Tesis sobre el tema "Vapeur d'eau atmosphérique – Mesure"
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Hamperl, Jonas. "Development of a differential absorption lidar for remote sensing of water vapor and the isotopologue HDO". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS477.
Texto completoObservations of stable water isotopologues in the atmosphere provide valuable insights into the condensation and evaporation history of water vapor. The provision of such data with sufficient vertical resolution in the lower troposphere (0–3 km) helps to improve our understanding of basic processes like cloud formation, moist convection and mixing, and offers the potential to increase the accuracy in the predictions made by atmospheric general circulation models. Despite the progress in remote sensing from the ground and from space, retrievals from passive sensors are prone to biases and lack the vertical resolution required for water cycle studies in the lower troposphere. The aim of this thesis is to investigate an active remote sensing approach based on the differential absorption lidar (DIAL) method to measure both the water vapor main isotopologue H2(16)O and the semiheavy water isotopologue HD(16)O with high vertical and temporal resolution (100–200 m, 10 min). The expected performance of such an instrument in terms of random and systematic errors was first analyzed using simulations accounting for instrumental and atmospheric parameters. The theoretical analysis showed that the spectral range around 1.98 μm is suitable for DIAL profiling of H2(16)O and HD(16)O and that range-resolved measurements require a tunable laser in that wavelength range with pulse energies of tens of mJ. To fulfill this requirement, a parametric laser source based on a nested-cavity optical parametric oscillator and an optical parametric amplification stage using state-of-the-art high-aperture (5×7 mm^2) periodically poled potassium titanyl phosphate (PPKTP) crystals was implemented. It delivers widely tunable (1.95–2.30 μm) single-frequency radiation with energies up to 9 mJ for 12 ns pulses at a repetition rate of 150 Hz. Using the developed laser source, DIAL measurements of H2(16)O and HD(16)O in the atmospheric boundary layer were conducted in direct-detection mode in the frame of several measurement campaigns. It was shown that with the developed lidar setup, isotopologue measurements with meaningful precision are limited to the first few hundred meters above the ground. To achieve measurements with range resolution and precision suitable for water cycle studies within the entire boundary layer, further instrumental improvements in terms of laser energy and reduced detection noise are necessary. For this purpose, a further step is proposed for the design and pre-development of a lidar setup capable of achieving a higher sensitivity thanks to an optimized double-stage amplification scheme for the laser transmitter that should allow to reach output energies >40 mJ
Sivira, Figueroa Ramsès Gregorio. "Exploitation des mesures "vapeur d'eau" du satellite Megha-Tropiques pour l'élaboration d'un algorithme de restitution de profils associés aux fonctions de densité de probabilité de l'erreur conditionnelle". Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066723.
Texto completoWe designed a methodology that allows us to develop a purely statistic water vapor profile restitution algorithm from Megha-Tropiques SAPHIR and MADRAS instruments with synthetic observations, and specially to quantify the restitution of conditional uncertainties. Three statistical models were optimized using this learning database to estimate seven layers tropospheric water vapor profiles and their conditional error probability density function (pdf). The optimized models lead us to conclude a model-independency restitution accuracy and this accuracy is directly related to physical constraints. Also, maximal precision was achieved in mid-tropospheric layers (maximal bias: 2. 2% and maximal correlation coefficient: 0. 87) while extreme layers show degraded precision values (at surface and the top of the troposphere, maximal bias: 6. 92 associated to a fort dispersion with correlation coefficient: 0. 58), this behavior could be explained by instrumental information lack. From conditional error probability functions, knowing observed brightness temperatures, humidity confidence intervals were estimated by each layer. The two hypotheses were tested and we obtained better results from the Gaussian Hypothesis. This methodology was tested using real data and results are consistent with the learning database with better accuracy (bias: -5. 77%) at mid-tropospheric layers, degrading it to extreme layers
Alkasm, Sulaf. "Etude des variations spatiales et temporelles de la colonne totale de la vapeur d'eau mesurées depuis le sol et l'espace, au dessus de l'Observatoire de Haute Provence et autour du bassin méditérranéen". Versailles-St Quentin en Yvelines, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012VERS0012.
Texto completoThe atmospheric water vapor is an important component of the hydrologic cycle. As greenhouse gas it has dominant effects on climate and global warming. Its distribution is highly variable at global and temporal scales and its mechanisms still poorly understood. This thesis deals with one hand on the study of total column water vapor over the Observatoire de Haute Provence (OHP) in Southern France, measured with instruments SAOZ and Elodie from the ground, and with instruments on satellites, GOME, and GOME2 SCHIAMACHY, and the other hand on the Mediterranean coastal region using data from the same satellites. Analysis of these data available from 1995 to 2009 allowed their validation and interpretation of field variability of water vapor incorporating the mechanisms of geographical distribution across the OHP, and their seasonal variations and their long-term trends over the OHP and the Mediterranean
Landsberg, Janek. "Développement d'un spectromètre laser OF-CEAS pour les mesures des isotopes de la vapeur d'eau aux concentrations de l'eau basses". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY052/document.
Texto completoIn recent years, the measurement of water isotopologues has become increasingly important for atmospheric research. Due to the influence of climatic conditions on the isotope ratios, the isotopic composition of water stored in the ice in Antarctica and the Arctic can be used as paleothermometers to reconstruct past climate changes. The measurement of changes of the isotopic composition of water vapor in the atmosphere can be used to study the global hydrolocal cycle and to refine atmospheric circulation models.Whereas the conventional method for water isotope measurements, Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS), is not adapted for in-situ continuous measurements of water vapor isotopes, the recent development of laser spectrometers offers a comparably easy and robust method to conduct in-the-field research with good time resolution. However, until now, most optical instruments require relative high humidity levels with water concentrations of at least several 1000 ppmv, which excludes measurements in some of the most interesting regions for water isotope research, such as the upper atmosphere and the central regions of Antarctica.In this work, we present a novel infrared laser spectrometer based on the technique OFCEAS, specifically designed to measure the four isotopologues H2_16O, H2_18O, H2_17O and HDO under very dry conditions, at water concentrations of some hundred to only tens of ppmv. The instrument developed during this thesis shows much higher measurement stability over time compared to previous OFCEAS instruments with optimum integration times of up to several hours and a very long effective path length of more than 30 km. At water concentrations around 80 ppmv, a precision of 0.8‰, 0.1‰ and 0.2‰ for d2H, d18O and d17O respectively could be achieved with an integration time of 30 to 60 min and at the optimum water concentration of ~650 ppmv, of 0.28‰, 0.02‰ and 0.07‰ respectively.An investigation of the overall performance of the instrument is presented and we specifically discuss the problem of a dependence of the isotope measurements on the water concentration at which a measurement is carried out. As main source of the concentration dependence, pattern noise is identified and a detailed analysis of the noise sources is given.Furthermore, a new calibration system for water vapor isotope measurements, the Syringe Nanoliter Injection Calibration System (SNICS), is introduced, which was developed in the framework of this thesis to offer a more reliable and stable means for the calibration of water vapor isotope measurements. This calibration system is based on the continuous injection of water into an evaporation chamber with two nanoliter syringe pumps and is able to generate standard water vapor in a range of 5 to 15 000 ppmv. A model simulation of the water injection is presented and shows a good agreement with experimental results.Subsequently, a first employment of the OFCEAS spectrometer at the Norwegian research station of Troll in Antarctica is discussed. Data from a three-week period from February and March 2011, during which the spectrometer continuously measured water vapor isotopologues in the atmosphere at the research station, is shown and problems and possibilities are discussed.Finally, the Isocloud project, an international project to study (super)saturation effects at the AIDA cloud chamber of the Karlsruhe Institute Technology in Germany, is introduced, in which we participated with both the spectrometer and the calibration instrument. Experimental data of the four measurement campaigns is presented, preliminary results are discussed. We conclude with a discussion of the optimum measurement protocol and give an outlook for the future
Brenot, Hugues. "Potentiel de la mesure GPS sol pour l'étude des pluies intenses méditerranéennes". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00012085.
Texto completoLacour, Jean Lionel. "Estimations du profil du rapport isotopique de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère à partir de spectres mesurés dans l'infrarouge thermique par le sondeur IASI: méthodologie d'inversion et analyses des premières distributions spatiales". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209151.
Texto completoDans cette perspective, les mesures de radiances du système terre-atmosphère dans l’infrarouge thermique par l’Interféromètre Atmosphérique de Sondage Infrarouge (IASI) à bord de la plateforme météorologique MetOp, peuvent fournir des observations du rapport isotopique δD (rapport HDO/H216O), à l’échelle globale et à haute résolution spatio-temporelle, pour autant que la restitution du rapport puisse être obtenue avec une précision suffisante.
Dans ce travail, nous présentons une méthodologie robuste et précise pour la restitution du profil de δD à partir des spectres IASI. Basée sur la méthode d’estimation optimale, elle consiste à appliquer des contraintes d’inversion adaptées afin d’obtenir des profils de δD fiables. Nous décrivons le choix de celles-ci et nous montrons que la méthode mise en place permet de fournir des profils de δD qui présentent un maximum de sensibilité dans la troposphère libre. L’adéquation de la méthode mise en place est ensuite évaluée grâce à une étude d’inter-comparaison avec des mesures dérivées de l’instrument spatial TES (Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer sur AURA) et FTIR localisés au sol. L’exactitude des profils IASI a aussi pu être déterminée grâce à des comparaisons avec des mesures in situ.
Dans une autre partie du travail, nous nous attachons à préciser les applications liées à l’utilisation des nouvelles mesures dans le domaine des géosciences. Nous documentons ainsi les capacités du sondeur IASI à fournir des mesures de δD à une résolution spatio-temporelle inégalée et décrivons les diverses distributions obtenues. Nous montrons et analysons notamment les premières cartes globales à haute résolution de δD dans la troposphère. Les mesures de δD et de l’humidité sont analysées conjointement à l’aide de modèles simples et permettent de démontrer la plus-value mesures de δD depuis les satellites. Parmi les résultats les plus significatifs, citons la mise en évidence de la signature isotopique des différentes sources de la vapeur d’eau (évaporation continentale/océanique), et celle de l’empreinte des différents processus hydrologiques qui contrôlent l’humidification de l’atmosphère (convection, mélange de masse d’air, ré-évaporation des gouttes de pluie).
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Sivira, Ramses. "Exploitation des mesures "vapeur d'eau" du satellite Megha-Tropiques pour l'élaboration d'un algorithme de restitution de profils associés aux fonctions de densité de probabilité de l'erreur conditionnelle". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01025685.
Texto completoClus, Owen. "Condenseurs radiatifs de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique (rosée) comme source alternative d'eau douce". Phd thesis, Université Pascal Paoli, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00320450.
Texto completoDes matériaux (films polymères et peintures) originaux et innovants ont été développés pour ces applications : ils conjuguent une grande émissivité IR et un état de surface optimisé pour un coût inférieur à 1 € m-². Des simulations numériques CFD (Phoenics) ont été programmées dans le but d'optimiser la mise en œuvre des condenseurs de rosée sur des systèmes réels complexes et de grande superficie. De nouvelles méthodes d'estimation (mesure de volume ou estimation indirecte) de la ressource potentielle en eau de rosée sont discutées en fonction de l'influence des paramètres météorologiques pour les îles de Biševo (Croatie), Tahiti et Tikehau (P. Française) et les sites de Panandhro et Yellagiri Hills (Inde).
Enfin, deux systèmes réels novateurs ont été réalisés : une toiture pérenne de démonstration de
15,1 m² installée à Biševo (rendements moyens de 0,181 mm pour un maximum de 0,526 mm). Le second est la première usine à rosée, réalisée avec l'IIMA, dans l'état du Gujarat (Inde). La surface actuelle est de 850 m² et sera étendue à 15 000 m² pour produire jusqu'à 5 m3 d'eau pure par nuit.
Chaboureau, Jean-Pierre. "Restitution de la structure verticale de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique à l'échelle globale à partir d'observations satellitales : implications pour la sensibilité climatique". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997EPXX0003.
Texto completoOudot, Charlotte. "Spectroscopie de la vapeur d'eau par Transformation de Fourier. Application aux régions d'intérêt atmosphérique". Thesis, Reims, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011REIMS035/document.
Texto completoThe work presented in this manuscript concern the knowledge of our atmosphere. In fact, the analysis of atmospheric spectra needs a good understanding of atmospheric molecular species. In particular the water vapor plays a special role as the first absorbent of earth's atmosphere. Spectra were recorded by Fourier transform spectrometer designed in the laboratory and lines parameters fitted with multi-spectra procedure named MultiFiT. The spectroscopic studies focus on lines intensity measurements for two different spectral ranges. The first presented is 10 µm, were two studies have been done. For the H216O isotopologue in the 1200 – 1400 cm-1 range, 300 transitions were measured and compared with literature data. The aim of this work was to determine the best spectroscopic database for IASI recording analysis. In 1000 to 2300 cm-1, H218O and HD18O isotopologue were measured with enriched 18O spectra. Over 2500 transitions were measured and assigned. Also this manuscript presents a huge work done in the 1.25µm region. This range appears in database with an important discrepancy for line intensities. 39 spectra were recorded with water vapor sample in natural abundance. Over 11000 transitions were measured and assigned, comparison to literature data are also presented. A part of this work were published in 2010 and used by L.Tallis, form University of Reading, for atmospheric application. At the end of this manuscript is presented the first comparisons with calculated data done for self broadening coefficients in the 1.25µm region
Thao, Soulivanh. "Tendance et variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique : un enjeu pour l'étude du niveau moyen océanique". Toulouse 3, 2014. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2561/.
Texto completoMeasurements of the sea surface height are disturbed by the presence of water vapor in the atmosphere. A microwave radiometer, on altimetric missions, is used to correct the measurements from theses disturbances. Requirements on the quality of this correction, called the wet tropospheric correction, are stringent for the survey of climate changes. This thesis concerns the monitoring of the wet tropospheric correction used in the altimetry missions, Jason-1 and Envisat. The aim is to characterize uncertainties related to this correction and to identify potential anomalies. The analysis brings out a potential drift in the radiometer used on Jason-1, after 2008. For the Envisat missions, the presence of biases near coastlines suggests processing related issues
Bouchtalla, Sahib. "Etude thermodynamique des clathrates hydratés d'hydrocarbures légers par mesure de tension de vapeur d'eau". Dijon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986DIJOS039.
Texto completoBouchtalla, Sahib. "Etude thermodynamique des clathrates hydrates d'hydrocarbures légers par mesure de tension de vapeur d'eau". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375962827.
Texto completoLambaerts, Julien. "Les effets dynamiques de l'humidité dans les modèles idéalisés de l'atmosphère de grande échelle". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066514.
Texto completoSainct, Florent. "Etude de la réactivité de décharges électriques nanoseconde à la pression atmosphérique dans la vapeur d'eau". Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale Paris, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01020267.
Texto completoSarkissian, Alain. "Fouilles Massives d'Archives Spectroscopiques : L'Observatoire Virtuel, de la Vapeur d'Eau Atmosphérique au Carbone dans les Astéroïdes". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00666080.
Texto completoBoniface, Karen. "Quantification de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique par GPS et apport à la prévision des événements cévenols". Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00444081.
Texto completoBoniface, Karen. "Quantification de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique par GPS et apport à la prévision des événements cévenols". Phd thesis, Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20146.
Texto completoWater vapour is highly variable in the atmosphere with concentration reaching saturation in the tropics and with dry areas over elevated continental region. Good knowledge of the amount of integrated water vapour in the air is necessary to predict phase changes and in particular precipitation. Water vapour variability measurement are still unsufficient with standard observing systems. Moreover accurate GPS (Global Positioning System) antenna positioning is affected by the refractivity index variation in the troposphere. Consequently, vertical positioning component estimation is difficult. This variation is directly linked to distribution of variables such as pressure, temperature and humidity along the path between satellite and receiver. Here we study more specifically heavy rains and notably Cevenols events. This thesis work consists first of all to check the GPS measurement validity to quantify water vapour in comparison with measurements from radiosounding and meteorological model outputs. One tries to analyse if water vapour quantification by GPS allowed to caracterise heavy rain events (cumulative rainfall amount greater than 150 mm) thanks to GPS observations and flux surface information. Then, we tested the GPS data (from a dense network) assimilation impact on cumulative precipitation forecasts using the high resoluted Meteo France AROME model (2. 5 km). Finally the quality and the contribution of GPS measurement on sea is evaluated for water vapour measurement. This study has been realised in the framework of VAPIMED experiment
QUAGLIA, PHILIPPE. "Etude et realisation du lidar aeroporte leandre ii pour la mesure de la vapeur d'eau". Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066441.
Texto completoDavid, Leslie. "Couplage lidar Raman et GPS pour le sondage de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique et le positionnement précis". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066549/document.
Texto completoThe IGN (Franch Mapping Institut) water vapor Raman lidar has been developed in order to correct the wet delay of GPS signals. Today, the goal is to open up to other applications such as meteorology and climatology. Regardless the applications, high accuracy is and will be completed with a reliable calibration of the instrument. The latest campaign, during which the IGN Raman was experimented, was Demevap. Several lidar calibration techniques were compared, and results showed a common drift all along the campaign. The work presented here starts with a detailed investigation of the Demavap absolute signals. This first step allowed listing different likely sources of errors and instabilities in the system which lead to fluctuations of the calibration coefficient. Among them, we chose to study thoroughly three subsystems which appear to have a major influence on the calibration coefficient variations: the temperature dependence of the Raman cross sections induced by the use of narrowband interference filters, the effect of the optical configuration of the detection part of the lidar and problems linked to the electronic part of the detection. We strive to highlight and quantify the variations by means of numerical simulations, models and laboratory experiments. Furthermore, we proposed theoretical, empirical and instrumental solutions for the mitigation of these variations. Eventually, long term calibration coefficient stability of the overall system will be assessed with regular water vapor profile recordings and calibration measurements spread over several months
David, Leslie. "Couplage lidar Raman et GPS pour le sondage de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique et le positionnement précis". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066549.
Texto completoThe IGN (Franch Mapping Institut) water vapor Raman lidar has been developed in order to correct the wet delay of GPS signals. Today, the goal is to open up to other applications such as meteorology and climatology. Regardless the applications, high accuracy is and will be completed with a reliable calibration of the instrument. The latest campaign, during which the IGN Raman was experimented, was Demevap. Several lidar calibration techniques were compared, and results showed a common drift all along the campaign. The work presented here starts with a detailed investigation of the Demavap absolute signals. This first step allowed listing different likely sources of errors and instabilities in the system which lead to fluctuations of the calibration coefficient. Among them, we chose to study thoroughly three subsystems which appear to have a major influence on the calibration coefficient variations: the temperature dependence of the Raman cross sections induced by the use of narrowband interference filters, the effect of the optical configuration of the detection part of the lidar and problems linked to the electronic part of the detection. We strive to highlight and quantify the variations by means of numerical simulations, models and laboratory experiments. Furthermore, we proposed theoretical, empirical and instrumental solutions for the mitigation of these variations. Eventually, long term calibration coefficient stability of the overall system will be assessed with regular water vapor profile recordings and calibration measurements spread over several months
Carvalho, Fred Calim. "Hydrocalc : calculateur temps réel de la lame d'eau par radar". Paris 11, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA112281.
Texto completoHadad, Dani. "Analyse de la vapeur d’eau atmosphérique et des processus dynamiques associés". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAC038/document.
Texto completoIn the context of global warming and climate change, it is important to study the distributions, seasonal cycles and trends of trace gases in the atmosphere such as water vapor. of the Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand is in charge of several observation devices including the instrumented site Cézeaux, Opme and Puy de Dôme (CO-PDD) located near the center of France (45◦ N, 3◦ E). The site of Cézeaux is instrumented by a Rayleigh - Mie–LIDAR Raman providing routine vertical profiles of water vapor mixing ratio and optical parameters characterizing cirrus clouds. The puy de Dôme site is equipped with an optical cavity spectroscope (CRDS-Picarro). Measurements of total water vapor columns are available on all these sites by GPS. The Opme site is equipped with rain gauges. Finally, Météo-France performs the quality control work and of data on meteorological stations in France and these data were used in this thesis. The validation of the puy de Dôme data was the first the first task in this thesis. Comparisons between the puy de Dôme data sets showed a very good agreement between the water vapor datafrom the OPGC meteorological station of Puy de Dôme, Météo France and CRDS data with a correlation of 0.94 and 0.98 respectively. The vertical profiles deduced from the LIDAR allowed to identify a water vapor anomaly and a stratosphere-troposphere intrusion associated with this anomaly. OLR data showed that this intrusion could be linked with deep convection and LACYTRAJ confirms the stratospheric origin of a part of the air mass present above Clermont-Ferrand. Long series of observations (eg Puy de Dôme 1995-2015) and ECMWF ERA-Interim re-analysis (1979-2017) and the diversity of data sources (eg AIRS and COSMIC satellites), allowed us to document, analyze and compare the variability, cycles and trend of surface and tropospheric water vapor at different time scales and determine the geophysical processes responsible for water vapor distributions at the site of CO-PDD. The annual cycle of water vapor is clearly established for the two sites of different altitudes and for all types of measurement. Cézeaux and puy de Dôme present almost no diurnal cycle, suggesting that the variability of surface water vapor at this site is more influenced by a sporadic meteorological system than by regular diurnal variations. The LIDAR dataset shows a greater monthly variability of the vertical distribution than the COSMIC and AIRS satellite products. The Cézeaux site presents a positive trend for the GPS water vapor total column (0.42 ± 0.45 g/kg*decade during 2006–2017) and a significant negative trend for the surface water vapor mixing ratio (−0.16 ± 0.09 mm/decade during 2002–2017). The multi-linear regression analysis shows that continental forcings (East Atlantic Pattern and East Atlantic-West Russia Pattern) have a larger influence than oceanic forcing (North Atlantic Oscillation) on the water vapor variations
Pouchet, Ivan. "Sondage atmosphérique par diode laser : application à la détection in situ de H2O, CH4 et CO2 dans la troposphère et la basse stratosphère". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066265.
Texto completoNgo, Ngoc Hoa. "Profil spectral des raies d’absorption de la vapeur d'eau pour l'étude de l'atmosphère de la terre par télédétection". Thesis, Paris Est, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PEST1134.
Texto completoThis work is devoted to a theoretical and experimental study of the spectral shape of isolated transitions of water vapor, a key species of the Earth atmosphere. The purpose of these studies is to develop an accurate line-shape model taking into account different velocity effects affecting the spectral shape of H2O lines. In the first part of this thesis, spectroscopic line parameters of pure H2O and H2O diluted in air have been measured using an external cavity diode laser and a long-path absorption cell. Different existing line-shape models have been used to adjust the measurements. The results show that the widely-used Voigt profile leads to large differences with measured spectra and that it is necessary to take into account both the velocity changes and speed dependence effects to correctly model H2O line shapes. The second part of this work is devoted to the development of a new line-shape model, based on the results obtained from classical molecular dynamics simulations and semi-classical calculations. Both collision-induced velocity changes and speed dependence effects are taken into account by this model. Furthermore, we also show that the correlation between velocity changes and internal-state changes has to be accounted for to correctly describe H2O line shapes. Spectra of pure H2O, H2O in N2 and in air, calculated with the new model are in excellent agreement with those measured by different techniques and for large ranges of pressure and spectral domain. Its complexity and its large computational cost make the new model difficult to use for practical applications such as atmospheric radiative transfer. It is thus used, in the third part, as a “benchmark” in order to test different simplified line profiles and then to choose the proper one to fit measured spectra and to be used for atmospheric spectra prediction. The results show that the pCqSDHC (partially-Correlated quadratic-Speed-Dependent Hard-Collision) model is the most adapted to represent the line shape of H2O, but also of other molecules. This model offers a very good compromise between accuracy and computation efficiency and can be easily used in different practical applications
Xu, Feng. "Diffusion d’un faisceau quelconque par un sphéroïde et mesure en ligne de la vapeur humide par l’extinction spectrale de la lumière". Rouen, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007ROUES005.
Texto completoThe generalized Lorenz-Mie (GLMT) is developed to describe the interaction between an arbitrary shaped beam and a homogeneous spheroid. Analytical expressions of the amplitudes of the scattering fields, absorption and extinction crosssections, and the radiation pressure are obtained. The numerical results are also presented. To overcome the drawback of the GLMT in numerical calculation for a large spheroid, the classical geometrical optics is extended to the case of Gaussian beam scattering by a spheroid. In experimental aspect, an optical system on the basis of the spectral light extinction method is developed and used for wet steam measurement in EDF. The influences of the scattering by the particles in the edge measurement zone and of the multiple scattering on the extinction spectrum are analyzed by using the Monte Carlo method
Bernardes, Parracho Ana Claudia. "Etude de la tendance et de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique à l'aide de modèles de climat et d'observations du réseau GNSS mondial". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066524/document.
Texto completoWater vapour is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, and its distribution and variability are sources of uncertainty in climate models. The use of long-term integrated water vapour (IWV) observations and reanalyses can help in their assessment. This work pioneered the use of reprocessed GPS IWV data for 1995-2010, converted from estimates of Zenith Total Delay. The conversion was assessed, with the goal of producing a high quality long-term IWV data set. Due to uncertainties in the GPS observations and homogeneity concerns, a global comparison with ERA-Interim reanalysis data was made. Although a general good agreement in means, variability and trends was found, issues in both data sets were highlighted. In GPS, gaps and inhomogeneities in the time series were evidenced, as well as representativeness differences in coastal areas and regions of complex topography. In ERA-Interim, too strong trends in certain regions were found. ERA-Interim was also compared with other reanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), and differences were found in the IWV trends over Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Finally, GPS and ERA-Interim IWV were used to assess four configurations of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model with two different physics and with or without nudging towards ERA-Interim wind fields. Impact of the model physics on the IWV mean was found, with the new physics being moister at tropical latitudes. Overall, the model free runs in both physics have difficulty reproducing the trends and variability observed in ERA-Interim and GPS. This is improved with the nudging, which confirms the importance of large-scale dynamics on IWV trends and variability
Bernardes, Parracho Ana Claudia. "Etude de la tendance et de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique à l'aide de modèles de climat et d'observations du réseau GNSS mondial". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066524.
Texto completoWater vapour is a key component of the Earth’s climate system, and its distribution and variability are sources of uncertainty in climate models. The use of long-term integrated water vapour (IWV) observations and reanalyses can help in their assessment. This work pioneered the use of reprocessed GPS IWV data for 1995-2010, converted from estimates of Zenith Total Delay. The conversion was assessed, with the goal of producing a high quality long-term IWV data set. Due to uncertainties in the GPS observations and homogeneity concerns, a global comparison with ERA-Interim reanalysis data was made. Although a general good agreement in means, variability and trends was found, issues in both data sets were highlighted. In GPS, gaps and inhomogeneities in the time series were evidenced, as well as representativeness differences in coastal areas and regions of complex topography. In ERA-Interim, too strong trends in certain regions were found. ERA-Interim was also compared with other reanalyses (MERRA-2, ERA-20C, 20CR), and differences were found in the IWV trends over Africa, Australia, and Antarctica. Finally, GPS and ERA-Interim IWV were used to assess four configurations of the LMDZ atmospheric general circulation model with two different physics and with or without nudging towards ERA-Interim wind fields. Impact of the model physics on the IWV mean was found, with the new physics being moister at tropical latitudes. Overall, the model free runs in both physics have difficulty reproducing the trends and variability observed in ERA-Interim and GPS. This is improved with the nudging, which confirms the importance of large-scale dynamics on IWV trends and variability
Lees, Édouard. "Étude de la vapeur d’eau atmosphérique à partir de données GNSS dans le bassin sud-ouest de l’océan Indien et applications à l’étude du climat et des cyclones tropicaux". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0037.
Texto completoDue to their accuracy and low cost, ground-based GNSS station remain to date the main means of observing water vapour at all space-time scales. This greenhouse gas significantly modulates deep convection in tropical regions. It leads to extreme phenomena such as droughts, floods and tropical cyclones, to which the southern Indian Ocean basin is particularly vulnerable. This thesis deals with the exploitation of GNSS water vapour measurements collected in the Indian Ocean by a set of stations of the IGS global network and the IOGA4MET network. The later has been recently deployed in the framework of the ReNovRisk-Cyclones and Climate Change research programme. The first part of this thesis recalls the calculation method of the integrated water vapour column by GNSS and presents an intercomparison between the measurements obtained by the IGS network stations and various other sensors (microwave satellites, radiosondes) available in the southern Indian Ocean basin. These measurements are then used in a second step to study the variability of water vapour at different space-time scales. The results obtained show that the annual variability is highly variable on a regional scale and even stronger the further away from the equator. On a smaller scale, the diurnal water vapour cycle appears to be strongly driven by interactions between large-scale atmospheric dynamics and local circulations. This is particularly the case for tropical islands such as Madagascar and Reunion
Bounaix, Fabrice. "Etude et réalisation d'un spectromètre haute sensibilité à diode laser pour la mesure de traces de gaz : application à la détection de la vapeur d'eau". Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10018.
Texto completoGuilpart, Etienne. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère sur l'île de La Réunion : apport à la compréhension des processus humides atmosphériques en région tropicale". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV002.
Texto completoThe isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes
Djouima, Ghimouz Nassima. "Influence de l'oxygène et de la vapeur d'eau sur la corrosion atmosphérique du cuivre et de l'argent en présence de sulfure d'hydrogène : étude de l'effet inhibiteur du benzotriazole en phase vapeur sur la sulfuration des deux métaux". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066465.
Texto completoKane, Didier. "Mise au point d'une méthode non-destructive de mesure de mesure de la teneur en vapeur d'eau d'un boîtier hermétique, à cavité, de composant électronique par capteur hygrométrique in-situ à conductivité de surface". Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0019.
Texto completoLe, Barbu Thibault. "Spectrométrie infrarouge atmosphérique : Applications à la mesure in situ par diodes laser de H2O, CO2 et leurs isotopes dans la basse atmosphère de mars (TDLAS) et à la mesure du CO2 terrestre par le spectromètre à réseau SOIR". Reims, 2006. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000346.pdf.
Texto completoThis thesis work presents infrared spectrometry and the tests and developments made for two instruments of atmospheric usage. The first part shows a chronology of the Martian space exploration, on the point of view of the search for water, and the characteristics of the planet. It is followed by a description of the developments made for a tunable diode laser spectrometer (TDLAS) suited for the in situ monitoring of the Martian atmosphere, in particular, water fluxes. Water is essential to life as we know it on earth and it is important to understand its cycle on all aspects, in particular the surface atmosphere coupling. The second part deals with the spectroscopic studies carried in the laboratory with the laser diodes emitting at 1877nm, 2042nm and 2640nm which can be used by TDLAS. The spectroscopic parameters of the molecules of interests at those wavelengths were measured and will be used for the processing of the in-situ spectra. The third part concerns a grating spectrometer with acousto-optic filter (AOTF) which can be used for the measurement of carbon dioxide in the earth atmosphere by solar occultation. CO2 is one of the major greenhouse gases. A good knowledge of sources and sinks of CO2 is very important to evaluate the impact of its increasing concentration on the evolution of the climate. A compact instrument such as SOIR could be very useful to complete the actual network of measurement. The first solar measurements, the mechanical adjustments and the first calibration tests are presented
DELMONTE, STEPHANE. "Etude d'une source lidar emettant a 2 microns pour la mesure simultanee de vapeur d'eau et de vent dans la basse troposphere a partir d'une plateforme spatiale". Paris 6, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA066298.
Texto completoGuilpart, Etienne. "Etude de la composition isotopique (deutérium et oxygène 18) de la vapeur d'eau dans l'atmosphère sur l'île de La Réunion : apport à la compréhension des processus humides atmosphériques en région tropicale". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLV002/document.
Texto completoThe isotopic composition of water vapor (dO18 and dD) is commonly used to study present and past water cycle and its varations. If this geochemical tool has been widely used to study past polar climates, many questions remain about the factors governing the isotopic composition of water in the tropics.The goal of this thesis is (1) to monitor the isotopic composition of water vapor in Reunion island (Indian Ocean), and (2) to evaluate the potential of theses measurements for understanding humid climate processes. We have set up a laser spectrometer at the Maïdo Atmospheric Observatory, allowing us to obtain a three-year chronicle of measurements.First, we analyze the temporal variability in our measurements. The isotopic composition of water vapor does not record any seasonal cyclicity. On the other hand, a strong diurnal cycle is visible, as well as a synoptic variability associated with cyclonic events.We then focus on the diurnal cycle. We show that it results from atmospheric boundary layer motions, with a marine vapor reaching the Observatory during the day, and air masses originating from the free troposphere reaching the Observatory during the night. During some nights, vapor is significantly more depleted in dO18 and dD. During the austral winter, this phenomenon is due to a modification of the regional atmospheric circulation causing a reinforcement of subsidences at Reunion Island, related to the position of the Subtropical Jet. During the austral summer, this phenomenon is sometimes due to an intensification of the subsidence at Reunion Island, and at other times to local or regional condensation processes.Finally, we focus on cyclonic events. During these periods, a strong isotopic depletion of the vapor is observed. We show that this depletion occurs 2 to 3 days before the system and continues until 3 days after. During this period, the evolution of the isotopic composition of the water vapor has a substructure. We note (1) an isotopic depletion that is a function of the distance to the center of the system, (2) an isotopic enrichment at the system wall, and (3) an abrupt evolutions of the isotopic composition of the water vapor in the rainbands due to mixing, condensation and/or recycling processes
Louf, Valentin. "Étude de l’eau atmosphérique par instrumentation micro-onde active et passive". Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL10205/document.
Texto completoThe detection of dangerous convective precipitating system is crucial for the civil aviation safety. In this work, we develop applications for the aviation safety by using active (radar) and passive (radiometer) microwave instrumentation in order to detect precipitating systems, notably hail area. We also develop applications for the meteorology, i.e. a climatology of water vapor and the anomalous propagation of the microwave signal that is inducted by water vapor.In the first part, we study the best configuration for civil aviation airborne radars for the observation of precipitating systems, notably the frequency and the beamwidth. We have applied the constrain on the radar antenna of civil aviation that its size and its weight. Then we study the results of the dual-wavelength technic for the detection of hailstorm. This part aims to improve the quality of the observations made by civil aviation airborne radars. In the second part, we study the climatology of the water vapor diurnal cycle, and its seasonnal variations, in West Africa. Water vapor is one of the most important atmospheric gases (greenhouse effect, radiation, hydrological cycle, etc.), it is thus necessary to know in details the water vapor distribution in the troposphere. Based on this water vapor study, we then analyse the impact of the water vapor on the air refractivity and the propagation of microwaves. A climatology of anomalous propagation has been built for the instrumentation that uses microwaves
Tarniewicz, Jérôme. "Etude d'une méthode de sondage de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère appliquée à la correction de mesures GPS pour l'altimétrie de haute précision". Phd thesis, Université de Versailles-Saint Quentin en Yvelines, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011934.
Texto completoDans un premier temps, le système GPS est présenté dans son utilisation géodésique classique; un bilan d'erreur est donné, en insistant particulièrement sur la modélisation du délai troposphérique qui intervient dans les observations GPS. L'erreur de positionnement induite par des hétérogénéités atmosphériques est estimée par simulation simplifiée de la chaîne de traitement GPS d'une ligne de base en double différence. Il en ressort qu'une correction externe des mesures GPS est nécessaire, et que les méthodes de traitement GPS actuelles (correction a priori et estimation de paramètres troposphériques) ne sont pas adaptées à des situations présentant de fortes hétérogénéités dans la distribution de vapeur d'eau atmosphérique.
Dans un second temps, l'étude se focalise sur le mode de la correction des mesures GPS à utiliser. Après une rapide revue des différentes techniques de sondage de la vapeur d'eau troposphérique, les précisions des délais troposphériques humides obtenus à partir d'une mesure résolue en distance sont comparées, par simulation, à celles obtenues à partir d'une mesure intégrée; de ces simulations, il est conclu qu'une mesure résolue (rapport de mélange ou concentration absolue), fournie par un lidar Raman à balayage, permet d'obtenir la précision sub-millimétrique visée sur le délai troposphérique humide.
Le développement instrumental d'un lidar Raman vapeur d'eau à balayage est ensuite abordé. Le principe de la mesure de vapeur d'eau par lidar Raman est présenté, et compte-tenu des configurations instrumentales existantes, des contraintes d'encombrement imposées par la mobilité du système et des performances obtenues par un simulateur développé pour l'occasion, les caractéristiques d'un nouveau système lidar Raman sont présentées. Les premiers résultats expérimentaux obtenus en visée zénithale lors de la campagne ESCOMPTE en 2001 et d'une campagne de mesure à Toulouse au CNRM en 2002 sont présentés, validant ainsi le simulateur instrumental du lidar Raman développé pour le sondage de la vapeur d'eau atmosphérique.
Dans une dernière partie, le bénéfice d'une correction externe des mesures GPS par lidar Raman à balayage est démontré par la simulation numérique. Les observations GPS et les corrections lidar correspondantes sont calculées à partir d'une simulation de l'évolution de la distribution spatiale de la vapeur d'eau effectuée à méso-échelle par le modèle MM5. La simulation concerne une journée d'étude de la campagne IHOP (International H2O Project) pour un cas où la couche limite est très hétérogène. La stratégie d'observation est discutée en fonction de l'erreur obtenue. Il est montré que les erreurs de positionnement sub-millimétriques (environ 10 fois plus faibles que celles obtenues lors d'un traitement GPS classique) peuvent être obtenues sur une période de 24 heures, avec un balayage séquentiel et homogène de la constellation de satellites GPS (5 minutes d'observation par satellite pour des élévations supérieures à 5°).
Quarello, Annarosa. "Développement de nouvelles méthodes d’homogénéisation des données atmosphériques GNSS. Application à l’étude de la variabilité climatique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS457.
Texto completoHomogenization is an important and crucial step to improve the use of observational data for climate analysis. This work is motivated by the analysis of long GNSS Integrated Water Vapor (IWV) data which have not yet been used in this context. These series are affected by inhomogeneities linked to changes in the instrumentation, in the environment, and in the data processing procedure. Due to the natural variability of the series we actually work on the time series of differences, using ERA-Interim reanalysis as reference for the climate signal. A base assumption is that the differences contain only the signature of the abrupt changes from the GNSS series which can be detected by means of a segmentation algorithm. Careful analysis of the segmentation results allows to sort the cases when this assumption is actually not true. The main contribution of this thesis was the development a novel segmentation method dedicated to detecting changes in the mean of the GNSS-ERA-Interim IWV difference series. This segmentation model integrates a periodic bias and a heterogeneous, monthly varying, variance to properly fit the characteristics of the series. The method consists of first estimating the variance using a robust estimator and then estimating the segmentation parameters (the positions of the change-points, the means of the segments) and the periodic bias model in a sequential way. The segmentation parameters and the periodic bias model are estimated iteratively for a fixed number of change-points. The inference is achieved by the classical maximum likelihood procedure using the dynamic programming algorithm for the estimation of the segmentation parameters which provides the exact solution in a reasonable amount of time. The procedure is repeated for all the numbers of change-points tested between 0 and a maximum (about 30). Finally, the optimal number of change-points is chosen using a penalized model selection strategy. Several criteria are tested. The method is implemented in the R GNSSseg package available on CRAN. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated by numerical simulations. An application for a real dataset of 120 global GNSS stations in the global IGS network is presented for the period from January 1995 to December 2010. Inspection of the results reveals that the detected change-points contain a fraction (~ 20 %) of outliers which are characterized by double detections with two large offsets, generally of opposite signs, close together, e.g. a few tens of days apart. In order to detect and eliminate the outliers a screening method was developed. The final set of change-points is validated with respect to GNSS metadata which contain information on equipment changes that occurred at the stations. The percentage of validation remains moderate at the level of 20 % despite all the changes are statistically significant. Some of the change-points may actually be due to the reference series (ERA-Interim). Finally, the segmentation information (dates of the change-points) is included in a linear regression algorithm which is used to estimate the GNSS IWV trends. The estimated trends are tested for significance and compared to the ERA-Interim trends. Higher spatial consistency in the GNSS trends and improved consistency is found after homogenisation with ERA-Interim in regions where the reanalysis is known to perform well. [...]
Vérèmes, Hélène. "Étude de la variabilité de la vapeur d'eau dans la troposphère et la basse stratosphère en région (sub)tropicale et des processus associés". Thesis, La Réunion, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LARE0011/document.
Texto completoIn a context of climate change, it is important to study distribution processes and the trends of trace atmospheric gases such as ozone and water vapor. The Maïdo atmospheric observatory, located at 2160 m in height, hosts a set of atmospheric in-situ and remote sensing instruments, including the Lidar1200 providing vertical water vapor profiles. This thesis aims to provide a thorough work of validation, evaluation and analysis of the Lidar1200 data. Comparisons with radiosoundings allowed to validate the water vapor profiles of the lidar from the lower troposphere up to an altitude of 22 km if a sufficient number of data is integrated. At a smaller temporal scale, the Lidar1200 is able to follow temporally structures in the range of a hundred of meters thick up to a dozen of kilometers in altitude. The data analysis show the potential of the lidar in monitoring the water vapor in the lower stratosphere on a long term with one to two points of measurements by month. The database 2013-2015 brings information on the seasonal variability of the water vapor over Reunion Island. The water vapor data allow to study various atmospheric processes including stratosphere-troposphere exchanges. Signatures of stratospheric intrusions were observed on quasi-simultaneous and co-localized ozone and water vapor observations realized by two lidars of the Maïdo Observatory during the measurement campaign MALICCA-1 (MAïdo LIdar Calibration CAmpaign, Reunion Island), on April 4, 2013, suggesting stratospheric intrusions with multiple origins
Héron, Damien. "Effet de la convection sur le contenu en vapeur d’eau de la région de la haute troposphère-basse stratosphère tropicale au-dessus de l’océan Indien". Thesis, La Réunion, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LARE0026.
Texto completoThe Tropical Tropopause Layer (TTL), between 14 and 20 km in altitude, plays a key role in the general circulation as a gate to stratosphere for tropospheric air masses (Holton et al., 1995). The condensation of water vapor at the altitude of tropical tropopause temperature minimum causes the stratosphere to have very low water vapour content. Climate models predict an increase in water vapour mixing ratio in the TTL region which could contribute to an additional 10% to the surface warming (Dessler et al., 2013, 2016). The models have great difficulties in modeling water vapor variations in the TTL because of a poor representation of tropical convection, which controls much of the vertical transport of water vapor to the TTL. The impact of the deep convection on the water vapor and ozone content of TTL is addressed in this study. Radiosonde measurements (SHADOZ and Météomodem-M10 sondes) between 2013 and 2016 released from Reunion Island show that 20% of the summertime profiles (between 2013 and 2016) of Reunion Island have a distinct convective detrainment signature in the upper troposphere (10-13km). The lagrangian backtrajectories from FLEXPART model calculated for air masses impacted by convection show that northern Madagascar and the Mozambique Channel play a predominant role in the humidification of the upper troposphere over Reunion Island. With an yearly average of 9 tropical cyclones, the southwestern Indian Ocean is the third most active basin in the world but remains under-observed/studied. In this thesis, the role of tropical cyclones on the TTL moistening over the Indian Ocean is investigated. Mesoscale simulations at 2 km in resolution of cyclone Enawo (2017) carried out with the Meso-NH model showed that a tropical cyclone could humidify the lower stratosphere (17-19 km) by 45% (3.3- 4.8 ppmv) over a 500 km radius. The study focuses in particular on a massive intrusion of water vapor during the eye formation of the cyclone. The main process leading to the TTL humidification is the sublimation of ice transported into TTL by the cyclone. Mesoscale simulations of cyclone Gelena (2019) suggest that the estimation of vertical transport in the TTL car vary significantly between cyclones. According to Meso-NH preliminary résults, cyclone Gelena had humified the TTL by ~1 ppmv between 15 and 18 km in altitude
Wang, Di. "What controls the 3D distribution of water vapor isotopic composition in East Asia?" Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2023SORUS567.pdf.
Texto completoUnlike polar ice core records, the isotope variations in Tibetan ice cores challenge the interpretation of temperature signals. One of the main reasons is that in monsoon regions at low and middle latitudes, water isotopes are influenced by convective and cloud processes. A deeper understanding of water isotope behavior and the dynamical controls involved in moisture transpiration and convection is needed. Large-scale in-situ observations and vertical profiles of vapor isotopes during convection would be helpful. However, such data are rare. The aim of this thesis was to document horizontal, vertical, and temporal variations in the isotopic composition of water in East Asian monsoon region. First, to document the horizontal and seasonal variations of water isotopes near the surface across China, we made in-situ observations of near-surface vapor isotopes over a large region (over 10000 km) across China in both pre-monsoon and monsoon seasons, using a newly-designed vehicle-based vapor isotope monitoring system. We found that the observed spatial variations of vapor δ18O are mainly controlled by Rayleigh distillation along air mass trajectories during the pre-monsoon period, but are significantly influenced by different moisture sources, continental recycling processes, and convection along moisture transport during the monsoon period. These results provide an overview of the spatial distribution and seasonal variability of water isotopic composition in East Asia and their controlling factors and emphasize the need to interpret proxy records in the context of the regional system and moisture sources. Second, to better understand the physical processes that control the vertical distribution of vapor isotopes and its intra-seasonal and seasonal variability, we observed the vertical profiles of atmosphere vapor isotopes up to the upper troposphere (from the ground surface at 3856m up to 11000m a.s.l.) from June to October in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau using a specially-designed unmanned-aerial-vehicle (UAV) system. For the sampling, we chose to carry air bags on UAVs as a portable sampling device, but encountered the permeability problem commonly associated with these bags. To corrected for this problem, we developed a diffusion model with diffusion parameters calibrated through laboratory experiments. This allows us to document for the first time the vertical distribution of atmospheric water vapor isotopes across the entire monsoon period up to the upper troposphere, boasting an unprecedented vertical resolution and altitude range. We find that the vertical profiles of water vapor isotopic composition reflect a combination of large-scale processes, in particular deep convection and continental recycling along trajectories, and local convective processes, in particular convective detrainment, and sublimation of ice crystals. The observed seasonal and intra-seasonal variations are generally vertically coherent, due to the strong vertical convective mixing and local convective detrainment of vapor originating from the low levels, and are mainly due to deep convection along trajectories
Poulain, Virginie. "Evolution passée et future de la composition chimique stratosphérique et ses interactions avec le climat". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00909553.
Texto completoVasconcelos, Nogueira Neto Antonio. "Mécanismes contrôlant les anomalies de température de surface de la mer et de précipitation au cours de deux années contrastées 2010 et 2012 dans l'Atlantique tropical". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30010.
Texto completoThe Atlantic Marine ITCZ (AMI) is a regional manifestation of the ITCZ over the warm water of the tropical Atlantic oceans. Few studies have been devoted to document the processes driving the evolution of the SST and precipitation, most of which were centered on the eastern side of the basin. The present study provides an analysis of the evolution of the ocean and the atmosphere over the Western part of the Atlantic for two contrasted years in Sea Surface Temperature (SST), 2010 and 2012, that were respectively the warmest and coldest years observed during the 1982-2015 period. The causes of interannual and seasonal anomalies of SST are first explored via an oceanic mixed-layer (ML) heat budget performed from Argo floats, satellite-based data and ERAI-Interim atmospheric reanalysis for the period 2007-2012. The surface latent heat flux was found to be under-estimated by 20 W/m2 and conducted to erroneous vertical mixing in the whole domain. Correction of these surface fluxes yielded to residuals which were assimilated to vertical turbulent mixing at the mixed-layer base, which fell into realistic range. Once corrected, the ML budget shows that the observed SST anomalies in 2010 and 2012 were generated by anomalous wind stress and, consequently, anomalous latent heat flux in the north Atlantic during winter. The wind-induced horizontal advection plays a fundamental role in balancing the surface flux in the south Atlantic in 2012. The north tropical Atlantic appears as a key region for the generation of the SSTs pattern observed in 2010 and 2012. The second part of the study analyses the building of the 2010 and 2012 rainfall anomalies and the underlying mechanisms. On seasonal average, 2010 shows a more intense rainfall over the basin while 2012 exhibits a meridional dipole of precipitation with a rainfall maximum shifted 5 degrees north of its climatological location. An analysis of the water budget integrated vertically indicates that the anomalous vertical advection of moisture is the leading term that contributed to the precipitation anomalies for both years and that anomalous horizontal wind has the greatest contribution to this term. At the intraseasonal scale, an analysis of the precipitation regimes reveal that 2010 favoured more frequent heavy rainfall than 2012 while 2012 was characterised by more frequent lighter rain. The relationships between the precipitation and some key factors such as SST and precipitable water (PW) are analysed within the AMI to understand how deep convection was altered under different SST conditions. The main results is that the 2010 shows a higher SST threshold than 2012 for strong rainfall to occur. The precipitation - PW relationships shows the existence of a threshold of precipitable water too, which depends on the years and the tropospheric temperature. It is underlined that the atmospheric warmer conditions in 2010 vs 2012 acted to "damp" the SST anomaly via Clausius-Clapeyron mechanism, i.e. by increasing the water vapour saturation threshold of the atmosphere. A spectral analysis of precipitation revealed that African Easterly Waves at periods of 2-10 days explain most of the difference in the variability of precipitation between both years. Finally a set of simulation realised with the limited-area atmospheric model Meso-Nh was used to understand the contribution of the ocean and the atmosphere to the anomalous precipitation for 2010. Sensitivity experiments to the SST and initial/lateral boundary conditions were performed. The rainfall simulated by Meso-NH when forcing the model with the SST from 2012 and keeping the lateral boundary conditions to those of 2010 are very close to the rainfall obtained for 2010. It shows that the key factor to determine the 2010 rainfall anomaly is not the SST but the atmospheric properties provided by the lateral boundary conditions i.e. the anomalous horizontal wind and the tropospheric temperature
Argence, Sébastien. "Prévisibilité de précipitations intenses en Méditerranée : impact des conditions initiales et application aux inondations d'Alger de novembre 2001". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00451051.
Texto completoIbrahim, El Aouadi. "Estimation de la Quantité de Vapeur d'Eau Précipitable et du Forçage Radiatif de l'Aérosol atmosphérique à partir de la Télédétection passive à Oujda (Maroc)". Phd thesis, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00126997.
Texto completoprécises). Toutes ces mesures sont effectuées au campus universitaire de la faculté des sciences d'Oujda (34°41' N ; 1°53' W ; 580 m d'altitude).
L'aérosol atmosphérique contribue à un refroidissement de la surface de l'ordre de -10 W/m² en moyenne annuelle, avec des variations très importantes. Le forçage peut atteindre des valeurs extrêmement élevées pour les jours chargés de poussière (-80 W/m² ).
L'aérosol du mode accumulation est le principal responsable du forçage radiatif avec une faible contribution des grosses particules.
La vapeur d'eau est une composante principale dans la formation des nuages et des précipitations. La détermination de la Quantité de Vapeur d'Eau Précipitable (QVEP) reste un objectif très important, la connaissance de sa distribution spatiale et temporelle est essentielle dans la correction des mesures de télédétection à cause de sa contribution importante dans les perturbations du signal mesuré par les instruments de télédétection. Les mesures de la transmittance solaire dans les bandes infrarouges de forte absorption de la vapeur d'eau permettent la détermination de cette QVEP.
La quantité de vapeur d'eau dans la région d'Oujda dépend des saisons, les valeurs élevées de l'ordre de 2.5 g/cm² sont enregistrées durant l'été et le printemps et les faibles valeurs autour de 0.3 g/cm² en automne et en hiver. Ces variations dépendent de la température et de l'eau de surface.