Tesis sobre el tema "Utilisation du sol – Télédétection – Amazonie"
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De, Almeida Claudio Aparecido. "Paysage des systèmes de production agropastoraux de l'État du Rondônia - Amazonie brésilienne". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT123/document.
Texto completoRecent global agreements sponsored by UN to sustainable development and reduction of greenhouse gases emission, undergo by the reduction of deforestation and an increase of productivity of the areas occupied by agricultural production systems. In 2014 the Brazilian Amazon deforestation reached 760.305,5 km2. This area has different land uses with different financial and social returns and different environmental impacts. To know the land use and land cover (LULC) and the predominant production systems in this deforested area is a basic condition for planning actions and public policies for sustainable development. This study developed methodologies for detailed LULC mapping, and to regionalization of agricultural production systems. The mapping of LULC of Brazilian Amazon confirmed previous studies, showing that most of the deforested area is used for livestock activity (about 60%), followed by secondary vegetation (about 20%) and annual crops (about 5%). Regionalization of agricultural production systems was carried out in two stages. The first one was carried out at local administrative boundary, using spatially explicit data of LULC and deforestation, analyzed in conjunction with municipal socioeconomic data spatialized at local level. Based on these results we identified, among five agricultural production systems at the state level. The dimension of territorial configuration showed that each agricultural production system form different types of landscapes. The second stage was conduced with cells of 10 X 10 Km, with LULC spatially explicit data, deforestation and a matrix of distance to infrastructure elements, and using landscape metrics. Was possible to classify the predominant agricultural production system in each cell, and identify the effect of these systems on the landscape. Nine agricultural production systems were found: two in forest domains (Forest Domain, Initial Front), three in agriculture domain (Strict Agriculture, Dominant Agriculture and Coexistence Area) and four in livestock domain (Intensified Beef, Not Intensified Beef, Intensified Beef-Milk and Not Intensified Beef-Milk). The methodologies resulted from this thesis will enable the creation of an operational monitoring system of LULC, continuous and at low cost, and also of the prevailing agricultural production system in each of the deforested territory. With this monitoring system, it will be possible to follow up the effect of public policies in the region, looking for sustainable development
Gutierrez, Cori Omar. "Relationship and feedback between LULC changes and hydroclimatic variability in Amazonia". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS123.
Texto completoThe Amazon rainforest plays a vital role by functioning as a regulator of the climate system and as the main terrestrial carbon sink. It drives hydroclimatic processes and mitigates the effects of droughts through vegetation-atmosphere coupling. Indeed, Amazon forests have the potential to impact rainfall patterns through biophysical processes like water recycling. However, these capacities have been reduced during the last decades due to disturbances in the climate-vegetation system together with the intensification of droughts. All this has accentuated a process of biophysical transition from a predominantly forested ecosystem to a Savanna. Therefore, given these complexities, understanding the direction of changes is of vital importance.Using multiple datasets and the coupled ORCHIDEE and LMDZ models, this thesis delves into the study of the interactions between Amazon hydroclimatology and vegetation. In addition, it seeks to expand our understanding of modifications in the vegetation-atmosphere system and its links with climate and LULC changes. Likewise, taking into account the increasing rates of deforestation, it investigates the effects and feedback resulting from a large-scale forest loss scenario on hydrological processes.The results show that, over the southwestern Amazon, forests undergo a transition from being influenced by energy availability to depending on water availability throughout the year. During the rainy season, vegetation growth is primarily influenced by energy availability rather than water availability. Nevertheless, outside of this period, forests respond positively to precipitation and terrestrial water storage, suggesting that vegetation is primarily dependent on water supply. However, a spatial analysis reveals that recent deforestation modifies these transitions and destabilizes the natural balance in the climate-vegetation system.The nature of these imbalances in the Amazon is not entirely clarified. Through an approach based on the relationships of water/energy fluxes and vegetation conditions over the last four decades, it is explored whether these changes are intrinsic to climate variability or are driven by anthropogenic processes. 67% of the southwestern Amazon has experienced a transition towards a predominantly dry state due to climatic factors (external forcing), while 21% has transitioned towards a state dominated by deforestation (internal forcing). However, external and internal forcings are not independent processes, as both mechanisms drive changes simultaneously. By weighing the magnitudes of these forcings, we show that the synergies have led 74% of the southwestern Amazon toward a state of greater water stress. Nevertheless, during recent years, although combined external-internal processes continue to exert significant control over changes, 30% of these are strictly dominated by internal forcing. This suggests that internal processes are playing an increasingly relevant role in the transition towards a state characterized by high forest water stress, especially in areas where deforestation and anthropogenic pressure are increasing.Using the coupled ORCHIDEE and LMDZ models, the effects of projected Amazon deforestation by 2050 on the hydrological cycle and dryness are examined. Deforestation decreases precipitation, reduces evapotranspiration and increases runoff. Furthermore, deforestation accentuates water stress especially in the southwestern Amazon (positive feedback). Water demands in the atmosphere, on the land surface and even in the soil root zone intensify during the dry season. During the wet season, the deficit of specific atmospheric humidity becomes even more acute towards the tropical Andes over the Altiplano region. These findings provide a more thorough understanding of the possible effects of massive forest removal on the water availability and resilience of the Amazon in a context where changes are occurring at an accelerated rate
Largouët, Christine. "Aide à l'interprétation d'une séquence d'images par la modélisation de l'évolution du système observé : application à la reconnaissance de l'occupation du sol". Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10099.
Texto completoLenormand-Bon, Véronique. "Hommes et mangroves du littoral du Pará (Amazonie Brésilienne)". Bordeaux 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR30080.
Texto completoOn the ria coastline of the Pará state, in Brazilian Amazonia, we find a succession of mangroves, beaches and sand-dunes. The mangroves there constitute a true coastal forest, covering nearly 2000 km². This interface, marked by its blurred limits, woks simultaneously as a barrier against human systematic penetration and settlement, and as a means of subsistence for the local populations fishing and collecting crustaceans and molluscs. This area, because it is part of the coastal region, more densely populated than the reste of the state, muste endure the changes involved by modernization and growing exchanges. In our study of the coastline as a system, with its immense diversity in terms of men’s working activities or integration within the regional space, we will focus on the question of spatial organization. Our subject wil be dealt with from different angles and on diferent scales, so as to find out what elements influence it, including a complex, unique physical environment, closeness to the land or on the contrary to the sea or estuaries, the history of human settlement, and the road infrastructures. The disparities between the various areas tend to increase with modernization, population pressure, human migration and pressure on the natural ressources, which precisely arouses the question of how to manage them in terms of the latter. The organization of the local human societies, their living space and ressources may change according to the conflicts regarding how to use the land, the perturbations of the environment and the socio-economic mutations. Various strategies may be adopted so as to handle, adapt to and finally cope with the latter more or less successfullly
Cotonnec, Adeline. "Paysages et occupation du sol par télédétection : application au bassin versant du Blavet". Rennes 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998REN20012.
Texto completoAt the present time, some programmes are carried out in Brittany to restore the quality of water. In this context, analysis of the components of the vegetation cover, land cover and landscapes structures that interfere in the hydrological flows requires means and methods that are performing and well adapted to the size of large watersheds. High resolution sensors spot and Landsat TM's potentialities are evaluated in this study to set up methods for mapping land cover, wooded hedges and saturated wetlands at the scale of a large watershed situated in the central Brittany, " le Blavet ". Its size is 2000 km2, and it is characterised with continuous water quality degradation and a high heterogeneity of its landscapes. The methods are first tested and assessed at an experimental scale on the watershed of " Coet-dan " that is 1200 ha large. They point out the effectiveness of landsat tm to extract the linear wooded network and the wetlands on this watershed located in the most intensive part of the entire watershed of the Blavet. The methods are then extrapolated and validated on some sub-watersheds that representative of the mean landscapes units of the watershed of the Blavet. A typology of the hydrological units based on their land cover dominance is suggested from a statistical analysis of land cover data derived from a satellite image. Almost all the wooded hedges and wetlands have been extracted with these methods on the watersheds which are included in open agrarian structures with intensive agricultural practises. The resulting information layers can then been integrated in hydrological models
Trias-Sanz, Roger. "Semi-automatic rural land cover classification from high resolution remote sensing images". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05S005.
Texto completoThis thesis presents a complete image analisys system which, from high-resolution 3 or 4-channel digital images (50 cm, colour and optionally near infrared), and using the cadastre database, segments the images into agriculturally-homogeneous regions, (fields, forests, vines, and so on) and classifies these regions, tagging each classified region with a confidence measure which indicates the system's confidence in each classification. It includes a study of the value of texture features and transformed colour spaces for segmentation and classification, two methods for registering a graph onto an image, a novel probability model and associated per-region classification algorithms, and a high precision period and orientation estimator
Pereira, de Lima Ricardo Angelo. "Antropizacion, dinámicas de ocupación del territorio y desarrollo en la Amazonía Brasileña : el caso del estado de Amapá". Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20112.
Texto completoAs most of tropical forest, world summits on environment and development programs have put the Amazonian region at the forefront of international efforts to ensure environmental protection of the planet. In these programs, Amazonia is traditionally no more than a merely world biogenetic heritage area or o carbon sequestration park, but new strategies of regional development attempt to combine growth and protection/conservation, as it occurs specifically in the Brazilian state of Amapá. In this way, the dissertation aims to give an updated account of the dynamics of land occupation and of the concentration of landed property, as well of the subsequent environmental and social changes witch have occurred during the last 30 years in the state of Amapá
Godard, Vincent. "Utilisation conjointe de la télédétection et de l'enquête de terrain lors des inventaires d'occupation du sol : recherche méthodologique appliquée au Sahel sud-mauritanien". Paris, EHESS, 1991. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024191.
Texto completoThis research shows usefulness of satellite imagery as a ground survey and sample base. After having justified the choice of an unaligned systematic sampling scheme to collect ground data, we describe some of the used tools to determine the number, size and space between sample units. At last, by using remote sensing and area frame sampling (spatial sampling) it has been possible to improve the accuracy of surface estimation. The relative accuracy (coefficient of variation) has increased from 46 per cent without remote sensing to 87 per cent with remote sensing. Examples have been taken from south mauritanian sahel in pastoral, agropastoral and oasis zones
Laffly, Dominique. "Évolutions et potentiels de l'espace comtois : recherche de méthodes par la télédétection". Besançon, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BESA1003.
Texto completoRemote sensing is a privilegied tool of the earth observation with the image's coverage, repetitivity of datas acquisition, the pixel's spectral and spatial resolution. We present in a first time an abstract of the most important radiometric and geometric operations with originals datas. After that, we developpe an example of comparison between may 1975 (mss datas) and july 1988 (tm datas) on the franche-comte area. Two ways are selected. The first one consists of a global observation of the evolution with the help of hierarchical step of spatial agregation. The second one concerns local landscpte modification and we propose a new method fonded on spatial resampling of datas and multiple factorial correspondances analysis. In a third part, we propose an other approach of remote sensing with an ecological problem about the area of "grand tetras" (tetrao urogallus). We developpe a texture filter to recognise the areas on a spot panchromatic image. The analyse needs more information and we use at the end a gis to combine datas about vegetable's physionomy and composition (spot p and xs), topographic model and a representation of human's pressure with an empiric model of noise diffusion
Vallette, Anne. "Les formes spatiales du développement urbain en Chine : l'apport de la télédetection (villes de Suzhou et Wuxi)". Rouen, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ROUEL446.
Texto completoThe hinterland of Shanghai is the field of a strong urban development since the eighties. The studied area is located along the shore of the Tai lake, between the cities of Suzhou and Wuxi. The study is based mainly on the SPOT satellite imagery, sustained by field inquiries. The tests have been applied to the Suzhou area, which includes the greater variety of differentiated neighbourhoods : old city, commercial streets and CBD, renovated neighbourhoods, Chinese gardens, blocks of flats, old industrial districts, new development parks of technology and industry, gated communities. Several possible treatments of the remote sensing images for the study of the transformations of the urban land use have been investigated : filters, neo-canals, supervised and unsupervised classifications. Due to the results obtained, the maximum likelihood classification has been applied to the whole studied area and has allowed, in addition with photo-interpretation techniques, the cartography of the land use. Two different types of urban extension have been made obvious : a development of heavy industries along the Great Canal, and an establishment of the CBD in the old city, in Wuxi, whereas the old city has been preserved in Suzhou, together with a specification of the neighbourhoods according to sectors, and the development of new commercial poles. Along the shore of the lake the diachronic analysis shows the creation of vacation resorts, thematic leisure parks, cemeteries and an extension of aquaculture, together with the pollution of the water
Michel, Alain. "Stratification de l'espace urbain à partir d'images satellite pour réaliser un sondage à objectif démographique : mise au point et évaluation des méthodes d'analyse des images Spot et Landsat TM en milieu urbain". Paris, EHESS, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988EHES0066.
Texto completoAllain, Christine. "Echelles et télédétection : application aux paysages et à l'occupation du sol en Bretagne orientale". Rennes 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN20052.
Texto completo@Whatever the field studying territories and spaces, the notion of scale is at the center of researches. Though it is very familiar to geographers, it reveals all its complexity in studies made in Remote Sensing. When considering the notions of EIFOV and complementarity between sensor system, researches are carried out about determination of the " limit spatial resolution ", beyond which point information cannot be used any more. So, researches are done about an area presenting a landscape heterogeneity that can be read on different spatial scales so as to make this concept valid. Prior to any study, it is essential to think about the structure of the landscape that is being studied and the precision of the expected nomenclature as well as the availability of Remote sensing data and terrain data, guarantees of an optimum identification of land cover. As spatial analyses at a given date have revealed how limited the determination of land cover was regarding both quantification and precision, temporal analyses have been thought of to solve these problems. This conceptual method has found its application on the demonstration watershed of the " Drains de Rennes I ", within the context of the program of action " Bretagne Eau Pure " relative to the reconquest of the quality of water
Audrain, Virginie. "Méthodologie d'actualisation de documents cartographiques thématiques par télédétection aérienne et satellitaire". Paris 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA010629.
Texto completoThe bassin d'Apt (Provence-France) land cover map of 1985 is updated using 1986 spot images. The updating methodology so created and tested involves the combination of satellite, aerial and cartographical data. The reference land cover map at the 1 25000 scale is established by photo-interpretation in order to obtain the land parcel system with a fine geometric definition. The map is then digitized and superimposed onto spot images preprocessed at level 3. The method presents two specific points. The first one is the creation of new spot bands. Each band is parcellized applying the land parcel system image and the mixed pixels located at the edge of the parcels are suppressed. The second point is the superimposition of the mask of each land cover category (1985) on the modified spot bands. Thresholding and minimum distance classification are employed. A set of three radiometric tools are used to guide the digital image processing. They are derived from ground observations. The typically Mediterranean constraints of the target area explains the 80% accuracy obtained. .
Lefebvre, Antoine. "Contribution de la texture pour l’analyse d’images à très haute résolution spatiale : application à la détection de changement en milieu périurbain". Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00596339/fr/.
Texto completoRemotely sensed images at very high spatial resolution (VHSR) constitute an important source of information for land cover change detection over small areas. They are particularly interesting for applications in urban and peri-urban areas because they can cope with sudden and irregular changes as well as regular and subtle changes. However the use of VHSR images needs methodological improvements, since usual change detection approaches, based on a pixel analysis, have been developed to process low and medium resolution images and can unfortunately not be applied for VHSR data. On one hand, spectral resolutions of VHSR sensors are often lower than those of other sensors, the spectral resolution decreasing with increasing spatial resolution. On the other hand, the spectral variability of pixels defining classes of land cover increases with the spatial resolution, resulting in a decrease in the separability between different classes of land cover and limitations of conventional classification methods based on pixel values. This thesis presents a series of methodological tools which allow to automatically identify and characterize changes over small areas from VHRS images acquired at different dates and from different sources. The originality of the tools presented here relies on the comparison of the textural properties of the objects of interest, while not using exclusively or primarily spectral information of the image but rather focusing on spatial information. The texture characterization is based on the analysis of the coefficients from a wavelet decomposition. The developed tools include : a preprocessing method dedicated to the vignetting effect correction for old aerial photographs ; an image segmentation approach ; a method for texture orientation estimation ; a classification method ; a change detection method. All these tools have been validated using synthetic examples and then applied in the suburban environment of the city of Rennes using aerial photographs acquired in 1978 and 2001. The classification rates, which ranged from 78 % to 85 %„ show the importance of texture for classification of VHSR images. They highlight the possibility of detecting different types of changes and thus to distinguish changes related to agricultural practices and urbanization. The tools developed in this thesis are generic and can be applied for the analysis of any textured pattern. To illustrate this, we have applied some of the proposed tools for detecting and characterizing vineyards and estimating fluid motions from images
Godard, V. "Utilisation conjointe de la télédétection et de l'enquête de terrain lors des inventaires d'occupation du sol. Recherche méthodologique appliquée au Sahel sud-mauritanien". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01024191.
Texto completoOsis, Reinis. "Relations spatiales entre les ressources biophysiques et les dynamiques d’occupation du sol du front pionnier en Amazonie orientale". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3014/document.
Texto completoThe Amazon has been subject to a rapid change in land use due to deforestation for several decades and more recently to the expansion of annual crops like soybeans. One of the major challenges is to understand better the spatial dynamics of these processes and its determinants. With the reduction of deforestation and the consolidation of pioneer fronts, natural resources and constraints seem to be gaining in importance in farmers' choices. The objective of this research was to assess the role of biophysical factors in land use dynamics since 2000 and to anticipate possible futures in a consolidated Amazonian pioneer frontier, the municipality of Paragominas. We implemented a spatially explicit model to identify the spatial distribution of change processes in relation to different factors. Interviews with farmers explain the underlying strategy. The results show different strategies for the use of biophysical resources according to the types of production, the size of the farms, the distance to roads and villages and the spatial distribution of biophysical resources in the farm. The strategies evolve over time, in relation to production and technological advances, and are organized in space. A better understanding of the importance of biophysical resources on the evolution of pioneer fronts through this type of method could provide support for land-use policies
Momo, Solefack Marie Caroline. "Influence des activités anthropiques sur la végétation du Mont Oku (Cameroun)". Amiens, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AMIED013.
Texto completoMount Oku, situated in north-west Cameroon, supports the largest remnants of the Central African montane forest habitat, which is considered as a biodiversity hotspot, hence is undergoing strong species loss. Our objective was to quantify changes in the land cover of Mount Oku over the last four decades, in order to assess the causes of forest regression and to evaluate the future of the forest on this site. We also describe a variation in plant species composition and richness along an altitudinal gradient, that were subsequently linked to environmental changes. For this purpose, we compared changes in land cover, using Landsat satellite images acquired in 1978, 1988 and 2001. Then 102 sample plots were randomly set up in forest fragments along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 1800 m to 2749 m. Although remnant forests were naturally protected by elevation and slope, they lost 62. 1% of their area between 1978 and 2001, corresponding to a mean deforestation rate of 579 ha. Year-1. Deforested lands have been replaced by crops or savanna, while few secondary forest recolonizations occurred. New farmland has extended rapidly to fulfill the demands of an increasing population density. Our study also revealed that it is difficult to disentangle the effects of altitude and human activities on vegetation because these two factors are inextricably linked and form a single gradient with antagonistic effects at the extremes. Human activities and natural vegetation belts were organized with respect to the altitudinal gradient: the summit of Mount Oku supported the largest, oldest forest fragments; while areas of low altitude have experienced intense deforestation to provide agricultural land and supported disturbance-related plant communities. However, human activities altered plant assemblages. Even old-growth forests contained species indicative of human presence (due to grazing, fire or former cultivation). Some pioneer species assemblages were very heterogeneous and their altitudinal distribution has spread
Gressin, Adrien. "Mise à jour d’une base de données d’occupation du sol à grande échelle en milieux naturels à partir d’une image satellite THR". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S022.
Texto completoLand-Cover geospatial databases (LC-BDs) are mandatory inputs for various purposes such as for natural resources monitoring land planning, and public policies management. To improve this monitoring, users look for both better geometric, and better semantic levels of detail. To fulfill such requirements, a large-scale LC-DB is being established at the French National Mapping Agency (IGN). However, to meet the users needs, this DB must be updated as regularly as possible while keeping the initial accuracies. Consequently, automatic updating methods should be set up in order to allow such large-scale computation. Furthermore, Earth observation satellites have been successfully used to the constitution of LC-DB at various scales such as Corine Land Cover (CLC). Nowadays, very high resolution (VHR) sensors, such as Pléiades satellite, allow to product large-scale LC-DB. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to propose an automatic updating method of such large-scale LC-DB from VHR monoscopic satellite image (to limit acquisition costs) while ensuring the robustness of the detected changes. Our proposed method is based on a multilevel supervised learning algorithm MLMOL, which allows to best take into account the possibly multiple appearances of each DB classes. This algorithm can be applied to various images and DB data sets, independently of the classifier, and the attributes extracted from the input image. Moreover, the classifications stacking improves the robustness of the method, especially on classes having multiple appearances (e.g., plowed or not plowed fields, stand-alone houses or industrial warehouse buildings, ...). In addition, the learning algorithm is integrated into a processing chain (LUPIN) allowing, first to automatically fit to the different existing DB themes and, secondly, to be robust to in-homogeneous areas. As a result, the method is successfully applied to a Pleiades image on an area near Tarbes (southern France) covered by the IGN large-scale LC-DB. Results show the contribution of Pleiades images (in terms of sub-meter resolution and spectral dynamics). Indeed, thanks to the texture and shape attributes (morphological profiles, SFS, ...), VHR satellite images give good classification results, even on classes such as roads, and buildings that usually require specific methods. Moreover, the proposed method provides relevant change indicators in the area. In addition, our method provides a significant support for the creation of LC-DB obtain by merging several existing DBs. Indeed, our method allows to take a decision when the fusion of initials DBs generates overlapping areas, particularly when such DBs come from different sources with their own specification. In addition, our method allows to fill potential gaps in the coverage of such generating DB, but also to extend the data to the coverage of a larger image. Finally, the proposed workflow is applied to different remote sensing data sets in order to assess its versatility and the relevance of such data. Results show that our method is able to deal with such different spatial resolutions data sets (Pléiades at 0.5 m, SPOT 6 at 1.5 m and RapidEye at 5 m), and to take into account the strengths of each sensor, e.g., the RapidEye red-edge channel for discrimination theme forest, the good balance of the SPOT~6 resolution for built-up areas classes and the capability of VHR of Pléiades images to discriminate objects of small spatial extent such as roads or hedge
Tsayem, Demaze Moise. "Caractérisation et suivi de la déforestation en milieu tropical par télédétection : application aux défrichements agricoles en Guyane française et au Brésil". Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00592532.
Texto completoGalle, Sylvie. "Analyse des champs spatiaux par utilisation de la télédétection : estimation de la durée quotidienne d'insolation en France à l'aide d'images du satellite Météosat et de mesures sol". Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1987. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00694114.
Texto completoOszwald, Johan. "Dynamique des formations agroforestières en Côte d'Ivoire (depuis les années 1980 aux années 2000) : suivi par télédétection et développement d'une approche cartographique". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/RESTREINT/Th_Num/2005/50377-2005-15.pdf.
Texto completoPostadjian, Tristan. "Vers une occupation du sol France entière par imagerie satellite à très haute résolution". Thesis, Paris Est, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PESC2018.
Texto completoFor political or environmental matters, land cover mapping has become more and more important since the beginning of the XXIst century. This mapping consists in, given a set of land cover classes, classifying ground-level objects according to these classes. Adressing very various applications, from a local scale (city-wise) to a more global scale (world-wide), several projects have been initiated so as to build land cover maps that would fit one of these applications. However, the current means to achieve this mapping are mainly manual, leading to high cost of production both in terms of man power and processing time. The task of building relevant land cover maps lies also in being able to monitor various phenomena in time, but acquiring data can be expansive for frequent updates or computation of maps at large scale. Yet, remote sensors have multiplied for the past two decades and the panel of such sensors is very wide and diverse in a spectral way and in terms of resolution. Among them, optical sensors boarded on Earth observation satellites acquire images in the visible and infrared spectrums, with high revisit time capabilities. SPOT 6 and 7 were launched in 2012 and 2014 respectively, and offer very high resolution images at 1.5m, in four bands. The French Mapping Agency computes each year a full France coverage from the SPOT data available through the THEIA data portal. Although this task has been widely studied in the past by the remote sensing community, by the means of supervised classifiers such as SVMs or random forests, none of the results have yet led to truly automated and satisfying maps that match existing specifications due to mislabelling errors that occur too often. In terms of methodology, the deep learning, and more specifically deep neural networks have proved to be far more efficient than other machine learning algorithms in various fields of research, from computer vision to natural language processing and system recommendation. These days, deep learning has become a part of everyday life, not only for academic research purposes, but also it society where it runs in the background of our smartphones for various tasks. Such ubiquity raises ethical issues: in particular, users’ browsing habits and behaviours are often monitored without them knowing to feed these algorithms. This heavy need for data is what allows deep learning to sketch more accurately a user behaviour, thus leading to more suitable commercial offers based on a history of purchases for instance.In our work, the French Mapping Agency topographic databases represent a real opportunity to massively train deep neural networks on the SPOT monoscopic very high resolution images, so as to produce land cover maps. The works reported in this dissertation are focused on this problematic of land cover mapping with deep neural networks on SPOT 6 and 7 data, with the additional constraint of tackling this task in a more general operational environment (large scale land cover mapping). This latter point ensures that the conducted experiments address occurring questions when classifying large geographic areas. For instance, a specific SPOT coverage is made of one image per territory, which means adjacent areas can have been acquired at different dates, leading to strong appearance discrepancies. Transfer learning is a tool that can help a lot in lots of scenarii so as to reduce both time computation and needs for training samples. Finally, in a context of the automatic update or re-computation of existing topographic database, the use of aerial images in deep neural networks is assessed in several tasks, with an emphasis on the training dataset conception from topographic database that can include some drawbacks
Pacheco, de Almeida José Antonio. "Le sertâo sisalier de Bahia-Brésil : analyse d'images spot pour une typologie dynamique de l'utilisation des terres (1986-1993)". Toulouse 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU20044.
Texto completoThis study's objective is to set up a diagnostic about the transfer in lands using, from three multispectral serial spot datas, teledetected from 1986 to 1993, keyperiod for the bahia's sisaliar sertao, in the middle of the brazilian nordeste. The comparative stability between cow, sisal and caatinga, that had been realised for decades, was broken in the years 1980. In the same time, we can notice the progressive clearing of the caatinga land and the partially neglected sisal culture, as traditional or industrial one, which were replaced by pasture land. This is the result of the expansive breeding developpement. After having caracterized the radiometric answers of the different soil modalities, the visual interpretation of the monocanal multidate images permited to lay the foundation of the lands occupation use dynamism typology, whose spatial representation is attempt with supervised classifications aplied to the nine avalable canals. So, for the santa luz district, the principal transfering occurrencies have been identified and quantitatively valued
Blaquière, Ewa. "Descriptions des agrosystèmes hétérogènes à l'aide de mesures satellitaires à très haute résolution spatiale". Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30099.
Texto completoThe main objective of the thesis was to study the influence of spatial resolution of satellite images on the cartography (semi-automatic identification of land cover) of the agricultural areas. In order to complete the study, four areas were tested: two areas in France, one area in Poland and one area in Germany. Those areas were selected to test different types of images for different landscapes characterised by size and form of cultivated parcels. The treatments of the experiment (including classification) was executed on a range of spatial resolutions from 1 to 40 m and all areas with the goal to proving the existence or non-existence of the relationship between the spatial resolution, the size and form of the parcels and the types of the land cover. The final stage is a proposition of improvement of the classification accuracy by the use of spatial resolutions adapted to given landscapes
Gressin, Adrien. "Mise à jour d’une base de données d’occupation du sol à grande échelle en milieux naturels à partir d’une image satellite THR". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05S022/document.
Texto completoLand-Cover geospatial databases (LC-BDs) are mandatory inputs for various purposes such as for natural resources monitoring land planning, and public policies management. To improve this monitoring, users look for both better geometric, and better semantic levels of detail. To fulfill such requirements, a large-scale LC-DB is being established at the French National Mapping Agency (IGN). However, to meet the users needs, this DB must be updated as regularly as possible while keeping the initial accuracies. Consequently, automatic updating methods should be set up in order to allow such large-scale computation. Furthermore, Earth observation satellites have been successfully used to the constitution of LC-DB at various scales such as Corine Land Cover (CLC). Nowadays, very high resolution (VHR) sensors, such as Pléiades satellite, allow to product large-scale LC-DB. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to propose an automatic updating method of such large-scale LC-DB from VHR monoscopic satellite image (to limit acquisition costs) while ensuring the robustness of the detected changes. Our proposed method is based on a multilevel supervised learning algorithm MLMOL, which allows to best take into account the possibly multiple appearances of each DB classes. This algorithm can be applied to various images and DB data sets, independently of the classifier, and the attributes extracted from the input image. Moreover, the classifications stacking improves the robustness of the method, especially on classes having multiple appearances (e.g., plowed or not plowed fields, stand-alone houses or industrial warehouse buildings, ...). In addition, the learning algorithm is integrated into a processing chain (LUPIN) allowing, first to automatically fit to the different existing DB themes and, secondly, to be robust to in-homogeneous areas. As a result, the method is successfully applied to a Pleiades image on an area near Tarbes (southern France) covered by the IGN large-scale LC-DB. Results show the contribution of Pleiades images (in terms of sub-meter resolution and spectral dynamics). Indeed, thanks to the texture and shape attributes (morphological profiles, SFS, ...), VHR satellite images give good classification results, even on classes such as roads, and buildings that usually require specific methods. Moreover, the proposed method provides relevant change indicators in the area. In addition, our method provides a significant support for the creation of LC-DB obtain by merging several existing DBs. Indeed, our method allows to take a decision when the fusion of initials DBs generates overlapping areas, particularly when such DBs come from different sources with their own specification. In addition, our method allows to fill potential gaps in the coverage of such generating DB, but also to extend the data to the coverage of a larger image. Finally, the proposed workflow is applied to different remote sensing data sets in order to assess its versatility and the relevance of such data. Results show that our method is able to deal with such different spatial resolutions data sets (Pléiades at 0.5 m, SPOT 6 at 1.5 m and RapidEye at 5 m), and to take into account the strengths of each sensor, e.g., the RapidEye red-edge channel for discrimination theme forest, the good balance of the SPOT~6 resolution for built-up areas classes and the capability of VHR of Pléiades images to discriminate objects of small spatial extent such as roads or hedge
Kabil, Hala. "Images satellitaires et indicateurs environnementaux : application urbaine à l'agglomération de Strasbourg entre 1984 et 2001". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/KABIL_Hala_2010.pdf.
Texto completoThe urban development, linked to the growth of population, causes important changes in geographic space. The consequences of urban development have significant impacts on the environment and natural resources. Thus long term observation and relevant analysis tools are required as the use of indicators to assess urbanization consequences. Our goal is to take advantage of multispectral satellite imagery in a process of environmental assessment at the level of the city of Strasbourg. Indicators constructed from satellite imagery might be considered as an interesting spatial approach to study the urban area where the environmental, economic and social issues the most important. The proposed indicators are focused on land surface temperature, abundance of vegetation and impervious surfaces. Their calculation is based on multispectral images processing from Landsat-5&7 on two levels: the analysis of reflectance from vegetation indices and impermeability of soils and the analysis of thermal radiation to calculate the temperature surface. The results of this thesis highlight the potential of multispectral images for a better understanding of the relationship and the exchanges between city and its environment. Analyses of the spatial and temporal variability of spatial indicators enable the description of a given environmental state of the city. The interaction between these indicators can produce a synthetic indicator that provides a spatial vision approximate of areas that may reveal some impacts of the city on its environment
Sainte, Fare Garnot Vivien. "Learning spatio-temporal representations of satellite time series for large-scale crop mapping". Thesis, Université Gustave Eiffel, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UEFL2006.
Texto completoUnderstanding and monitoring the agricultural activity of a territory requires the production of accurate crop type maps. Such maps identify the boundaries of each agricultural parcel along with the cultivated crop type. This information is valuable for a variety of stakeholders and has applications ranging from food supply prediction to subsidy allocation and environmental monitoring. While earlier crop type maps required tedious in situ data collection, the advent of automated analysis of remote sensing data enabled large-scale mapping efforts. In this dissertation, we consider the problem of crop type mapping from multispectral satellite image time series. In most of the literature of the past decade, this problem is typically addressed with traditional machine learning models trained on hand-engineered descriptors. Meanwhile, in the Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) literature, the ability to train deep learning models to learn representations from raw data provoked a paradigm shift leading to unprecedented levels of performance on a variety of problems. Similarly, the application of deep learning models to remote sensing data significantly improved the state-of-the-art for crop type mapping as well as other tasks.In this thesis, we hold that current state-of-the-art methods from CV and NLP ignore some of the crucial specificities of remote sensing data and should not be applied directly. Instead, we argue for the design of bespoke methods exploiting the specific spatial, spectral, and temporal structures of satellite time series. We successively characterise crop type mapping as parcel-based classification, semantic segmentation, and panoptic segmentation. For each of these tasks, we develop a novel deep learning architecture adapted to the task's peculiarities and inspired by recent advances in the deep learning literature. We show that our methods set a new state-of-the-art while being more efficient than competing approaches.Specifically, we introduce (i) the Pixel-Set Encoder, an efficient spatial parcel-based encoder, (ii) the Temporal Attention Encoder (TAE), a self-attention temporal encoder, (iii) U-net with TAE, a variation of the TAE for segmentation problems, and (iv) Parcel-as-Point, a lightweight instance segmentation head designed for the panoptic segmentation of parcels.We also explore how these architectures can leverage multi-modal image time series combining optical and radar information through well-chosen fusion schemes. This approach improves the mapping performance as well as the robustness to cloud obstruction. Lastly, we focus on the hierarchical tree that encapsulates the semantic relationships between crop classes. We introduce a method to include such structure in the learning process. On crop classification as well as other classification problems, we show that our method reduces the rate of errors between semantically distant classes.Along with these methods, we introduce PASTIS, the first large-scale open-access dataset of multimodal satellite image time series with panoptic annotations of agricultural parcels. We hope that this dataset, along with the promising results presented in this dissertation, will encourage further research and help produce ever more accurate agricultural maps
Corgne, Samuel. "Modélisation prédictive de l'occupation des sols en contexte agricole intensif : application à la couverture hivernale des sols en Bretagne". Rennes 2, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00005478.
Texto completoIn intensive agricultural regions, winter vegetation covering is a key indicator of water transfer processes. Its prediction can help local decision making for restoring water quality. The objective of this work is to develop a reproducible method to predict the land cover distribution for the following winter season for the two hypotheses "Bare soils" and "Covered soils". The selected modelling approach is based on an expert model using the Dempster-Shafer rule. Results are ambivalent according to the studied hypothesis. The prediction scores are good at the watershed scale but present limits for allocating the land class at a field scale, especially for the "Bare soils" class. The Dezert-Smarandache theory is then applied and increases the prediction scores for the "Bare soils" class. The reproductibility of the modelling approach is then evaluated in applying the model on another study site. The "Bare soils" class remains well evaluated with both fusion rules, but the spatial allocation of the land class at a field scale is still not well managed, that indicates the need to integrate new sources of information in the model to better predict the future land allocation
Agbanou, Bidossèssi Thierry. "Dynamique de l'occupation du sol dans le secteur Natitingou-Boukombé (nord-ouest bénin) : de l'analyse diachronique à une modélisation prospective". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20076.
Texto completoIn Benin, forests and savannahs are the predominant types of land use and constitute dynamic systems whose evolution depends on several environmental and anthropogenic factors. In the Natitingou-Boukombé sector (Northwestern Benin), most of these ecosystems are in degradation due to increased anthropogenic activities. The objective of this study is to quantify the landscape dynamics and explore all possible future land use using remote sensing tools. The data used are mainly Landsat TM satellite images from 1987, ETM+ from 2000, OLIR TIRS from 2016, Modis VCF and NDVI series from 2000 to 2016. A multi-date classification was used to quantify land use changes in this study area.The results show that between 1987 and 2016, the landscape initially dominated by clear forests and wooded savannahs (38.81%) and wooded savannahs and shrubs (25.82%) in 1987 was replaced by land use categories, the most important of which were wooded savannahs and shrubs (40.53%) and cropland and fallow mosaics (50.61%) in 2016. Human activities and climatic disturbances are the main determinants of this land use dynamics. These explanatory factors, combined with the prospective analysis, made it possible to explore three possible future-oriented scenarios by 2031.The Business-As-Usual scenario (BAU) extrapolating current trends shows that by 2031 the landscape of this study area will be dominated by mosaics of crops and fallow land (69.64%), tree and shrub savannahs (21.93%), saxicultural savannahs (3.6%) and agglomerations (2.66%). In the Rapid Economic Growth (REC) scenario, which focuses solely on increasing agricultural production, the landscape will consist mainly of mosaics of crops and fallow land (73.72%), wooded savannahs and shrubs (17.35%), saxicultural savannahs (3.7%) and agglomerations (3.06%). The Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CED) scenario, which incorporates environmental preservation, presents a landscape essentially composed of mosaics of crops and fallows (67.97%), wooded savannahs and shrubs (22.6%), saxicultural savannahs (3.7%), agglomerations (2.3%), clear forests and wooded savannahs (1.7%) and plantations (1.05%). In the latter scenario, there is therefore an effort to restore wooded savannahs and shrubs, clear forests and wooded savannahs and plantations.This landscape, on which the survival of populations depends, is evolving in the sense of its degradation. And it will get worse by 2031 if nothing is done. But the results obtained in the Coordinated Environmental Sustainability (CED) scenario show that hope is possible if the authorities in charge of land management and the environment integrate the stolen environmental preservation into their decision-making
Alhaskeer, Ziad. "Analyse cartographique de la structure des paysages de vallées : évaluation de la dynamique des paysages de vallées du bassin versant de la Maine à partir de la télédétection et de SIG". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793094.
Texto completoLecerf, Rémi. "Suivi des changements d'occupation et d'utilisation des sols d'origine anthropique et climatique à l'échelle régionale par télédétection moyenne résolution (application à la Bretagne)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00337099.
Texto completoNdao, Mariétou. "Dynamiques et gestion environnementales de 1970 à 2010 des zones humides au Sénégal : étude de l'occupation du sol par télédétection des Niayes avec Djiddah Thiaroye Kao (à Dakar), Mboro (à Thiès et Saint-Louis)". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20018/document.
Texto completoThe “Niayes”, coastal wetlands of Senegal, constitute fragile ecosystems that are rich inbiodiversity while traditionally being gardening areas in the “Sahelien” environment. The bigdrought of the 1970s that struck all the Sahel countries also affected the “Niayes” by an influxof rural populations coming from inside the country in search of livelihood. Besides theextreme drought, mass migration considerably increased the proprietary pressure and at thesame time generated an uncontrolled urbanization, especially around the big agglomerationsand agricultural development: both of them undermine the environmental value of thesecoastal ecosystems. In recent years, we have witnessed particularly rainy seasons. This returneof rainfall involved in urbanized areas causes flooding, accompanied by precarious sanitaryconditions for the most unprivileged populations. The rainfall variability, risk of naturalappearance, is added to anthropogenic risk factors such as the non-mastered regionalplanning, the failure of the regulatory framework, and the pollution from various agriculturaland industrial sources.This thesis, after having introduced the concept of wet zones and having presented the Niayesof the Great Coast in general, and of the three study areas (Pikine, outskirts of Dakar; Mboro,Thies region; and Saint-Louis) in particular, traces their environmental problems and variouspolitical differences. Land use of the Niayes is analysed by using remote sensing data for theperiod 1986-2010 to confront its evolution to the management of the sensible ecosystems andquestion the relevance of the implemented politics in the spirit of sustainable development
Malounguidi, Mathurin. "Étude diachronique d'occupation du sol par photo-interprétation : interface urbain/rural, zone péri-urbaine de Brazzaville (R.P. Congo)". Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30251.
Texto completoBoulogne, Marine. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers dans le parc de Ranomafana (Madagascar) : dynamiques environnementales et trajectoires agroforestières". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAU018/document.
Texto completoIn the context of currents environmental changes, and deal with anthropogenic pressures, the preservation of tropical forest has become a major issue. In this context, Madagascar island has implemented a new forest policy since 1990, having garnered the creation of protected areas. Ranomafana National Park has been created in 1991 and classify as World heritage in 2007. The establishment of a landscape dynamics monitoring at the local level, using remote sensing, allow analysis of forest changes faces anthropogenic pressures, taking into account the specificities of the study area. This monitoring allows to observe past and crurrent pressures on forest and point landscape trajectories. In addition, the forest bioclimatic activity monitoring examines the impact of climatic conditions and land use change on vegetation dynamics. The trend is the global reduction of forest cover mainly of lowland forest. Forest degradation rate during these past 25 years is estimated at 0,62%/year. These variations are different depending on the distance to the Park. Furthermore, analysis of photosynthetic activity reveals a general decline in values over the study period, regardless of the plant community type studied.Keys-words : Madagascar, remote sensing, tropical forests, Land-use change
Li, Zhichao. "Modélisation des relations entre occupation - usage du sol et distribution spatiale du paludisme par télédétection optique et radar : application à un environnement en évolution : région transfrontalière Guyane Française – Brésil". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT144/document.
Texto completoMalaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales
Ben, Khalfallah Cherine. "Caractérisation de la dynamique des oasis de Djérid". Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTG010/document.
Texto completoIn southern Tunisia, not all irrigated oasis-type perimeters have undergone the same development, we observed an evolution of the covered surfaces which more than doubled in the last half-century, while for other regions they have remained practically stable and in some cases, a decrease in these areas. These changes have affected environmental and economic systems. In this context, the evaluation of the state of oases and the development of a typology of oases systems is a key-issue for sustainable agriculture. To know the state of vegetation in these oases, monitoring systems for oasis ecosystems must be informed by data on cultivated areas. These data can be obtained in part by satellite observation systems with high and moderate spatial resolution and high temporal repetitiveness, offer a synoptic vision that makes them a particularly appropriate information source for the estimation of such data. The research work presented here focuses on the exploration of methods developed from two types of time series of Earth observation images: those produced by the SPOT-5 experiment (Take5) and the MOD13Q1 product of the MODIS sensor, at 10m and 250m spatial resolution respectively. These methods and data were tested in the Djerid region with the final aim of setting up an oasis monitoring system based on the analysis of time signatures from Earth observation images made very regularly over time.Two change detection approaches based on NDVI time series. The first consists on temporal variations in vegetation activity over a short period from April to September 2015 through the SPOT-5 time series (Take5): the comparison between oases was made at the scale of the irrigated perimeter (an oasis can be composed of several irrigated perimeters) using agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) method.The second uses a temporal decomposition technique to extract the trend from a multi-year time series at the scale of a geographical point (a 250mx250m pixel) across the MOD13Q1 time series (2000-2016).Results obtained from the processing and analysis of optical time series have shown that it is possible to identify the main types of irrigated perimeters present in the Djerid region, and to retrospectively trace their recent development history. They also highlight the fact that SPOT-5 (Take5) images, which prefigure those currently available with images produced by Sentinel2 satellites, significantly improve the spatio-temporal characterization of oases functioning through their 10m spatial resolution and 5-day temporal repetitiveness.The results of this thesis highlight new possibilities for the combination of remote sensing, field data and statistical analysis, delivering nonstop information in time and space on the characterization of oases systems. Indeed, with a single sensor such as Sentinel2, coupled with the historical data of MOD13Q1, it is now possible to accurately characterize oases on a continuous basis
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection : application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2013. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/2106/.
Texto completoAs acquisition technology progresses, remote sensing data contains an ever increasing amount of information. Future projects in remote sensing like Copernicus will give a high temporal repeatability of acquisitions and will cover large geographical areas. As part of the Copernicus project, Sentinel-2 combines a large swath, frequent revisit (5 days), and systematic acquisition of all land surfaces at high-spatial resolution and with a large number of spectral bands. The context of my research activities has involved the automation and improvement of classification processes for land use and land cover mapping in application with new satellite characteristics. This research has been focused on four main axes: selection of the input data for the classification processes, improvement of classification systems with introduction of ancillary data, fusion of multi-sensors, multi-temporal and multi-spectral classification image results and classification without ground truth data. These new methodologies have been validated on a wide range of images available: various sensors (optical: Landsat 5/7, Worldview-2, Formosat-2, Spot 2/4/5, Pleiades; and radar: Radarsat, Terrasar-X), various spatial resolutions (30 meters to 0. 5 meters), various time repeatability (up to 46 images per year) and various geographical areas (agricultural area in Toulouse, France, Pyrenean mountains and arid areas in Morocco and Algeria). These methodologies are applicable to a wide range of thematic applications like Land Cover mapping, carbon flux estimation and greenbelt mapping
Le, Morvan Aurélie. "Modifications des modèles de diffusion pour une meilleure compréhension de la mesure radar sur les sols agricoles nus". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00583141.
Texto completoTormos, Thierry. "Analyse à l'échelle régionale de l'impact de l'occupation du sol dans les corridors rivulaires sur l'état écologique des cours d'eau". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00560368.
Texto completoVitter, Maxime. "Cartographier l'occupation du sol à grande échelle : optimisation de la photo-interprétation par segmentation d'image". Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES011/document.
Texto completoOver the last fifteen years, the emergence of remote sensing data at Very High Spatial Resolution (VHRS) and the democratization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have helped to meet the new and growing needs for spatial information. The development of new mapping methods offers an opportunity to understand and anticipate land cover change at large scales, still poorly known. In France, spatial databases about land cover and land use at large scale have become an essential part of current planning and monitoring of territories. However, the acquisition of this type of database is still a difficult need to satisfy because the demands concern tailor-made cartographic productions, adapted to the local problems of the territories. Faced with this growing demand, regular service providers of this type of data seek to optimize manufacturing processes with recent image-processing techniques. However, photo interpretation remains the favoured method of providers. Due to its great flexibility, it still meets the need for mapping at large scale, despite its high cost. Using fully automated production methods to substitute for photo interpretation is rarely considered. Nevertheless, recent developments in image segmentation can contribute to the optimization of photo-interpretation practice. This thesis presents a series of tools that participate in the development of digitalization assistance for the photo-interpretation exercise. The assistance results in the realization of a pre-cutting of the landscape from a segmentation carried out on a VHRS image. Tools development is carried out through three large-scale cartographic services, each with different production instructions, and commissioned by public entities. The contribution of these automation tools is analysed through a comparative analysis between two mapping procedures: manual photo interpretation versus digitally assisted segmentation. The productivity gains brought by segmentation are evaluated using quantitative and qualitative indices on different landscape configurations. To varying degrees, it appears that whatever type of landscape is mapped, the gains associated with assisted mapping are substantial. These gains are discussed both technically and thematically from a commercial perspective
Masse, Antoine. "Développement et automatisation de méthodes de classification à partir de séries temporelles d'images de télédétection - Application aux changements d'occupation des sols et à l'estimation du bilan carbone". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921853.
Texto completoLe, Ber Françoise. "Modélisation des connaissances et raisonnements pour l'analyse de paysages agraires à partir de données satellitaires". Nancy 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993NAN10342.
Texto completoNabucet, Jean. "Apport des données de télédétection à très haute résolution spatiale pour la cartographie de la végétation en milieu urbain". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN20062/document.
Texto completoAbstract: Detailed knowledge and monitoring of urban vegetation is an important issue, both for scientists studying landscape-ecosystems relationships, and for the managers who are in charge of the vegetation management. The main objective of this thesis is to evaluate the interest of THRS images to map urban vegetation. More specifically, it aims to evaluate the potential of THRS images on three components: spatial resolution, spectral resolution and altimetry. For this purpose, we processed several types of THRS optical data acquired on the City of Rennes and the Prairies Saint-Martin Site: multispectral and superspectral 2D images, 2.5D multispectral images and 3D data acquired with a bi-spectral LiDAR. Firstly, we assessed the interest of using 2D multispectral THRS images to identify and characterize vegetation and superspectral THRS images to discriminate plant species. Secondly, we assessed the contribution of THRS 2.5D and 3D multispectral data to map vegetation patterns in urban areas using spectral, contextual and height variables. Thirdly, we sought to evaluate the impact, of the integration of vegetation information derived from THRS remote sensing data into two environmental models, one to study the landscape-biodiversity relationship, the other to analyze the landscape- urban cool island relationship
Derksen, Dawa. "Classification contextuelle de gros volumes de données d'imagerie satellitaire pour la production de cartes d'occupation des sols sur de grandes étendues". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30290.
Texto completoThis work studies the application of supervised classification for the production of land cover maps using time series of satellite images at high spatial, spectral, and temporal resolutions. On this problem, certain classes such as urban cover, depend more on the context of the pixel than its content. The issue of this Ph.D. work is therefore to take into account the neighborhood of the pixel, to improve the recognition rates of these classes. This research first leads to question the definition of the context, and to imagine different possible shapes for it. Then comes describing the context, that is to say to create a representation or a model that allows the target classes to be recognized. The combinations of these two aspects are evaluated on two experimental data sets, one on Sentinel-2 images, and the other on SPOT-7 images
Tardy, Benjamin. "Méthodes d'exploitation de données historiques pour la production de cartes d'occupation des sols à partir d'images de télédétection et en absence de données de référence de la période à cartographier". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30261.
Texto completoThe study of continental surfaces is a major global challenge for the monitoring and management of territories, particularly in terms of the distribution between urban expansion, agricultural land and natural areas. In this context, land cover maps characterizing the biophysical cover of land are an essential asset for the analysis of continental surfaces. Supervised classification algorithms allow, from annual time series of satellite images and reference data, to automatically produce the map of the corresponding period. However, reference data is expensive information to obtain, especially over large areas. Indeed, field survey campaigns require a high human cost, and databases are associated with long update times. In addition, these reference data are valid only for the corresponding period due to changes in land use. These changes mainly concern urban expansion at the expense of natural areas, and agricultural land subject to crop rotation. The general objective of the thesis is to propose methods for producing land cover maps without exploiting the reference data of the corresponding period. The work carried out is based on the creation of a land cover history. This history includes all the information available for the area of interest: land cover maps, image time series, reference data, classification models, etc. A first part of the work considers that the history contains only one period. Thanks to this history we proposed a \g{naïve} classification approach allowing to use a classifier already trained, over a new period. The performances obtained shown that this approach is insufficient, thus requiring more efficient methods. Domain adaptation makes it possible to address this type of problem. We considered two approaches: data projection via canonical correlation analysis and optimal transport. These two approaches allow the historical data to be projected in order to reduce differences with the year to be processed. Nevertheless, these approaches offer results equivalent to the naive classification for much more significant production costs. [...]
Vannier, Clémence. "Observation et modélisation spatiale de pratiques agricoles territorialisées à partir de données de télédétection : application au paysage bocager". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00651991.
Texto completoTheophilo, Folhes Ricardo. "O Lago Grande do Curuai : história fundiária, usos da terra e relações de poder numa área de transição várzea-terra firme na Amazônia". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCA125/document.
Texto completoThe aim of this study is to understand the role of the social and environmental order influenced the peopling, land appropriation and the seasonal use of natural resources between floodplains (várzea) and firm land (terra firme) ecosystems in the Brazilian Amazon. I follow an historical and ethnographical approach to examine how social practices and the local power relations influenced the interrelated dynamic between social life and water movements (floods and droughts). The study area is Lago Grande, located in the city of Santarem, Pará State bordering the towns of Óbidos and Juruti. The main question is to investigate if power relations among social groups established and inherited during the colonial living in Lago Grande region are still operating in current times, and how this situation affects the control of transhumance between várzea and terra firme ecosystems. I conclude that the Amazon floodplains are still controlled by local elites, represented by land and livestock owners. The local elite established their socio-political power during colonial times, dominating an increasing process of entering from várzea to terra firme areas (i.e. deforestation). Since 1950, the main economical activity responsible for the expansion of land use from várzea to terra firme was cattle raising through transhumance between both ecosystems. Transumance has received a specific attention in this study, for it is among the main factors encouraging the circulation of local population between várzea and terra firme environments. From 1970’s, large farmers started the transhumance which was later followed by smaller farmers, and intensified through the 1990’s. Cattle ranching builds on three local practices which promote transhumance: “societies”, “permissions” and land rentals (arrendamentos). A joint analysis allowed me to demonstrate that “societies” between large and small farmers sustain the cattle ranching growth. This activity is lucrative and bestows prestige and opportunities to access the floodplains more regularly. In 2005, an Agro-extractivist Settlement was created (PAE Lago Grande) to favor land distribution and better economical opportunities among local populations. Though, the territorial unit included terra firme but not the areas of the várzea ecosystem, vital for the local economy part of the year. Additionally, the PAE also did not alter the land tenure, keeping the same historically constructed power structures it aimed to deconstruct
O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi compreender como fatores de ordem social e ambientalinfluenciaram o povoamento, a apropriação e o uso conjugado dos recursos naturais em umaregião de transição entre os ecossistemas de várzea e de terra firme na Amazônia brasileira.Adotei uma abordagem histórica e etnográfica para examinar como relações de poder e práticassociais mediaram a articulação da vida social ao regime de cheias e vazantes. A área eleita paraa realização da pesquisa foi a região do Lago Grande, localizada no município de Santarém-PA, na confluência com os municípios de Óbidos e Juruti. Questionei se seria possível, naatualidade, enxergar nas relações entre os segmentos sociais que coabitam a região do LagoGrande continuidades e rupturas com as relações de poder herdadas do período colonial e comotais relações poderiam estar intervindo na circulação humana entre os dois ecossistemas.Conclui-se que as várzeas ainda são controladas por segmentos das elites locais, formadas porproprietários de terras e gado. Estes fundaram seu poder no período colonial e lentamentecomandaram o processo de ampliação dos sistemas de uso da terra para os interiores da terrafirme. Desde 1950, a principal atividade econômica a impulsionar esta expansão tem sido apecuária, por meio da prática da transumância. Entre os diversos fatores que sustentam acirculação sazonal entre a várzea e a terra firme pela população local, a transumância recebeuatenção especial da pesquisa. Iniciada pelos grandes fazendeiros, a transumância se popularizouentre os diversos perfis de criadores a partir das décadas de 1970 e foi intensificada na décadade 1990. Três instituições comandam a atividade pecuária e logo sustentam a transumância: as“sociedades”, as permissões e os arrendamentos. Analisados em conjunto estes institutospermitiram que a pesquisa chegasse à conclusão de que as “sociedades” entre grandes epequenos criadores sustentam o crescimento da pecuária, atividade que muito mais do que umasimples poupança é sinônimo de prestígio e oportunidade de acesso regular a várzea. A criaçãode um projeto de assentamento agroextrativista em 2005, o PAE Lago Grande, anexou apenasa faixa de terra firme da região do Lago Grande, deixando as várzeas de fora. O PAE não anexouas várzeas e não alterou a estrutura fundiária em terra firme. Desta forma, pouco alterou asrelações de poder historicamente construídas. Por fim, considera-se que a circulação realizadaentre as populações regionais entre os dois ecossistemas, de maneira geral, e a transumância,em particular, não vem sendo levada em consideração nas políticas de ordenamento territorialna Amazônia
Etienne, Lucile. "Accentuation récente de la vulnérabilité liée au recul du trait de côte et à l'extension des sebkhas dans l'archipel de Kerkennah (Tunisie)". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA070024.
Texto completoCThe Kerkennah archipelago, located in the Gabes Gulf in Tunisia is composed of 10 little islands with a very low landforms a soft and fragile lithology. The lowest areas are occupied by sabkha, which are sterile and salty. The climate evolution, the relative sea level rise and the important evolution in the local production mode and lifestyle caused changes in the land use. In this context, we tried to understand the evolution of vulnerability linked to the coastline mobility and to the soil salinization since the 60's. Diachronic studies of photointerpretation and remote sensing have been performed to observe and quantify the evolution of land use, of the position of the coastline and of the extension of the sebkhas. From this studies and field data, it was found that the coasts are undergoing significant erosion (0. 12m/y) and that the sabkha are extending. Those physical phenomena associated to the evolutions of land use and to management methods sometimes unadapted, conduct to the increase of the vulnerability linked to the coastline mobility and the soit salinization. The results of a survey proposed to 139 people suggest that the local population perceives the coastline retreat and the soil salinization as worrying and dangerous phenomena. So the local context is quite consistent with real damaging phenomena and a population that seems to be aware of it. However the littoral management in the archipelago doesn't seem to take into account neither the vulnerability nor the perception and the knowledge of the local population. So, even if the integrated coastal zone management is recommended in Tunisia, it is not set up in Kerkennah
Kingpaiboon, Sununtha. "Intégration de données exogènes à des données satellitaires pour la cartographie et l'analyse de l'évolution de milieux agricoles sous la dépendance de l'eau : application à la province de Khon Kaen, région du Nord-Est, Thai͏̈lande". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20283.
Texto completoPayet, Évelyne. "Étude des dynamiques de dégradation des sols, à l'échelle des bassins versants côtiers de l’océan Indien". Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0031/document.
Texto completoSince the 20th centuries, the Southwest of Indian Ocean is particularly affected by anthropogenic degradations. This study aims to analyze degradations on drainage basin scale, which allows a suitable monitoring of critical areas, in the southwest of Indian Ocean. It focus on the assessment of land degradation and its causes, land cover change and erosion.The main difficulty stands in the implementation of reproducible methods and proceeds for developed and developing countries. In light of this, remote sensing data are relevant. Those data enable a regular observation of phenomena, allowing a full description of isolated lands and at different scale. This study combined, remote sensing data processing, spatial analysis and modeling to analyze degradations. Approaches include, data collection, their formatting or their preprocessing. Land cover information provided from Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) methodologies and Geographical Information System (GIS) authorized data conditioning and modeling. On the Fiherenana catchment, soil loss has been computed taking into account land cover changes. Those information were provided from SPOT 4 and 5 images from 2001 to 2013. Results confirmed the forest degradation especially in Ranobé, where we recorded a loss of more than 230 km² over 12 years. Lands affected by erosion process, spatialized and quantified by RUSLE model, also increased over this period. On La Rivière des Pluies, IGN’s orthophotographies, from 1997 until 2012, permitted urbans imprint analyzing. On Grand Éboulis site, vegetation monitoring revealed slumps. The study exposed spatial and quantitative results highlighting degradations dynamics on catchm