Tesis sobre el tema "Variabilité spatiale des sols"
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Lange, Sébastien. "Variabilité spatiale du mouvement de gaz dans le sol". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26063/26063.pdf.
Texto completoHaudin, Claire-Sophie. "Conséquences de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de l’anoxie sur le devenir du sélénium dans le sol". Avignon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AVIG0258.
Texto completoSelenium is an essential micronutrient that is potentially toxic at concentrations close to the normal range found in soils and sediments. Furthermore one of its isotopes is an important component of long-lived radioactive waste for which long term geological storage is planned. Few data exist on the dynamics of selenium in soil and its impact on microbial activity at levels usually considered to be non toxic. The dynamics of selenium are strongly sensitive to aeration, microbial activity and redox conditions which may be very heterogeneous in structured soil. This heterogeneity, present at various scales (in a vertical soil profile, in the rhizosphere, near decomposing organic matter and at the centre of soil aggregates), could have important consequences on the prediction of the fate of selenium based on average measurements of soil properties. This investigation was carried out at two levels; controlled studies of aggregated moist soil incubated under aerobic or strictly anaerobic conditions and in columns packed with soil aggregates with a vertical moisture gradient, imposing varying aeration conditions. Respiratory activity was monitored and changes in microbial populations, microbial activity and selenium chemical fractionation in soil were measured. Selenium addition modified microbial activity, particularly under anaerobic conditions, reflecting probable changes in microbial populations. Net losses from soil by selenium volatilization varied considerably between soils and for one soil increased with increasing level of selenium. Volatilization losses were much larger from the compacted columns than from the looser packed soils. Solute flux but also poorly identified processes contributed to the observed vertical mobility of selenium in soil columns. Selenium was strongly immobilized in anaerobic soils, both in the water-saturated zone of the columns and in the anaerobic incubations. There was a less marked tendency for selenium to become less easily extractable in soils incubated under aerated conditions. In soil columns, there was not a simple relation between the volumic fraction of anoxic soil and changes in selenium fractionation
Vincent, Gaëlle. "Etude de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la respiration de sols forestiers hydromorphes à ennoyage temporaire". Besançon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BESA2088.
Texto completoSoil respiration (Rs) is a major flux in the carbon cycle. The aim of this work was to describe spatial and temporal variations of soil respiration in poorly drained forest soils, with contrasted depth and duration of soil saturation. Different methods of Rs measurements were tested in order to validate our values and to develop comparisons of flux between sites. We had measured soil respiration, soil temperature and soil water and different soil and plants parameters. Rs is showing a high spatial variability and a high interaction between spatial and temporal variability. Ln July, 2003, soil respiration was significantly related to soil pH values, microbial biomass and delta-pH. The measurements results allowed to parameter an empirical model of Rs (exponential equation of soil temperature and log-normal equation of soil water content). Two parameters were adjusted : optimal soil water content (W so), i. E. The value of soil water content which gives the higher soil respiration, and soil respiration at 10°C and optimal soil water content (Rs10). Wso is correlated to bulk density and to the weight of litter on the soil in summer. Rs10 is a good estimating factor of annual soil respiration. It is correlated to an indicator of microbial activities and to basal area. This relation gives especially good perspectives in order to spatialize soil respiration at the forest scale. AlI these results are showing high interactions between spatial and temporal variability. However, seasonal variations may be explained by soil temperature and soil water content. Spatial variations at the forest stand scale may be related to soil and vegetation parameters
Wakim, Lara Maria. "Caractérisation environnementale des sols : de nouvelles pistes pour expliquer la variabilité spatiale de la maladie de Crohn ?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSMRE/2023/2023ULILR089.pdf.
Texto completoCrohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory condition with an unknown etiology, and environmental factors are among the potential causes. Among these factors, soil contamination has never been studied, although many soil pollutants have been associated with the disease in epidemiological studies. France has the world's largest Crohn's disease registry, EPIMAD, which covers four departments: Nord, Somme, Pas-de-Calais, and Seine-Maritime, where spatial clusters of high- and low-incidence have been identified. These clusters open the door to environmental studies.Therefore, an environmental approach to soil quality has become necessary: do the soils in the clusters differ in terms of quality? Are there variations in pollutant concentrations between high and low-incidence clusters? If so, what are the elements or cocktail of elements involved? The objective of our study is to characterize the soils within these clusters and collect extensive data on potential soil pollutants to compare soil qualities between the clusters.This thesis initially adopted a data reuse approach, characterizing soils on the basis of existing data and refining interpretation using a composite index, the "mean impregnation ratio" (RIM). Given the scarcity of available data, two large-scale soil sampling campaigns were launched in the disease clusters. The first was aimed at screening for the contaminants most frequently found in soils. The second campaign adapted a targeted approach, targeting pollutants showing an association with Crohn's disease in the literature. Thus, 14 molecules belonging to the endocrine disruptors, antibiotics and drugs most commonly used in humans were measured in soils. As the measurement of these molecules within this complex matrix is not yet normalized, an analytical method was developed to detect these pollutants, and sample analyses were carried out in accordance with this established protocol.This approach generated more than 81,000 new data on the soil pollutants sampled. Existing databases were used to characterize the physical landscape of the clusters and identify sources of contamination. They also enabled us to detect a correlation between heavy metals in agricultural soils and the incidence of Crohn's disease. Furthermore, from an ecological point of view, the detection of hormones in forested areas at concentrations higher than those reported in the literature, constitutes a pioneering result of this thesis. To date, based on initial analyses and interpretations, emerging pollutants have shown no significant difference between over- and under-incidence clusters. We recommend more focused studies on pollutants related to agricultural practices and their effects on Crohn's disease, a promising avenue of investigation in our study
Bras, Nicolas. "Consommation de méthane par les sols forestiers : variabilité spatiale des processus physiques et biotiques impliqués à l'échelle du massif forestier". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0019.
Texto completoMethane is the second most important greenhouse gas contributing to global warming. The atmospheric concentration of methane has increased from 0.75 ppmv to 1.85 ppmv in the past 200 years. The main CH4 sinks are dependent on oxidation with hydroxyl radicals in the troposphere and biological oxidation in the soil by CH4-oxidizing bacteria called methanotrophs. Its oxidation by methanotrophic organisms in superficial forest soils is a major but often neglected ecosystem service. The objective of my thesis work was to determine, at the forest scale, the main factors responsible for spatial variations in methane oxidation in forest soils. I was able to show that soil water content seems to be the main factor explaining spatial variations in spring and seasonal variations in CH4 oxidation in the first five centimetres of the soil. Methane oxidation is optimal at low water content and high air filled porosity but can be strongly affected by extreme climatic conditions. In case of severe drought or flooding, whose frequency and intensity are thought to increase in the future with climate change, the methane sink in forest soils could be greatly reduced. Most methane oxidation does not always occur in the top 5 cm of forest soil, and the depth at which methane oxidation rate is the highest varies according to stand type. This vertical distribution of methane oxidation on the soil profile can be explained by the combined effect of a decrease in organic matter content with depth and the depletion of methane available to methanotrophs through oxidation in the upper layers of the soil. Nevertheless, the vertical distribution of methanotroph abundance in the soil did not reflect that of methane oxidation, suggesting that the latter most likely has strong seasonal dynamics
Jolivet, Claudy. "Le carbone organique des sols des Landes de Gascogne : variabilité spatiale et effets des pratiques sylvicoles et agricoles". Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS064.
Texto completoKoufoudi, Eleni. "variabilité spatiale des mouvements sismiques : barrages voûtes". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI036/document.
Texto completoSpatial variability of seismic ground motions (SVGM) denotes the differences between two time histories of the ground motion recorded at different locations, generally at the ground surface. The modeling of SVGM and the understanding of its influence on the dam's response are necessary so as design codes start to incorporate its effects in their provisions. This study presents a measure and a profound investigation of SVGM at the dam-foundation rock interface of an arch dam. In-situ measurements are used to quantify SVGM and numerical simulations to deeper understand the particular physical phenomena that contribute to SVGM at the interface, i.e. local canyon topography and rock-structure interaction. The in-situ data comes from a seismological experimental campaign that has taken place on and around Saint Guérin arch dam over the period of six months. The campaign was held in the framework of the present thesis. The subset of events consists of low to moderate magnitude local and regional earthquakes. Thus, analysis is allowed in the linear range. Firstly, dynamic analysis of the arch dam is conducted; the frequencies of vibration, the damping coefficient and the crest amplification are estimated based on ambient noise and seismic records. Then, SVGM is quantified by means of phase and amplitude variability using coherency estimates and standard deviation of difference of Fourier amplitudes respectively. High variability is observed both in phase and amplitude at the dam-foundation rock interface. Once the estimators of variability are obtained from the data, parametric models are fitted to them. Focus is given on two observations : 1) the ground motions in the free field appear to be slightly less variable with respect to the motions at the dam-foundation rock interface and 2) at the dam-foundation rock interface, there is higher variability around the frequencies of vibration of the dam. These observations suggest that the presence of the structure along with the canyon topography increase SVGM. This increase though seems to be small given that the observations are satisfactory fitted by parametric models based on data coming from flat seismic arrays. Numerical simulations in the SPECFEM3D code, based on the spectral element method are used to deeper investigate the in-situ observations by decoupling the various causes of SVGM and evaluating the impact of each one. A parametric study using a simplified canyon topography attempts to identify the effect of local canyon topography on SVGM while a geometrically accurate model of the Saint Guérin arch dam and its canyon topography gives us a better insight on the dam-foundation rock interaction impact on SVGM. Although both features are found to increase SVGM, their impact remains secondary. The findings of the present research are expected to contribute in enhancing our understanding of SVGM at the dam-foundation rock interface and proposing variability models used in arch dams' design
Sow, Djibril. "Variabilité spatiale de la résistance au cisaillement des discontinuités des fondations rocheuses de barrages". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6707.
Texto completoLe, Bourgeois Olivier. "Caractérisation des propriétés hydrodynamiques des sols et de leur variabilité spatiale par modélisation inverse de leur teneur en eau. Application aux sols des Cévennes". Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS139/document.
Texto completoThis research work aims to characterize soil hydrodynamic properties of the Cévennes area, a low mountain region known to be prone to flash floods. We thus chose to estimate hydraulic conductivity and water retention properties of the Mualem –van Genuchten model and their spatial variability at the hillslope scale and between multiple hillslope profiles. The objectives are also to evaluate the weathered bedrock permeability, and consequently to enhance our understanding of the soil saturation processes.The soil and bedrock hydrodynamic properties were estimated by inverse modelling of soil moisture from a pilot station and a network of 50 stations distributed on 4 granitic hillslope and 2 schist hillslope. The pilot station was instrumented with 3 soil moisture sensors located at 20, 40 and 60 cm deep whereas the hillslope stations were instrumented with 2 soil moisture sensors located variably from 15 to 45 cm deep. Both soil moisture and precipitation were recorded with a 15 min time step for every station. The inverse modelling procedure is based on the multi-objective genetic algorithm NSGA-II. This procedure was used for every station considering a variably deep soil composed by 2 layers surmounting a 100 cm deep third layer representing the weathered bedrock. Fifteen parameters were calibrated for every station, and were estimated from small selected rainfall periods of 1 to 15 days corresponding to the major rainfall events during the monitoring period. Evapotranspiration has been considered as negligible during those events. The analysis of those retention and conductivity properties shows a very important hydraulic conductivity for the studied soils, ranging from 1000 to 2000 mm/h, and their low retention capacity. The soil saturated water content varies from 0.30 to 0.60 cm3.cm-3, which is a consequence of the important soil heterogeneity at the hillslope scale. We also find that heterogeneity on the estimation of soil depth which varies from 31 to 120 cm. For the weathered bedrock layer, we also found contrasted permeability varying from a few units to a hundred of mm/h. Stations with the shallowest soils and the less permeable bedrock presenting a saturation process at the soil/bedrock contact, as monitored and simulated during the most intense rainfalls. If the estimated soil hydrodynamic properties exhibit important variations at the hillslope scale from a station to another, results showed no specific spatial organization of this variability. The station's position on the hillslope is not decisive to estimate saturated soil moisture, soil depth, soil permeability or water retention capacity. The distribution of those properties, calculated for the 6 studied hillslope is not either correlated to the landscape general characteristic: geology, orientation, land cover
Andrieux, Patrick. "Influence de la variabilité spatiale des caractéristiques physiques des sols sur le bilan hydrologique : l'exemple d'un système de sols sur barre prélittorale (Guyane française)". Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20157.
Texto completoMichot, Didier. "Intérêt de la géophysique de subsurface et de la télédétection multispectrale pour la cartographie des sols et le suivi de leur fonctionnement hydrique à l'échelle intraparcellaire". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066223.
Texto completoSavin, Eric. "Influence de la variabilité spatiale en intéraction sismique sol-structure". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1999. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006636.
Texto completoLachérade, Lucas. "Apports de la modélisation de la variabilité spatiale géotechnique appuyée par la géologie dans un projet de creusement de tunnel : application au Grand Paris Express". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0063.
Texto completoThe increasing urbanisation of the world and the densification of urban areas are leading to a multiplication of underground development projects. In this context, knowledge of the urban underground is one of the major current and future challenges. However, this knowledge is often partial and uncertain, leading to major risks during the construction phase. This is the background to this thesis. It contributes to the characterisation and integration of the geotechnical spatial variability of subsoils in the construction of large linear underground structures, with a specific application to the Grand Paris Express West 15 line.êDue to the diversity of the themes interacting with geotechnical spatial variability, a number of challenges arise, prompting the adoption of a multidisciplinary approach to deal with them. Firstly, geotechnical data, particularly from pressuremeter tests, are adapted to model their spatial variability. Quality controls and processing of tests with unachieved net pressure limit values are implemented. This process leads to the development of a geostatistical modeling approach that incorporates both lateral and vertical geotechnical heterogeneities, by identifying homogeneous geotechnical sectors. The spatial variability of the pressuremeter test parameters is then modelled over the entire West 15 line using deterministic geostatistical methods and simulation algorithms. The performance of the two techniques is evaluated and recommendations are provided regarding their application in a tunnelling project.êGeotechnical spatial variability is then transposed to other themes. The linear correlation between the weathering of geological formations and their pressuremeter properties is studied. This leads to the quantification of the degradation of the test values of weathered soils and the integration of weathering as auxiliary information in the modeling of the spatial variability of the net limit pressure. The reliability of the pressuremeter test data is then assessed by developing a scoring system based on the test curves. A classification of the reliability of the pressuremeter modulus, using machine learning algorithms, is proposed. This classification is used to identify unreliable tests, thus making it possible to assess the impact of pressuremeter modulus measurement uncertainty on geostatistical modeling. The last theme addressed concerns the integration of the spatial variability of the pressuremeter modulus in the calculation and analysis of surface settlements induced by tunnel excavation. Highlighting the differences in estimation compared to a conventional approach using a homogeneous modulus of elasticity, it underscores the influence of subsoil heterogeneities on settlement curves
Savin, Eric. "Influence de la variabilité spatiale en interaction sismique sol-structure". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006636.
Texto completoVieublé, Gonod Laure. "Variabilité spatiale de la minéralisation de substrats carbonés (2,4-D, leucine, lysine) dans la matrice solide du sol". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10207.
Texto completoBréchet, Laëtitia. "Contribution à l'étude de la variabilité spatiale des composantes du bilan de carbone d'un sol de forêt tropicale humide (Paracou, Guyane française)". Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10105/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this study was to define the spatial variability of the C balance components of the soil in a tropical rain forest. This work was conducted in French Guiana in the Guyaflux experimental forest and in a close plantation of monospecific plots. Two approaches were used in this investigation. The first one aimed to analyze the effects of the environmental factors (i.e. soil texture, soil moisture or forest structure) on the spatial and interspecific variability in several components in situ. Among these components, the root biomass, the fine roots (Ø < 2 mm) production and the soil respiration (Rsol) measurements underlined a large spatial variability within plot. At this scale, there was a significant empirical relationship between the tree basal area and soil respiration. Interspecific variations in fine root elongation and decomposition rate have been jointly estimated for five and eight tropical tree species, respectively. The second approach classified the factors according to the magnitude of their effects on spatial variability of Rsol. Rsol is derived from both heterotrophic respiration by microorganisms (Rh) that decompose ground surface organic matter and autotrophic respiration by roots (Ra). Datasets from two years experiments of Rsol were used to evaluate the performance of semi-mechanistic model on the Guyaflux site. A soil organic matter model, CENTURY, simulating Rh component was coupled with the McCree model, which simulates the Ra of Rsol. The results of a parametric sensitivity analysis on the different predictions proved that the litter quality (e.g. lignin content) and the soil moisture were the two main factors responsible for the spatial variation of the CO2 flux on the soil. In this study, we showed that the use of simulation models linked to experimental field results is a promising approach to understand the impact of the biotic and abiotic factors on the processes deeply complex in tropical forest
Tadé, Valentina. "Modélisation de la variabilité spatiale et temporelle de la température de surface pour un sol homogène avec relief". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00084669.
Texto completoL'approche 1D développée pour les modèles simplifiés consiste à exprimer la température en un point de la surface du sol avec relief comme une combinaison d'une température "ombre" et d'une température "soleil" du sol équivalent plat horizontal. Les phénomènes prépondérants de la variabilité de la température sont isolés par la réalisation de mesures en extérieur sur une maquette à profil sinusoïdal. Les mesures obtenues permettent de valider le code thermique 3D de référence.
Différents modèles analytiques 1D sont développés et validés par rapport à ce code. L'application de la méthode "ombre/soleil" par passage dans l'espace de Fourier conduit à une bonne concordance entre le modèle et la solution de référence 3D.
Svay, Angkeara. "Modélisation de la Variabilité Spatiale du Champ Sismique pour les Etudes d’Interaction Sol-Structure". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLC016/document.
Texto completoIn seismic soil-structure interaction studies (SSI), the common practice in Civil Engineering is to consider a uniform movement of free field at any point on the ground surface. However, that assumption is not completely realistic since the seismic ground motions can vary spatially due to wave passage effects, dispersions and reflections of wave propagating in the random heterogeneous media "pure incoherence" and site effects. Therefore, in order to increase the security of buildings and equipment, it is important to do an analysis of seismic soil-structure interactions in the most realistic way. This can be achieved by taking into account the spatial variability of seismic ground motions. Several studies in the literature show that taking into account the spatial variability of seismic ground motions in SSI analyses can have remarkable effects on the structural responses. The spatial incoherence of seismic ground motions due to dispersions and reflections of wave "pure incoherence" can generally be modelled in such analysis by a "coherency function" in frequency domain. The principal goal of this Ph.D thesis is to construct a stochastic description of spatial variability of seismic ground motions by means of coherency functions. Accurately, it aims to propose a parametrical coherency model of spatial variability of seismic ground motions. This later should be related to some physical and statistical properties of the soil at the application sites so that it can be applied in any types of sites. Based on theoretical considerations on coherency of seismic wave propagation in random heterogeneous media, on experimental data analyses, and on numerical modelling of seismic wave propagation in random heterogeneous media, a coherency model is validated and proposed for the analyses of soil-structure interactions. The influence of spatial variability of seismic ground motions on the structural responses are also pointed out by using the validated coherency model
Guerrero, Olivier. "Comparaison et couplage de méthodes géophysiques pour l'amélioration des reconnaissances des sols dans les projets géotechniques en milieu périurbain". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0137/document.
Texto completoThe geotechnical study of a building project is a decisive step for the construction of it. The geotechnical engineer must define the mechanical behavior of soils from a limited number of drills. The problem of the geotechnical surveys is, on the one hand that difficult to extend a punctual data in the near space to the drills,and on the other hand to estimate the lateral variability of materials. In this context, this thesis develops an innovative approach by combination of geophysical methods to quantify the spatial variability of geoelectrical structures. In asecond time, against the known limits of the 3D modeling of soil geoelectrical structures, we have developed an innovative process of 3D modeling of the physical properties of soil by geophysical methods combination. These works allow characterizing the parameters who governing the positioning and the number of necessary primary data.Finally, an innovative measuring device of Kinematic Electrical Resistivity Tomography (KERT) has been developed. The validation of the device on three different site has allowed to highlight its ability to detect the soil geoelectrical structures within a linear of hundreds meters. This device is a valuable tool for studying soil geoelectrical structures in the context of high yield geophysical prospection
Izard, Lloyd. "Structuration spatiale et variabilité des écosystèmes mésopélagiques dans l'Océan Indien Sud". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS621.
Texto completoThe Southern Indian Ocean hosts diverse oceanic environments, pelagic communities, and predator populations that have recently led to the establishment of conservation areas and UNESCO World Heritage recognition. However, predator populations in this region have displayed signs of decline, likely attributed to the impacts of climate change and prey dynamics. These prey populations consist predominantly of zooplankton and micronekton, playing a crucial role in marine ecosystems by influencing biogeochemical cycles and the transfer of energy and biomass along the trophic web. Nevertheless, the study of their structuring is intricate due to their deep distribution in the mesopelagic zone (200-1000 m) and their daily vertical migrations, making it one of the least explored areas on a global scale. In this thesis, we employ active acoustics, which provides high spatial and vertical resolution for tracking these organisms, to investigate the structuring of mesopelagic ecosystems in two contrasting oceanic systems. We initially examined their responses in a transition zone between these oceans, within the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands region. Our findings indicate that nycthemeral migrations are the primary factor vertically structuring pelagic organisms, even within a pronounced transition zone. Three spatially coherent regions were identified, sharing common environmental and acoustic features. Observations at 38 kHz (commonly used in hydroacoustics) confirmed increased biological activity in the subtropical zone and a minimum in the subantarctic zone. However, our analyses also reveal a distinct acoustic response based on the acoustic frequency considered, in terms of vertical structuring and integrated biomass. Additionally, the low levels measured in the Southern Ocean appear inconsistent with the high biomasses consumed by the large marine predator populations in this region. These observations highlight an acoustic resonance issue in the study of these organisms. To investigate this phenomenon, our second study focused on the structuring of communities at a regional scale, proposing a two-frequency acoustic landscape classification, both probing depths of up to 1000 m. Four spatially coherent regions were identified based on the combination of vertical structuring at the two considered frequencies. The results of this study reveal a shift in the dominance of acoustic responses between 38 and 18 kHz at the subantarctic front, supporting the hypothesis of a community change at these latitudes and raising questions regarding the use of 38 kHz as a descriptor for mesopelagic communities. Given the complexity of acoustic data (potentially multivariate, with distinct vertical ranges, and four-dimensional), the work presented in this thesis also contributed to the development of functional analysis methods to reconcile the horizontal, vertical, and temporal variability of these ecosystems. As marine ecosystem management requires an understanding of the dynamics of these systems and the structuring of the communities within them, our work has also had implications in marine conservation. At the national level, it contributed to the extension of the Saint-Paul and Amsterdam Islands Nature Reserve, and at the international level, it contributed to the ecoregionalization of the pelagic zone in the subtropical and subantarctic region of the South Indian Ocean
Bolle, Albert. "Approche probabiliste en mécanique des sols, avec prise en compte de la variabilité spatiale /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1988. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=743.
Texto completoMrabet, Zouhaier. "Fiabilité des remblais homogènes compactés". Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPL088N.
Texto completoFuentes-Ruiz, Carlos. "Approche fractale des transferts hydriques dans les sols non-saturés". Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10147.
Texto completoImanzadeh, Saber. "Effets des incertitudes et de la variabilité spatiale des propriétés des sols et des structures sur le dimensionnement des semelles filantes et des conduites enterrées". Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00803563.
Texto completoMoeys, Julien. "Variabilité spatiale et déterminismes agro-pédologiques du devenir d’un herbicide dans l’horizon de surface : application au cas de l'isoproturon dans un secteur agricole de Beauce chartraine". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AGPT0063.
Texto completoAssi, Jean Patrice. "Contribution de la tomographie électrique 3D à la détermination de la variabilité spatiale du sol à l'échelle décimétrique : application au suivi des phénomènes d'infiltrations rapides". Paris 6, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA066064.
Texto completoAboujaoudé, Adel. "Modélisation hydrologique de l'infiltration dans les sols encroûtés à différentes échelles spatiales". Grenoble 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991GRE10050.
Texto completoDarwich, Ghina. "Modélisation du comportement géo-mécanique d’une conduite de transfert et évaluation de sa performance en contexte incertain". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0096.
Texto completoThe main objective of this thesis is to better understand the mechanisms that control the geo-mechanical behavior of a feeder in order to evaluate its performance in uncertain context. It is focused on four main points:The first point is related to the soil-pipe interaction: In the case of buried pipelines, the soil has a decisive influence on the distribution of forces, displacements and consequently stresses and deformations of the pipe. The simplified Winkler model was chosen to represent the soil-pipe interaction in our study. This model, which is appropriate for geotechnical structures, has the advantage of requiring only one parameter (the coefficient of subgrade reaction) to characterize the response of the soil and the structure under loading.The second point concerns numerical modeling: A 1D modeling in the longitudinal direction, which considers the pipe as a beam on elastic springs, is not enough to translate the "real" behavior of this pipe. 2D plane modeling, which considers the pipe only by its cross section, is also insufficient to represent "reality". 3D modeling remains very expensive vis-à-vis the calculation time in a probabilistic context. In our study, buried reinforced concrete pipes (with steel core) carrying drinking water under high pressure, are considered. To account for the effects of internal pressure and complex surface loading, and those of the soil (in both longitudinal and transverse directions), we use a "2.5D modeling". It consists in combining the geo-mechanical response in the cross section, obtained from a 2D model, and that of a simple 1D model, so as to obtain the profile of the settlements and that of the stresses in the section all along the pipe.The third point concerns the various uncertainties and the spatial variability of the soil: The geo-mechanical behavior of the buried pipelines is tainted with random uncertainties - related to the intrinsic variability of the materials properties and their heterogeneity - and epistemic uncertainties - resulting from a partial or total ignorance of the studied mechanism. Longitudinal soil variability is considered through VanMarcke's Random Field Theory.Finally, the fourth point is devoted to the application of the developed approach in the context of asset management of a water network by defining and quantifying criticality indicators allowing, through reliability analysis methods, evaluating the performance of the pipe vis-à-vis previously defined limit states related to inspection, maintenance or renewal
Akroume, Emila. "Élaboration d'un dispositif expérimental de manipulations de matière organique sur le long terme en forêt tempérée et évaluation des impacts à très court terme des exportations sur le sol". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AGPT0069.
Texto completoLogging residues represent a non-exploited supply which could be used for energetic purpose, but they are also a relevant compartment for forest soil fertility and biodiversity. Some studies in tropical and boreal context have highlighted the negative impacts of these practices on the forest ecosystems. The MOS network has been set up to evaluate the effects of organic matters manipulations on temperate forest stands at short and long term.This thesis has two objectives: i) to set up the methodology necessary to characterized the ecosystems’ variability and then, to implement the national experimental design of organic matter manipulation by taking into account this variability and ii) to describe the very short terms impacts of organic matter removal on the forest soil cycling. This second aim is organized into two axes: a first part evaluates the impacts of these sylvicultural practices on the biogeochemical cycles and the diversity of fungal communities. A second study scale, in controlled conditions, deals with the understanding of the trophic interactions between trees, ectomycorrhizal fungi and saprotrophic fungi during the wooddecaying process.The absence of clear trend confirms the persistence in the soil functioning at very short term. This first monitoring permitted to identify some functional indicators. A regular monitoring will strengthen these observations by introducing some biological indicators on fungal communities
Mokeddem, Abdelhammid. "Modélisation géomécanique et probabiliste des rideaux de palplanches : prise en compte de l’interaction sol-structure et de la variabilité spatiale du sol". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0057/document.
Texto completoThe geomechanical behaviour of geotechnical structures such as sheet pile walls is subjected to epistemic uncertainties due to geomechanical models’ assumptions and also the aleatory uncertainties which could be related to the soil spatial variability. The main objective of this thesis is to gain more insight into the effect of these uncertainties on the sheet pile behaviour. To this end, this thesis focuses on four main issues: The first one is related on the one hand to the analysis of the used geomechanical hypotheses for modelling of retaining walls. On the other hand, to extend the one-dimensional subgrade reaction method which is based on a beam relying on elastoplastic supports to a two-dimensional system that call to an orthotropic plate relying on the same supports (MISS-CR-PLQ). The second issue concerns the soil spatial variability modelling. After a key comparison between two random field generation methods, we selected the Circulating Embedding method for its efficiency. Several parametric studies have been conducted to analyse the effects of different assumptions of random field generation. The third issue is related to the implementation of the proposed mechanical-reliability approach taking into account the soil spatial variability. The last issue is devoted to the application of the developed approach to a case study through probabilistic and reliability analyses. The influence of statistical parameters (e.g. correlation lengths, cross-correlation,...), mechanical and geometrical has been examined
Bernoux, Martial. "Stocks de carbone des sols de l’Amazonie occidentale et leur dynamique lors de la conversion de la foret en pâturage". Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2004.
Texto completoNetto, André Maciel. "Transfert d'eau et de solutés dans un sol agricole hétérogène : analyse de différents types de mesures, de la variabilité spatiale et modélisation monodimensionnelle". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1998. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00801928.
Texto completoMontoya, Noguera Silvana. "Evaluation et réduction des risques sismiques liés à la liquéfaction : modélisation numérique de leurs effets dans l’ISS". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLC023/document.
Texto completoStrong ground motions can trigger soil liquefaction that will alter the propagating signal and induce ground failure. Important damage in structures and lifelines has been evidenced after recent earthquakes such as Christchurch, New Zealand and Tohoku, Japanin 2011. Accurate prediction of the structures’ seismic risk requires a careful modeling of the nonlinear behavior of soil-structure interaction (SSI) systems. In general, seismic risk analysisis described as the convolution between the natural hazard and the vulnerability of the system. This thesis arises as a contribution to the numerical modeling of liquefaction evaluation and mitigation.For this purpose, the finite element method (FEM) in time domain is used as numerical tool. The main numerical model consists of are inforced concrete building with a shallow rigid foundation standing on saturated cohesionless soil. As the initial step on the seismic risk analysis, the first part of the thesis is consecrated to the characterization of the soil behavior and its constitutive modeling. Later on, some results of the model’s validation witha real site for the 1D wave propagation in dry conditions are presented. These are issued from the participation in the international benchmark PRENOLIN and concern the PARI site Sendaiin Japan. Even though very few laboratory and in-situ data were available, the model responses well with the recordings for the blind prediction. The second part, concerns the numerical modeling of coupling excess pore pressure (Δpw) and soil deformation. The effects were evaluated on the ground motion and on the structure’s settlement and performance. This part contains material from an article published in Acta Geotechnica (Montoya-Noguera andLopez-Caballero, 2015). The applicability of the models was found to depend on both the liquefaction level and the SSI effects.In the last part, an innovative method is proposed to model spatial variability added to the deposit due to soil improvement techniques used to strengthen soft soils and mitigate liquefaction. Innovative treatment processes such as bentonite permeations and biogrouting,among others have recently emerged.However, there remains some uncertainties concerning the degree of spatial variability introduced in the design and its effect of the system’s performance.This added variability can differ significantly from the inherent or natural variability thus, in this thesis, it is modeled by coupling FEM with a binary random field. The efficiency in improving the soil behavior related to the effectiveness of the method measured by the amount of soil changed was analyzed. Two cases were studied: the bearing capacity of a shallow foundation under cohesive soil and the liquefaction-induced settlement of a structure under cohesionless loose soil. The latter, in part, contains material published in GeoRisk journal (Montoya-Noguera and Lopez-Caballero, 2015). Due to the interaction between the two soils, an important variability is evidenced in the response. Additionally, traditional and advanced homogenization theories were used to predict the relation between the average efficiency and effectiveness. Because of the nonlinear soil behavior, the traditional theories fail to predict the response while some advanced theories which include the percolation theory may provide a good estimate. Concerning the effect of added spatial variability on soil liquefaction, different input motions were tested and the response of the whole was found to depend on the ratio of PHV and PHA of the input motion
Ruelle, Pierre. "Variabilité spatiale à l'échelle de parcelles de cultures : étude expérimentale et modélisation des bilans hyriques et des rendements". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995GRE10035.
Texto completoLecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Texto completoRobin, Paul. "Bilan hydrique des sols : quantification de la variabilite spatiale et de l'incertitude. application a la modelisation hydrologique de la guadeloupe, ile de basse-terre". Paris, ENMP, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ENMP0242.
Texto completoBoivin, Pascal. "Caracterisation physique des sols sulfates acides da la vallee de katoure (basse casamance-senegal). Etude de la variabilite spatiale et relations avec les caracteristiques pedologiques". Paris 6, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA066045.
Texto completoDo, Thi Phuong Thao. "Apport de la télédétection spatiale pour l'étude multiscalaire des interactions climat-surface en Afrique de l'Ouest : étude du bassin versant de l'Ouémé supérieur (Bénin)". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENU025/document.
Texto completoThis thesis is part of the international AMMA program (Analyse Multidisciplinaire de la Mousson Africaine - Multidisciplinary Analysis of African Monsoon) whose objective is to better understand the regional dynamics of climate-environment-society interactions. It is a contribution to the study of the spatio-temporal variability of vegetation, according to different land use types and under the constraints of seasonal and interannual variations in rainfall in the upper basin of Ouémé river, Benin. This area has an extensive network of hydro-climatic ground monitoring, observatory AMMA-Catch, which provides many in-situ data. The analysis also relies on data from different optical remote sensing satellites (LANDSAT, SPOT-VGT, MODIS, MSG-SEVIRI or ECOCLIMAP) for the study of land occupation, variability of photosynthetic vegetation or rainfall estimate (RFE). The study focuses mainly on three questions: 1) the changes in surface conditions recently observed in the experimental area of upper Ouémé; 2) the analysis of various data from satellite remote sensing to diagnose regional bioclimatic variability of vegetation; 3) the understanding of climate/vegetation interface interactions, in order to interpret certain intra-and interannual bioclimatic variations depending on the main surface conditions. The main results suggest that it is possible to discriminate the functional relationships from the main conditions of forest or anthropized surface. The diachronic analysis through the classification of Landsat (ETM +) images show that the cultivated areas recorded regionally an increase of 25% over the period of 2003-2012. The areas of set-aside decrease, while shrublands increase. All forests lost in area over the decade observed, particularly dense forest (presumably protected in this region) with a drop of over 16%. The spatio-temporal variability of a vegetation index (NDVI) significantly depends on three main types of land use, even though the noise due to the cloud cover complicates the analysis and interpretation. The contrasts between the preserved natural forest area (the forest reserve) and the agricultural areas (crops and fallow) are particularly visible. Over the decade 2002-2012, there is no trend of rainfall, but rather a succession of wet and dry phases, which ultimately induce an interannual stability of NDVI. The average phase difference between rainfall and vegetation activity is four decades, but it seems that the end of the vegetation growing season has retreated back to at least 10 days during the study period, reflecting a change in rainfall at the end of the year
Reutenauer, Daniel. "Variabilite spatiale des proprietes physiques et hydriques des sols et des formations superficielles du bassin versant de la fecht, en amont de turckheim ( haut-rhin, france)". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR10021.
Texto completoHydrodynamical properties of soils and detritic superficial formations (water retention and hydraulic conductivity) control the mechanisms of redistribution of precipitations and the hydric transferts in soils. Therefore the study of these properties leads to practical applications in all the scientific disciplines related to water ressources managment. Geometric and hydrodynamical characteristics of soils proceed from their geomorphological and pedological evolution. The most economic, but also the most realistic way for studying spatial variability of hydrodynamical properties in an area of some hundred km2 consists in : - a preliminary discretisation of the area in morphopedological units by using naturalistic criteria; - a stratified sampling and a statistical analysis of the residual variability inside each unit; - a statistical verification of the pertinency of the spatial cutting up. The physical ( texture, bulk density, organic matter) and hydrodynamical properties have been measured on 444 undisturbed soil cores. The statistical analysis of these data shows that : - texture is mostly dependent from the rock type. .
Lefebvre, Antoine. "Contribution de la texture pour l’analyse d’images à très haute résolution spatiale : application à la détection de changement en milieu périurbain". Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596339/fr/.
Texto completoRemotely sensed images at very high spatial resolution (VHSR) constitute an important source of information for land cover change detection over small areas. They are particularly interesting for applications in urban and peri-urban areas because they can cope with sudden and irregular changes as well as regular and subtle changes. However the use of VHSR images needs methodological improvements, since usual change detection approaches, based on a pixel analysis, have been developed to process low and medium resolution images and can unfortunately not be applied for VHSR data. On one hand, spectral resolutions of VHSR sensors are often lower than those of other sensors, the spectral resolution decreasing with increasing spatial resolution. On the other hand, the spectral variability of pixels defining classes of land cover increases with the spatial resolution, resulting in a decrease in the separability between different classes of land cover and limitations of conventional classification methods based on pixel values. This thesis presents a series of methodological tools which allow to automatically identify and characterize changes over small areas from VHRS images acquired at different dates and from different sources. The originality of the tools presented here relies on the comparison of the textural properties of the objects of interest, while not using exclusively or primarily spectral information of the image but rather focusing on spatial information. The texture characterization is based on the analysis of the coefficients from a wavelet decomposition. The developed tools include : a preprocessing method dedicated to the vignetting effect correction for old aerial photographs ; an image segmentation approach ; a method for texture orientation estimation ; a classification method ; a change detection method. All these tools have been validated using synthetic examples and then applied in the suburban environment of the city of Rennes using aerial photographs acquired in 1978 and 2001. The classification rates, which ranged from 78 % to 85 %„ show the importance of texture for classification of VHSR images. They highlight the possibility of detecting different types of changes and thus to distinguish changes related to agricultural practices and urbanization. The tools developed in this thesis are generic and can be applied for the analysis of any textured pattern. To illustrate this, we have applied some of the proposed tools for detecting and characterizing vineyards and estimating fluid motions from images
Celso, Dantas Antonino Antônio. "Modélisation des transferts de masse et de chaleur dans le système sol-plante-atmosphère : influence de la variabilité spatiale des caractéristiques hydrodynamiques du sol". Grenoble 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992GRE10096.
Texto completoReutenauer, Daniel. "Variabilité spatiale des propriétés physiques et hydriques des sols et des formations superficielles du bassin versant de la Fecht, en amont de Turckheim (Haut Rhin, France)". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376092979.
Texto completoRevol, Philippe. "Caractérisation hydrodynamique des sols par infiltration bidimensionnelle axisymétrique et modélisation simplifiée de la micro-irrigation". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10184.
Texto completoMoeys, Julien. "Variabilité spatiale et déterminismes agro-pédologiques du devenir d'un herbicide dans l'horizon de surface - Application au cas de l'isoproturon dans un secteur agricole de Beauce chartraine". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2007. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00004448.
Texto completoXi, Nian-Xun. "Effects of patchy nitrogen inputs and soil nitrogen heterogeneity on grassland structure and function". Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CLF22542/document.
Texto completoGrasslands provide a variety of important ecological and economic services worldwide. Improved understanding of grassland structure and function is necessary for the development of sustainable management and maintaining the provision of multiple ecosystem services in a changing environment. However, predicting grassland structure and function is a challenge because grasslands are dynamic, heterogeneous systems. In grazed grasslands, large herbivore activities promote heterogeneity in soil nutrients via excretion, but the effects of patchy nutrient inputs and soil spatial heterogeneity on grassland structure and function remain unclear. This thesis addresses effects of spatial heterogeneity in soil nitrogen (N) for grassland ecosystem structure and function, with particular emphasis on community responses. A combination of experimental and modelling approaches are used to study impacts of a number of different patch attributes (N form, patch size, patch contrast), as well as possible interactions with rainfall regime and timing of N inputs. We find that patchy N inputs enhance within plot-plant production and biomass variability irrespective of N form, but do not modify whole-plot plant production in the short term. Nevertheless, patchy organic N promotes spatial and temporal asynchrony in plant-soil responses, with implications for longer-term grassland function. Unlike plant production, community structure responds significantly to patchy N inputs, with increased community dominance and a shift in the rank of subordinate species. Contrary to expectations, rainfall quantity does not modify heterogeneity effects on either plant production or community structure. Modelling work shows that heterogeneity effects on field-scale production vary depending on patch size and patch contrast. For a fixed total N input, field-scale grassland production responds positively to patch size, but decreases in high- versus low-patch contrast conditions. Patch size does not interact with patch contrast or timing of N inputs on grassland production. Overall, our results highlight the importance of N heterogeneity for plant and soil processes at different spatial scales, and demonstrate that heterogeneity effects vary depending on patch attributes. Biotic interactions (competition) appear to play a relatively greater role than abiotic factors (chronic rainfall changes) for heterogeneity effects. Impacts of N heterogeneity on plant and soil processes may have significant implications on plant-soil feedbacks involved with the regulation of biogeochemical cycling, and provide useful information for the development of efficient N management strategies
Hussain, Sabir. "Characterization of the isoproturon degrading community : from the field to the genes". Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00674042.
Texto completoDecharme, Bertrand. "Développement et validation d'une modélisation hydrologique globale incluant les effets sous maille et la représentation des zones inondées". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00518491.
Texto completoUgarte, Nano Claudia Carolina. "Etude de la variabilité des propriétés physiques et hydrodynamiques d'un sol argileux sous l'effet de conduites en protection intégrée contre les adventices". Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS003/document.
Texto completoIntegrated weed management (IWM)-based cropping systems are of great interest due to their significant reduction of herbicide inputs by using a complex combination of agricultural techniques. The main objective of our work was to contribute to the environmental dimension of the multi-criteria evaluation of IWM-based cropping systems which were set up since 2000 on the experimental domain of the National Institute for Agronomical Research (INRA) to Bretenière (France). The variability of physical and hydrodynamic soil properties involved in the transfer of water through the vadose zone was studied for the 5 cropping systems present on the experimental site (1 reference cropping system and 4 IWM-based cropping systems). The first section of our study consisted in studying the water retention of the tilled soil layers for the 5 cropping systems. Water retention values were compared between undisturbed and repacked soil samples in order to distinguish the part of the variability due to the intrinsic soil properties from the one induced by the agricultural practices. Our results show that the soil from cropping system without any herbicides, associating high clay content, average organic C content and intensive superficial tillage, may increase soil water retention in the tilled soil layer. The second section carried on the study of the annual and vertical variability of the near-saturated hydraulic conductivity, K(h). For this study, 3 IWM-based cropping systems (no-tilled cropping system and moderate to intensive tilled cropping systems) were characterized during 2 or 3 consecutive years and considering 3 depths including the soil tilled layer and the underlying no-tilled layer. The results showed no vertical variability of K(h). However, they highlighted the long-term effect of IWM-based cropping systems on K(h). Finally, the third section studied the soil water dynamics of 2 contrasted IWM-based cropping systems (no-tilled and zero herbicide cropping systems with intensive tillage) by using ,a hydraulic agricultural approach and by the means of the in situ characterization of soil matric potential and the measure of the amounts of water collected with wick lysimeters. This approach allowed the description of the water dynamics during the drainage season, the validation of the wick lysimeters functioning and the calculation of the surface contributing to water flows collected by the wick lysimeters. These promising results will need to be validated during forthcoming campaigns of measurement. All data collected provided constitute a first evaluation of the soil physical and hydraulic functioning of IWM-based cropping systems present on the experimental site. The established database will allow later the pursuit of work by modeling the water transfer and the transport of solutes, pesticides or other pollutants through the vadose zone of these IWM-based cropping systems
Kim, Hyunki. "Spatial variability in soils stiffness and strength /". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07132005-194445/.
Texto completoMayne, Paul, Committee Member ; Frost, David, Committee Member ; Santamarina, Carlos, Committee Chair ; Rix, Glenn, Committee Member ; Ruppel, Carolyn, Committee Member.
Alhajj, Chehade Hicham. "Geosynthetic-Reinforced Retaining Walls-Deterministic And Probabilistic Approaches". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021GRALI010.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to assess the seismic internal stability of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls. The work first deals with deterministic analyses and then focus on probabilistic ones. In the first part of this thesis, a deterministic model, based on the upper bound theorem of limit analysis, is proposed for assessing the reinforced soil wall safety factor or the required reinforcement strength to stabilize the structure. A spatial discretization technique is used to generate the rotational failure surface and give the possibility of considering heterogeneous backfills and/or to represent the seismic loading by the pseudo-dynamic approach. The cases of dry, unsaturated and saturated soils are investigated. Additionally, the crack presence in the backfill soils is considered. This deterministic model gives rigorous results and is validated by confrontation with existing results from the literature. Then, in the second part of the thesis, this deterministic model is used in a probabilistic framework. First, the uncertain input parameters are modeled using random variables. The considered uncertainties involve the soil shear strength parameters, seismic loading and reinforcement strength parameters. The Sparse Polynomial Chaos Expansion that consists of replacing the time expensive deterministic model by a meta-model, combined with Monte Carlo Simulations is considered as the reliability method to carry out the probabilistic analysis. Random variables approach neglects the soil spatial variability since the soil properties and the other uncertain input parameters, are considered constant in each deterministic simulation. Therefore, in the last part of the manuscript, the soil spatial variability is considered using the random field theory. The SIR/A-bSPCE method, a combination between the dimension reduction technique, Sliced Inverse Regression (SIR) and an active learning sparse polynomial chaos expansion (A-bSPCE), is implemented to carry out the probabilistic analysis. The total computational time of the probabilistic analysis, performed using SIR-SPCE, is significantly reduced compared to directly running classical probabilistic methods. Only the soil strength parameters are modeled using random fields, in order to focus on the effect of the spatial variability on the reliability results