Tesis sobre el tema "Vallée du Rift Africain"
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Coudert, Lucie. "La place de la pêche pendant l'Holocène de la vallée du Rift au Sahel occidental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU20024.
Texto completoIn the 1970s, J.E.G. Sutton suggested the emergence, from the 8th millennium BC, and throughout the Sahel-Saharan belt and the Nile basin, of a large aqualithic cultural group, characterised by certain ceramic decorations, barbed bone point, and a fishing economy. This, by allowing a sedentary way of life, would have been an alternative to food production, but would eventually have collapsed, mainly because of the aridification of the climate. On the contrary, for J.D. Clark, a specialised economy on a highly predictable resource could have been a step in the neolithization process. This study proposes to test the hypotheses of J.E.G. Sutton from an economic point of view and to characterise the importance of fishing depending on the environmental, techno-cultural and socio-economic contexts of the Holocene, from the Rift Valley to the Western Sahel, through the study of four main sites located at the core and in the immediate periphery of the J.E.G. Sutton aqualithic range. This corpus, compared to other Holocene contexts in the Rift Valley, the Nile basin and the Sahelo- Saharan zone, has made it possible to highlight the fact that a fishery-based economy is the preserve neither a single techno-cultural complex, nor a single geographical area, nor a climatic period, nor, finally, a socio-economic complex. This type of economic model turned to rivers and lakes existed at different times and coexisted with other models, more focused on hunting, on livestock, or on a more mixed exploitation of these different resources. In some case, it has probably been a strong cultural marker, but in societies very far geographically, chronologically and culturally, from Early Khartoum and Kansyore fishers to, perhaps, those of the historic kingdoms of West Africa
Batumbo, Boloweti Doudou. "Analyse écologique des points chauds de choléra en Afrique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UBFCE031.
Texto completoCholera is a severe acute diarrhoeal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, a gram-negative bacterium that colonises warm, saline, alkaline surface waters, often in association with phytoplankton or zooplankton. After 50 years of introduction of cholera in Africa, the disease is affecting African countries in a very strong way. The objective of the PhD work was to try to elucidate the causes of cholera endemicity in Africa and on the scale of a rift sector, Lake Kivu and the Katana health zone, located in the Democratic Republic of Congo.A map of geographical areas at risk was drawn up for the African continent, showing a greater number in the Rift Valley and around the Lake Chad basin. This first study highlighted the relationship between the existence of salt water bodies (lagoons, lakes, rivers) and the endemicity of the disease. Under these environmental conditions, the cholera risk is exacerbated in economically weak and unstable countries. In continental Africa, the study showed a good overlap between areas of high volcano-tectonic activity (African Rift Valley, Lake Chad basin) and cholera endemicity. The study of cholera dynamics in a Rift Valley health zone (Katana province in DRC) demonstrated that volcanic activity plays a major role in the occurrence and maintenance of cholera epidemics in the African Rift Valley. The work showed that volcano-tectonic activity (measured by the SO2 concentration in the smoke plume of the Nyiragongo volcano) governed the temperature and salinity of the waters of Lake Kivu, and the presence of the bacillus in the lake water and fish. The study was able to show that the environmental presence of the bacillus in the lake was very strongly linked to the epidemiological data of the Katana area. A study of the practices of the inhabitants of Bukavu showed that individual contamination with cholera is linked to the handling and consumption of lake products (water or fish).This doctoral work has made it possible to target areas at risk of cholera in Africa, and the impact of volcanic activity in the dynamics of cholera in continental Africa. This information is necessary to build effective and targeted strategies to fight cholera in the African continent in accordance with the global roadmap developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control in 2017
Plasman, Matthieu. "Rupture lithosphérique continentale dans le rift Africain : apport de l'inversion conjointe". Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0029/document.
Texto completoGeophysical joint inversion attempts to reproduce as best as possible the interior of the Earth. By integrating several geophysical techniques the joint inversion reduces the uncertainties of each methods and improves our understanding of the Earth structure. In this study we use the receiver functions (RF), the magnetotelluric (MT) and the gravity methods which enable to charaterize the Swave velocity, the electrical resistivity and the density, respectively. The objective of this research work is divided in two parts; first with the development of a new 3D joint inversion approach and then with the application of these methods (on a joint or separate approach) on the North Tanzanian Divergence to better understand the continental breakup.For the methodologic part two approaches have been developed; one between the MT and gravity data with an original computation of the topographic effect which decreases the number of cells while keeping a satisfaying resolution. And a second method between the MT and RF data where pseudo 3D velocity model are created and combined with the MT models to better takes into account the physical properties of the receiver function. The application of these methods on the Tanzania highlighted several lithospheric structures and particularly two low-velocity areas in the lower crust and the upper mantle. This latter suggests interactions with Proterozoic inherited structures and the African plume material
Huhndorf, Michael H. Loew Sabine Susanne. "Phylogeography and molecular phylogenetics of East African rodents assessing the role of vicariance /". Normal, Ill. : Illinois State University, 2007. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1432808091&SrchMode=2&sid=7&Fmt=2&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1216229896&clientId=43838.
Texto completoTitle from title page screen, viewed on July 16, 2008. Dissertation Committee: Sabine S. Loew (chair), Angelo P. Capparella, William L. Perry, John M. Bates, Julian C. Kerbis Peterhans. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-99) and abstract. Also available in print.
Simon, Brendan. "Rift du Lac Albert, Ouganda, Rift Est Africain : déformation, érosion, sédimentation et bilan de matière depuis 17 Ma". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S175/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this work is (1) to study the relationships existing between deformation, erosion and sedimentation and (2) to quantify the erosion-sedimentation budget in a continental rift: the Rift Albert located in Uganda, in the north of the Western Branch of the East African Rifts. This study consists in a triple analysis of the deformation, the sedimentary infilling (biochonostratigraphy, sedimentology and sequence stratigraphy) and the landforms (geomorphology) based on the interpretation of subsurface and surface data. An age model of the sedimentary infilling has been obtained by combination of biotratigraphic data, sequential correlations and paleoprecipitation variation curves. The sedimentological analysis led to the characterization (1) of the sediments source – most of the quartz grains coming from the erosion of a lateritic profile (with low transportation) – and (2) of the depositional environment which consist of perennial deep (<100 m) feeding by flood deposits, without evidences of alluvial fan. This sedimentological study, along with the analysis of landforms allow to reconstitute the evolution of the basin and of its deformation: (1) 55-45 Ma: formation of laterites corresponding to the African Surface during the very humid period of the Lower-Middle Eocene; (2) 45-22 Ma: stripping of the African Surface in response of the beginning of the East-African Dome uplift and formation of a pediplain connected to the Atlantic Ocean; (3) 17-2.5 Ma: Initiation of the Lake Albert Basin around 17 Ma and creation of local base levels (Lake Albert, Edward and George) on which three pediplains tend to adapt; (i) 18—16 to 6.2 Ma: "Flexural" stage (subsidence rate: 150-200 m/Ma; sedimentation rate 1.3 km3/Ma between 17 and 12 Ma and 0.6 km3/Ma from 12 to 6 Ma) – depocenters location poorly controlled by fault; (ii) 6.2 Ma to 2.5 Ma: Rift stage 1 (subsidence rate: > 500m/Ma up to 600-800 m/Ma; sedimentation rate: 2.4 km3/Ma) – Rifting climax; (4) 2.5-0.4 Ma: uplift of the Ruwenzori Mountains and shifting from an alluvial system to a network of bedrock river incision – Rift Stage 2 (subsidence rate: 450 to 250 m/Ma; sedimentation rate: 1.5 km3/Ma); (5) 0.4-0 Ma: long wavelength downwarping, initiation of the Lake Victoria trough, drainage network inversion and uplift of the present-day escarpment.The measurement of the erosion-sedimentation budget show the same order of magnitude with, between 17 and 2.5 Ma, an excess of eroded material (22 000 km3) compared to the sediment volume deposited in the basin (19 000 to 18 000 km3). This difference of volume of 16% can be explained by the high chemical erosion occurring during this period, which one is depreciated by the difference of mineralogy of the clays between the catchment (kaolinites) and the sedimentary basin (dominantly smectites), the neoformation of smectites from kaolinites needing the input of element available in the solution resulting from the chemical weathering of the substratum
Baudouin, Céline. "Volcanisme alcalin associé à l'initiation de la rupture continentale : Rift Est Africain, Tanzanie, bassin de Manyara". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT114/document.
Texto completoEast African Rift (EAR) is the divergent plate boundary. EAR exposes different stages of extension, from early stage rifting in Tanzania to oceanic accretion in Afar (Ethiopia). Manyara basin is the southernmost rift system of the east branch of EAR with recent volcanism (< 1.5 Ma) and a seismic swarm in the lower crust (20 – 40 km). Due to its location and tectonic setting, the Manyara basin offers the opportunity to study the earliest stage of rift initiation. Manyara volcanism is composed of several types of hyper-alkaline lavas as Mg-nephelinites (Mg# > 55) (Labait, Kwaraha), calciocarbonatite (Kwaraha) and evolved nephelinites (Mg# < 35) (Hanang).Mg-nephelinites (Labait and Kwaraha) are primary lavas mainly composed of olivine and clinopyroxene (cpx). Geochemical modelling from trace elements suggests that these primary magmas result from a degree of partial melting < 1 % from a CO2-garnet-phlogopite-bearing peridotite. These magmas have an asthenospheric source at depth > 120 km (lava carries xenoliths with equilibrium conditions > 4 GPa). The minerals were crystallized from a magma with a low H2O content (0.1 and 0.5 wt% H2O). The calciocarbonatite and evolved nephelinites are derived from Mg-nephelinites by fractional crystallization and immiscibility processes. Hanang nephelinites are silica- and alkaline-rich lavas (44.2 – 46.7 wt % SiO2, 9.5 –12.1 wt % Na2O+K2O, respectively) composed by cpx, Ti-garnet, nepheline, apatite and titanite. Complex zonation of cpx (e.g. abrupt change of Mg#, Nb/Ta, and H2O) and trace element patterns of nephelinites record magmatic differentiation involving open system with carbonate-silicate immiscibility and primary melt replenishment. The low H2O content of cpx (3 – 25 ppm wt. H2O) indicates that at least 0.3 wt % H2O was present at depth during carbonate-rich nephelinite crystallization at 340 – 640 MPa and 1050 – 1100 °C. The study of hosted-nepheline melt inclusions from Hanang allows constraining the late magmatic evolution of nephelinites during storage and magma ascent. Melt inclusions are composed by a silicate trachytic glass, a carbonate phase and a shrinkage bubble. Trachytic glass contains high content in CO2 (0.43 wt %, SIMS analyses), sulfur (0.21 – 0.92 wt % S), chlorine (0.28 –0.84 wt % Cl) and H2O low content (< 0.1 wt %, Raman analyses). Immiscibility process leading to the formation of carbonate occurs in a closed system during rapid magma ascent between 200 – 500 MPa. The carbonate phase is a Ca-Na-K-S-rich and anhydrous carbonate (33 wt % CaO, 20 wt % Na2O, 3 wt % K2O, and 3 wt % S). The pre-immiscible liquid has a phonolitic composition with 6 ± 1.5 wt % CO2 at 700 MPa. A preliminary study of melt inclusions by XANES spectroscopy and whole rocks by Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to determine these Manyara lavas were formed at oxidizing conditions (~ ΔFMQ +1.5).The early stage rifting volcanism (Manyara Basin) is characterized by CO2-rich and H2O-poor magmas from at least 120 km below the rift escarpment. The presence of CO2-rich magmas and the small amount of volcanic rocks erupted at the surface may indicate that the storage and percolation of these magmas at depth is a potential trigger for deep seismic swarms
Albaric, Julie. "Relations entre déformation active, rhéologie et magmatisme dans un rift continental : Etude sismologique de la Divergence Nord-Tanzanienne, Rift Est-Africain". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495984.
Texto completoAlbaric, Julie. "Relations entre déformation active, rhéologie et magmatisme dans un rift continental : étude sismologique de la divergence nord-tanzanienne, rift est-africain". Brest, 2009. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00495984v2.
Texto completoThe objective of this study is to better understand the role and the interaction between the different mechanisms that control rift initiation and development (magmatism, fauting, lithospheric fabric, rheology). To this end, a local seismic network has been deployed for the first time in the youngest part of the East African Rift, the North Tanzanian Divergence, for six months. Seismic signal was analyzed to characterize earthquake triggering mechanisms, crustal strength, strain and stress field, and seismic anisotropy. A seismic crisis occurred in North Tanzania (Gelai) involving dyking, seismic and aseismic slip. The Gelai crisis highlights the potential major role of aseismic processes in strain accommodation. Deep crustal earthquakes were recorded in the Lake Manyara region, Manyara seismicity is associated with strike-slip and normal faulting most Iikely triggered by fluids at depth. The influence of structural inheritance on rifting is indicated at lithospheric scale by seismicity and seismic anisotropy
Métras, Raphaëlle. "A spatial statistical approach towards understanding Rift Valley fever epidemics in South Africa". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.618293.
Texto completoCavalerie, Lisa. "Persistance de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift à Mayotte : surveillance, modélisation et perceptions". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0027/document.
Texto completoRift Valley fever (RVF) is a vector-borne zoonosis, with a wide variety of potential competent vectors. During the last fifteen years, RVF caused tens of thousands of human cases, hundreds of human deaths and more than 100,000 domestic ruminant deaths in Africa and in the Arabic peninsula. After the first detection of RVF in Mayotte, an animal health surveillance network has been created in 2009, namely the SESAM. The aim of this PhD was to assess the epidemiological situation of Mayotte toward RVF in 2012-2013, to assess the persistence probability of RVF in the territory and to document farmers’ perceptions and health priorities. In 2012, RVF surveillance has been revised in order to partially renew the pool of the sentinel herds. The passive surveillance with systematic RVF detection assay on abortion and abnormal mortality was enforced. A continuous decrease in the seroprevalence was observed based on 2010-2013 data. During 2012-2013, a steady incidence rate of about 2 seroconversions per 100 animal-year was observed. This rate is much lower than the previous assessment of 18% during 2011. RVF virus was not detected in any of the 41 declared abortion cases. Surveillance performance criteria were discussed and assessed showing mainly an increase in data quality between 2010 and 2013. A SIR dynamic model was built based on vector knowledge and observed seroprevalence in Mayotte from 2008 to 2013. Estimated host-vector transmission rate was fivefold lower than expected according to current literature. Persistence probability, without reintroduction of viremic animals, was predicted to be 10% five years after virus introduction. Finally, health problem prioritization in Mayotte was studied through focus groups, gathering 164 farmers. The five main issues stated were: blackleg, ticks, a respiratory « fever/flu-like» syndrome, a dermatologic syndrome and diarrhoea. RVF was absent from the priority problems list in which abortions were ranked 9th. However abortions came first when « risk » criteria was taken into account, raising issues of cultural risk perceptions. Further surveillance and research using transdisciplinary approaches that mix mathematical modelling and the humanities should be continued with the view to assess more precisely reemergence probability in Mayotte and anticipate mitigating measures. Surveillance and research should also align with farmers’ expectations. The development of syndromic surveillance (abortion, death, etc.) requires strengthening surveillance network and identification data quality. Mayotte surveillance components should also be fully integrated within the regional and national schemes
Olive, Marie-Marie. "Mécanismes de transmission du virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift à Madagascar". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT098/document.
Texto completoRift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic vector-borne disease affecting ruminants and humans. Its complex eco-epidemiology involves several species of vectors, hosts and transmission routes. These particularities allowed the circulation of RVF virus (RVFV) in a variety of ecosystems involving different transmission and emergence mechanisms. Indeed, the RVFV has affected contrasted eco-regions in Africa, Arabian Peninsula and South-West Indian Ocean islands, including Madagascar.Madagascar is considered as a continent island due to its ecological diversity and its endemicity level of the flora and the fauna. In particular, the variation of the Malagasy ecosystems (semi-arid in the south, humid and cold in the highlands, humid and warm in the north-west and per-humid in the east) has an impact in their presence and /or the relative abundance of some mosquito species. Madagascar was heavily affected by RVF in 1990-91 and 2008-2009, with evidence of a large and heterogeneous spread of the disease.Thus considering the diversity of RVF eco-epidemiological cycles and the variety of Malagasy ecosystems, we hypothesized that, in Madagascar, the mechanisms of transmission would be different according to these ecosystems. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to understand the mechanisms and the dynamics of transmission of RVFV in the different ecosystems. The second objective was to determine the mechanisms of emergence of RVFV and if it would be necessary and possible to predict the emergence of RVFV outbreaks according to the ecosystems.Firstly, we analyzed both cattle and human serological data performed at the national level using generalized linear mixed models to identify the environmental and behavioral factors associated with RVF transmission in both cattle and human. Secondly, we reconstructed the dynamic of transmission of RVF in the different Malagasy ecosystems. Seroprevalence data of cattle of known age were fitted using Bayesian hierarchical models to estimate the annual force of infection from 1992 to 2014. Thirdly, to understand the biological process link to the mechanisms of transmission at the national scale, we investigated the fine scale mechanisms of transmission of RVFV in pilot area of an at-risk region. We, thus, performed both longitudinal entomological and serological surveys between 2015 and 2016, in order to describe the seasonal transmission of RVFV among ruminants and its association with the dynamics of RVFV potential vectors.Our results showed that the northwestern part of Madagascar is an at-risk region for RVFV transmission. On one hand, it is characterized by high cattle densities associated with humid, floodplain and irrigated areas suitable for RVFV potential vector like Anopheles and Culex species. On the other hand, RVFV had probably circulated intensively in the region during the 1992-2007 inter-epizootic period and its transmission increased suddenly in 2007-08, almost concomitantly with the first outbreaks recorded in 2008. Finally, RVFV was still circulated in the northwestern region at low level, 6 years after the last epidemic. This circulation is likely due to vectorial transmission favoring by the abundance of several potential vectors of RVFV in this pilot region.Finally, our better understanding of the mechanisms of transmission of RVFV throughout Madagascar allowed us to propose hypothesis of transmission in different ecosystems of Madagascar and consequently refine strategies for RVF surveillance and prevention
De, Araujo Paredes Batista Ruben Leandro. "Génétique de la résistance à la fièvre de la vallée du Rift : Rvfs2 confére une tolérance à l'hépatite". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066473/document.
Texto completoRift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonosis caused by an arbovirus. The disease affects mainly livestock, but it can have a severe impact on human health. In humans, RVF may progress into fatal outcomes due to acute hepatitis or encephalitis. Despite the influence of the host genetic background on the outcome of the disease, the identity of causative genes remains unknown. We studied the genetic factors determining the susceptibility of MBT/Pas and the resistance of BALB/c mouse strains to RVF. We identified 3 QTLs linked to survival on chromosomes 2, 5 and 11 and named them, respectively, Rvfs1, Rvfs3 and Rvfs2. The infection of the corresponding congenic strains, C.MBT Rvfs1, 2 and 3, confirmed the role of Rvfs2 on the susceptibility to RVF. A pathophysiological investigation showed that both C.MBT Rvfs2 and BALB/c mice exhibit early onset severe hepatitis. However, while C.MBT Rvfs2 died rapidly from liver failure, BALB/c mice tolerated the liver disease and regenerated the hepatic tissue. These mice eventually died at a later stage from encephalitis. These observations indicate that each of the studied mouse models recapitulates one form of the human disease. We generated subcongenic strains harboring the Rvfs2 region and tested their susceptibility to RVF. The results were combined with high-throughput analyses of the structural and regulatory variants found in the region. Our combined approach allowed the identification of three candidate genes: Rnf213, Cd7 and Fasn. The function of the Fasn gene suggests that it could play a role in the mechanism of liver regeneration and, thus, Fasn is our best candidate gene to account for the susceptibility phenotype
Altner, Melanie [Verfasser] y Bettina [Akademischer Betreuer] Reichenbacher. "Fish fossils from Miocene palaeolakes in the East African Rift Valley in Kenya / Melanie Altner. Betreuer: Bettina Reichenbacher". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1106854608/34.
Texto completoKonchi, Wakgari Furi. "Hydrogeology of complex volcanic systems in continental rifted zone : integrated geochimical, geophysical and hydrodynamic approach : Middle Awash basin, Main Ethiopian Rift, Ethiopia". Poitiers, 2010. http://theses.edel.univ-poitiers.fr/theses/2010/Konchi-Wakgari-Furi/2010-Konchi-Wakgari-Furi-These.pdf.
Texto completoLe bassin central d'Awash, situé dans le centre volcanique complexe de la Vallée du Rift éthiopien, est un des secteurs les plus touchés par la sécheresse et par des problèmes considérables d'approvisionnement en eau. En raison du manque d'eau de surface, l'eau souterraine reste la ressource unique fournissant l'eau potable. Cependant, l'exploitation effective de l'eau souterraine s'est heurtée à la méconnaissance du système hydrogéologique complexe de ce bassin. Dans cette étude, une approche pluridisciplinaire a été mise en oeuvre pour caractériser l'hydrogéologie de ce bassin volcanique complexe. Les résultats couplés de l'ensemble des données montrent deux systèmes aquifères distincts liés à la géologie et à la localisation physiographique. Les roches Ca-alcalines comme le basalte, l'ignimbrite et le trachybasalte forment des aquifères dans les régions de montagne tandis que les roches Na-alcalines qui incluent les scories, la pierre ponce, les tufs et les volcanoclastiques constituent les principaux aquifères au niveau du plancher du rift. Les eaux souterraines circulant dans les secteurs montagneux sont légèrement minéralisées et sont de type Ca-Na-HCO3. Par contre, les eaux souterraines du plancher du rift sont de type Na-HCO3-Cl, sont fortement minéralisées et contiennent une charge en fluorure beaucoup plus élevée que les normes permises. Les résultats de diverses approches (hydrogrammes des fleuves, hydrochimie, isotopes environnementaux et tomographie 2D) sont concordants et montrent une percolation rapide des eaux de pluie et une forte interaction entre les eaux de surface et les eaux souterraines. Les résultats de modélisation numérique confirment la forte interaction eau souterraine - eaux de surface
Quénéhervé, Geraldine Suzanne [Verfasser]. "Assessment of Landscape Processes, Forms and Features in the Lake Manyara Region, East African Rift Valley / Geraldine Suzanne Quénéhervé". Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1227771762/34.
Texto completoJunginger, Annett. "East African climate variability on different time scales : the Suguta Valley in the African-Asian Monsoon Domain". Phd thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2011. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2011/5683/.
Texto completoMotivation | Die sozialen und ökonomischen Bedürfnisse Ostafrikas sind in erster Linie von der Wasserverfügbarkeit abhängig, welche durch das regelmäßige Einsetzen der Regenzeiten bestimmt wird. Jegliche Veränderungen der Wasserverfügbarkeit innerhalb der Regenzeiten verursachen Hungersnöte, Ausbruch von Krankheiten oder auch Bevölkerungswanderungen. Klärung der Ursachen von Niederschlagsvariabilitäten erfordert die Auswertung von hochauflösenden Kurz- als auch Langzeitanalysen, welche ich in dieser Arbeit durch drei Studien präsentieren werde. 15,000 Jahre - Suguta Valley | Die Hauptstudie dieser Doktorarbeit befasste sich mit dem Verständnis von Feuchtigkeitsschwankungen innerhalb der Afrikanischen Feuchtperiode (AHP, 5.5 - 14.8 ka BP). In dieser Studie präsentiere ich einen hoch-auflösenden Seespiegel Datensatz aus dem abgeschiedenen, unbewohnten Suguta Tal im nördlichen Grabenbruch in Kenia. Das momentan extrem trockene Tal war während der AHP mit einem 300 m tiefen und 2200 km2 großen Paläo-See bedeckt, was aus nur 26% zusätzlichem Niederschlag resultierte. Diese Erhöhung wurde vermutlich aus der Kombination aus erhöhter atmosphärer Feuchteverfügbarkeit infolge erhöhter früh-Holozäner präzessionsgesteuerten Einstrahlung auf der nördlichen Hemisphere sowie der Verschiebung der feuchten Kongo Luftmassengrenze (CAB) ostwärts über das Ostafrikanische und Äthiopische Plateau erreicht als direkte Folge eines erhöhten atmosphärischen Druckgradienten. Abrupte, starkte Seespiegelschwankungen innerhalb der generellen Feuchtphase sind auf geringe Veränderungen in der solaren Ausstrahlung zurückzufühen, welche zu einer Schwächung des Druckgradienten führten und damit den Einfluss der CAB im Untersuchungsgebiet verhinderten zusammen mit einer allgemeinene Reduktion der atmosphärischen Feuchteverfügbarkeit. Das Ende der AHP erfolgte im Gegensatz dazu eher nicht-linear aufgrund des Wechsels zu einem äquatorialen Einstrahlungsmaximum vor 6.5 ka, welches die AHP in Äthiopien und West-Afrika verlängerte. 200 Jahre - Lake Naivasha | Der zweite Teil dieser Arbeit konzentrierte sich auf die Analyse eines Sedimentkern des Naivasha See aus dem zentralen Kenia Rift über die letzten 200 Jahre, einem der wenigen Frischwasserseen in Ostafrika. Die natürliche Klimavariabilität sollte mittels Proxy-Datensätzen von Diatomeen, Transferfunktionen, geochemischen und sedimentologischen Analysen in dieser Studie aufgedeckt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass seit Mitte des 20. Jahrhundert der zunehmende Einfluss des Menschen um den Naivasha See zu kultureller Eutrophierung geführt, welche den Einfluss der natürlichen Klimavariabilität auf den See überprägte. Die Gründe liegen in der Zeit, welche von steigender Industrialisierung und deshalb erhöhtem menschlichen Einfluss auf die Proxy-Daten enthaltenden Seen geprägt ist. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit von Proxy-Daten aus unbesiedelten Gebieten, wenn man ,reine‘ Daten zur momentanen Debatte über den anthropogen gesteuerten Klimawandel der letzten 100 Jahre beitragen will. 14 Jahre - Ostafrikanisches Rift | Um räumliche Unregelmäßigkeiten in Proxy-Daten von Ostafrika richtig zu verstehen, konzentrierte sich der dritte Teil dieser Arbeit auf die Auswertung von ausschließlich fernerkundlich erworbenen heutigen, täglichen Niederschlagsreihen (1996-2010). Dies erlaubt ein besseres Verständnis über die möglichen klimatischen Einflussmechanismen und die Abschätzung ihres Einflusses auf die Paläo-Variabilität. Die Studie beschäftigt sich mit der Dynamik saisonaler Niederschlagsverteilung innerhalb der Einzugsgebiete von elf Seebecken im Ostafrikanischen Riftsystem, welche oft für Paläo-Klimastudien benutzt werden. Die Studie ergab, dass Niederschläge in angrenzenden Becken tatsächlich höchst unterschiedlich in ihrer Intensität sein können und dabei zwei- bis dreijährigen Niederschlagsmuster folgen oder sogar gegensätzliche Trends zeigen. Die Variabilität der einzelnen Seebecken wird durch die komplexe Wechselwirkung der Topographie, Form, Länge und Höhe des Einzugsgebietes, der relativen Lage im EARS, sowie dem Einfluss und Intensität der ITCZ und CAB bestimmt, welche z.B. abhängig von der Entwicklung besonders starker Tiefdruckgebiet über Indien, Veränderungen der Meeres-oberflächentemperaturen, QBO und dem 11-Jahres Sonnenzyklus sind. Im direkten Vergleich aller untersuchten Monate stellte sich heraus, dass Juli-September die Jahreszeit mit komplexester Niederschlagsvariabilität ist, besonders für die Becken des Ostafrikanischen Plateau, was durch den unregelmäßigen Einfluss der CAB verursacht wird.
De, Araujo Paredes Batista Ruben Leandro. "Génétique de la résistance à la fièvre de la vallée du Rift : Rvfs2 confére une tolérance à l'hépatite". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066473.
Texto completoRift Valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonosis caused by an arbovirus. The disease affects mainly livestock, but it can have a severe impact on human health. In humans, RVF may progress into fatal outcomes due to acute hepatitis or encephalitis. Despite the influence of the host genetic background on the outcome of the disease, the identity of causative genes remains unknown. We studied the genetic factors determining the susceptibility of MBT/Pas and the resistance of BALB/c mouse strains to RVF. We identified 3 QTLs linked to survival on chromosomes 2, 5 and 11 and named them, respectively, Rvfs1, Rvfs3 and Rvfs2. The infection of the corresponding congenic strains, C.MBT Rvfs1, 2 and 3, confirmed the role of Rvfs2 on the susceptibility to RVF. A pathophysiological investigation showed that both C.MBT Rvfs2 and BALB/c mice exhibit early onset severe hepatitis. However, while C.MBT Rvfs2 died rapidly from liver failure, BALB/c mice tolerated the liver disease and regenerated the hepatic tissue. These mice eventually died at a later stage from encephalitis. These observations indicate that each of the studied mouse models recapitulates one form of the human disease. We generated subcongenic strains harboring the Rvfs2 region and tested their susceptibility to RVF. The results were combined with high-throughput analyses of the structural and regulatory variants found in the region. Our combined approach allowed the identification of three candidate genes: Rnf213, Cd7 and Fasn. The function of the Fasn gene suggests that it could play a role in the mechanism of liver regeneration and, thus, Fasn is our best candidate gene to account for the susceptibility phenotype
Chevalier, Véronique. "Fièvre de la vallée du Rift et fièvre West Nile : risques sanitaires liés à l'exploitation des mares temporaires du Ferlo (Sénégal)". Montpellier 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON1T003.
Texto completoOngendangenda, Tienge. "Le magmatisme potassique du volcan Visoke (Chaîne des Virunga, Rift Est africain)Texte imprimé : aspects volcanologiques, pétrologiques et géochimiques". Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30027.
Texto completoPin-Diop, Raphaëlle. "Spatialisation du risque de transmission de Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift en milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal septentrional". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090785.
Texto completoLe, May Nicolas. "Mécanismes de pathogenèse de la protéine non structurale NSs du virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift". Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077205.
Texto completoThe Rift Valley fever virus is a phlebovirus of the Bunyaviridae family transmitted by mosquitoes and affecting cattle, sheep, goats and humans. It causes many dramatic epidémies and epizootics in Africa and recently it was introduced in Yemen and in Saudi Arabia with a high mortality rate. The viral genome is composed of three segments of RNA: the L and M segments are of negative polarity and encode respectively for the RNA polymerase RNA dependent and the precursor of envelope glycoproteins. The S segment utilises an ambisense strategy and codes for the nucleoprotein N and the non structural protein NSs. Although the viral cycle is cytoplasmic, the NSs protein (256 amino acids, 31 kDa) is nuclear and forms filament. Moreover, it was shown that NSs is the major pathogenicity factor, inhibiting IFN beta messenger RNA synthesis but do not disturb the formation of the enhanceosome (NF-KB, IRF3 and ATF2/cjun). We found that infection by RVFV leads to i) a rapid and drastic suppression of host cellular RNA synthesis that parallels a decrease of the TFIIH transcription factor concentration, ii) an inhibition of CBP recruitment and histones acetylation on IFNp promoter and iii) STAT1 proteolysis. Using yeast two hybrid System, immunoprecipitations, Chips and confocal microscopy, we further demonstrated that each event is linked to the association of the nonstructural viral NSs protein with respectively the TFIIH subunit p44, co-repressors subunit SAP30 and Socs 1 in the nuclear filaments. NSs prevents the assembly of newly synthesized TFIIH subunits. NSs, through the interaction between SAP30 and YY1 transcription factor, stabilizes co-repressors like N-coR or Sin3 responsible of histones deacetylation on IFNp promoter and preventing the association between CBP and YY1. Finally NSs provokes Socs 1 accumulation and, through a Socs 1 containing-E3 ligase complex, it degrades STAT1 and inhibes induction by IFNy. These observations shed light on the mechanisms utilized by RVFV to evade the host response
Gommet, Céline. "Etude de l'infection expérimentale de la Souris par des virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift recombinants". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066306.
Texto completoVETEL, William. "Dynamique de l'extension intra-continentale en contexte de rift magmatique : le Rift Turkana (Nord Kenya) de l'Eocène à l'Actuel". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009294.
Texto completoCe mémoire, basé sur l'interprétation d'imagerie satellitale Landsat ETM+, corrélée aux données topographiques (SRTM) et aux données de sismique réflexion, permet :
- A l'échelle régionale, une reconstitution tectono-magmatique de l'histoire polyphasée du rift Turkana établie sur la base de cinq cartes ‘restaurées' successives (45-23 Ma., 23-15 Ma., 15-6 Ma., 6-2.6 Ma. et 2.6 Ma.-Actuel), auxquelles ont également été intégrées les structures pré-existantes (socle précambrien, structures crétacées). Ce modèle démontre clairement l'influence de : 1) deux couloirs transverses de socle faillés d'échelle régionale (NKFZ : N'Doto-Karisia N140°E, 100x600 km ; KBFZ : Kataboi-Buluk N50°E, 30x250 km) et 2) de domaines magmatiques, sur la nucléation et la propagation des structures extensives à différents stades du rifting. Les bassins syn-rifts se développent et migrent en premier lieu à l'intérieur du couloir N140°E NKFZ à la faveur de relations angulaires entre les structures N140°E et les failles néoformées NS, ces dernières sont par la suite bloquées lors de leur interaction avec les structures N50°E KBFZ qui peuvent également agir comme des zones de transfert et aboutissent à l'élargissement de la zone riftée (200x200 km). La description des relations entre les domaines magmatiques et la déformation met en avant le rôle déterminant des structures internes des dômes volcaniques (fentes d'extrados, failles syn-magmatiques) sur la propagation des bassins à travers ces paleo-dômes après cessation de l'activité magmatique.
- A l'échelle lithosphérique, les interactions panache/lithosphère durant la migration de la plaque Afrique (~1000 km vers le NE) depuis 50 Ma. à la verticale de deux plumes cénozoïques permettent de proposer deux hypothèses sur l'absence de soulèvement thermique le long de la dépression du Turkana. Il peut s'agir, soit de la migration latérale de la tête du panache sous la lithosphère pré-étirée crétacée selon un mécanisme de ‘thin-spot', soit du ‘durcissement' de cette même lithosphère en réponse au refroidissement du matériel mantellique sous-plaqué (crétacé) qui entrave le soulèvement de l'ensemble de la zone.
- Concernant les déformations récentes/actives (<5 Ma.) du rift Turkana, l'étude du développement des inversions tectoniques positives (<3.7 Ma.), distribuées uniquement dans les bassins situés à la verticale du couloir transverse N140°E NKFZ, confirme l'importance du rôle joué par cette discontinuité de premier ordre sur l'évolution du rift Turkana depuis l'Eocène jusqu'à l'Actuel. La reconstitution de la mise en place de ces structures compressives aboutit à un modèle cinématique polyphasé comprenant les trois stades suivants : 1) un régime purement extensif avant 5 Ma. (σ3 horizontal orienté EW, σ1 vertical), 2) une rotation horaire (~20°) de l'axe σ3 entre 5 et 3.7 Ma. qui entraîne la réactivation en dextre de la NKFZ et la formation d'un réseau de fractures N20°E et 3) un stade compressif (permutation des axes σ1/σ2) accompagné de la rotation horaire de σ3 (~20°) qui induit la réactivation en inverse des failles N20°E après 3.7 Ma.
- A l'échelle plus locale, dans la partie orientale du rift Turkana, le réseau récent (<3 Ma.) de failles N170°-N10°E du Kino Sogo (150x40 km) s'organise selon une succession régulière de horsts et grabens, exceptionnellement bien exposés, qui recoupent des laves mio-pliocènes peu épaisses (~200 m) mises en place sur un horst asymétrique de socle, limité par des structures N140°E, N50°E et NS. L'étude géométrique et statistique de la population de failles du Kino Sogo révèle plusieurs particularités : 1) ce réseau accommode peu d'extension (<1%) et implique des taux d'extension et de déformation faibles (~0.1 mm/an et 10-16 s-1, respectivement), 2) l'analyse des longueurs de failles se corrèle avec une loi mathématique de type exponentielle en opposition avec celles classiquement admises de type lois de puissances, et 3) malgré des longueurs importantes (9-40 km), les failles présentent des rejets ≤ 100 m, ce qui leur confère un rapport rejet/longueur inférieur à ceux décrits sur des réseaux de failles similaires. Ce caractère mature, mais sous-déplacé des failles, est attribué à un modèle de croissance de failles dominé par la réactivation de structures pré-existantes présentes dans le socle sous-jacent (foliation/failles) ou au toit d'un paléo-dôme volcanique antérieur.
- Enfin, d'un point de vue méthodologique, l'intérêt de l'étude des réseaux de drainage en contexte morphologique peu contrasté est confirmé par une analyse détaillée de l'intense réseau de drainage développé dans le secteur occidental du Turkana. En effet, l'interprétation structurale de trois anomalies de drainage met en évidence : 1) la déviation de la rivière Turkwell (NS puis EW) le long d'un couloir transverse faillé EW intra-socle de second-ordre (Turkwell-Mont Porr ; ~20x100 km), 2) le blocage d'un réseau dense de rivières par la réactivation récente (<5 Ma.) du plan de faille bordière Ouest Napedet d'âge oligo-miocène 3) la formation d'une anomalie de type circulaire autour d'une structure antiforme initiée lors de l'inversion d'un dépocentre au pied de la faille de Kerio et associée aux inversions tectoniques positives décrites pour la période récente (<3.7 Ma) dans une partie du rift Turkana.
D'une façon générale, ce travail apporte des résultats et des modèles nouveaux ayant des implications directes sur l'étude de la nucléation et de la propagation des bassins syn-rifts et des réseaux de failles associés aux segments de rift magmatiques marqués par un héritage structural important (socle, système rifté antérieur).
Mapaco, Lourenco Paulo. "An investigation of an outbreak of Rift Valley fever on a cattle farm in Bela-Bela, South Africa in 2008". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24946.
Texto completoDissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Veterinary Tropical Diseases
unrestricted
Sall, Amadou Alpha. "Diagnostic et epidemiologie moleculaires du virus de la fievre de la vallee du rift : application a l'elucidation du processus d'emergence du virus". Paris 6, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA066648.
Texto completoMondeguer, André. "Bassins sédimentaires en contexte extensif et décrochant : l'exemple du complexe des fosses sud-tanganyika, rift est-africain. Morphostructures et sédimentation". Brest, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BRES2031.
Texto completoChrun, Tiphany. "Développement d’un vaccin à ADN optimisé contre le virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift chez le mouton". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLA004/document.
Texto completoThe Rift valley fever virus (RVFV) is a mosquito-borne virus that mainly affect ruminants in Africa, resulting in economic burden. There is currently no treatment and only vaccine for veterinary use against the RVFV are available. The development of new and safer vaccine is urgently needed due to the risk of introduction of this arbovirus to other continents. In the present work, we developed an optimized DNA vaccination against RVFV using a plasmid encoding the ectodomain of surface glycoprotein Gn (eGn) of RVFV into the skin with plasmid adjuvant encoding GM-CSF and electroporation in sheep. We further optimized the DNA vaccination using dendritic cell targeting strategy with a plasmid encoding a single chain fragment variable (scFv) fused with eGn directed to two DC receptors, DEC205 and CD11c. The efficacy of the vaccines were tested in the sheep, the natural host and in the mouse model to investigate the mechanism of protection. In both models non-targeted eGn vaccine confer a better clinical protection and higher non-neutralizing antibody production than DC-targeted vaccine. However, in both models eGn targeting to DEC205 differentially affected the immune response and induced a partial protection after a challenge. We further demonstrated that non-neutralizing antibodies induced by native eGn protect mice by passive transfer. The mechanism mediated by these antibodies remains to be investigated. Overall, this work indicates the proof of concept that DNA vaccine can confer protection against the RVFV in the sheep
Pin, Diop Raphaëlle. "Spatialisation du risque de transmission de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift en milieu agropastoral sahélien du Sénégal septentrional". Orléans, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00090785.
Texto completoRift valley fever (RVF) is an emerging zoonotic arbovirose, mainly affecting man and ruminants. Predicting high risk areas is an important stake of this disease's control, as neither specific treatments nor efficient prevention programs exist. In the agropastoral sahelian area of Senegal, the rainy season is the high-risk period, when hosts and vectors gather around temporary flooded ponds. Virus transmission mechanisms are complex, since they imply at least two different vector species with particular ecologies (Aedes vexans and Culex poicilipes), and sedentary or transhumant hosts. The Barkedji district is an enzootic area. In order to assess the risk level, defined as host-vector contact intensity during the rainy season, we set up a model predicting livestock herds spatial distribution, from satellite and field data. Then temporary ponds, the vectors' biotope, were detected on a series of SPOT5 images and used to assess relative vector abundance. Those data were then assembled in a model, allotting to each pixel of the study zone a relative risk level, accounting to herds density, vector abundance and vegetation cover. Our results are encouraging, although the model has to be improved and validated. The main interest of our study is to present a specific methodological approach, applied to health-environnement matters and based on the study of the interactions between the epidemiological cycle elements and the environment. We also hope that, in a close future, it will become helpful to the senegalese RVF monitoring network
Bouba, Fanta. "Système d'information décisionnel sur les interactions environnement-santé : cas de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift au Ferlo (Sénégal)". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066461/document.
Texto completoOur research is in part of the QWeCI european project (Quantifying Weather and Climate Impacts on Health in Developing Countries, EU FP7) in partnership with UCAD, the CSE and the IPD, around the theme of environmental health with the practical case on vector-borne diseases in Senegal and particularly the Valley Fever (RVF). The health of human and animal populations is often strongly influenced by the environment. Moreover, research on spread factors of vector-borne diseases such as RVF, considers this issue in its dimension both physical and socio-economic. Appeared in 1912-1913 in Kenya, RVF is a widespread viral anthropo-zoonosis in tropical regions which concerns animals but men can also be affected. In Senegal, the risk area concerns mainly the Senegal River Valley and the forestry-pastoral areas Ferlo. With a Sahelian climate, the Ferlo has several ponds that are sources of water supply for humans and livestock but also breeding sites for potential vectors of RVF. The controlling of the RVF, which is crossroads of three (03) large systems (agro-ecological, pathogen, economic/health/social), necessarily entails consideration of several parameters if one wants to first understand the mechanisms emergence but also consider the work on risk modeling. Our work focuses on the decision making process for quantify the use of health data and environmental data in the impact assessment for the monitoring of RVF. Research teams involved produce data during their investigations periods and laboratory analyzes. The growing flood of data should be stored and prepared for correlated studies with new storage techniques such as datawarehouses. About the data analysis, it is not enough to rely only on conventional techniques such as statistics. Indeed, the contribution on the issue is moving towards a predictive analysis combining both aggregate storage techniques and processing tools. Thus, to discover information, it is necessary to move towards datamining. Furthermore, the evolution of the disease is strongly linked to environmental spatio-temporal dynamics of different actors (vectors, viruses, and hosts), cause for which we rely on spatio-temporal patterns to identify and measure interactions between environmental parameters and the actors involved. With the decision-making process, we have obtained many results :i. following the formalization of multidimensional modeling, we have built an integrated datawarehouse that includes all the objects that are involved in managing the health risk - this model can be generalized to others vector-borne diseases;ii. despite a very wide variety of mosquitoes, Culex neavei, Aedes ochraceus and Aedes vexans are potential vectors of FVR. They are most present in the study area and, during the rainy season period which is most prone to suspected cases; the risk period still remains the month of October;iii. the analyzed ponds have almost the same behavior, but significant variations exist in some points.This research shows once again the interest in the discovery of relationships between environmental data and the FVR with datamining methods for the spatio-temporal monitoring of the risk of emergence
Bouba, Fanta. "Système d'information décisionnel sur les interactions environnement-santé : cas de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift au Ferlo (Sénégal)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066461.
Texto completoOur research is in part of the QWeCI european project (Quantifying Weather and Climate Impacts on Health in Developing Countries, EU FP7) in partnership with UCAD, the CSE and the IPD, around the theme of environmental health with the practical case on vector-borne diseases in Senegal and particularly the Valley Fever (RVF). The health of human and animal populations is often strongly influenced by the environment. Moreover, research on spread factors of vector-borne diseases such as RVF, considers this issue in its dimension both physical and socio-economic. Appeared in 1912-1913 in Kenya, RVF is a widespread viral anthropo-zoonosis in tropical regions which concerns animals but men can also be affected. In Senegal, the risk area concerns mainly the Senegal River Valley and the forestry-pastoral areas Ferlo. With a Sahelian climate, the Ferlo has several ponds that are sources of water supply for humans and livestock but also breeding sites for potential vectors of RVF. The controlling of the RVF, which is crossroads of three (03) large systems (agro-ecological, pathogen, economic/health/social), necessarily entails consideration of several parameters if one wants to first understand the mechanisms emergence but also consider the work on risk modeling. Our work focuses on the decision making process for quantify the use of health data and environmental data in the impact assessment for the monitoring of RVF. Research teams involved produce data during their investigations periods and laboratory analyzes. The growing flood of data should be stored and prepared for correlated studies with new storage techniques such as datawarehouses. About the data analysis, it is not enough to rely only on conventional techniques such as statistics. Indeed, the contribution on the issue is moving towards a predictive analysis combining both aggregate storage techniques and processing tools. Thus, to discover information, it is necessary to move towards datamining. Furthermore, the evolution of the disease is strongly linked to environmental spatio-temporal dynamics of different actors (vectors, viruses, and hosts), cause for which we rely on spatio-temporal patterns to identify and measure interactions between environmental parameters and the actors involved. With the decision-making process, we have obtained many results :i. following the formalization of multidimensional modeling, we have built an integrated datawarehouse that includes all the objects that are involved in managing the health risk - this model can be generalized to others vector-borne diseases;ii. despite a very wide variety of mosquitoes, Culex neavei, Aedes ochraceus and Aedes vexans are potential vectors of FVR. They are most present in the study area and, during the rainy season period which is most prone to suspected cases; the risk period still remains the month of October;iii. the analyzed ponds have almost the same behavior, but significant variations exist in some points.This research shows once again the interest in the discovery of relationships between environmental data and the FVR with datamining methods for the spatio-temporal monitoring of the risk of emergence
Nicolas, Gaëlle. "Diffusion de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift par les mouvements de bovins : modélisation de la circulation virale dans un ecosystème tempéré et montagneux, l’exemple de Madagascar". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20197/document.
Texto completoRift Valley fever (RVF) is a zoonotic disease first described in 1930 in Kenya. Primarily transmitted between ruminant by mosquitoes of Aedes, Culex and Anopheles genus, it can also be transmitted to humans by direct contact with abortion products or body fluids of viraemic animals. This disease has been described in many African countries, in the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian Ocean. The circulation of RVF virus (RVFV) has been reported in three ecosystems: (i) semi-arid areas of South and East Africa, (ii) temporary ponds in arid areas, (iii) irrigated areas near large rivers. Within each of these ecosystems, the role of animal movements in the introduction of RVFV and that of mosquitoes in virus transmission has been strongly emphasized. Despite the existence of statistical models that predict the emergence of RVFV in East Africa based on rainfall level, the transmission mechanisms involved in other areas are still uncertain. The occurrence of an outbreak in a temperate and mountainous ecosystem of Madagascar, where the species and vector abundances are unfavorable to the persistence of RVFV, raises questions about these mechanisms.The objective of this thesis is to identify the factors and the epidemiological processes that support the RVFV recurrent circulation in a temperate ecosystem of Madagascar. The study took into account the socio-economic practices as well as major mosquito vectors of the area. The main modes of virus spread between cattle were studied during a three years serological follow-up. A mathematical model was elaborated and calibrated using empirical and field data collected in the area. Two cattle exchange practices could be distinguished: the usual trade and a traditional practice of barter. The results of the analysis suggest a different impact of these two practices in RVFV circulation. While trade may allow virus introduction, the barter practice would support its spread within the area. A deterministic model was built to compare four scenarios that could explain the recurrent virus circulation in this unfavorable ecosystem. Results suggest that, if the vector-based transmission remains the main transmission mode, direct transmission from viremic cows at calving could also play a role. RVFV circulation is favored by socio-economic practices of the area that led, despite the dry season, to the exposure of introduced, and potentially viremic, cattle to vectors
Ayari-Fakhfakh, Saïda Emna. "Contribution au développement d’un modèle vaccinal recombinant pour le contrôle des trois infections virales majeures des ruminants, la variole, la PPR et la RVF, adapté à la situation épidémiologique des pays du Maghreb". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20009/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis was to develop a capripoxvirus based recombinant vaccine against ruminant pox, Rift Valley fever (RVF) and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) considered as a vaccine model for countries affected by these infections. The first part of the work consisted in a serological survey conducted in Tunisia to detect the PPR and RVF presence. A PPR seroprevalence of 7.6% has been found and no antibodies against RVF were detected. However, the risk of infection with rift valley fever virus persists since competent vectors such as Culex pipiens and Culex theileri has been identified in the sampled areas. The development of the RVF-PPR vaccine candidate is based on the NSmGN-FVR and H-PPR gene expression - where each of the genes is inserted into the thymidine kinase and the Interleukin 8 receptor analogue genes, respectively. The vector chosen is the vaccine strain Sheeppox Kenya-1. Although the double recombinant RVF-PPR has been produced, it could not be purified. The alternative was to evaluate the protection and the immunogenicity of the single recombinant capripoxvirus NSmGN-FVR, which is a product of an intermediate step of the process of the double recombinant preparation. The protection of our vaccine candidate has been performed by two mice experiments in Mus m. musculus MBT/Pas, with challenge. The number of doses, the route of administration played a key role in the protection confirmed by the presence of neutralizing anti-RVF antibodies. The study of the immunogenicity of the vaccine candidate was conducted in goats without challenge, RVF seroconversion has been shown. Lymphoproliferation studies and lymphocytes subpopulations typing have been analysed
Soti, Valérie. "Caractérisation des zones et périodes à risque de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift au Sénégal par télédétection et modélisation éco-épidémiologique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00727693.
Texto completoSebaï, Amar. "Datation 39Ar-40Ar du magmatisme lie aux stades précoces de l'ouverture des rifts continentaux : exemples de l'atlantique central et de la Mer Rouge". Nice, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NICE4276.
Texto completoLara, Estelle. "Etude de la terminaison de la transcription des ARNm issus de segment S ambisens du virus de la fièvre de la Vallée du Rift". Paris 7, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA077017.
Texto completoThe Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) belongs to the Bunyaviridae family and is the prototype of the genus Phlebovirus. RVFV is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and livestock that causes dramatic epidemies and epizootics. The RVFV genome comprises two segments of negative-sens RNA, designated Large (L), Medium (M) and, as a special feature for Phlebovirus es, the S segment has an ambisense polarity. The genome S serves as a template for N gene transcription. The antigenome S serves as a template for NSs gene transcription. A C-rich intergenic région (IGR) separates the two ORFs. The polymérase initiates transcription by the cap snatching mechanism. All of the viral mRNAs are subgenomic molecules and do not possess 3' poly(A) tails. This means that the transcriptase recognises termination signals and stops the transcription before the 5' end of each viral template. The present study determined the 3 ' termini of the N and NSs mRNAs in the IGR of the S segment. It also suggested the importance of the pentanucleotide séquence 5'-GCUGC-3' which must be associated to a rich C or G sequence for the N and NSs transcription terminations. The number and the positions of the nucleotides C (or G) are essential in this sequence for the pentanucleotide recognition like a transcription termination signal
Brothers, P. S. (Peter Stanley). "Retrospective study on antibody response to vaccination of the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) and roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus) with Clone 13 Rift Valley fever virus vaccine". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/65495.
Texto completoDissertation (MMEDVET)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
Production Animal Studies
MMEDVET
Unrestricted
LOVARADI, DRISS. "Etude isotopique (carbone, oxygene) et microthermometrique (inclusions fluides et vitreuses) des magmas alcalins et carbonatitiques du rift est africain et de la presqu'ile de kola". Paris 7, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA077266.
Texto completoCoussement, Christophe. "Structures transverses et extension intracontinentale : le rôle des zones de failles d'Assoua et Tanganyika-Rukwa-Malawi dans la cinématique néogène du système de Rift Est-africain". Brest, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BRES2008.
Texto completoLéger, Psylvia. "Etude comparée de l'infection de cellules de l'hôte mammifère et de cellules du vecteur moustique par le virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077073.
Texto completoThe Rift Valley Fever Virus (RVFV) is an arbovirus transmitted by mosquitoes to humans and livestock that causes dramatic epidemies and epizootics. As a member of the Phlebovirus genus of the Bunyaviridae family, the short segment (S) of its genome has an ambisens coding strategy for the nucleoprotein N and the non structural protein NSs. The later present an unusual localization to the nucleus, where it forms filamentous structures in mammalian cells. Through the interaction with several cellular factors, the NSs protein can be considered as a virulent factor. Interaction of NSs with p44, a subunit of the general transcription factor TFIIH, induces a progressive inhibition of the cellular RNA synthesis. NSs is also responsible of a specific inhibition of the interferon (3 (IFN(3) pathway when interacting with SAP30 and the transcription factor YY1, both required for the cell antiviral response. Contrary to mammals, the infection of mosquito cells by the RVFV remains asymptomatic. As the filamentous structure in the nucleus vanishes early after infection of mosquito cells, we analyzed the interaction of the NSs protein with the mosquito orthologs of the p44 and SAP30. A transient shutoff of the transcription is associated when NSs is present in the nucleus of mosquito cells, whereas the cleafance of NSs correlates with RNA synthesis restoration. These findings highlight the role of the NSs protein for differential pathogenesis observed between arthropod and mammal
Marcato, Vasco. "La β-caténine : un activateur de l’expression du gène codant pour l’interféron-béta et une cible du Virus de la Fièvre de la Vallée du Rift". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCB103/document.
Texto completoNo abstract available
Baptiste, Virginie. "Stabilité et érosion du manteau lithosphérique subcontinental : Relations entre déformation, hydratation et percolation de fluides et magmas sous le craton du Kaapvaal et le Rift Est-Africain". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20139/document.
Texto completoThis study provides additional constraints on the relations between deformation, hydration and percolation of fluids and melts in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath a craton and a rift, as well as their implication on its geodynamical behaviour. I have analysed the microstructures, the CPOs, and the hydrogen content of mantle xenoliths from the Kaapvaal craton, and two sets of xenoliths from different localities along the East African Rift (North Tanzanian Divergence and SE Ethiopia). The coarse-granular microstructures and the well-defined CPOs in Kaapvaal peridotites suggest a deformation followed by a long quiescence time. Orthorhombic olivine CPOs predominates, but axial-[100] and axial-[010] are also measured. Cratonic peridotites record multiple metasomatic episodes, leading to a significant compositional heterogeneity, which cannot be imaged by seismic studies. Olivine hydrogen contents are variable, but tend to increase until 150 km depth, reaching up to 50 ppm wt. H2O. The deeper samples are almost dry. Piston-cylinder experiments on hydrogen diffusion between a volatile-rich kimberlitic melt and forsterite suggest that the presence of CO2 in the system could significantly decrease water fugacity and thus forsterite hydration. These experimental results indicate that the hydrogen contents measured in olivine were acquired during a metasomatic event rather than during xenolith extraction by kimberlites. However, this metasomatism was not followed by remobilization of the cratonic root. In the North Tanzanian Divergence, localities within the rift axis and the volcanic transverse belt (Lashaine and Olmani) show significant differences in microstructures and olivine CPO patterns. In Lashaine, coarse-granular microstructures and orthorhombic to axial-[100] CPO patterns in olivine can be explained by transpressional deformation during the formation of the Mozambique belt, or by the occurrence of a remnant of a cratonic domain embedded within the Mozambique belt. Within the rift axis, porphyroclastic to mylonitic microstructures suggest a recent rift-related deformation accompanied by syn-kinematic melt-rock reactions, and followed by variable annealing. The strong heterogeneity in microstructures and olivine CPO suggests that this deformation was acquired during multiple tectonic events probably linked to episodic magma percolation, separated by quiescence episodes. The axial-[100] patterns in olivine and the oblique fast directions reported by SKS studies are coherent with transtensional deformation within the lithospheric mantle beneath the rift. The peridotites from SE Ethiopia are less recrystallized than the rift-axis Tanzanian peridotites, displaying coarse-porphyroclastic microstructures. Microstructures and orthorhombic CPOs in olivine suggest syn- to post-metasomatic deformation. S-waves polarization anisotropies calculated for these samples cannot explain alone the delay times reported by SKS studies in this part of the East-African Rift
Gauliard, Nicolas. "Développement d'un système de génétique inverse pour le virus de la fièvre de la vallée du Rift et analyse du rôle des régions non codantes du génome". Paris 7, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA077198.
Texto completoThe Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) is a phlebovirus of the"BunyaviridaëJarnlly present in Africa and transmitted by mosquitoes and affecting cattle and humans. The viral genome is composed of three segments of RNA of negative polarity: the L segment codes for a RNA polymerase RNA dependent, the M segment for the glycoproteins precursor and the S segment for the nucleoprotein N and the non structural protein NSs. A reverse genetics System for the RVFV was developped using recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing viral proteins (Lopez et al. 1995). This model showed the N and L proteins are necessary and sufficient to transcribe a minigenome mimicking a viral S segment containing the CAT reporter gene in the non coding orientation and flanked by the non coding regions of the S segment. We developed a complete minigenome System for the RVFV based on transfection of plasmids. Viral proteins are expressed under T7 polymerase control. LCAT, MCAT and SCAT minigenomes, mimicking the three viral segments L, M and S, are synthetized with plasmids under the cellular RNA polymerase I control and are transcribed and replicated. The termination of mRNA transcription was also similar to viral one. Transcription efficiency of the LCAT minigenome was stronger than the S one and the M one. We showed that promoters strength determined with this System play an important role in levels of viral RNAs produced during cellular infection
Addis, Allem Zeleke. "The importance of degree of weathering in the geotechnical characterization of some residual soils from the valley of ruzizi (in the western branch of the East African Rift system)". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213012.
Texto completoGoshime, Demelash. "Intégration des données de précipitations satellitaires et au sol pour l'évaluation des ressources en eau dans le bassin des lacs de la vallée centrale du Rift, en Éthiopie". Thesis, CY Cergy Paris Université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CYUN1066.
Texto completoDes changements importants ont été observés dans le bilan hydrique du bassin des lacs de la vallée centrale du Rift (CRV) en Éthiopie au cours des dernières décennies, ce qui entrave leurs services pour une grande variété d'écosystèmes. Cependant, les contributions des composantes du bilan hydrique n'ont pas encore été quantifiées en raison du manque de disponibilité continue des données et de réseaux de pluviomètres suffisants. Dans cette étude, nous avons utilisé l'estimation des précipitations par satellite du groupe Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation (CHIRP) en utilisant la modélisation des précipitations et du ruissellement où le ruissellement simulé a servi d'entrée à la simulation du niveau de l'eau. La thèse se compose de quatre étapes ultérieures. Les deux premiers se concentrent sur l'évaluation et la correction des biais des précipitations du satellite CHIRP pour simuler le débit et le niveau de l'eau du lac en utilisant le modèle Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV). Le troisième se concentre sur la quantification du prélèvement d'eau réel et de son impact sur le bilan hydrique du lac à partir des données des relevés de captage d'eau. Dans la dernière étape, nous avons évalué la demande d'eau actuelle et future à l'aide du modèle d'évaluation et de planification de l'eau (WEAP) et évalué les impacts probables du développement des ressources en eau sur le niveau d'eau des lacs CRV. Les résultats montrent que CHIRP a des biais à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles. Cependant, la correction du biais de l'estimation satellite a considérablement réduit le biais et a révélé de meilleures simulations de ruissellement. Le ruissellement simulé pour les bassins versants de jauge Meki et Katar a contribué respectivement à 855 mm et 524 mm à l'afflux du lac. Le ruissellement des bassins versants non jaugés est d'environ 182 mm, ce qui représente 8,5% de l'apport total du lac. La simulation du niveau d'eau du lac montre une bonne concordance de 1986 à 2000, mais une détérioration de la concordance après 2000, qui est principalement attribuée à une erreur dans l'un des termes du bilan hydrique et aux influences anthropiques. Dans l'ensemble, cette étude indique l'applicabilité de l'estimation des précipitations par satellite CHIRP pour les études du bilan hydrique des lacs dans la région où les données sont rares dans la vallée centrale du Rift en Éthiopie. L'estimation du prélèvement d'eau réel du lac Ziway a montré que chaque année 37 Mm3 d'eau sont prélevés pour l'état actuel. Lorsque les futurs plans de développement seront pleinement mis en œuvre, la quantité annuelle estimée de captage d'eau augmentera de 2,5 fois (soit 94 Mm3), ce qui entraînera une baisse du niveau d'eau du lac de 0,94 m et une réduction de la surface de 38 km2. Cela entraînera par conséquent une réduction de 26% du volume de stockage réel par rapport à l'état naturel de base. Les résultats de la simulation WEAP pour l'ensemble du bassin des lacs CRV ont révélé que pour le développement à long terme une moyenne de 223,02 Mm3 de demande en eau et 176,6 Mm3 d'eau détournée du lac et de ses affluents. Cela donnera une demande annuelle non satisfaite de 46,5 Mm3 dans le bassin central des lacs de la vallée du Rift. Il a également constaté que la plupart des programmes de développement des ressources en eau dans tous les bassins versants auront des demandes non satisfaites dans les scénarios à long terme plus élevés que dans le développement actuel. Cela a donc révélé une baisse annuelle moyenne du niveau de l'eau du lac de 2, 0,97 et 2,1 m pour le lac Ziway, Langano et Abiyata, respectivement. Par conséquent, cette étude indique que les impacts actuels du développement des ressources en eau autour du lac sont substantiellement importants et vont s'accentuer dans les futurs plans de développement. Par conséquent, l'étude suggère une gestion intégrée de l'eau du lac et de ses bassins versants
Mesfin, Melaku. "COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CYANOBACTERIA OF DESERT AND SEMI-DESERT CRUSTS OF TWO DIFFERENT CONTINENTS: AFRICA (ETHIOPIA) AND NORTH AMERICA (USA)". Cleveland State University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=csu1245854204.
Texto completoThiriet, Jean-Paul. "Evolution tectonique et sédimentaire de la marge nord occidentale de la mer Rouge au néogène : région de Port-Safaga - Egypte". Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10032.
Texto completoChemison, Alizée. "Impacts d'une déstabilisation des calottes polaires sur le climat et les maladies vectorielles au XXIème siècle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASJ007.
Texto completoMosquitoes, major vectors of diseases, are sensitive to rainfall which is necessary for their immature aquatic stages, and to temperature which affects their development and life cycle dynamics. Climate change can therefore impact the transmission of vector-borne diseases such as malaria, the world's major parasitic disease causing over 600,000 deaths per year, and Rift Valley Fever (RVF), a zoonotic disease decimating herds, causing health risks and catastrophic economic losses in Africa.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) report provides climate scenarios for the 21st century with different standard greenhouse gas emission scenarios, named Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP). By 2080, the risk of malaria transmission is estimated to decrease in the Sahel region and to increase in the East African Plateau as a result of rising temperatures under the RCP8.5 scenario. Although paleoclimate studies show that melting ice sheet can induce abrupt climate change, state of the art IPCC future projections do not consider such a potential rapid destabilisation of polar ice sheets. However, the West Antarctic and Greenland ice sheet are vulnerable to climate change and even a partial melting would cause major climatic changes, even in tropical regions. No study has yet quantified the impact of an abrupt melting of the ice sheets on the distribution of malaria and RVF. This work is based on future climate numerical simulations using the coupled global climate model IPSL-CM5A-LR with RCP8.5 as radiative forcing. Simulations of freshwater release, corresponding to the accelerated and partial melting of the polar ice sheets, were carried out with different melting assumptions:- for Greenland, a freshwater flux equivalent to a global sea level rise of 0.5m, 1m, 1.5m and 3m is released into the North Atlantic;- for Antarctica, a quantity of freshwater equivalent to a global sea level rise of 3m is released off its western part.These continuous water inputs are prescribed from 2020 to 2070.This study showed that the oceanic and atmospheric impacts of a partial melting of Greenland are stronger on the global climate, and particularly on monsoons, than those associated with the melting of West Antarctica, probably due to the effect of the circumpolar current. Subsequently, only scenarios considering a partial melting of Greenland were used to study their impacts on malaria. Simulated and/or observed temperature and precipitation were used to drive mathematical models of malaria transmission risk. Five mathematical malaria models were used. An accelerated melting of Greenland leads to a southward shift of the American and African monsoons. Malaria risk increases in southern Africa, decreases in the Sahel and increases moderately on the East African Plateau.For the study of RVF, the Liverpool Rift Valley Fever (LVRF) model was validated at country scale by comparing simulations driven by observed daily temperatures and rainfall from climate reanalyses with different health data sets. Then, a potential correlation between simulated RVF transmission risk and the main regional climate variability modes (ENSO and DMI) is shown over the Rift African region. The model correctly reproduces RVF epidemics in Kenya, Somalia and Zambia, and to a lesser extent in Senegal and Mauritania. RVF risk increases over the epidemic areas in East Africa during the El Niño phenomenon
Zakhia, Renée. "Epidemiology of West Nile Virus in Lebanon". Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066466/document.
Texto completoWest Nile virus (WNV) and Rift Valley Fever virus (RVFV) are two emerging arboviruses that have never been reported in Lebanon. They can be transmitted by Culex pipiens mosquito species including two biotypes: pipiens and molestus. During this project, we assessed the circulation of WNV among mosquitoes, human, horse and chicken populations in Lebanon. Moreover, we evaluated, under experimental conditions, the capacity of local Cx. pipiens biotypes to transmit both viruses.Adult mosquitoes were collected, identified and tested to detect WNV RNA. Besides, human, horse and chicken blood samples were collected and screened for WNV antibodies using an in-house ELISA and then confirmed by neutralization assay. Moreover, local Cx. pipiens specimens were experimentally infected with WNV lineage 1 or RVFV Clone 13 strain. The viral infection, dissemination and transmission were then estimated at different days post infection.The vector competence was compared between Cx. pipiens biotypes.Entomological results revealed that 87.2% of collected adult mosquitoes were Cx. pipiens. Screened mosquitoes were negative for WNV. Seroprevalence rates were 1.01% and 1.98% among humans and horses respectively. Besides, local Cx. pipiens were highly competent for WNV transmission and to a lesser extent to RVFV. The molestus biotype was able to transmit WNV earlier than pipiens biotype.The present study provides new evidence of a low circulation of WNV among human and horses in Lebanon. Cx. pipiens is the suspected vector and is experimentally competent to ensure transmission. Therefore, there is a need to establish surveillance program to predict and prevent potential outbreaks
Abdelfettah, Yassine. "Inversion conjointe des données magnétotelluriques et gravimétriques : application à l'imagerie géophysique crustale et mantellique". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00424413.
Texto completoNonnotte, Philippe. "Etude volcano-tectonique de la zone de Divergence Nord Tanzanienne (Terminaison Sud du Rift Kenyan).Caractérisation pétrologique et géochimique du volcanisme récent (8 Ma – Actuel) et du manteau source.Contraintes de mise en place". Phd thesis, Université de Bretagne occidentale - Brest, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00159018.
Texto completoCe travail de thèse présente les résultats de l'étude volcano-structurale menée sur cette zone de rift divergent. L'originalité de notre approche provient de la combinaison d'outils complémentaires (terrain, pétrologie, radiochronologie, géochimie isotopique Sr-Nd et des éléments en traces), appliquées à une zone clé du REA. Ainsi, à l'échelle des principaux volcans de la DNT, et particulièrement pour le Ngorongoro et le Mt Meru, nous avons pu reconstituer leur activité Plio-Quaternaire en précisant les mécanismes de mise en place de leurs principales formations volcaniques. Cette approche locale a été étendue à l'échelle régionale en synthétisant les données radiochronologiques existantes, complétées par six nouveaux âges K-Ar. Nous avons ainsi pu reconstituer l'histoire volcano-tectonique de la DNT et proposer un modèle d'évolution spatio-temporel du volcanisme depuis 8 Ma. Ce dernier met en évidence une migration de l'activité magmatique vers l'Est entre 8 Ma et l'actuel avec une activité généralisée dans l'ensemble de la DNT à 2,5 Ma, qui accompagne l'extension de la déformation vers la branche de Pangani. Le Kilimandjaro, édifice majeur à l'échelle du Rift Africain, constitue le cœur de ce travail. La détermination de dix sept nouveaux âges K-Ar a permis de contraindre dans le temps les processus volcaniques ayant affecté les trois centres le constituant, et plus particulièrement le centre principal de Kibo pour lequel nous parvenons à reconstituer les dernières phases d'édification entre 492 ka et 165 ka. Grâce à l'approche pétrologique et géochimique réalisée sur les laves du Kilimandjaro, nous proposons un modèle d'évolution des sources mantelliques de ces magmas, en montrant qu'ils sont issus de la fusion partielle d'une source lithosphérique hétérogène à amphibole et grenat résiduels, ayant acquis ses caractéristiques géochimiques au cours de deux épisodes métasomatiques distincts : un premier, probablement d'âge Précambrien, et le deuxième, Plio-Quaternaire, provoqué par la percolation des magmas formés au sein du panache asthénosphérique sous-jacent. La généralisation de cette approche à l'échelle de la DNT, pour les laves primitives d'âges < 1 Ma, met en évidence des différences dans les processus pétrogénétiques à l'origine du magmatisme de cette région. Si sa manifestation, à l'Est de la DNT, présente des compositions caractéristiques d'une fertilisation de la lithosphère par l'activité sub-actuelle d'un panache, les laves émises à l'Ouest comportent des signatures géochimiques héritées d'un manteau lithosphérique métasomatisé au Précambrien, en accord avec les résultats obtenus sur les enclaves mantelliques. Le type de métasomatisme, sa localisation et sa période d'activité sont certainement liés à l'héritage structural, et particulièrement au positionnement relatif des blocs cratoniques Archéen et des zones transverses affectant les ceintures orogéniques Protérozoïques.