that part of the solar cycle variability of the Sq field is not taken into account in current spherical harmonics models. This coefficient of variability (Wolf ratio) varies with seasons, a robust observation over more than fifty years of data. This result suggests the existence of a seasonal effect in the relationship between the electrical conductivity of the ionosphere and solar activity. The second part presents new spherical harmonic modelling of the Sq field. Based on four months of CHAMP satellite data, we show that it is possible to recover the main characteristics of the ionospheric field at low and mid-latitudes. The resulting models, for which the parameterisations are close to that of the CM4 model (Sabaka et al. , 2004), satisfactorily reproduce the observed field in observatories
Piccioli, Norbert. "Constantes optiques du seleniure de gallium : variation avec la temperature et bistabilite optique induite par effet thermique". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066196.
Texto completoRamanankandrasana-Randrianarivo, Bienvenue Michèle. "Variation intraspécifique de Taenia solium : analyse génétique par Random Amplified Polymorphie DNA, relation avec la répartition géographique". Limoges, 2003. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/66682872-8814-459f-b979-ddb7cbfc018d/blobholder:0/2003LIMO310A.pdf.
Texto completoPiccioli, Norbert. "Constantes optiques du séléniure de gallium variation avec la température et bistabilité optique induite par effet thermique /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376088297.
Texto completoQuilfen, Yves. "Variations interannuelles de l'atmosphere atlantique tropicale et interactions avec l'ocean". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066592.
Texto completoKindomihou, Missiako V. "Silicification des graminées tropicales: variation entre espèces, influence des conditions de croissance et relations avec la structure foliaire". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210932.
Texto completoThe present study examines the variation of the silica accumulation of tropical grass species on the ecological and evolutionary point of view. The review of works examining the extent of the variation of the silica content in grasses identifies three groups of factors influencing the grass silicification, in particular the genetic factors (difference in the capacity of root absorption, anatomy and foliar ecophysiological features), endogenous factors (phenology, organs) and the growth conditions. The experimental approach focused the influence of certain conditions of growth on the silica content (defoliation, moisture, substrate fertility). The results confirm the influence of the defoliation and the substrate fertility on the silica accumulation, but underline well the complexity of the action of these factors which results in particular in differences in response between species. These results suggest that contradiction between published works with regard to the inducible character or not of the silica accumulation are due to some extent to the species*defoliation interaction, and a great sensitivity of the results to the conditions for application of defoliation. Variations of the silica content (intrinsic and induced by the growth conditions) relating to the variations of structural and functional characters (specific leaf area, water content, foliar anatomy, etc.) showed correlations which are not entirely constant through all the tests. They are significantly positive with soluble ashes under all the examined conditions, but negative with carbon in condition of defoliation. With the water content, they are positive in conditions of defoliation, but change sign in conditions of phospho-nitrogenized fertilization. This negative correlation with the water content is consistent at the same time in blades and sheaths in interspecific comparison. This difference in the structure of the correlations results at the same time from the effects of sampling and the more or less large extent of the range of the silica contents swept by the various examined species. Pennisetum unisetum is richest in silica and sclerenchyma and which weighs disproportionately in the analysis of correlations. The results do not give a very clear support for the assumption according to which silica can replace the carbonaceous compounds like material of support.
Doctorat en sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Akpossan, Johanne. "La consonne /R/ comme indice de la variation lectale : cas du français en contact avec le créole guadeloupéen". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA030010/document.
Texto completoThe goal of this thesis is to determine the contribution of experimental phonetics in the identification of a lectal variety, in taking for example languages spoken in Guadeloupe. In Guadeloupe, two languages coexist : French and Creole. But in fact, there is a diversity of varieties of French on the one hand, and of Creole on the other hand. Each of these varieties goes from acrolect to basilect through mesolect : so there are a French continuum and a Creole continuum. Thus, the sociolinguistic situation of Guadeloupe can be represented by a double continuum.These different varieties of French can they be distinguished by (1) acoustic, (2) phonetic, (3) phonological (4) and perceptual characteristics of /R/ consonant? Does the contact duration with Creole have an influence on the variety of French spoken by a speaker?Our results show that the more basilectal the variety of French is, (1) the lower spectral diffusion of /R/ energy is, with a reduced rate noise and a low frequency mean; (2) the more infrequent /R/ constrictive variants are and the more common /R/ approximant variants are ; (3) the greater rates of /R/ elision in coda of syllable and /R/ realization as [w] in labial context increase ;(4) and the more the variety is perceived as having a low degree of French accent. Usually, the longer duration of the contact between French and Creole is, the more basilectal the variety of French is.If characteristics of /R/ consonant can distinguish acrolect and basilect (extreme varieties), it’s not so easy to establish a list of indications (or « lectomètres ») in order to identify varieties in the intermediate zone: mesolect has a certain unpredictability
Boxberger, Manon. "Le microbiote cutané : analyse exploratoire de sa composition et de sa variation avec l'âge chez la femme adulte". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0026.
Texto completoAmong the methods described as allowing the cultivation of microorganisms considered as "difficult to cultivate", one of the first strategies is based on the supplementation, customization or modification of isolation and culture media, and another is based on the mimicry of growth conditions in the natural environment. The MB2L medium was developed and used in this study to isolate and select skin bacteria whose growth is masked by the main skin species (such as Staphylococcus). In this study, in addition to showing a preferential pattern of carriage of different bacterial species between the two age groups, we isolated 20 new bacterial species never described before. Carriage analysis by qPCR of these new bacterial species was performed on large panels. This analysis made it possible to determine whether these bacteria were commensal or transient. Of our 20 novel bacterial species, 7 were determined as commensals, so potentially of greater interest for further investigations of their roles or what they could produce, and their interaction with the skin, notably through the coculture with 3D skin models. These organisms are the starting point of future investigations that aim to discover their potential beneficial role for the skin and create expectations for their use as probiotic and postbiotic or the discovery of new bacterial-derivate bioactive compounds (for the use as postbiotic), they could also be the substrate for experimental determination of prebiotic compounds
LINDECKER, VALERIE. "Variation des taux plasmatiques de 4 cytokines au cours de la sclerose en plaques : relation avec l'evolutivite de la maladie". Lille 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL2M311.
Texto completoVacquié, Garcia Jade. "Variation spatio-temporelle de l'activité d'alimentation des éléphants de mer en relation avec les paramètres physiques et biologiques de l'environnement". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2433/.
Texto completoNumerous studies focused on the study of the foraging activity of marine predators in relation to oceanographic conditions. However, the foraging activity of marine predators was often indirectly estimated from the analysis of their trajectory at sea and consequently, it is more the searching behavior of predators which was studied than their food intake. Recently, new devices equipped with of accelerometers have been implemented to evaluate the events of food intake. By combining these technologies with devices recording high frequency data on the environment, this phD aims to assess whether the spatio-temporal variation of the foraging activity of a marine predator, the southern elephant seal (SES), is related to the heterogeneity of the physical and biological conditions encountered. Two main results were highlighted. Firstly, by linking the foraging activity of SES with three physical parameters, the temperature, the light and the depth, five distinct foraging environments were characterized for this predator. Secondly, a qualitative relationship was found between the bioluminescence and the foraging activity of SES. While providing innovative results on the ecology of SES, this phD developed methods that have the potential to be applied to a large number of marine predators and that provide research opportunities on the study of predator / prey interactions
Zhang, Xiaoqun. "Reconstruction et régularisation en tomographie par une méthode de Fourier basée sur la variation totale". Lorient, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LORIS075.
Texto completoX-ray tomography consists in inversing a Radon transform from partial data in the Fourier space, leading this imaging process to belong to the family of ill-posed inverse problems. Solving this problem needs (explicitly or implicitly) frequency data interpolation and extrapolation from a polar grid to a Cartesian one. Our approach introduces the total variation seminorm in order to minimize the artifacts and to reconstruct a piecewise smooth image, visually close to the synthetic data set used by radiologists. We propose an optimisation scheme under a constraint given in the Fourier space for which the advantages are a precise data modelling and a low computational cost. The main difficulty remains the formulation of the frequency constraint, which must balance between a good data fit and the liberty of reducing the total variation enough so that the image can be denoised. We study three constraints, the first one being based on local extrema over the polar grid, the second on an estimator of the local Lipschitz regularity and the third on local regression with nonlinear thresholding. The proposed model and the associated algorithms are valided by numerous experiments on realistic data, simulated from the Shepp-Logan phantom using different types of noise. Numerical results show a significant qualitative enhancement of reconstructed images using our model compared to the standard algorithm (filtered backprojection), with the suppression of almost all noise and artefacts. The signal to noise ratio increases by 1 up to 6 db depending on the type of data and the constraint. At last, the proposed algorithms are faster than the standard one by more or less a factor of three
Dallaire, Jonathan. "Modélisation des changements de phase solide-liquide : effet de la variation de la densité avec la phase et du couplage thermomécanique". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27716.
Texto completoPhase change materials (PCM) are commonly used in a vast range of engineering applications in which they can serve, for example, as a way of storing thermal energy in the form of latent energy. Solid-liquid phase change has been the subject of many studies in the past decades both experimentally and numerically. Due to the different ways in which matter is organized at the molecular level, the physical properties of the solid and liquid phases are different. In particular, the density variations during phase change leads to volume variations, i.e., the PCM will either expand or shrink, depending on the relative density of each phase. In most studies, however, volume variations during solid-liquid phase change were deemed negligible and were not taken into account. The additional complexity and the challenges associated with the mathematical and numerical modeling of solid-liquid phase change with variable density are such that only a handful of studies on the topic may be found in literature, especially in the case where the PCM interacts with its physical boundaries (thermo-mechanical coupling). The goal of this thesis is therefore to contribute to the state of the art in terms of mathematical and numerical modeling of solid-liquid phase change when both density variations and thermo-mechanical coupling between the PCM and its container are taken into account. First, a new set of conservation equations is derived for solid-liquid phase change with different properties for each phase, especially the density. By representing the mushy region of the PCM as a porous medium (similarly to the well-known enthalpy-porosity model), macroscopic average conservation equations are developed by applying a method of volume averaging to the exact conservation equations for the solid and liquid phases at the pore level. The choice of the assumption regarding the velocity of the solid phase within the mushy region (stationary or moving) is achieved by the use of a single numerical parameter. Numerical simulations of a 1D solidification problem were performed with a finite volume code on Matlab to outline the differences between the new model and the existing enthalpy-porosity model. Then, the mathematical model developed in the first part of this thesis was extended in order to account for the interaction of the PCM with its physical boundaries. Two new models for the thermo-mechanical coupling were introduced. In the first model, it was assumed that the PCM expansion was constrained by an elastic wall and that the pressure rise within the PCM followed a modified Hooke’s law. In the second model, an air gap was introduced on top of the PCM in order to allow the latter to expand more easily. Analytical correlations were derived to predict relevant physical quantities at equilibrium, such as the pressure rise within the system, the melting temperature, the height of the PCM slab, etc. The finite volume code developed during the first part of this work was extended with a moving mesh technique to accommodate the volume variations of the PCM. The problem studied was the solidification of a 1D PCM slab of finite height. The numerical results were compared against the analytical predictions at equilibrium and showed good agreement. Finally, the elastic wall model introduced in the previous part of the thesis was applied to the problem of solidification of water near its density extremum in a 2D cavity with natural convection. The complete model was implemented in commercial software package (Fluent). A new methodology was developed in order to improve the capabilities of the software and the thermo-mechanical coupling was achieved with the help of a set of User-Defined Functions (UDF). The effect of the confinement of water as it solidifies inside the cavity was studied by varying the stiffness of the elastic wall. It was shown that the pressure rise resulting from the thermo-mechanical coupling significantly influences the flow pattern and the solidification rate of the PCM.
Laporte, Marie-Aline. "Contribution à la modélisation de l’absorption du cadmium par les racines du tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) en relation avec l’architecture racinaire". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR15214/document.
Texto completoCadmium (Cd) is naturally occurring in soils that are also enriched by human activity. Cd contaminates food crops because of its absorption by plant roots. Because it is a toxic element for living organisms, its concentrations in food and feed plant products are subjected to regulatory limits. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the transfer of this metal from the soil to the edible plant part, especially for sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), our model plant that can accumulate more Cd than other crop species. This study tested the hypothesis that the amount of Cd absorbed by sunflower was related to the root architecture. We characterized, at the individual roots level, a longitudinal variation of the influx of Cd2+ absorption in relation with the culture medium, the order and the age of roots. These variations were attributed to the development of apoplastic barriers (cellulose, lignin and suberin deposition) that restrict the absorption of Cd2+ into the cytosol. By simulation, it has been shown that these variations could theoritically impact the total absorption of Cd2+ in hydroponics depending on the root architecture while in solid substrate (sand) the impact was much more limited. Furthermore, a comparison of 14 sunflower cultivars showed that the variability in Cd concentrations in shoots was rather due to differences in absorption independent of root architecture and in variations in the root to shoot distribution. The longitudinal variation in the Cd root influx can then be considered of minor importance compared to the between cultivar variability in Cd uptake, the origin of which remains to be determined. In the perspective of modelling the total uptake of Cd in soil conditions, it could then be possible to assume a global mean influx of Cd independent of the root architecture
Sadeuh, Mba Serge Alain. "Circulation, diversité génétique et évolution des entérovirus humains au Cameroun : interaction avec les poliovirus vaccinaux et les entérovirus simiens". Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077224.
Texto completoThe genetic diversity of human enteroviruses (EVs), including polioviruses (PVs), circulating in Cameroon was investigated in acute flaccid paralysis patients throughout the entire territory as well as in healthy children from the far northern region of the country. The results showed a high frequency combined with a high genetic diversity of human EVs in Cameroon. The frequency of EVs belonging to the Human Enterovirus C species (HEV-C) was as high as 56. 5% of the identified isolates. Apart from worldwide distributed types, several African specific types and variants were identified. The investigation of genetic exchanges between HEV-C, including vaccine polioviruses, confirmed the fact that frequent recombination in the non structural regions of the genome contribute to their genetic diversity. PVs in particular co-circulate and exchange the sequences of their non structural regions with CVA-13, -17 and -20. The co-circulation of PVs and diverse HEV-C may be a major viral factor for the emergence of pathogenic recombinant vaccine¬derived PVs (VDPVs). In the other hand, simian specific EVs as well as EVs previously known human EVs were identified in the stools of captive and wild non human primates (NHP). Four novel types of simian EVs in particular were identified. The results confirm that cross-species transmission of at least some EV types can happen naturally and could play a role in the emergence of new EV types from humans to NHP and vice-versa
Diouf, Ibrahima. "Histoire pondérale des femmes en relation avec la croissance foetale et l’issue de la grossesse". Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA11T080/document.
Texto completoBirthweight is strongly and positively related to maternal preconceptional weight as well as with weight gain during pregnancy. Therefore, it would be expected that the increase in maternal weight before pregnancy, and weight gain during pregnancy, would be associated with an increase in birthweight in France. Animal models suggested that maternal weight changes in the periconceptional period can be considered as indicators of maternal energy balance and nutritional status, and may be involved in fetal growth and pregnancy outcomes.Obejective : 1) To evaluate time trends in maternal body size and birthweight. 2) To investigate the association of maternal weight changes in the periconceptional period with fetal growth and adverse pregnancy outcomes.Background : Birthweight is strongly and positively related to maternal preconceptional weight as well as with weight gain during preg Populations : Data were from ObEpi surveys ; French nationally representative perinatal surveys and the EDEN study. 1) For every ObEpi survey (1997, 2000, 2003 and 2006), data on weight and height were obtained for 20000 households representative of the French population.2) Mother-child pairs among singleton live births were included in the national perinatal surveys in 1972, 1981, 1995, 1998 and 2003 (n=8664, 4494, 11445, 12692 respectively). Mothers were interviewed a few days after delivery and data on delivery and the newborn were extracted from hospital records. 3) In the EDEN mother-child cohort, 1756 mother–child pairs had information on mother’s weight at 20 years, weight just before pregnancy, fetal anthropometry at second and third trimesters, infant’s birthweight and pregnancy complications. Also in the EDEN study 1744 women had prepregnancy weight available and at least 5 measures of weight in pregnancy. We extrapolated women’s weight at each week of gestation with a three-degrees polynomial model and estimated weight change during each trimester of gestation.Results : 1) Analyses based on data from ObEPI surveys showed that more recent cohorts (those born after the 1960’s) experienced an accelerated increase in the prevalence of obesity in relation to age during 1997-2006 particularly for women when compared with older birth cohorts. 2) Body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy increased between 1972 and 2003 ; paradoxically birth weight did not show a parallel increase. In fact, after adjusting for several potential confounders birthweight showed a decrease between 1995 and 2003.This corresponded with an increase in babies born small-for-gestational age (SGA) and a decrease in those born large-for-gestational age (LGA). 3) In women with BMI < 25 kg/m2, weight loss before pregnancy was associated with less fetal growth and increased risk of SGA.Factors including anemia and pathologies such as cancer were also considered but did not explain the findings. On the other hand, “large” weight gain between age 20 and pregnancy was associated with increased risk of gestational diabetes irrespective of overweight status of the woman. 4) Lastly, a significant association between the variation in maternal weightover the first trimester of pregnancy and fetal growth was noted even after accounting for the variation in weight over the last two trimesters. This association was independent of weight gain later in pregnancy and was partly explained by placental weight showing the importance of periconceptual nutritional status.Conclusion : Although the obesity epidemic became apparent in adults only in the 1990s in France, some of its origins can be found as early as the mid 1960s. The increasing trend in the prevalence of SGA in France, and in other countries such like the US, should prioritize research efforts towards a better understanding of the causes of this time trend. Our datasuggest that weight changes in periconceptional period could be taken into account when evaluating the obstetrical risk
Barbot, Willy. "Variation circadienne et induction avec l'âge de l'expression d'un rétrotransposon IAP de souris : caractérisation du site d'insertion proviral et "effet de position"". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066022.
Texto completoDi, Girolami Cristina. "Calcul stochastique via régularisation en dimension infinie avec perspectives financières". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Nord - Paris XIII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00578521.
Texto completoHu, Haijuan. "Quelques contributions en débruitage des images en lien avec la variation totale, les moyennes non-locales et des représentations dans des bases adaptées". Lorient, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORIS258.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we study the problem of restoration of images corrupted by Gaussian noise, randomvalues impulse noise or their mixture. It mainly contains three parts. In the first part, we study the nonlocal total variation (NLTV) model, which was initially introduced for deconvolution. We find that this model can also be applied to image denoising. It improves the classic total variation model introduced by Rudin, Osher and Fatemi (1992), and sometimes improves the reference algorithm nonlocal means proposed by Buades, Coll and Morel (2005). We establish the relation between this model and neighborhood filters and give some improvements of the model. The main improvements are given by adding a regulation term in the Fourier domain to the NLTV model, and applying it locally. The latter algorithm has similar performance to the algorithm introduced by Elad and Aharon (2006) which uses redundant adaptive basis. In the second part, we propose a method based on principal components analysis
Molee, Wittawat. "Facteurs de variation de la composition lipidique des membranes plasmiques des hepatocytes chez les palmipedes : relation avec le rendement technologique des foies gras". Toulouse, INPT, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000252/.
Texto completoMolee, Wittawat Babilé René. "Facteurs de variation de la composition lipidique des membranes plasmiques des hepatocytes chez les palmipedes relation avec le rendement technologique des foies gras /". Toulouse : INP Toulouse, 2006. http://ethesis.inp-toulouse.fr/archive/00000252.
Texto completoDiouf, Ibrahima. "Histoire pondérale des femmes en relation avec la croissance foetale et l'issue de la grossesse". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00693812.
Texto completoGannier, Alexandre. "Les Cétacés de Méditerranée nord-occidentale : estimation de leur abondance et mise en relation de la variation saisonnière de leur distribution avec l'écologie du milieu". Paris, EPHE, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995EPHE3024.
Texto completoMougel, Florence. "Variation de trois types de marqueurs genetiques dans l'evolution de l'espece oryctolagus cuniculus : aspects moleculaires et relations avec la biologie et la structure des populations". Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA112071.
Texto completoParent, Séverine. "L'engagement d'enseignants, la variation de l'engagement d'étudiants sur une base trimestrielle et la présence de conditions d'innovation en situation d'enseigner et d'apprendre avec le numérique au collégial". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28027.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the innovative aspect of the teaching and learning situation that integrates digital technologies, the conditions of innovation, and the manifestations of teacher and student engagement. Educational research links students' engagement to perseverance and academic achievement (Christenson, Reschly, & Wylie, 2012; Mosher & McGowan, 1985), an undeniable concern for the educational college community in Quebec. However, it is not uncommon to read a research about engagement without a clear definition of this concept. Applying a design-based research approach, our work focuses on two situations of innovation where teachers and students were using digital technologies. Student engagement was studied according to its behavioral, affective and cognitive dimensions (Fredricks, Blumenfeld, & Paris, 2004), the variation of their level of engagement being more specifically analyzed, and the engagement of teachers according to three dimensions (absorption, vigor and dedication) proposed by Schaufeli, Salanova, González-Romá and Bakker (2002) to which we added a socio-affective dimension (more widely understood). The data come from a college in the Quebec region where seven teachers and 358 of their students participated in the study. Teacher engagement and innovation conditions were analyzed on the basis of interviews with teachers and ethnographic notes collected. In an innovative situation of digital tool integration, our research confirms that the presence of innovation conditions matters. Those that were analyzed are: a shared vision, resources, staff competence and the adequacy between pedagogical principles and the sociotechnical environment. Concerning the condition of adequacy, the adoption of new technological/digital tools in education and the adoption of new pedagogies went hand in hand. In terms of engagement, our results show relatively large variations in levels of student engagement during the session. The levels of student engagement (affective dimension) were highest, especially at the beginning of the session. Regarding teacher engagement, our results make it possible to account for them, however, further research is needed to consolidate its definition, characteristics and dimensions. Keywords: learner engagement, student engagement, teacher engagement, digital technologies, educational innovation, information and communication technologies, technology-enhanced learning
Sart, Caroline Madeleine Marie. "Contribution à l'étude d'équations de conservation hyperboliques avec adaptation de schémas TVD en présence de discontinuités". Lille 1, 2003. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2003/50376-2003-219.pdf.
Texto completoJetté, Jonathan. "Une étude compréhensive des coûts d’une intervention Logement d’abord pour les individus avec consommation problématique et un historique d’itinérance, incluant une analyse des facteurs influençant la variation des coûts". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/37017.
Texto completoGhannam, Clara. "Calcul variationnel en restauration et décomposition d'image". La Rochelle, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LAROS276.
Texto completoThis thesis is devoted to the study of image restoration and decomposition using variational calculus methods and partial differential equations. In chapter 1, after recalling some notions and basic results on image analysis, we present the essential questions that we will treat in the thesis. In chapter 2, we show that minimization problems involving sublinear regularizing terms are ill-posed, in general, although numerical experiments in image processing give very good results. We give a new approach to perform minimization via the Chambolle's algorithm. In chapter 3, we propose an extension of the TV: weighted total variation and extended total variation. Furthermore, we provide an algorothm to perform minimization via the Chambolle's algorithm. In chapter 4 we study a model of restoration and decomposition via nonstandard diffusion. We present a class of nonstandard increasing strictly convex regularization terms, which allows both, existence and uniqueness results. Before closing this chapter effective algorithms, based on projection method, are proposed in the case of scalar and vectorial images. Finally, in the part conclusion and perspectives, we present a restoration model with local constraints. This model was studied by Caselles et al. To remedy the fact that the removed noise by the classical methods contains geometrical information
Saliba, Joseph. "Modélisation des néoplasmes myéloprolifératifs sporadiques et familiaux avec les cellules de patients induites à la pluripotence". Thesis, Paris 11, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA11T061.
Texto completoMyeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are clonal hematologic diseases which lead to an overproduction of blood cells. The affected myeloid lineage depends on the type of MPN. JAK2V617F is the most predominant mutation in MPN and can be associated with various sporadic and familial cases.One main issue to address in MPN is to understand how a single mutation JAK2V617F can give rise to several diseases. Our hypothesis is that this phenotypic heterogeneity might be due to the JAK2V617F gene dosage. Another goal is to identify the genetic cause of familial MPN.For these reasons, we modeled sporadic and familial MPN cases with iPS technology. This approach allowed us i) to compare the impact of heterozygous and homozygous JAK2V617F mutation on hematopoiesis and ii) to get insight into the effects of a 5 genes duplication that we identified as a susceptibility locus uncovered by a genetic approach in 2 families.In the first part of the work concerning sporadic MPN modeling, we showed that JAK2V617F increases iPS myeloid potential. Furthermore, we showed a marked difference in the TPO and EPO hypersensitivity between heterozygous and homozygous JAK2V617F iPS cell lines that could be linked to the difference between PV and ET. In the second part of the work, we demonstrated a specific phenotype due to the sole duplication. This model will allow us to identify the gene(s) responsible of the phenotype. This study brings the proof of concept that iPS can be used for sporadic and familial MPN modeling and drug screening
Fernandez, Xavier. "Contributions a l'etude des facteurs de variation de la concentration musculaire en glycogene et du ph ultime chez le porc : relations avec les qualites technologiques et organoleptiques de la viande". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993CLF21518.
Texto completoRodler, Auline. "Modélisation dynamique tridimensionnelle avec tache solaire pour la simulation du comportement thermique d’un bâtiment basse consommation". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ISAL0106/document.
Texto completoLow energy building constructions become sensitive to internal gains : any internal heating source has an impact on the envelope. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the performance of current transient thermal models when adapted to low energy buildings. This work describes a numerical model to simulate a single room, using a refined spatial three-dimensional description of heat conduction in the envelope but a single air node is considered. The model has been developed for environmental conditions that vary over short time-steps and has integrated the projection of solar radiation through a window onto interior walls : the sun patch. The validation of the model has been done through a detailed comparison between model and measurements. The in situ experiment has been carried out in one of the BESTlab cells (EDF R&D). The sun patch has been followed by a camera to validate its calculated position and surface. Temperature measurements by thermocouples and by thermal cameras have been compared to the models outputs. Differences between air and surface temperatures measured and simulated were never above 1.5 ˚C and mean errors reached 0.5 ˚C. The two innovations of the model have then be proven. Using minute wise weather data and inputs associated to an adaptative solver, enabled to pull down simulation errors : in May maximal differences rised from 1 ˚C to 2 ˚C for respectivelly one minute and hourly wise inputs. More important errors are seen in summer whereas in winter, air temperatures simulated tend to more fluctuate around the set up temperature when the sampling step gets longer. Two one dimensional models, close to traditional taken simulation tools, were used. Model M 1D,sol supposed the incoming radiation to reach only the floor. A 1D model with sun patch movement, called 1D,parois , was also used. These two models evaluated the air temperature with an acceptable error. However, their surface temperatures were still subject to important errors. Thus, for temperature surfaces evaluation, both 1D model presented differences up to 20 ˚C for surfaces touched by the sun patch. In winter, the 3D model can predict heating energy consumptions overestimated by 6.5 % when M 1D,parois overestimated them by 11 % and M1D,sol by 22 %. The improvements brought by our model have been proven also for other cells with different thermal masses. For these cells, differences between M1D,sol and the 3D model could reach 4.5 ˚C. Differences seemed to be more important for low thermal mass cells, and the orientation of the building had a strong impact. This work has confirmed the necessity of representing more accuratelly the descriptions of the enveloppe for strongly insulated rooms. To improve the model, the anisothermal hypotheses of the air should be considered
El, haïkali Bouazza. "Estimations des productions organique et inorganique de quelques espèces macrophytobenthiques méditerranéennes calcifiées : interactions avec les conditions naturelles du milieu et rôle dans la variabilité circadienne de certaines caractéristiques physico-chimiques des eaux cotières". Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX22105.
Texto completoDhar, Gaurav. "Contributions en théorie du contrôle échantillonné optimal avec contraintes d’état et données non lisses". Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0050.
Texto completoThis dissertation is concerned with first-order necessary optimality conditions in the form of a Pontryagin maximum principle (in short, PMP) for optimal sampled-data control problems with free sampling times, running inequality state constraints and nonsmooth Mayer cost functions.Chapter 1 is devoted to notations and basic framework needed to describe the optimal sampled-data control problems to be encountered in the manuscript. In Chapter 2, considering that the sampling times can be freely chosen, we obtain an additional necessary optimality condition in the PMP called the Hamiltonian continuity condition. Recall that the Hamiltonian function, which describes the evolution of the Hamiltonian taking values of the optimal trajectory and of theoptimal sampled-data control, is in general discontinuous when the sampling times are fixed. Our result proves that the continuity of the Hamiltonian function is recovered in the case of optimal sampled-data controls with optimal sampling times. Finally we implement a shooting method based on the Hamiltonian continuity condition in order to numerically determine the optimal sampling times in two linear-quadratic examples.In Chapter 3, we obtain a PMP for optimal sampled-data control problems with running inequality state constraints. In particular we obtain that the adjoint vectors are solutions to Cauchy-Stieltjes problems defined by Borel measures associated to functions of bounded variation. Moreover, we find that, under certain general hypotheses, any admissible trajectory (associated to a sampled-data control) necessarily bounces on the runningine quality state constraints. Taking advantage of this bouncing trajectory phenomen on, we are able to use thePMP to implement an indirect numerical method which we use to numerically solve some simple examples of optimal sampled-data control problems with running inequality state constraints. In Chapter 4, we obtain a PMP for optimal sampled-data control problems with nonsmooth Mayer cost functions. Our proof directly follows from the tools of nonsmooth analysis and does not involve any regularization technique. We determine the existence of a selection in the subdifferential of the nonsmooth Mayer cost function by establishing a more general result asserting the existence a universal separating vector for a given compact convex set. From the application of this result, which is called universal separating vector theorem, we obtain a PMP for optimal sampled-data control problems with nonsmooth Mayer cost functions where the transversality conditon on the adjoint vector is given by an inclusion in the subdifferential of the nonsmooth Mayer cost function.To obtain the optimality conditions in the form of a PMP, we use different techniques of perturbations of theoptimal control. In order to handle the state constraints, we penalize the distance to them in a corresponding cost functional and then apply the Ekeland variational principle. In particular, we invoke some results on renorming Banach spaces in order to ensure the regularity of distance functions in the infinite-dimensional context. Finally we use standard notions in nonsmooth analysis such as the Clarke generalized directional derivative and theClarke subdifferential to study optimal sampled-data control problems with nonsmooth Mayer cost functions
Laporte, Marie-Aline. "Contribution à la modélisation de l'absorption du cadmium par les racines du tournesol (Helianthus annuus L.) en relation avec l'architecture racinaire". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00960832.
Texto completoOlympio, Joris. "Techniques de commande optimale pour la recherche automatique de stratégies avec assistances gravitationnelles dans le cadre de missions interplanétaires". Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00365115.
Texto completoTagne, Fotso Romuald. "Imprégnation aux métaux et métalloïdes en population générale du Nord–Pas-de-Calais : niveaux, déterminants et liens avec le débit de filtration glomérulaire". Thesis, Lille 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LIL2S031/document.
Texto completoHuman Biomonitoring allows us to evaluate our exposure to chemicals by measuring substances themselves or their metabolites or markers of health effects, from body fluids or tissues. The information collected through epidemiological surveys provide information on human exposure and are valuable databases in the research of exposure-response relationships in humans. This thesis is part of the cross-sectional IMePoGe survey conducted between 2008-2010 in the Nord–Pas-de-Calais region (in northern France), including 2,000 adult residents aged 20 to 59 years old, and aimed to quantify the impregnation levels of the population to 14 metals and metalloids (aluminum, antimony, total arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, mercury, manganese, nickel, lead, thallium, vanadium, zinc) chosen for their toxic effects and the frequency of occupational and environmental exposure. The specific objectives of this thesis were, which a special interest for lead and cadmium, two nephrotoxic metals known in the literature: i) to establish the distribution of impregnation metals into the northern population of France and compare the exposure regional level to metals and metalloids with the national and international data; ii) to identify the major factors of variation of the impregnation and the sources of exposure to lead and cadmium in the general population; iii) to study the relationship between the change in glomerular filtration rate and the impregnation levels to metals. Overall, blood and urinary concentrations of most metals and metalloids were higher than those found in the national nutritional health survey conducted during the same period in the French population, with the exception of urinary vanadium and blood lead. The regional mean of blood lead level (geometric mean) was 18.8 μg/L. Several sources of lead exposure existed in the population and were link to the occupational, environmental and consumption parameters. Regarding cadmium, smoking was the main source of recent or chronic exposure to metal: the geometric mean of blood cadmium, reflecting a recent exposure, was 0.39 μg/L and increased from 0.26 μg/L in non-smokers to 0.84 μg/L in smokers; the geometric mean of urinary cadmium, reflecting the chronic exposure, was 0.37 μg/L (0.33 μg/g creatinine) and increased from 0.33 μg/L (0.29 μg/g creatinine) in non-smokers to 0.46 μg/L (0.37 μg/g creatinine) in smokers. Finally, as part of the study of the relationship between the metal levels and the glomerular filtration rate, our study showed that taking into account the multiple exposure to the other potentially nephrotoxic metals and metalloids upset considerably the previous associations specifically reported with lead and cadmium, in the context of low levels exposure in the general population
Subrahmaniam, Jaishree. "Identification des bases génétiques de la coopération plante-plante chez la plante modèle Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30043.
Texto completoDespite the importance of plant-plant interactions in the functioning of both natural ecosystems and agro-ecosystems, studies on plant-plant interactions still have two major gaps to be addressed, that is (i) the genetics of natural variation of plant-plant interactions and (ii) the relative importance of positive interactions within plant species. After writing two reviews on the state-of- the-art related to these gaps, I decided to understand the adaptive genetic bases of intraspecific positive plant-plant interactions in Arabidopsis thaliana at two geographical scales. To do so, I adopted an interdisciplinary approach between quantitative genetics, ecology and genome-wide association mapping. Firstly, based on a field experiment designed to study natural variation of genotype-by-genotype interactions among 52 whole-genome sequenced natural populations from the Midi-Pyrénées region, I identified two different strategies of positive interactions, i.e. kin cooperation and overyielding. Natural variation of positive interactions among these populations were mainly associated with biotic ecological factors varying at a fine spatial scale, such as presence of commensal bacteria or Shannon index of plant communities in the native habitats. Importantly, QTLs associated with variation of positive interactions were significantly enriched in genomic signatures of local adaptation. Secondly, based on a greenhouse experiment using 195 whole-genome sequenced accessions collected in a local French population located in a highly diverse and competitive environment, we revealed the existence of certain genotypic combinations that were benefitting reciprocally to each other’s presence, resulting in a ‘super overyielding’ strategy. Importantly, genetic dissimilarity at the QTLs associated with this strategy was detected for such pairs, supporting the ‘compatibility genes’ hypothesis as underlying this ‘super overyielding’ strategy. Finally, at both geographical scales, we detected a predominance of metabolism related gene functions underlying natural variation of positive interactions, which might be explained by their putative roles in (i) recruitment of similar microbiota by kin to explain kin cooperation, and (ii) potential complementary metabolite cross-feeding to explain overyielding. The next step is undoubtedly cloning of the candidate genes to identify causal associations, thereby allowing to start getting a glimpse on the genetic and molecular landscape associated with positive interactions in A. thaliana
Beauchet, Sandra. "Evaluation multicritère d'itinéraires techniques viticoles associant l'évaluation environnementale par Analyse du Cycle de Vie avec l'évaluation de la qualité du raisin. : Contribution au choix des pratiques pour une amélioration des itinéraires techniques viticoles". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016ANGE0078.
Texto completoGrape production from PDO wines (Protected Designation of Origin) is subjected to tender specifications, imposing requirements in terms of performance, as well as practices and products quality. In addition to these requirements, the winemaker must now make its viticultural technical management routes evolve, to improve its environmental performances. But, defining actions guidelines for the improvement of viticultural practices based on environmental assessments and grape qualityis very complex, since each one of these assessments provide a significant number of indicators. The aim of the thesis is to construct an evaluation method that takes into consideration both evaluating the environmental performance of viticultural technical management routes with grape quality and assisting the winemaker and advisor to identify practices to ensure the best compromise between "environmental performance" and " product quality". This method allows to analyze a technical management route as well as to compare it to others. This method was developed and tested on five technical management routes with differentiated practices, on the Chenin Blanc grape variety in the middle Loire Valley, for two years with contrasted climates.The study helped (i) analyzing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) results specifically for viticulture, (ii) showing the importance of interannual variability in the results of environmental assessment by LCA. The work also led to the development of a model to explain the grapes quality linked with viticultural practices, and soil and climate factors, to study the potential impact of a practice change, on the grape quality evaluation. The CONTRA-QUALENVIC multi-criteria method construction for viticulture is the main outcome of this study, and includes (i) the construction of decision rules and mathematical functions to meet them, and (ii) experts’ meetings to characterize the criteria to aggregate and weight. The CONTRA-QUALENVIC method has been tested by comparing it to other methods.To conclude, the CONTRA-QUALENVIC method is an effective method for decision support as part of a continuous improvement of viticultural practices towards a better respect of the environment, while maintaining the grape quality