Tesis sobre el tema "Variant à risque"
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Mauduit, Vincent. "Intégration de données génomiques et de compatibilités donneur-receveur pour améliorer la compréhension des mécanismes de perte de l’allogreffe rénale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Nantes Université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NANU1022.
Texto completoChronic kidney disease is a complex multifactorial pathology leading to end-stage renal disease (ESRD), which is characterized by an inability of the kidneys to filter blood. Kidney transplant is currently the best treatment of ESRD both in terms of quality of life and patient survival. Despite satisfying short term survival rates (above 90% in France), mid and long-term survival are not optimal (around 60% at 5 years in France). Even if donor-recipient HLA compatibility was shown to have adverse effects on survival, kidney graft loss underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. This work aims at identifying variants outside of the HLA region associated with kidney graft loss and rejection. It relies on the analysis of genetic data of patients exclusively transplanted in Nantes (n=x). Combining donor and recipient genomes enabled the discovery a new donor-recipient genetic mismatch upstream the TOM1L1 gene associated with kidney graft loss. This signal was replicated in three independent cohorts. Thanks to an unprecedented phenotypic granularity in kidney transplant genetics literature, we described the first genetic profile of isolated microvascular inflammation (iMVI), a poorly defined phenotype, and highlighted a different genetic background from humoral rejection. We also showed that iMVI confers a higher risk of kidney graft loss and reported several genes associated with iMVI, hence contributing to better characterize this outcome
Blancard, Malorie. "Identification de nouveaux variants responsables d'arythmies cardiaques avec risque de mort subite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2018SORUS406.pdf.
Texto completoCardiac sudden death is due to ventricular tachycardia (VT) degenerating into ventricular fibrillation and asystole. Life-threatening arrhythmias are mostly associated with structural heart abnormalities or ischemia. In contrast, there are patients with no ECG abnormalities at basal level, such as catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) or short-coupled torsades de pointes (scTdP). The first aim of my thesis was to study the genetic origin of scTdP through exome sequencing of 20 patients. This study allowed us to show the genetic heterogeneity of this pathology, but also to identify a large proportion of variants involved in the cardiac calcium regulation. Among all identified variants, we analyzed a CACNA1C loss-of-function variant inducing a reduction in current density of the L-type calcium current and an increase of its voltage-dependent inactivation. This variant, present in 0.8% of the African population, is a new risk factor for ventricular arrhythmias. Functional studies were focused on 3 RYR2 variants leading to channel hyperactivity in patients with TdPcc and the identification of a loss-of-function variant present, for the first time, at the homozygous and the heterozygous states in two families with CPVT. This last variant lead to a blunted response to adrenergic stimulation. This work provided a better understanding of the genetics of scTdP and allowed us to show the involvement in scTdP of two genes already implicated in ventricular arrhythmias, CACNA1C and RYR2. The present studies confirm that RYR2 variants are responsible for several phenotypes associated with cardiac arrhythmias leading to sudden death
Tarazi, Amine. "Risque bancaire, déréglementation financière et réglementation prudentielle : une analyse en termes d'espérance-variance". Limoges, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LIMO0423.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is the analysis of bank risk in the regulatory environment fo the 80's. The two parameter portfolio model (mean-variance) is applied to the banking firm and prudential rules are introduced as well. It is shown on the theoretical as well as empirical level that prudential rules are not sufficient to contain the risk of failure of banks. It is suggested that close monitoring of banks by the authorities may be a necessity as long as imperfect information and moral hazard problems are not solved
Hamdi, Yosr. "Evaluation of the association between common genetic variants and breast cancer risk". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28384.
Texto completoBreast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. A set of environmental and genetic factors are involved in this complex disease. This project focused on the genetic components of breast cancer susceptibility and breast cancer risk modification in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Currently, about half of the inherited susceptibility to breast cancer can be imputed to a combination of high-, intermediate-, and low-risk alleles. Thus, many as yet unknown susceptibility loci remain to be identified. Moreover, recent studies have provided evidence for the involvement of genetic risk factors that might considerably modify the risk of developing breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. Furthermore, genome-wide association studies have shown that several genetic variants within non-coding gene regions are associated with breast cancer risk. In this project, we focused on regulatory gene variants and their association with breast cancer risk. The project was divided in two parts. In the first section, we evaluated the direct association between single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with differential allelic expression and breast cancer risk in order to identify new loci of breast cancer susceptibility. In the second part, we evaluated the functional impact on gene expression of variants identified within the promoter regions of selected candidate genes and then, characterize the functional impact of these variants. In summary, the first part of this project has led to the identification of a new low-penetrance locus associated with breast cancer risk on the 4q21 locus (rs11099601; odds ratio=1.05, p= 6.4 x 10-6), and two new modifiers of breast cancer risk in BRCA1 mutations carriers (11q22.3 locus and the wild type allele of BRCA1). The second part of the project allowed us to describe new functional variants within the promoters of the selected breast cancer gene candidates. Other association studies in larger cohorts and further functional analysis will be required to confirm these results, which will allow their inclusion in breast cancer risk prediction tools and thus ensure a more accurate estimation of breast cancer risk.
Pradat, Yannick. "Retraite et risque financier". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLED022/document.
Texto completoChapter one examines the long run statistical characteristics of financial returns in France and the USA for selected assets. This study clearly shows that the returns’ distributions diverge from the Gaussian strategy as regards longholding periods. Thereafter we analyze the consequences of the non-Gaussian nature of stock returns on default-option retirement plans.Chapter two provides a reasonable explanation to the strong debate on the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The cause of the debate is often attributed to small sample sizes in combination with statistical tests for mean reversion that lackpower. In order to bypass this problem, we use the approach developed by Campbell and Viceira (2005) who have settled a vectorial autoregressive methodology (VAR) to measure the mean reversion of asset returns.The third chapter evaluates the speed of convergence of stock prices. A convenient way to characterize the speed of mean reversion is the half-life. Comparing the stock indexes of four developed countries (US, UK, France and Japan) during the period 1950-2014, we establish significant mean reversion, with a half-life lying between 4,0 and 5,8 years.The final chapter provides some results from a model built in order to study the linked impacts of demography and economy on the French pension scheme. In order to reveal the risks that are contained in pension fund investment, we use a Trending Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process instead of the typical GBM for modeling stock returns. We find that funded scheme returns, net of management fees, are slightly lower thanthe PAYG internal rate of return
Mouallim, Isam. "Evaluation de la volatilité et de la corrélation dans la gestion du risque de marché". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10007.
Texto completoThis thesis has object to improve the methods for estimating market risk by offering solutions capable to replicate some empirical properties of asset returns. Through an empirical study on real data, we show that the reality of financial markets has some empirical characteristics known and summarized as "stylized facts" that render the conventional market risk measurement unable to reproduce. We propose a Value-at-Risk (VaR) measures, based on modeling portfolio volatility and correlations between assets classes, using two risk measurement approaches: an univariate risk measurement approach and multivariate risk measurement approach, and testing their quality predictive using backtesting procedures. The results obtained show a great ability of different used risk measurement to capture the stylized facts characterizing financial markets, with a clear outperformance of the multivariate VaR measures than the univariate VaR measures
Lezan, Guillaume. "Analyse multivariée de l'hétéroscédasticité : application à la prévision du risque de change dans le système monétaire européen". Toulouse 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU10066.
Texto completoThe object of this work is to deal with the multivariate formulations of conditional heteroskedastic models, through an application to the European monetary system. In a first section we made an empirical evaluation of the fitness of recent models when applicated to ems exchanges rates against French franc: at first we made a survey of the univariate case, then in a second step, by extending to the case of several variables, we made a particular investigation upon dynamic factors models and the different ways to estimate them. The second section permitted the presentation (7th econometric society world congress, Tokyo august 1996) of a working paper "forecasting foreign exchange risk". We introduced a new concept of stochastic volatility of unknown form, which allows particularly giving a possible interpretation of the leptokurtosis for the marginal distribution in terms of stochastic features of conditional variance. Then we considered the problem of conditional mean parameters estimation in the case of a multivariate ar model with s. V. Errors: we presented a class of gmm estimators which are more efficient than ols one ; these estimators were tested using Monte Carlo experiments. In an other hand, formulas for k-ahead forecasting volatility were built up for such multivariate models. All these results were finally applied to the problem of asset allocation
Perchet, Romain. "Construction et gestion d'un portefeuille en budget de risque". Paris, EHESS, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EHES0179.
Texto completoThis thesis, based on articles, propose solutions to investors to build and manage portfolios taking into account the frequency of crisis. The first chapter explains the motivation of these articles. The second chapter proposes a solution to build robust mid-term asset allocation whereas the chapter three and four offer solutions to manage short term risk. For a number of different formulations of robust portfolio optimization, quadratic and absolute, I show that (a) in the limit of low uncertainty in estimated asset mean returns the robust portfolio converges towards the mean-variance portfolio obtained with the same inputs, and (b) in the limit of high uncertainty the robust portfolio converges towards a risk-based portfolio, which is a function of how the uncertainty in estimated asset mean returns is defined. Inter-temporal risk parity is a strategy which rebalances between a risky asset and cash in order to target a constant level of risk over time. When applied to equities and compared to a buy and hold strategy it is known to improve the Sharpe ratio and reduce drawdowns. I used Monte Carlo simulations based on a number of time-series parametric models from the GARCH family in order to analyze the relative importance of a number of effects in explaining those benefits. I also apply these strategies to factor investing, namely value and momentum investing in equities, government bonds and foreign exchange. Value and momentum factors generate a premium which is traditionally captured by dollar-neutral long-short portfolios rebalanced every month to take into account changes in stock, bond or foreign exchange factor exposures and keep leverage constant
Ndiaye, Ndeye Coumba. "Approche méthodologique et expérimentale des études d'associations pangénomiques des facteurs de risque des pathologies cardiovasculaires". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NAN10134/document.
Texto completoComplex synergies of multiple risk factors are at the origin of cardiovascular pathologies. Their genetic etiology has been extensively investigated but many questions remain on the identification of functional variants explaining the large genetic heritability of cardiovascular risk factors and gene-gene-environment interactions hiding or modulating genetics underpinning cardiovascular physiopathology.Herein we describe our study of the genetics of cardiovascular risk factors: lipids, blood pressure, haptoglobin and vascular endothelial growth factor.We performed Genome-Wide Scan Association Studies (GWAS) on a subsample of 631 unrelated children selected in the STANISLAS cohort and replicated our results in 9,000 children from four pediatric cohorts and 13,300 adults from three different cohorts.We demonstrated that genetic associations highlighted in adults were observable in childhood and addressed the tools missing in bioinformatics, biostatistics and methodologies used in GWAS approaches, notably concerning trasncriptomic validations.In summary, during our thesis, we followed an epidemiologic approach and proposed integrated designs in order to upgrade the investigations on genetic epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases
Reutenauer, Victor. "Algorithmes stochastiques pour la gestion du risque et l'indexation de bases de données de média". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AZUR4018/document.
Texto completoThis thesis proposes different problems of stochastic control and optimization that can be solved only thanks approximation. On one hand, we develop methodology aiming to reduce or suppress approximations to obtain more accurate solutions or something exact ones. On another hand we develop new approximation methodology in order to solve quicker larger scale problems. We study numerical methodology to simulated differential equations and enhancement of computation of expectations. We develop quantization methodology to build control variate and gradient stochastic methods to solve stochastic control problems. We are also interested in clustering methods linked to quantization, and principal composant analysis or compression of data thanks neural networks. We study problems motivated by mathematical finance, like stochastic control for the hedging of derivatives in incomplete market but also to manage huge databases of media commonly known as big Data in chapter 5. Theoretically we propose some upper bound for convergence of the numerical method used. This is the case of optimal hedging in incomplete market in chapter 3 but also an extension of Beskos-Roberts methods of exact simulation of stochastic differential equations in chapter 4. We present an original application of karhunen-Loève decomposition for a control variate of computation of expectation in chapter 2
Papy, Carine Coste-Burel Marianne. "Séquençage des oncogènes E6 et E7 d'HPV de type 16. Epidémiologie des variants et risque de progression des lésions génitales vers des lésions génitales cancéreuses". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2003. http://theses.univ-nantes.fr/thesemed/PHpapy.pdf.
Texto completoMostoufi, Mina. "Eléments de théorie du risque en finance et assurance". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010044/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the risk theory in Finance and Insurance. Application of the Comonotonicity concept, the strongest risk dependence, is described for identifying the Pareto optima and Individually Rational Pareto optima allocations, option pricing and quantification of risk. Furthermore it is shown that the left monotone risk aversion, a meaningful refinement of strong risk aversion, characterizes Yaari’s decision makers for whom deductible insurance is optimal. The concept of Comonotonicity is introduced and discussed in Chapter 1. In case of multiple risks, the idea that a natural way for insurance companies to optimally share risks is risk by risk Pareto-optimality is adopted. Moreover, the Pareto optimal and individually Pareto optimal allocations are characterized. The Chapter 2 investigates the application of the Comonotonicity concept in option pricing and quantification of risk. A novel control variate Monte Carlo method is introduced and its application is explained for basket options, Asian options and TVaR. Finally in Chapter 3 the strong risk aversion is refined by introducing the left-monotone risk aversion which characterizes the optimality of deductible insurance within the Yaari’s model. More importantly, it is shown that the computation of the deductible is tractable
Joly, Beauparlant Charles. "Analyse des variants de séquence et d'épissage du gène FANCC chez les familles canadiennes-françaises à risque élevé pour le cancer du sein et/ou de l'ovaire". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27736/27736.pdf.
Texto completoFichet, Guillaume. "Evaluation du risque lié à la résistance des prions et développement de techniques adaptées à leur élimination et /ou : inactivation". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066137.
Texto completoLeveziel, Nicolas. "Génétique de la dégénérescence maculaire liée à l'âge variants majeurs de prédisposition à la forme exsudative". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066183.
Texto completoJaffré, Nina. "Découverte d'une nouvelle maladie neurologique au cours de l'étude du risque transfusionnel de la variante de la maladie de Creutzfeldt-Jakob dans le modèle expérimental du macaque cynomolgus (Macaca fascicularis)". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077046.
Texto completoThe variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a prion disease caused by the transmission to humans o Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE). Prion diseases imply the conversion of cellular prion protein (PrP) into a misfolded pathological isoform and its accumulation in the central nervous system (CNS). Among the 229 human cases of vCJD described, 3 were probably caused by secondary transmission through blood transfusion, raising concem about possible contamination through blood products from asymptomatic carriers. In order to evaluate this transfusional risk, we performed several exposures of cynon3olgus macaques to vCJD or BSE-infected blood components. Among them some developed classical vCJD, while many others exhibited an original neurological disease with spinal cord rather than cerebral lesions and apparent absence in the CNS of pathological PrP, major diagnostic marker of classical prion diseases. The goal of this thesis relies on the clinical, anatomopathological and biochemical characterization of these myelopathic cases exposed to prion-infected blood components in order to identify, if any, a similar disease in humans. The observation of a decrease in full-length cellular PrP in the spinal cord of these macaques implies the involvement of PrP in the pathogenesis of this disease. A complementary study in a murine transfusion model reproduces the previous observations and should help to better understand which blood components sustain the infectivity and how these blood components interact. In parallel the evaluation of the efficiency of a prion removal device to remove blood infectivity showed interesting results in cynomolgus macaques
Gazagnadou, Nidham. "Expected smoothness for stochastic variance-reduced methods and sketch-and-project methods for structured linear systems". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021IPPAT035.
Texto completoThe considerable increase in the number of data and features complicates the learning phase requiring the minimization of a loss function. Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and variance reduction variants (SAGA, SVRG, MISO) are widely used to solve this problem. In practice, these methods are accelerated by computing these stochastic gradients on a "mini-batch": a small group of samples randomly drawn.Indeed, recent technological improvements allowing the parallelization of these calculations have generalized the use of mini-batches.In this thesis, we are interested in the study of variants of stochastic gradient algorithms with reduced variance by trying to find the optimal hyperparameters: step and mini-batch size. Our study allows us to give convergence results interpolating between stochastic methods drawing a single sample per iteration and the so-called "full-batch" gradient descent using all samples at each iteration. Our analysis is based on the expected smoothness constant which allows to capture the regularity of the random function whose gradient is calculated.We study another class of optimization algorithms: the "sketch-and-project" methods. These methods can also be applied as soon as the learning problem boils down to solving a linear system. This is the case of ridge regression. We analyze here variants of this method that use different strategies of momentum and acceleration. These methods also depend on the sketching strategy used to compress the information of the system to be solved at each iteration. Finally, we show that these methods can also be extended to numerical analysis problems. Indeed, the extension of sketch-and-project methods to Alternating-Direction Implicit (ADI) methods allows to apply them to large-scale problems, when the so-called "direct" solvers are too slow
Drut, Bastien. "Investissement socialement responsable et sélection de portefeuille". Thesis, Paris 10, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA100131/document.
Texto completoThis thesis aims at determining the theoretical and empirical consequences of the consideration of socially responsible indicators in the traditional portfolio selection. The first chapter studies the significance of the mean-variance efficiency loss of a sovereign bond portfolio when introducing a constraint on the average socially responsible ratings of the governments. By using a sample of developed sovereign bonds on the period 1995-2008, we show that it is possible to increase sensibly the average socially responsible rating without significantly losing in terms of diversification. The second chapter proposes a theoretical analysis of the impact on the efficient frontier of a constraint on the socially responsible ratings of the portfolio. We highlight that different cases may arise depending on the correlation between the expected returns and the socially responsible ratings and on the investor’s risk aversion. Lastly, as the issue of the efficiency of socially responsible portfolios is a central point in the financial literature, the last chapter proposes a new mean-variance efficiency test in the realistic case where there is no available risk-free asset
Ferland, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des variants de séquence du gène encodant la 17béta-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase de type 5 chez les femmes canadiennes-françaises atteintes d'un cancer du sein et provenant de familles à risque élevé". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26015/26015.pdf.
Texto completoFerland, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des variants de séquence du gène encodant la 17β-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase de type 5 ches les femmes canadiennes-françaises atteintes d'un cancer du sein et provenant de familles à risque élevé". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20515.
Texto completoVerdier, Céline. "De la souris à l'homme : de l'endocytose des lipoprotéines HDL via la voie de la F1ATPase-P2Y13 aux variants géniques impactant le métabolisme du HDL et leur association au risque cardio-vasculaire". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/3074/.
Texto completoThe atheroprotective properties of HDL particles are mostly attributed to their role in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a process whereby excess cell cholesterol is taken up from the arterial wall and processed into HDL for further uptake and catabolism by the liver. We previously described a new pathway for HDL uptake by hepatocytes: apolipoprotein A-I binding to an ecto-F1-ATPase generates extracellular ADP, which specifically activates the P2Y13 receptor and finally triggers HDL holoparticle uptake (protein and lipid moieties). In the present work, hepatic expression of genes involved in cholesterol metabolism was analysed in mice, following inactivation or stimulation of P2Y13. Inactivation of P2Y13 was obtained by gene deletion (knock-out) and stimulation of P2Y13 was achieved by using cangrelor, a partial agonist of P2Y13. The importance of P2Y13 receptor in RCT was confirmed since we observed in these conditions that different hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism were modulated. In parallel, the case-control study GENES on coronary stable patients allowed us to link a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP rs1500588) of hepatic lipase to coronary heart disease in normotriglyceridemic patients. Furthermore, rs3732757 (synonymous mutation, I80i) located in the P2RY13 gene was found associated to a cardioprotective phenotype. Altogether these results confirm the potential physiological relevance of the P2Y13 pathway in HDL metabolism in human
Genin, Adrien. "Asymptotic approaches in financial risk management". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC120/document.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on three problems from the area of financial risk management, using various asymptotic approaches. The first part presents an importance sampling algorithm for Monte Carlo pricing of exotic options in exponential Lévy models. The optimal importance sampling measure is computed using techniques from the theory of large deviations. The second part uses the Laplace method to study the tail behavior of the sum of n dependent positive random variables, following a log-normal mixture distribution, with applications to portfolio risk management. Finally, the last part employs the notion of multivariate regular variation to analyze the tail behavior of a random vector with heavy-tailed components, whose dependence structure is modeled by a Gaussian copula. As application, we consider the tail behavior of a portfolio of options in the Black-Scholes model
Vedie, Benoît. "Influence de polymorphismes des apolipoproteines sur le risque cardio-vasculaire : recherche de nouveaux variants genetiques de la sterol regulatory element binding protein 1a predictifs de l'atherosclerose (doctorat : structure et fonctionnement des systemes biologiques integres)". Paris 11, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA114843.
Texto completoHamisultane, Hélène. "Evaluation des dérivés climatiques sur degrés-jours". Phd thesis, Université de Nanterre - Paris X, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00283848.
Texto completoBourgey, Florian. "Stochastic approximations for financial risk computations". Thesis, Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IPPAX052.
Texto completoIn this thesis, we investigate several stochastic approximation methods for both the computation of financial risk measures and the pricing of derivatives.As closed-form expressions are scarcely available for such quantities, %and because they have to be evaluated daily, the need for fast, efficient, and reliable analytic approximation formulas is of primal importance to financial institutions.We aim at giving a broad overview of such approximation methods and we focus on three distinct approaches.In the first part, we study some Multilevel Monte Carlo approximation methods and apply them for two practical problems: the estimation of quantities involving nested expectations (such as the initial margin) along with the discretization of integrals arising in rough forward variance models for the pricing of VIX derivatives.For both cases, we analyze the properties of the corresponding asymptotically-optimal multilevel estimatorsand numerically demonstrate the superiority of multilevel methods compare to a standard Monte Carlo.In the second part, motivated by the numerous examples arising in credit risk modeling, we propose a general framework for meta-modeling large sums of weighted Bernoullirandom variables which are conditional independent of a common factor X.Our generic approach is based on a Polynomial Chaos Expansion on the common factor together withsome Gaussian approximation. L2 error estimates are given when the factor X is associated withclassical orthogonal polynomials.Finally, in the last part of this dissertation, we deal withsmall-time asymptotics and provide asymptoticexpansions for both American implied volatility and American option prices in local volatility models.We also investigate aweak approximations for the VIX index inrough forward variance models expressed in termsof lognormal proxiesand derive expansions results for VIX derivatives with explicit coefficients
Fabien, Bernard. "IDADIGE : Procédé de traitement des images de gels d'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle différentielle dans le contexte de la recherche de marqueurs protéiques". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00799838.
Texto completoBernard, Fabien. "IDADIGE : Procédé de traitement des images de gels d'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle différentielle dans le contexte de la recherche de marqueurs protéiques". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Saint-Etienne, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00509768.
Texto completoCampi, Luciano. "Marchés financiers avec une infinité d'actifs, couverture quadratique et délits d'initiés". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004331.
Texto completoMatias, Catherine. "Estimation dans des modèles à variables cachées". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008383.
Texto completoCodina-Fauteux, Valérie-Anne. "Investigation des variants génétiques dans la dysfonction endothéliale et le risque de maladies cardiovasculaires". Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/22272.
Texto completoErmilov, Andrey. "Moyenne conditionnelle tronquée pour un portefeuille de risques corrélés". Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17785.
Texto completoPruneau, Laurie. "Facteurs de risque pour les maladies inflammatoires de l’intestin : caractérisation de l’impact de variants rares d’IFIH1 sur la réponse épithéliale antivirale". Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24504.
Texto completoInflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD), including Cronh’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastro-intestinal tract. IBD is associated with a disturbance of the immune response to the microorganisms of the intestinal lumen. Sequencing studies conducted by the laboratory of Dr. John Rioux, in collaboration with his colleagues of the International IBD Genetics Consortium, identified four rare and independent variants in IFIH1, associated to IBD. The protein of IFIH1 (MDA5) interacts with certain RNA viruses to trigger the innate mechanism of antiviral defense. Our hypothesis was that these IFIH1 variants decreased the intestinal epithelial antiviral response, following an infection. We first worked with lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) obtained from IBD patients who are homozygotes or compound heterozygotes for the different variants, as well as from control individuals (IFIH1 wt). These LCLs were reprogrammed into human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (hiPSCs), before being differentiated into intestinal epithelial cultures. Our results first confirmed the impact the variants on the genetic and protein structure for these models. Then, the antiviral response was triggered by the stimulation of LCLs and intestinal epithelial cells, with agents (molecular and viral) known to stimulate MDA5. We have demonstrated that these IFIH1 variants did indeed induce a lower antiviral response, characterized by lower IFNs expression, compared to control cell lines. Finally, modulation of IFNs could be an interesting avenue for the treatment of IBD patients with the causal variants.
Antoine, Bertille. "Gérer le risque d'échantillonnage en économétrie financière : modélisation et contrôle". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1963.
Texto completoNoumon, Codjo Nérée Gildas Maxime. "Choix de portefeuille de grande taille et mesures de risque pour preneurs de décision pessimistes". Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10560.
Texto completoThis thesis consists of three chapters on the topics of portfolio choice in a high-dimensional context, and risk measurement. The first chapter addresses the estimation error issue that arises when constructing large portfolios in the mean-variance framework. The second chapter investigates the relevance of currency risk for optimal domestic portfolios, evaluates their ability of to diversify away currency risk, and study the links between portfolio weights stability and currency risk. Finally, under the assumption that decision makers are pessimistic, the third chapter derives the risk premium, propose a measure of the degree of pessimism, and provide a statistical framework for their estimation. The first chapter improves the performance of the optimal portfolio weig-hts obtained under the mean-variance framework of Markowitz (1952). Indeed, these weights give unsatisfactory results, when the mean and variance are replaced by their sample counterparts (plug-in rules). This problem is amplified when the number of assets is large and the sample covariance is singular or nearly singular. The chapter investigates four regularization techniques to stabilizing the inverse of the covariance matrix: the ridge, spectral cut-off, Landweber-Fridman, and LARS Lasso. These four methods involve a tuning parameter that needs to be selected. The main contribution is to derive a data-based method for selecting the tuning parameter in an optimal way, i.e. in order to minimize the expected loss in utility of a mean-variance investor. The cross-validation type criterion derived is found to take a similar form for the four regularization methods. The resulting regularized rules are compared to the sample-based mean-variance portfolio and the naive 1/N strategy in terms of in-sample and out-of-sample Sharpe ratio and expected loss in utility. The main finding is that regularization to covariance matrix significantly improves the performance of the mean-variance problem and outperforms the naive portfolio, especially in ill-posed cases, as suggested by our simulations and empirical studies. In the second chapter, we investigate the extent to which optimal and stable portfolios of domestic assets can reduce or eliminate currency risk. This is done using monthly returns on 48 U.S. industries, from 1976 to 2008. To tackle the instabilities inherent to large portfolios, we use the spectral cut-off regularization described in Chapter 1. This gives rise to a family of stable global minimum portfolios that allows investors to select different percentages of principal components for portfolio construction. Our empirical tests are based on a conditional International Asset Pricing Model (IAPM), augmented with the size and book-to-market factors of Fama and French (1993). Using two trade-weighted currency indices of industrialized countries currencies and emerging markets currencies, we find that currency risk is priced and time-varying for global minimum portfolios. These strategies also lead to a significant reduction in the exposure to currency risk, while keeping the average premium contribution to total premium approximately the same. The global minimum weights considered are an alternative to market capitalization weights used in the U.S. market index. Therefore, our findings complement the well established results that currency risk is significantly priced and economically meaningful at the industry and country level in most countries. Finally, the third chapter derives a measure of the risk premium for rank-dependent preferences and proposes a measure of the degree of pessimism, given a distortion function. The introduced measures generalize the common risk measures derived in the expected utility theory framework, which is frequently violated in both experimental and real-life situations. These measures are derived in the neighborhood of a given random loss variable, using the notion of local utility function. A particular interest is devoted to the CVaR, which is now widely used for asset allocation and has been advocated to complement the Value-at-risk (VaR) proposed since 1996 by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. We provide the statistical framework needed to conduct inference on the derived measures. Finally, the proposed estimators
Tellier, Jennyfer. "L’usage de la force en contexte de crise : les interventions policières varient-elles selon le type de menace rencontré?" Thèse, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/11039.
Texto completoThis thesis argues that police intervention in a crisis context focuses specifically on the use of force by specialized intervention teams. The interest in this study pinpoints mainly the lack of empirical data on the subject. Therefore, the main objective is to understand how to explain the use of force by specialized intervention teams and to verify if these factors vary according to the type of threat police encounter in a particular situation. We studied 438 suicidal crises, barricade and hostage-taking situations that occurred in Quebec from 1990 to 2011, supervised by the Sûreté du Québec’s tactical intervention group (GTI). To begin with, for a better understanding of this issue, we will compare individuals according to the level of risk each one represents, i.e. those presenting a threat only to themselves, those presenting a danger to others and those who pose a threat to themselves and others. Secondly, despite the fact that almost 90 % of critical incidents end in a non-violent conclusion, it is interesting to understand the risk factors involved that explain the use of force by the police and to realize that these factors vary according to the level of risk exhibited by the individual in crisis. Descriptive analyses were used to demonstrate that the situation where the individual in crisis was a threat only to himself differed from other instances based on different variables. Overall, the general level of risk for this type of intervention is less significant since the danger appears to be directed specifically to the individual in crisis, taking into consideration that negotiation has been successful, also, considering the subject has limited or no access to firearms, and considering weapons are not frequently used. Bivariate analysis relating the different characteristics of the individual, the situation and negotiation with the use of force by the police, suggest that certain variables can have different effects depending on the type of threat facing authorities. For example, a history of psychiatric issues would increase the risk of police intervention among those who pose a non-aggressive threat to himself, but would decrease the probability of police intervention for those individuals who present a double threat, i.e. to themselves and others. Consequently, bivariate analyses suggest that certain variables, such as the possession of a weapon by an individual, the degree of intoxication, the presence of known psychiatric issues, the duration of the first contact with the police and the quality of the negotiation, could influence the use of force by police officers. Logistic regression analyses indicate that few of these variables resist multivariate analyses. These findings suggest that police intervene more so when there is no contact established with the individual, and this, regardless of the type of threat manifested. On the contrary, a non-satisfactory negotiation would encourage police to use force in cases where the individual presents no threat to himself. In sum, these multivariate analyses show that the police are less influenced by the type of threat, rather preferring negotiation as long as possible.
Ferland, Alexandra. "Caractérisation des variants de séquence du gène encodant la 17[beta]-hydroxystéroïde déshydrogénase de type 5 ches les femmes canadiennes-françaises atteintes d'un cancer du sein et provenant de familles à risque élevé /". 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26015/26015.pdf.
Texto completoTaamouti, Abderrahim. "Problèmes d'économétrie en macroéconomie et en finance : mesures de causalité, asymétrie de la volatilité et risque financier". Thèse, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/1507.
Texto completoTremblay, Pierre-Alexandre. "Stochastic mesh approximations for dynamic hedging with costs". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20499.
Texto completoThis thesis focuses on computing the optimal solution to a derivative hedging problem in discrete time. The problem is to minimize a risk measure, defined as the expectation of a convex function of the terminal profit and loss of the portfolio, taking transaction costs into account. In the presence of costs, it is sometimes optimal not to trade, so the solutions are characterized in terms of trading boundaries. In general, the optimal policies and the associated risk functions are not known explicitly, but a well-known strategy is to approximate the solutions recursively using dynamic programming. Our central innovation is in applying the stochastic mesh method, which was originally applied to option pricing. It allows exibility for the price dynamics, which could be driven by a multi-dimensional stochastic process. It also yields both low and high biased estimators of the optimal risk, thus providing a measure of closeness to the actual optimum. We look at various ways to improve the computational efficiency. Using the control variate technique reduces the noise that comes from using derivative prices estimated on the stochastic mesh. Two additional techniques turn out to provide complementary computation time reductions : using a single grid for the mesh states and using a so-called Russian roulette procedure. In the last part of the thesis, we showcase an application to the particular case of the negative exponential risk function and a stochastic volatility model (the exponential Ornstein-Uhlenbeck model). We study the behavior of the solutions under various configurations of the model parameters and compare the performance of the mesh-based policies with that of well-known heuristics.