Artículos de revistas: "Variabilità somaclonale"

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Shyam, Chitralekha, Manoj Kumar Tripathi, Sushma Tiwari, Niraj Tripathi, Ravindra Singh Solanki, Swapnil Sapre, Ashok Ahuja y Sharad Tiwari. "In Vitro Production of Somaclones with Decreased Erucic Acid Content in Indian Mustard [Brassica juncea (Linn.) Czern&Coss]". Plants 10, n.º 7 (25 de junio de 2021): 1297. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10071297.

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Brassica juncea is a crucial cultivated mustard species and principal oilseed crop of India and Madhya Pradesh, grown for diverse vegetables, condiments, and oilseeds. Somaclonal variation was explored as a probable source of additional variability for the manipulation of fatty acids, especially low erucic acid contents that may be valuable for this commercially important plant species. The plantlets regenerated from tissue cultures (R0), their R1 generation and respective parental lines were compared for morpho-physiological traits and fatty acid profile for the probable existence of somaclonal variations. The first putative somaclone derived from genotype CS54 contained 5.48% and 5.52% erucic acid in R0 and R1 regenerants, respectively, compared to the mother plant (41.36%). In comparison, the second somaclone acquired from PM30 exhibited a complete absence of erucic acid corresponding to its mother plant (1.07%). These putative somaclones present a source of variation for exploitation in the development of future mustard crops with low erucic acid content.

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Adly, Walaa M. R. M., Gniewko Niedbała, Mohammad E. EL-Denary, Mahasen A. Mohamed, Magdalena Piekutowska, Tomasz Wojciechowski, El-Sayed T. Abd El-Salam y Ahmed S. Fouad. "Somaclonal Variation for Genetic Improvement of Starch Accumulation in Potato (Solanum tuberosum) Tubers". Plants 12, n.º 2 (4 de enero de 2023): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12020232.

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Starch content is one of the major quality criteria targeted by potato breeding programs. Traditional potato breeding is a laborious duty due to the tetraploid nature and immense heterozygosity of potato genomes. In addition, screening for functional genetic variations in wild relatives is slow and strenuous. Moreover, genetic diversity, which is the raw material for breeding programs, is limited due to vegetative propagation used in the potato industry. Somaclonal variation provides a time-efficient tool to breeders for obtaining genetic variability, which is essential for breeding programs, at a reasonable cost and independent of sophisticated technology. The present investigation aimed to create potato somaclones with an improved potential for starch accumulation. Based on the weight and starch content of tubers, the somaclonal variant Ros 119, among 105 callus-sourced clones, recorded a higher tuberization potential than the parent cv Lady Rosetta in a field experiment. Although this somaclone was similar to the parent in the number of tubers produced, it exhibited tubers with 42 and 61% higher fresh and dry weights, respectively. Additionally, this clone recorded 10 and 75% increases in starch content based on the dry weight and average content per plant, respectively. The enhanced starch accumulation was associated with the upregulation of six starch-synthesis-related genes, namely, the AGPase, GBSS I, SBE I, SBE II, SS II and SS III genes. AGPase affords the glycosyl moieties required for the synthesis of amylose and amylopectin. GBSS is required for amylose elongation, while SBE I, SBE II, SS II and SS III are responsible for amylopectin.

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Bridgen, Mark. "Development of Insect-tolerant Plants with Somaclonal Variation". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 695c—695. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.695c.

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The potential value of somaclonal variation for economically important plants is well-documented. The process of somaclonal variation can arise from a controlled or a random source of variation. Variability can be obtained by applying cellular pressures and selection. Valuable resistance to diseases and nematodes has already been accomplished with somaclonal variation; now, plant tolerance to pests has been realized. Tetranychus urticae, the two-spotted spidermite, and Trialeurodes vaporariorum, the greenhouse whitefly, were disinfected and introduced to aseptic shoot cultures of Torenia fournieri. These pests were allowed to feed until such time that their populations decreased due to the absence of food. The plant cells that remained after feeding were induced to form adventitious shoots and plantlets. These regenerated plantlets were acclimated to greenhouse conditions and evaluated for tolerance to the pest to which they were subjected in vitro. Highly significant differences were found in somaclones for both the two-spotted spidermite and greenhouse whitefly when compared to control plants. A wide range of variability was observed among the somaclonal population. There were significantly fewer mite eggs laid on plants regenerated from in vitro cultures screened with two-spotted spidermites than on seed-sown controls. Regenerants from cultures screened with whiteflies in vitro had fewer eggs, immatures and live adults than controls. The potential for somaclonal variation to be used as a method to develop insect resistant plants will be discussed.

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Ermini, J. L., G. C. Tenaglia, C. Parisod y Guillermo R. Pratta. "Banana somaclonal variation assessed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism profiles at early cycles of in vitro culture". AgriScientia 38, n.º 2 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.31047/1668.298x.v38.n2.33260.

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Banana micropropagation for obtaining free-virus plants frequently provokes somaclonal variation that could increase useful genetic variability in this asexually propagated crop. Both exploring the cycle of in vitro culture in which somaclonal variation occurs and the amount of generated polymorphism, are necessary. In this work, preliminary results of somaclonal variation during early cycles of banana in vitro culture are reported. Four randomly selected regenerated plants from the fifth cycle and two samples from the mother plant were analyzed. A total of 36 AFLP primer combinations were assayed, and 24 of them produced amplicons varying among 50- 500 bp. The mother plant presented a total of 125 different amplicons while the regenerated plants jointly showed 131 different amplicons with a mean of 119.75 ± 3.97 per individual. High level of DNA polymorphism (24.43 %) was found among micropropagated plants and, additionally, the occurrence of somaclonal variation at earlier cycles was suggested by multivariate analysis of Principal Coordinates. In this study, somaclonal variation at early cycles of banana micropropagation was validated and the adequacy of AFLP technique to assess it at the molecular level was verified. The phenotypic effects of the detected somaclonal variations remain to be evaluated.

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Dahab, A. A., A. Amin, Y. V. R. Ibrahim y G. Safwat. "Genetic variability of somaclonal variation in micropropagatedJatropha curcasL." Acta Horticulturae, n.º 1187 (noviembre de 2017): 243–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2017.1187.24.

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Damiano, C., S. Monticelli, A. Frattarelli, S. Nicolini y L. Corazza. "SOMACLONAL VARIABILITY AND IN VITRO REGENERATION OF STRAWBERRY". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 447 (octubre de 1997): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1997.447.8.

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Lestari, Endang G., Ragapadmi Purnamaningsih, Muhammad Syukur y Rosa Yunita. "Keragaman Somaklonal untuk Perbaikan Tanaman Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) melalui Kultur In Vitro". Jurnal AgroBiogen 6, n.º 1 (4 de agosto de 2016): 26. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v6n1.2010.p26-32.

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Somaclonal Variability for the Improvement of Plants Artemisia (Artemisia annua L.) by In Vitro Culture. Endang G. Lestari, Rosa Yunita, and Ali Husni. Artemisia annua L., a family member of Asteraceae, is medicinal plants originated from China. The plant has been widely used by the local people for malaria remedy. Its active substance, artemisine, has been proved to hamper the malaria bacteria incubation, Plasmodium sp. In accordance with the WHO recomendation, the Department of Health of Indonesia is now in the attempt of developing this plant as the subtitute of chloroquin because of the malaria bacteria resistance to this antidote. In Indonesia, the artemisine content of the plant less than 0,5% is the crucial problem leading no investors are interested in its economic value. Therefore, Indonesian Medicinal and Spice Crops Research Institute; BPTO Tawangmangu, Indonesian Institute of Sciences; and PT Kimia Farma cooperate for obtaining the prime clone by breeding, selection, as well as environmental adaptation. In coping with the problem, ICABIOGRAD in the collaboration with Bogor Agricultural University have conducted the research for genetic improvement through mutative induction and field selection. This research on somaclonal variation. was conducted from Januari 2006 to Juni 2008. Eksplan used for experiment were shoots radiated with 10-100 Gy gamma ray. The result showed that the shoot radiated with the dosage of 70-100 Gy was unable to grow. On the other hand, the high level of multiplication was acquired in the one radiated with 10-30 Gy. The optimum radiation for somaclonal radiation was eventually gained with 40-60 Gy. The somaclone lines with 10-60 Gy radiation have been aclimatized and planted in Gunung Putri plot in the elevation of 1545 asl. Artemisinin content at the high biomases genotype is 0,49-0,52%.

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Kokina, Inese, Ilona Mickeviča, Marija Jermaļonoka, Linda Bankovska, Vjačeslavs Gerbreders, Andrejs Ogurcovs y Inese Jahundoviča. "Case Study of Somaclonal Variation in Resistance GenesMloandPme3in Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimumL.) Induced by Nanoparticles". International Journal of Genomics 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1676874.

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Nanoparticles influence on genome is investigated worldwide. The appearance of somaclonal variation is a cause of great concern for any micropropagation system. Somaclonal variation describes the tissue-culture-induced phenotypic and genotypic variations. This paper shows the results of somaclonal variation in two resistance genes pectin methylesterase and Mlo-like protein in all tissue culture development stages, as donor plant, calluses, and regenerants ofLinum usitatissimuminduced by gold and silver nanoparticles. In this paper, it was essential to obtain DNA material from all tissue culture development stages from one donor plant to record changes in each nucleotide sequence. Gene region specific primers were developed for resistance genes such asMloandPme3to define the genetic variability in tissue culture ofL. usitatissimum. In recent years, utilization of gold and silver nanoparticles in tissue culture is increased and the mechanisms of changes in genome induced by nanoparticles still remain unclear. Obtained data show the somaclonal variation increase in calluses obtained from one donor plant and grown on medium supplemented by gold nanoparticles (Mlo14.68±0.98;Pme32.07±0.87) or silver nanoparticles (Mlo12.01±0.43;Pme310.04±0.46) and decrease in regenerants. Morphological parameters of calluses showed a number of differences between each investigated culture group.

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Mikelsone, Andra, Dace Grauda, Veneranda Stramkale y Isaak Rashal. "Breeding For Organic Farming : Obtaining And Evaluation Of Flax Somaclonal Families". Environment. Technology. Resources. Proceedings of the International Scientific and Practical Conference 2 (5 de agosto de 2015): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.17770/etr2011vol2.990.

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Plant calli culture could be used as a source of genetic changes (somaclonal variation). There are known several flax varieties, bred on the basis of somaclonal variation, with improved resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, plant height, seed yield and other traits. This method is useful for obtaining the new initial material for flax breeding, including for intensification of breeding for organic farming. Goal of the study was to obtain plants-regenerants from the calli culture of the fibre flax variety ‘Vega 2’ and to evaluate their agronomical traits and resistance to powdery mildew. For obtaining plants-regenerants was used early elaborated protocol of somatic calli cultivation. Agronomically important traits, such as total and technical plant height, number of seed vessels, number of seeds in a seed vessel, and resistance to diseases were evaluated. Most of somaclonal families had higher total and technical plant height in comparison with the initial variety ‘Vega 2’. In the opposite, number of seed vessels and number of seeds in a seed vessel had a tendency to decrease. It was concluded that even changes in not desirable direction may be recognised as an indirect indicator of the rather high level of induced somaclonal variation, which can occurred also in traits, which were not evaluated during this experiment, therefore there is a potential to exploit flax somaclonal variation in applied breeding programs as an additional source of variability.

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Kochevenko, A. S., Y. I. Ratushnyak y Y. Y. Gleba. "Protoplast culture and somaclonal variability of species of series Juglandifolia". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture 44, n.º 2 (febrero de 1996): 103–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00048186.

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Bajji, M., P. Bertin, S. Lutts y J.-M. Kinet. "Evaluation of drought resistance-related traits in durum wheat somaclonal lines selected in vitro". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, n.º 1 (2004): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02199.

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Somaclonal variation associated with in vitro selection has been used as a source of variability to improve drought resistance of 3 durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) cultivars (Selbera, Sebou, and Kyperounda). In a previous study, R0 plants with improved drought resistance-related characters were regenerated after selection on culture media containing polyethylene glycol (PEG). This improvement was transmitted to the R1 progeny. The present study analysed the behaviour of the selected tissue culture-derived lines in subsequent R2, R3 and R4�generations. Differences in electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), stomatal conductance and days to heading were found between the parental cultivars and most of their in vitro-derived lines. The changes may differ from one cultivar to another. Many promising somaclonal lines still presented improvement for at least 3 of the 4�parameters measured comparatively to initial cultivars. Somaclonal variation thus appears to induce a wide range of modifications among individual components of drought-resistance mechanisms. These improved traits could be valuable if shown to be inherited and to give enhanced agronomic performances in future field studies.

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Hutami, Sri, Ika Mariska y Yati Supriati. "Peningkatan Keragaman Genetik Tanaman melalui Keragaman Somaklonal". Jurnal AgroBiogen 2, n.º 2 (5 de agosto de 2016): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v2n2.2006.p81-88.

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High genetic variability’s are important factors in the development of new crop varieties. In vitro techniques are applicable for development of crop variability that is not found in the gene pool. One of the in vitro techniques that can be used for this purpose is the somaclonal variation technique. Somaclonal variation may be derived from genetic variations in explants and genetic variations in tissue cultures. Variations in the explant may be obtained from cell mutations or polysomic mutations of a certain tissue. Genetic variations in tissue culture may be caused by ploidy of chromosomes (endomitosis fusion), changes of chromosom structures (crossings), as well as changes of genes and cytoplasms. Changes of genetic characters may be improved if anorganic compound was added into the medium. To improve the plant tolerances to biotic or abiotic factors, selection components may also be added to the medium. Research results showed that somaclonal variation in tissue culture can improve genetic variations in plants. The variation produced in tissue culture provide chances to develop new plant genotipes. Many selection components, such as Gamma-ray irradiation, Al contents and low pH, pure toxin or filtrate, polyethylene glycol (PEG), and plant growth regulators can be used to improve somaclonal variations in many plants to produce new genotipes.

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Lestari, Endang G. "Combination of Somaclonal Variation and Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement". Jurnal AgroBiogen 8, n.º 1 (11 de agosto de 2016): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jbio.v8n1.2012.p38-44.

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Mutation-based plant improvement, which changes one or a few specific traits of a cultivar, can contribute to crop improvement. Tissue culture increases the efficiency of mutagenic treatment to induce variations. In vitro culture in combination with induced mutation can speed up the breeding program by generating variability, followed by selection and multiplication of the desired genotypes. In many vegetative propagated crops, mutation induction in combination with in vitro culture techniques can be the most effective method for plant improvement. In seed propagated species, the application of mutation coupled with doubled haploid systems seems to be highly promising in crop improvement. This approach speeds up the breeding program through generation of variability followed by selection of homozygousity and rapid multiplication of desired genotypes.

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Duta-Cornescu, Georgiana, Nicoleta Constantin, Daniela-Maria Pojoga, Daniela Nicuta y Alexandra Simon-Gruita. "Somaclonal Variation—Advantage or Disadvantage in Micropropagation of the Medicinal Plants". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, n.º 1 (3 de enero de 2023): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24010838.

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Cell and tissue plant cultures are used either to save vulnerable species from extinction or to multiply valuable genotypes, or both, and are widely applied for economically important plant species. For medicinal plants, the use of in vitro technologies for the production of secondary metabolites and pathogen-free plants has been greatly developed. Two opposite aspects characterize the in vitro micropropagation of medicinal plants: maintaining genetic fidelity for the perpetuation and preservation of elites, and the identification and exploitation of somaclonal variations associated with new, useful traits. A balance between what is advantageous and what is undesirable is necessary, and this implies the identification of somaclonal variability at all levels, from the phenotypic to molecular ones. This review addresses the somaclonal variation arising from the in vitro multiplication of medicinal plants from three perspectives: cytogenetics, genetics, and epigenetics. The possible causes of the appearance of somaclones, the methods for their identification, and the extent to which they are desirable are presented comparatively for different plant species with therapeutic properties. The emphasis is on the subtle changes at the genetic and epigenetic level, as it results from the application of methods based on DNA markers.

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Anil, Veena S., Savitha Lobo y Spurti Bennur. "Somaclonal variations for crop improvement: Selection for disease resistant variants in vitro". Plant Science Today 5, n.º 2 (27 de marzo de 2018): 44–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14719/pst.2018.5.2.382.

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Somaclonal variations (SV) are genetic or epigenetic changes induced in plant cell and tissue culture. Induction of somaclonal variation, is an alternate approach to conventional breeding and transgenic approaches to introduce desirable genetic variability in the gene pool. SVs that occur spontaneously in culture induce changes in a range of plant characters. However, the probability of improving a key agronomic trait such as disease resistance can be cumbersome when left to chance alone. The efficiency of developing disease resistant SVs is better with the imposition of an appropriate in vitro selection pressure. Selection agents that have been applied include pathogen elicitors, pathogen culture filtrate and purified pathotoxins. This method of SV selection has been successful in enhancing disease resistance in several crops and it is an accepted biotechnological approach with tremendous potential for crop improvement.

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Bublyk, O. M., I. O. Andreev, E. V. Spiridonova y V. A. Kunakh. "Somaclonal variability of Ungernia victoris: the necessity of comprehensive genetic analysis". Biopolymers and Cell 24, n.º 6 (20 de noviembre de 2008): 487–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.0007c1.

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Azizi, Seyed, Farah Farahani y Masoud Sheidai. "Somaclonal variation in pomegranate (Punica granatum L.): ISSR and cytological evidences". Genetika 54, n.º 1 (2022): 207–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr2201207a.

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New advancements in tissue culture techniques have resulted in vitro propagation of several regenerations of horticultural crops. The somaclonal variation which occurs during plant tissue culture is a potential source for inducing new genetic variability in such crops. Several approaches have been utilized to ascertain the occurrence of somaclonal variation. The pomegranate plant can adapt to various environmental conditions and grow well in different kinds of soil and climate. Pomegranate Zagheh cultivar is mainly cultivated in the state of Esfehan, Kashan city in Iran. The present study was performed to investigate the potential occurrence of somaclonal variation in tissue culture regenerated plants of the cultivar Zagheh and provide morphological, cytological and molecular evidences for its occurrence. Nodal segments were chosen for the in vitro propagation of pomegranate. Explants were cultured on MS basal medium. We carried out both molecular (ISSR) and karyological studies in propagation collected. In the present study, we observed variation in both morphological (length of shoot, branch, internode, leaf and root and number of branch and root) and genetic features of the tissue culture regenerated plants. The regenerated plants of the third sub-culture differed from mother plants in the ISSR marker. We observed frequent occurrence of cells with different chromosome numbers, ranging from normal diploid 2n = 2x = 16 to tetraploid 2n = 32 chromosome number.

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Yegorova, N. A. y I. V. Stavtzeva. "Creation of clary sage cultivar using cell engineering methods. 1. Obtaining of plant-regenerants in callus culture in vitro". TAURIDA HERALD OF THE AGRARIAN SCIENCES 1 (25) (2021): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.33952/2542-0720-2021-1-25-98-112.

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To increase the efficiency in agricultural plant breeding, including clary sage – one of the main essential oil crops grown in Russia, it is necessary to use biotechnological methods. One of these techniques is based on the induction of somaclonal variability in the callus tissue culture. To develop it, it is necessary to optimize the conditions for obtaining plant-regenerants in vitro and their analysis. The aim of this work was to study the features of morphogenesis and regeneration of plants from callus cultures to develop cell technologies for creating an initial breeding material based on somaclonal variability in Salvia sclarea L. In the course of the research, we found that the optimal explants for obtaining morphogenic callus, from which shoots were regenerated, were segments of buds and stems with a node (isolated from seedlings in vitro). Cytological analysis of callus cultures revealed two types of morphogenesis – organogenesis (gemmogenesis) and somatic embryogenesis. The features of the morphogenic callus formation of six sage cultivars and samples during the long-term cultivation were studied. The maximum frequency of morphogenesis was noted in the 2nd passage (from 32.4 to 85.2 %, depending on the genotype). Then, to the 8–10th passage, this indicator decreased to 0.0–3.9 %.‘S-785’ and ‘Taigan’ cultivars showed the highest morphogenesis frequency (81.5–85.2 %) and duration of callus regeneration potential (up to the 10th passage). The analysis of callus cultures of six donor plants of ‘S-785’ cultivar helped us to reveal their heterogeneity in morphogenesis induction ability. The maximum frequency of morphogenic callus formation (76.3–91.5 % in the 2nd passage) and the duration of the morphogenic potential preservation (up to the 12th passage) were observed in plants No. 3 and 9, whereas in No. 2, regeneration with a frequency of 3.6–9.7 % was observed only during three passages. Analysis of plants obtained from calli showed their variability in morphology – up to 12.5 % of the samples had deviations compared to the initial cultivar ‘S-785’ in leaf shape, inflorescence structure, flower color, etc. Somaclonal changes in morphological and economically useful traits revealed in regenerants indicate that they are promising for use in sage breeding.

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Jordan, M. C. y E. N. Larter. "Somaclonal variation in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) cv. Carman". Canadian Journal of Genetics and Cytology 27, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1985): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g85-023.

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Callus was initiated from 15-day-old embryos of 'Carman' triticale (×Triticosecale Wittmack) cultured on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid supplemented Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. For plant regeneration, the calli were subcultured every 4 weeks on MS media with no added hormones. The original euploid (2n = 42) regenerated plants and their progeny were examined for several traits. Considerable variation for all measured traits was observed among the regenerated plants. Variability was greatest for spike length, fertility, and plant height. Two second-generation plants were found to have a significant increase in percent kernel protein relative to 'Carman' controls. Electrophoretic studies showed that all regenerated plants of both generations had the same prolamin banding pattern as 'Carman' triticale but variation existed in the intensity of the bands. This was especially true for the bands encoded for by the rye genome. One genotype, viz. R13, exhibited extreme chromosomal instability resulting in the occurrence of both rye and wheat univalents as observed at metaphase I.Key words: somaclonal variation, triticale, tissue culture, plant regeneration.

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Harahap, Fauziyah, Annisa Afiva, Miftahul Jannah y Eko Prasetya. "ISSR based analysis of genetic variability of plantlets culture of pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) from Sipahutar, North Sumatera, Indonesia". Biogenesis: Jurnal Ilmiah Biologi 9, n.º 1 (30 de junio de 2021): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.24252/bio.v9i1.17068.

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Sipahutar pineapple is very popular in North Sumatra, because of the distinctive sweet taste and normal water content. Furthermore, it is large in size and has a yellow fruit skin color with greenish tips. However, the problem with Sipahutar pineapple production is the limited amount of good quality seeds. The utilization of in vitro culture techniques on pineapples allows the emergence of somaclonal variations, especially in plantlets that have undergone the subculture stage. This somaclonal variation is one of the problems in commercial seedling production, therefore, it is necessary to conduct an initial examination using the inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular marker. This study aimed to determine the genetic and primary stability of ISSR, which can be used in pineapple plants native to Sipahutar. The methods used include sample preparation, DNA isolation, primer optimization, ISSR primer amplification by PCR method, and electrophoresis. Furthermore, a total of 15 samples were amplified with six ISSR primers, and the data were analyzed by cluster method using the NTSYS-PC software. The final result was visualized in a dendrogram and analysis of diversity was conducted using GenAlex. The results showed that the level of genetic variability of the Sipahutar pineapple, which has undergone in vitro culture using six ISSR molecular markers was 76-97%. Meanwhile, the genetic variability level of the native to Sipahutar pineapple can be influenced by the long culture period and the use of N6-benzyladenine. The primers can be used to observe the genetic variability, except for ISSR 25 with a PIC value of 0.000.

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Costa, Géssica Ferreira da, Pablo Diego Silva Cabral, Fabiano Guimarães Silva, Aurélio Rubio Neto y Maria Andréia Corrêa Mendonça. "Clonal Fidelity and Genetic Diversity of Micropropagated Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae) as Evaluated by Molecular Markers". Forests 13, n.º 10 (8 de octubre de 2022): 1645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101645.

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The plant tissue culture procedures for asexual multiplication of Hancornia speciosa represent an important process facilitating the preservation of selected genotypes of this threatened species and large-scale production of plantlets for population reinforcement or other utilization. However, there is no research regarding the somaclonal variation of this threatened species at molecular level. This study aimed to evaluate the role of the multiplication process in the genetic stability of H. speciosa plantlets and calluses using molecular markers. The tissue culture techniques for H. speciosa micropropagation used in this study did not influence the occurrence of somaclonal variation, which can be related to the genotypes of the donor plants and to the low concentrations of growth regulators used in tissue culture procedures adopted. The results observed here provide a reliable methodology for further studies involving micropropagation techniques with the goal of preserving selected or endangered genotypes of H. speciosa without genetic losses and producing seedlings of this species on a large scale. In addition, it was possible to verify that the donor plants used in this study showed a relatively low genetic variability.

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Rozhanskaya, O. A. y E. M. Gorshkova. "In vitro culture as a source of biodiversity for soybean breeding". Siberian Herald of Agricultural Science 49, n.º 4 (28 de septiembre de 2019): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.26898/0370-8799-2019-4-3.

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The paper shows the effectiveness of methods of somaclonal variability in combination with multiple individual selection for creating new soybean varieties characterized by early ripeness and increased seed productivity for sub-arid regions of Russia and Kazakhstan with cold continental climate. Soybean breeding material was created using biotechnology methods combined with multiple individual selection. Higher regeneration potential of soybean tissues of SibNIIK 315 variety compared to Omskaya-4 variety was revealed. The ability to regenerate is associated with the adaptability of SibNIIK 315 variety, which is conﬁ rmed by the wider area of its cultivation in various ecological and geographical conditions in ﬁ ve regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. Tissues of apexes and cotyledonary nodes of R21 somaclonal line differed from the original SibNIIK 315 variety by the increased activity of callus formation, regeneration and growth of shoots. Tissues of regenerated plants passed repeatedly through the regeneration cycle according to the protocol of recurrent regeneration. Due to this, high morphogenic activity of R21 tissues can be the result of autoselection in vitro. The analysis of phenotypic variations in early generations of soybean somaclones showed an asymmetric distribution of deviations by the main breeding and marker traits: duration of vegetation, plant height and seed productivity, as well as dependence of distribution on weather conditions. In a dry year most somaclonal lines had a higher seed productivity, whereas in favourable conditions of a humid summer only every third line was superior to the original variety. This indicates increased levels of ontogenetic adaptation of somaclones in extreme drought conditions.

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Fassuliotis, G. y B. V. Nelson. "Regeneration of Tetraploid Muskmelons from Cotyledons and Their Morphological Differences from Two Diploid Muskmelon Genotypes". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 117, n.º 5 (septiembre de 1992): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.117.5.863.

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`Gulfstream' and `Charentais' muskmelons (Cucumis melo. L.) plants were regenerated by in vitro culture to increase their genetic variability for resistance to root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.). While no genetic variability for root knot resistance was found, regenerated plants exhibited other traits that varied from the donor cotyledons. Chromosome counts confirmed that >75% of the somaclonal variants were tetraploid (2n = 24; 4n = 48). Tetraploids consistently exhibited micro- and macroscopic morphological changes that enabled distinction between tetraploids and diploids without chromosome counts; tetraploids contained enlarged stomates with more chloroplasts in the guard cells and pollen with a high percentage of square-appearing shapes. Tetraploids exhibited distinctive macroscopic morphological changes, including differences in leaf structure, fruit shape, blossom-end scar, number of vein tracts, and seed size.

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24

Paek, K. Y. y S. H. Ma. "IN VITRO PROPAGATION OF HOSTA USING CULTURED SHOOT TIPS AND SOMACLONAL VARIABILITY OF REGENERANTS". Acta Horticulturae, n.º 440 (diciembre de 1996): 576–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1996.440.101.

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25

Maidanyuk, D. M., I. O. Andreev, K. V. Spiridonova y V. A. Kunakh. "Genomic variability in maize callus cultures of lines P346 and its derivative somaclonal lines". Biopolymers and Cell 23, n.º 5 (20 de septiembre de 2007): 416–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/bc.00077c.

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26

Hadi, Masood y Mark P. Bridgen. "SCREENING OF SOMACLONAL VARIANTS IN VITRO TO PRODUCE INSECT RESISTANT PLANTS". HortScience 25, n.º 9 (septiembre de 1990): 1112e—1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1112e.

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Callus cultures of Torenia fournieri `Compacta Blue' were initiated on a modified Murashige and Skoog salt medium (MS) with 2.26 uM 2,4-dichloro-phenoxy acetic acid. Shoots were regenerated from these cultures using the MS medium amended with 2.46 uM 3-indolebutyric acid and 8.88 uM 6-benzylaminopurine. These shoots were subjected to Tetranychus urticae Koch (twospotted spidermite) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (greenhouse whitefly) in vitro. Pests were allowed to feed until such time that the pest population started to decrease due to lack of food. Remaining shoot tissue was placed on MS medium amended with 2.28 uM zeatin to -induce shoot formation. Shoots were acclimated to greenhouse conditions and evaluated for resistance to the pest to which they were subjected in vitro. Highly significant differences in pest numbers were found in somaclones when compared to control plants. A wide range of variability was observed within the somaclonal population.

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27

Ismail, Ismail A., Bandar S. Aljuaid, El Dessoky S. Dessoky y Attia O. Attia. "DNA-barcoding, SCoT and SRAP Based Somaclonal Variation in Micropropagated Withania somnifera Plantlets". Journal of Agriculture and Crops, n.º 82 (4 de marzo de 2022): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.82.75.86.

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Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is one of the recognized plant species that considered of most traditional natural supplements. Tissue culture is an efficient method as fast and affordable in plant propagation. Few studies have discussed the genetic impact of such method on ashwagandha plant. The aim of this research was to identify the genetic stability of micropropagated plantlets and to assess the impact of in vitro-propagation on somaclonal variability in ashwagandha using start codon-targeted (SCoT), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) and DNA-barcoding assays. SCoT marker assay produced a total number of 132 bands with an average of 11 bands per primer, where scorable PCR fragments were generated from all primers. The phylogenetic tree constructed using SCoT binary data, revealed genetic variability among studied plant samples. SRAP primer combinations showed a total of 78 bands by an average of 11.1 bands / combination, in which all combinations produced scored PCR fragments. Over SRAP assay, one specific band was obtained that was present in different ashwagandha micropropagated plant samples compared to the control (mother plant). This PCR fragments were obtained using me1F/em1R primer combination (287 bp). The phylogenetic tree constructed using SRAP data was successful to differentiate between micro-propagated plants and the control. The DNA- barcoding analysis using chloroplast gene RNA polymerasel (rpoCl) gene was used to detect the soma- clonal variation between control and one micro-propagated plant of ashwagandha. The phylogenetic tree constructed using DNA-barcoding sequences was successful to differentiate between the two samples, where control and micropropagated plantlets were grouped in two different groups. This study suggests the valuableness of using SRAP and DNA-barcoding in detecting soma-clonal variation among micropropagated plantlest of ashwagandha.

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28

Kim, So-Jeong, Jee-Soo Park, Yun-Hee Shin y Young-Doo Park. "Identification and Validation of Genetic Variations in Transgenic Chinese Cabbage Plants (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) by Next-Generation Sequencing". Genes 12, n.º 5 (22 de abril de 2021): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050621.

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Transgenic plants are usually produced through tissue culture, which is an essential step in Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation. However, genomic variations, termed somaclonal variations, have been detected in transgenic plants cultured in vitro. The occurrence of these variations should be as low as possible to secure the stability of transgenic crops. Determining the cause and mechanism of somaclonal variations in tissue culture-derived plants will help reduce the rate of variation and promote the stable expression of genes in transgenic plants. In order to determine the genetic variability in transgenic Chinese cabbage plants, we performed whole-genome resequencing and compared the sequencing data with the ‘CT001’ reference genome. The variation candidates that were expected to consistently occur in the transgenic lines were selected and validated. The single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and insertion and deletion (InDel) candidates were identified using the resequencing data and validated by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analysis. The deduced amino acid sequences were used to determine whether the variations caused changes in the resulting polypeptide, and the annotations of the mutated genes were analyzed to predict the possible effects of the SNPs on gene function. In conclusion, we selected and validated the genetic variations identified in transgenic Chinese cabbage plants. Their genomes were expected to be affected by the process of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. The findings of our study will provide a genetic basis for transgenic plant research.

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29

Bello-Bello, Jericó J., Lourdes G. Iglesias-Andreu, Susana A. Avilés-Viñas, Eunice Gómez-Uc, Adriana Canto-Flick y Nancy Santana-Buzzy. "Somaclonal Variation in Habanero Pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) as Assessed ISSR Molecular Markers". HortScience 49, n.º 4 (abril de 2014): 481–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.49.4.481.

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Intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were used to evaluate the effects of in vitro culture on genetic variation in Habanero pepper (Capsicum chinense Jacq.) regeneration protocols. A total of 219 ISSR clear and reproducible fragments were generated with 13 ISSR primers in direct organogenesis, direct and indirect somatic embryos, and the embryogenic callus system. A cluster analysis was performed to express in the form of dendrogram the relationships among different regeneration systems and the genetic variability detected. Genetic distance analysis indicated that our regeneration protocols are inappropriate for micropropagation, conservation, or genetic transformation; however, they may be applicable to breeding. This is the first report on the use of molecular analysis to evaluate genetic variation of in vitro-regenerated plants of Habanero pepper using ISSR markers.

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30

Bogani, Patrizia, Alessandra Simoni, Pietro Lio', Angela Scialpi y Marcello Buiatti. "Genome flux in tomato cell clones cultured in vitro in different physiological equilibria. II. A RAPD analysis of variability". Genome 39, n.º 5 (1 de octubre de 1996): 846–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g96-107.

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An analysis of the effect of changing physiological conditions on genome evolution in tomato cell populations has been carried out on long-term in vitro cultured clones grown on different auxin–cytokinin equilibria or selected for low–high competence for active defense against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici. RAPD analysis, confirmed through pattern rehybridization, was used as a random tool to measure the genetic variability. Through the use of a modified ANOVA, variation was shown to depend on both the initial genotype and the physiological conditions. Pattern correlation analysis through a mutual information algorithm suggested the fixation of RAPD patterns specific to physiological equilibria. The results are discussed in view of the possible relevance for evolution at hierarchical levels higher than cell populations. Key words : tomato clones, somaclonal variation, RAPD, coadaptation.

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31

Dey, T. y P. D. Ghosh. "Application of molecular markers in plant genome study". NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, n.º 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.001.

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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.

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32

Pradhan, D. y Usha Chakraborty. "Time-course accumulation of metabolites and expression of antioxidative enzymes in Glycine max under temperature stress". NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, n.º 1 (2010): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.004.

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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.

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33

Dey, T. y P. D. Ghosh. "Application of molecular markers in plant genome study". NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, n.º 1 (2010): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.001.

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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.

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34

Pradhan, D. y Usha Chakraborty. "Time-course accumulation of metabolites and expression of antioxidative enzymes in Glycine max under temperature stress". NBU Journal of Plant Sciences 4, n.º 1 (2010): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.55734/nbujps.2010.v04i01.004.

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The development of molecular techniques for genetic analysis has led to a great increase in our knowledge of plant genetics and our understanding of the structure and behaviour of plant genome. During last three decades, several powerful DNA based marker technologies have been developed for the assessment of genetic diversities and molecular marker assisted breeding technology. In plant systems, the prospects of DNA profiling and fingerprinting is becoming indispensable in the context of establishment of molecular phylogeny, assessment of somaclonal variants, characterization of plant genomics, marker- based gene tags, map-based cloning of agronomically important genes, variability studies, synteny mapping, marker-assisted selection of desirable genotypes etc. In this review article, various molecular markers are reviewed with emphasis on specific areas of their application in higher plants.

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35

Corradini, Pierre, Claude Edelin, Anne Bruneau y André Bouchard. "Architectural and genotypic variation in the clonal shrub Taxus canadensis as determined from random amplified polymorphic DNA and amplified fragment length polymorphism". Canadian Journal of Botany 80, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 2002): 205–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b01-144.

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Canada yew (Taxus canadensis Marsh.) is a clonal species with two types of ramets. The most common type has bilateral symmetry and alternate branching. The radial symmetry and opposite branching of the rarer type are similar to the architecture expressed in a young plant grown from seed. Architectural analysis was conducted on four colonies of increasing age and size. A genetic analysis using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) was conducted on 122 ramets, 93 sampled from nine colonies from a single population, 24 from eight other populations, and five from other Taxus species. Analysis of the architectural development sequence shows that yew follows the same architectural model as, for example, species of Abies or Picea. This model constitutes a level of organization intermediate between that of the ramet and of the genet. The molecular analyses confirm the greater variability of AFLPs over RAPDs and indicate that architecture is not directly related to genotypic variation. Ramets with radial symmetry have slightly higher genetic variation, on average, than ramets with bilateral symmetry with 95% degree of confidence. The molecular analyses show that the level of resolution of the AFLPs is adequate to characterize 98% of the ramets of a colony. Between pairs of physically connected ramets, some random genotypic differences are observed, supporting the hypothesis of genetic mosaicism in plants, due to somaclonal variations.Key words: architecture, clonal plant, intraclonal variation, molecular markers, somaclonal mutations.

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36

Isajev, Vasilije, Vladan Ivetic, Aleksandar Lucic y Ljubinko Rakonjac. "Gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia". Genetika 41, n.º 3 (2009): 309–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0903309i.

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This paper presents the concepts applied in the gene pool conservation and tree improvement in Serbia. Gene pool conservation of tree species in Serbia includes a series of activities aiming at the sustainability and protection of genetic and species variability. This implies the investigation of genetic resources and their identification through the research of the genetic structure and the breeding system of individual species. Paper also includes the study of intra- and inter-population variability in experiments - provenance tests, progeny tests, half- and full-sib lines, etc. The increased use of the genetic potential in tree improvement in Serbia should be intensified by the following activities: improvement of production of normal forest seed, application of the concept of new selections directed primarily to the improvement of only one character, because in that case the result would be certain, establishment and management of seed orchards as specialized plantations for long-term production of genetically good-quality forest seeds, and the shortening of the improvement process by introducing new techniques and methods (molecular markers, somaclonal variation, genetic engineering, protoplast fusion, micropropagation, etc.).

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37

Orlov, S. D., L. P. Nechyporenko y V. I. Voitovska. "Creation of seed breeding material of seed oats (Avena sativa L.) using embryo culture". Bioenergy, n.º 1-2 (28 de diciembre de 2022): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47414/be.1-2.2022.271350.

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The use of somaclonal seed oat samples in the breeding process allows to significantly expand the genetic variability of the experimental material. Callus was obtained by embryo culture from mature oat embryos sown on MS nutrient medium from 32.6% in No. 471–1117 with a concentration of 4 mg/l 2,4-D to 97.33% in No. 583–35 with a concentration of 2 mg/l. The regeneration ability of calli from different mature embryos of seeded oat offspring obtained on a nutrient medium with a concentration of 2,4-D in an induction medium of 2 mg/l ranged from 9.87 ± 2.42 in membranous offspring 479–1342 to 14.63 ± 5.52% in whole grains. As a result, regeneration lines of oat for obtaining seeds and further use in the breeding process were created.

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38

Baer, G. Ya, A. I. Yemets, N. A. Stadnichuk, D. B. Rakhmetov y Ya B. Blume. "Somaclonal variability as a source for creation of new varieties of finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.)". Cytology and Genetics 41, n.º 4 (agosto de 2007): 204–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0095452707040020.

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39

Martinez, Maria-Carmen, Jean-Michel Boursiquot, Serge Grenan y Robert Boidron. "Étude ampélométrique de feuilles adultes de somaclones du cv. Grenache N (Vitis vinifera L.)". Canadian Journal of Botany 75, n.º 2 (1 de febrero de 1997): 333–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-035.

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To obtain a broader variability of the Grenache N grapevine, somaclones were produced from anther calli and placed in two different environments: a poor sandy soil (Espiguette) and a richer silty clay soil (Chapitre). To evaluate the observed variations at the foliage level, an ampelometric study was conducted over three consecutive years. Various biometrical analyses revealed that (i) leaf size varies in relationship with the environment: in the poor soil, leaves are smaller than in the rich soil for the control clone as well as the somaclones; (ii) whatever the environment, indentation is deeper in somaclone leaves than in control leaves, even 10 years after outplanting; (iii) some somaclones with deeply or barely indented leaves have a more stable behaviour, while others have a leaf morphology changing with the year and the environment; (iv) leaf indentation parameters defined by the authors allow for a fairly good characterization among somaclones and control: indentation index X5, (S1 + S2)/(L + L1), appears to have the highest discrimination potential; vein length and angle parameters do not allow for discrimination. Representation of the somaclones based on a "theoretical leaf", obtained from the different measurements, gives interesting supplementary information for the interpretation of the results. Principal component analysis leads to more information on the parameters as well as on individuals. This method was therefore retained for further analyses. In conclusion, this study shows that before commercial introduction of a somaclone, one must ensure that the morphology always corresponds to the grapevine type. Key words: in vitro, somatic embryos, variability, morphology, indenting, principal component analysis, discriminant analysis. [Journal translation]

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40

Gawroński, Jacek y Magdalena Dyduch-Siemińska. "Potential of In Vitro Culture of Scutellaria baicalensis in the Formation of Genetic Variation Confirmed by ScoT Markers". Genes 13, n.º 11 (14 de noviembre de 2022): 2114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes13112114.

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The in vitro culture technique can be used for micropropagation of medicinal plants as well as for creating genotypes with an improved profile of phytochemical compounds. For this purpose, somaclonal variability may be used for the induction of genetic diversity among regenerants. The paper presents a protocol for obtaining Scutellaria baicalensis regenerants by indirect organogenesis and the assessment of their genetic variability with the use of start codon-targeted markers. The most intense process of indirect shoot organogenesis was observed on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with kinetin and 6-Benzylaminopurine (0.5 mg × dm−3 each)—7.4 shoot per explant on average. The callogenesis process occurred on the medium supplemented with TDZ, while the medium supplemented with GA3 allowed for direct shoot organogenesis and was used for the micropropagation of regenerants. In the analysis of plantlets obtained by indirect organogenesis, 11 ScoT markers generated a total of 130 amplicons, 45 of which were polymorphic. This analysis showed genetic diversity of regenerants in relation to the donor plant as well as within them, with mean similarity among the analyzed genotypes at the level of 0.90. This study confirms that the use of in vitro cultures allows for the possibility to generate genetic variability in Scutellaria baicalensis, which can be effectively revealed with the use of the SCoT marker.

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41

Chen, Jianjun, Richard J. Henny, David J. Norman, Pachanoor S. Devanand y Chih-Cheng T. Chao. "Analysis of Genetic Relatedness of Dieffenbachia Cultivars Using AFLP Markers". Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, n.º 1 (enero de 2004): 81–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/jashs.129.1.0081.

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Dieffenbachia Schott is an important ornamental foliage plant genus. A total of 30 species has been recognized, but most cultivars come from or are related to a single species, D. maculata (Lodd.) G. Don. At least 11 of the cultivars are sports or somaclonal variants. As a result, the potential lack of genetic diversity in cultivated Dieffenbachia has become a concern. However, no research has been conducted to determine the genetic relatedness of the cultivars. This study analyzed the genetic similarity of 42 Dieffenbachia cultivars using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. Six primer sets, selected from an initial screening of 48, generated a total of 453 scorable AFLP fragments of which 323 (71%) are polymorphic. All cultivars were clearly differentiated by their AFLP fingerprints. A dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair-group method of arithmetic averages, and principal coordinated analysis was carried out to show multiple dimensions of the distribution of the cultivars. The 42 cultivars were divided into three clusters; clusters I and II comprise 18 and 23 cultivars, respectively. Jaccard's similarity coefficients for cultivars in the clusters I and II varied from 0.44 to 0.95 and 0.41 to 0.87, respectively. These results indicate that broadening the genetic variability in the Dieffenbachia gene pool is needed, but the genetic similarity of many cultivars is not as close as previously thought. Additionally, Jaccard's similarity coefficients between most sports or somaclonal variants and their parents were 0.73 or lower, suggesting that accumulation of somatic mutations through tissue culture may play a role in the increased variation between some sports or variants and their parents.

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42

Schnell, R. J. y E. A. Wernsman. "Androgenic Somaclonal Variation in Tobacco and Estimation of its Value as a Source of Novel Genetic Variability 1". Crop Science 26, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183x002600010020x.

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43

Pykalo, S. V. y O. V. Dubrovna. "The ploidy level of triticale plant regenerants, obtained by in vitro selection for resistance to abiotic stresses". Faktori eksperimental'noi evolucii organizmiv 22 (9 de septiembre de 2018): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.7124/feeo.v22.966.

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Aim. To analyze the ploidy level of plant regenerants of winter triticale, obtained by in vitro selection for resistance to osmotic and salt stresses. Methods. By cytological analysis and flow cytometry methods there was determined the ploidy level in the plant regenerants of winter triticale obtained by in vitro selection for resistance to abiotic stresses. Results. The somaclonal variability of plant regenerants of winter triticale resistant to osmotic and salt stresses by ploidy level was observed. The cytological instability of resistant’s regenerants was revealed that was due in appearance of aneuploidy plants. Plants with aneuploid chromosome set (38–41) were characterized by reduced viability and abnormal generative organs resulting they are not formed normal ears and not received seeds. Conclusions. Among the obtained regenerants euploids were in most cases indicating a selective advantage of hexaploid cells in ability to morphogenesis. Keywords: Triticale, plant regenerants, cytological analysis, aneuploids, abiotic stresses.

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44

Richard, Sylvie, Sylvie Gauthier y Sylvie Laliberté. "Isozyme assessment of the genetic stability of micropropagated hybrid larch (Larix × eurolepis Henry)". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n.º 7 (1 de julio de 1995): 1103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-122.

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The search for the occurrence of somaclonal variation of in vitro shoots and acclimatized plants of a hybrid larch (Larix × urolepis Henry) clone was performed by the analysis of eight isozyme systems. Cultures were established from short shoot buds of mature material. The effects of growth regulators in the media, subculture intervals, and periods in culture were analyzed for in vitro shoots. Variability was found in in vitro shoots but appeared to be related to a physiological response to culture conditions. Once acclimatized, most tissuecultured plants expressed the same enzymatic patterns as those of control plants (stecklings and the ortet). The variations observed for some acclimatized plants were also observed in control plants and were not related to ontogenic stage. Results from the isoenzymatic systems studied showed that hybrid larch plants regenerated from tissue culture were not significantly different from stecklings and the ortet.

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45

Dhurve, Lalit, K. Ajith Kumar, Jyothi Bhaskar, A. Sobhana, Rose Mary Francies y Deepu Mathew. "Wide variability among the ‘Mauritius’ somaclones demonstrates somaclonal variation as a promising improvement strategy in pineapple (Ananas comosus L.)". Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture (PCTOC) 145, n.º 3 (7 de febrero de 2021): 701–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11240-021-02022-5.

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46

Mishra, Nishi, Manoj Kumar Tripathi, Sushma Tiwari, Niraj Tripathi, Swapnil Sapre, Ashok Ahuja y Sharad Tiwari. "Cell Suspension Culture and In Vitro Screening for Drought Tolerance in Soybean Using Poly-Ethylene Glycol". Plants 10, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2021): 517. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10030517.

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Soybean (Glycine max (L) Merrill) is used in India mostly as a substantial fund of protein and oil, which makes the crop significantly important. Somaclonal variation has been researched as a base of additional variability for drought in soybean. In the present experiment calli/cell clumps/embryoids rose from immature and mature embryonic axis and cotyledons explants were exposed to different concentrations of polyethylene glycol (PEG6000). A discontinuous method proved to be superior as it permitted the calli/embryoids/cell clumps to regain their regeneration competence. A total of 64 (12.21%) plantlets of genotype JS335 and 78 (13.13%) of genotype JS93-05 were regenerated after four consequent subcultures on the selection medium with an effective lethal concentration of 20% PEG6000, and proliferated calli/embryoids/cell clumps were further subcultured on Murashige and Skoog regeneration medium supplemented with 0.5 mgL−1 each of α-napthalene acetic acid (NAA), 6-benzyladenine (BA) and Kinetin (Kn), 20.0 gL−1 sucrose and 7.5 gL−1 agar. Putative drought-tolerant plantlets were acquired from genotype JS93-05 (38) in more numbers compared to genotype JS335 (26). Random decamer primers confirmed the presence of variability between mother plants and regenerated plants from both the genotypes. Since these plantlets recovered from tolerant calli/embryoids/cell clumps selected from the medium supplemented with PEG6000, the possibility exists that these plants may prove to be tolerant against drought stress.

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47

Dyduch-Siemińska, Magdalena. "A fast and effective protocol for obtaining genetically diverse stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) regenerants through indirect organogenesis". Agronomy Science 76, n.º 4 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24326/as.2021.4.4.

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Plant regeneration through indirect organogenesis allows obtaining genetic variability that can be used in the creation of new cultivars. The study presents a fast and effective protocol of one-step preparation of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) regenerants. To obtain callus tissue and shoot regeneration, leaves and nodal segments were used as primary explants, which were placed on MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium supplemented with plant growth regulators (PGRs): NAA (1-naphthaleneacetic acid – 2.0 mg·dm–3, BA (6-benzylaminopurine – 4.0 mg·dm–3), 2,4‑D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic – 2.0 mg·dm–3). Callus tissue was formed on both types of explants, however, only those derived from nodal segments were proliferating. An average of 3.92 shoots per explant were obtained from leaf explants on the applied medium after 6 weeks of culture. The analysis of the morphogenetic capacity of the obtained regenerants was carried out on MS medium supplemented with PGRs – kinetin (0.25 mg·dm–3), BA (0.5 mg·dm–3). The evaluation of the mean number of shoots, mean shoot length (cm), and the mean number of nodes per shoot indicated phenotypic variability of regenerants. The use of RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers confirmed the differences also at the DNA level. The proposed one-step indirect organogenesis regeneration protocol induced somaclonal variation of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni and the obtained regenerants, after selection, could be used in the breeding of this species.

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48

Molnár-Láng, M., G. Galiba, G. Kovács y J. Sutka. "Changes in the fertility and meiotic behaviour of barley (Hordeum vulgare) × wheat (Triticum aestivum) hybrids regenerated from tissue cultures". Genome 34, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1991): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g91-041.

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A total of 41 regenerant plants were raised from two consecutive in vitro propagation cycles from a barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Martonvásári 50) × wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring) hybrid. The second-cycle regenerants exhibited great variability for most morphological traits. The female fertility of certain regenerant hybrids considerably exceeded that of the initial hybrid, giving substantially higher seed set when pollinated with wheat. This character was transferred to the BC1 and BC2 progeny produced from the regenerants. The cytological analysis of the second-cycle regenerants indicated that these had a higher degree of meiotic instability than the initial hybrid. The proportion of cells with 28 chromosomes (21 wheat + 7 barley) dropped to one-half of that in the initial hybrid, with a rise in the number of hypoploid and hyperploid cells. The number of chiasmata per cell increased from 1.7 in the initial hybrid to 4.7 in the regenerants, and there was also an increase in the number of misdivisions.Key words: intergeneric hybrid, tissue culture, fertility, meiotic behaviour, somaclonal variation.

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Nikova, Violeta, Maria Palakarcheva, Roumiana Pundeva y Dobrinka Krusteva. "SOMACLONAL VARIATION IN CULTURED IN VITRO TOBACCO PLANTS FROM THE HYBRID NICOTIANA GOSSEY DOMIN. X N. TABACUM L." Israel Journal of Plant Sciences 46, n.º 1 (13 de mayo de 1998): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07929978.1998.10676705.

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Incompatibility between the speciesNicotiana gosseyDomin. andN. tabacumL., resulting in complete sterility of F1hybrid, was overcome using in vitro techniques. Explants of stem parenchyma were put in culture and were regularly subcultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium, supplemented with different compounds: α-naphthaleneacetic acid (2 mg L−1) and kinetin (0.5 mg L−1) for callus induction, kinetin (2 mg L−1) and indule-3-acetic acid (0.5 mg L−1) for organ formation, and ferulic acid (2 mg L−1) for rooting. The regenerants obtained showed significant morphological and cytological variability. They differed from each other as well as from the initial material in stem length, leaf size, and flower morphology. Most of the plants examined were mixoploids. A great number of aberrations were established during the meiotic division of the regenerants. Pollen viability varied from 0 to 92%. The results of our investigations showed that the tissue culture method could be successfully applied not only for overcoming species incompatibility but also for inducing somaclonal variation and creation of a large variety of plant forms.

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50

Gabriel, Abu, Paterne Agre, Alex Edemodu, A. E. Okon, Ranjana Bhattacharjee y David De Koyer. "Genetic Diversity of White Yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) Accessions Maintained in Tissue Culture and Cultivated in Field using Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Markers and Morphological Characterization". Journal of Agriculture and Crops, n.º 72 (20 de febrero de 2021): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jac.72.60.68.

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Dioscorea rotundata is a staple food crop for millions of people in the tropical and subtropical regions. In vitro germplasm conservation is a very useful tool in yam improvement strategies but very little is known about the genetic integrity and stability of in-vitro conserved yam plants. In this study, 42 accessions from in vitro and field populations were genotyped using 11 microsatellite markers and 23 morphological descriptors to assess variability within and between accessions. Out of the 23 morphological variables used, 13 were identified as most discriminate and were used to cluster the accessions into 4 clusters using the unweighted pair group arithmetic mean average (UPGMA). Accession maintained in field as well as in in-vitro showed high genetic similarity (R2 = 0.91, p-value: 1e-04). Out of the 42 accessions analyzed, nine accessions maintained in the field and in-vitro displayed different genetic profiles. This study provided basic information on the possible somaclonal variation of yam accessions maintained through in-vitro. Further study with advanced tools such as next-generation sequencing is required to elucidate the nature of the observed variation within clones.

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