Tesis sobre el tema "Utilisation du sol – Environnement"
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Roy, Hari Gobinda. "Évolution de l’évolution de l’occupation du sol (1950-2025) et impacts sur l’érosion du sol dans un bassin versant méditerranéen". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR2024.
Texto completoThe European Mediterranean coastal area has experienced widespread land cover change since 1950 because of rapid urban growth and expansion of tourism. Urban sprawl and other land cover changes occurred due to post-war economic conditions, population migration, and increased tourism. Land cover change has occurred through the interaction of environmental and socio-economic factors, including population growth, urban sprawl, industrial development, and environmental policies. In addition, rapid expansion of tourism during the last six decades has caused significant socioeconomic changes driving land cover change in Euro-Mediterranean areas. Mediterranean countries from Spain to Greece experienced strong urban growth from the 1970’s onwards, and a moderate growth rate is projected to continue into the future. Land cover change can result in environmental changes such as water pollution and soil degradation. Several previous studies have shown that Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion because of high rainfall intensity and the fact that vineyards are commonly located on steeper slopes and the soil is kept bare during most of the cultivation period (November to April) when precipitation is at its highest. The main objective of this thesis is to predict long-term soil erosion evolution in a Mediterranean context of rapid urban growth and land use change at the catchment scale. In order to achieve this, the following specific aims have been formulated: (i) to analyze the spatial dynamics of land cover change from 1950 to 2008; (ii) to compare the impact of historical time periods on land cover prediction using different time scales; (iii) to test the impacts of spatial extent and cell size on LUCC modeling; and (iv) to predict the impact of land cover change on soil erosion for 2025
Almahallawi, Khamis Mania Jacky. "Modelling interaction of land use, urbanization and hydrological factors for the analysis of groundwater quality in mediterranean zone (example the Gaza Strip, Palestine)". Villeneuve d'Ascq : Université des sciences et technologies de Lille, 2007. https://iris.univ-lille1.fr/dspace/handle/1908/164.
Texto completoTexte et résumé en anglais. Curriculum vitae. Titre provenant de la page de titre du document numérisé. Bibliogr. f. 192-203.
L'Homme, Patrick. "Risques majeurs et droit des sols : les outils juridiques de la protection des personnes et des biens dans les zones soumises à un risque naturel prévisible ou technologique majeur". Pau, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PAUU2005.
Texto completoNyiraneza, Judith. "Effets à long terme de différents modes de fertilisation et de systèmes de rotations sur certaines propriétés du sol et les coefficients réels d'utilisation d'engrais azoté". Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26417/26417.pdf.
Texto completoDiodato, Federico. "Le sol productif : Au-delà de la « zone », vers des stratégies de reterritorialisation des sites d'activité". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2023. https://these.univ-paris-est.fr/intranet/2023/TH2023PESC2011.pdf.
Texto completoFor 70 years, planning tools for sites dedicated to productive activities (industrial estates, business parks, etc.) have produced zones that are disconnected from the specific physical and social characteristics of the area and have contributed to reducing the land to a mere production medium subject primarily to market logic. Today, one can see that these tools are no longer in line with their goal: the development of the territory. This thesis aims to consider an alternative approach, one that would enable us to envision planning tools capable of establishing a relationship that maintains and enhances territorial resources.Faced with the inadequacy of the planning of productive activities for a sustainable development of the territory, the thesis proposes to trace the genealogy of the 'territorialist' strategy that aims to establish a synergistic relationship between production and territorial resources. The hypothesis is that, by taking into account the inseparable link between social and environmental challenges, this 'Eutopic' approach of a return to the territory allows, on the one hand, to establish once again a relationship with natural resources and respect their ecological cycles and rhythms, and, on the other, to identify paths to respond to the social crisis.Following a critical introduction on the relationship that productive activities establish with the territory, the reasoning develops in four parts: The first three parts follow a genealogical approach and show how the concepts of this approach have evolved and been transformed by adapting to different contexts, and answer the question of how and why these theoretical transfers came about. Finally, the fourth part of the thesis traces the influence and original development of this approach in France today, looking forward: the aim of this last part is to open up strategies for envisioning a productive system capable of developing the territory in the long run
Roy, Hari Gobinda. "Évolution de l’évolution de l’occupation du sol (1950-2025) et impacts sur l’érosion du sol dans un bassin versant méditerranéen". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR2024/document.
Texto completoThe European Mediterranean coastal area has experienced widespread land cover change since 1950 because of rapid urban growth and expansion of tourism. Urban sprawl and other land cover changes occurred due to post-war economic conditions, population migration, and increased tourism. Land cover change has occurred through the interaction of environmental and socio-economic factors, including population growth, urban sprawl, industrial development, and environmental policies. In addition, rapid expansion of tourism during the last six decades has caused significant socioeconomic changes driving land cover change in Euro-Mediterranean areas. Mediterranean countries from Spain to Greece experienced strong urban growth from the 1970’s onwards, and a moderate growth rate is projected to continue into the future. Land cover change can result in environmental changes such as water pollution and soil degradation. Several previous studies have shown that Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion because of high rainfall intensity and the fact that vineyards are commonly located on steeper slopes and the soil is kept bare during most of the cultivation period (November to April) when precipitation is at its highest. The main objective of this thesis is to predict long-term soil erosion evolution in a Mediterranean context of rapid urban growth and land use change at the catchment scale. In order to achieve this, the following specific aims have been formulated: (i) to analyze the spatial dynamics of land cover change from 1950 to 2008; (ii) to compare the impact of historical time periods on land cover prediction using different time scales; (iii) to test the impacts of spatial extent and cell size on LUCC modeling; and (iv) to predict the impact of land cover change on soil erosion for 2025
Robert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263.
Texto completoFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Chen, Haotian. "Effets à long terme d'apports répétés de produits résiduaires organiques en agriculture sur la production agricole et la fertilité des sols : apports des résultats de deux essais au champ de longue durée en France". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPASB030.
Texto completoFertilizers play a crucial role in ensuring global food security. However, mineral fertilizer production relies on non-renewable resources, and their excessive use result in environmental and health issues. Recycling organic waste (OW) in agriculture can improve soil fertility and substitute mineral fertilizers. This work aims to assess the long-term effects of repeated applications of OW in agriculture and their driving factors. We used two French long-term field experiments testing various OW representative of frequently used OW in periurban agriculture (urban composts, farmyard manure and sewage sludge) with two different cropping system, soil and climate conditions. Specifically, we investigated i) the dynamics of crop yields and soil properties, ii) the driving factors behind changes in crop yields and soil properties, and iii) the differences of the effects between the different types of OW and the two sites. Overall, our study has shown the potential benefits and limitations of using OW in agriculture. Long-term applications of OW mainly improve soil chemical fertility without negatively impacting soil biological activity. The extent to which OW can improve soil properties may be constrained in soils that are already fertile. A partial substitution of mineral fertilizers is possible without decreasing crop yields. However, applying OW alone at European regulatory rates may not be sufficient for achieving optimal yields. Additionally, the influence of OW application on soil properties and crop yield heavily depends on several factors, especially on the input fluxes of carbon and nutrients related to the type of OW and to the application rate, and on the initial soil properties. Nevertheless, integrating OW recycling into a wider range of sustainable agricultural practices can be a judicious strategy for enhancing soil fertility and improving crop productivity
Blanck, Gaëtan. "Utilisation de produits non traditionnels pour le traitement des matériaux de terrassement : impact sur les propriétés géotechniques et bilan environnemental". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0126.
Texto completoSustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis
Valin, Hugo. "Changements d'usage des sols, marchés agricoles et environnement". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0011/document.
Texto completoLand use change is estimated to have generated 17% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the 2000s, a large part coming from deforestation. The main driver of these emissions is expansion of agricultural activities, for the need of local development in tropical regions. However, they have also been caused by the dynamics of globalisation which has stimulated agricultural trade flows. Thus, today, there are new concerns with respect to how agricultural policies are influencing land use changes in other parts of the world through international market responses. In this work I consider three concrete illustrations of where these effects can be of significant magnitude: i) agriculture intensification in developing countries, ii) trade agreements, and iii) biofuel policies. I find that for each of these policies, market responses are likely to play a significant role in the final greenhouse gas emission balance. Mitigation of emissions through agricultural intensification could have quite beneficial outcomes, but the rebound effect on the demand side would offset a large part of greenhouse gas emission savings attributable to the land sparing effect. With the example of a possible EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, I also show the adverse effect of liberalising certain specific agricultural products closely connected to land use change dynamics without adequate accompanying measures. Last, the indirect land use change effect of biofuels is likely to offset a large part of their alleged GHG emission savings. Land use change responses depend on many behavioural parameters, however, and providing precise estimates constitutes a challenge. I use different modelling approaches to quantify their magnitude and extensively explore the level of confidence on the basis of current state of econometric findings.New approaches should be elaborated to take account of this externality in public policy assessments, together with an appropriate consideration of the uncertainty ranges associated with these effects
Martin, Brice. "Les aléas naturels à Vars (Hautes-Alpes, France) : le rôle des facteurs naturels et des facteurs anthropiques dans leur occurence et leur évolution de 1800 à nos jours". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996STR1GE06.
Texto completoThe part played by anthropic factors, often evoked to explain the occurrence of hazards, is still poorly understood, imprecise, exaggerated or played down. A study of hazards as they relate to climate, seismicity and human activity was carried out in the vars commune (hautes-alpes, france) in order to better assess their significance; the study used climatic data, which has been available since 1931, and archive material from the end of the 18th century to the present day (over 10 000 documents were consulted). During the last century hazards (mainly flooding and landsliding) were strongly linked with excessive irrigation, deforestation and generalised overgrazing throughout the district; they occured in the absence of exceptional climatic incidents. From 1880 onward the risks diminished, both for natural reasons and as a result of protective measures (reforestation, dams, drainage, etc. ). At the beginning of the 20th century they were more closely connected with unusual climatic incidents but in the late 20th century they are largely attributable to socio-economic changes in the commune
Ziani, Aziza. "Les documents de planification locale". Perpignan, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PERP0799.
Texto completoReminiscence of the organisational and decisional way of the cities, the local planning documents are indisputably topical because of both their multiplication and their expanding diversity. Besides they are still outstanding in the french legal system so much so that from now on we can legitimately ask ourselves about the future of the law (more particularly the administration law and its corollary the administration). Activities organisation ways in a restricting temporal and territorial defined case, they can be distinguished not only because they organise the administrative action but also because they set up a power which ensures the modification of legal situations with the only will of the authorities in charge of its elaboration. In spite of numerous legislative attempts to make the decision process clearer and fuller of democratic adhesion, these particular masterpieces of the public administration are the last expression of the breathless local democracy. Two caracteristics make them different from the numerous implements the administration can use to bring its general benefit mission to a successfull conclusion. The first one is the temporalized plannification “which rhyms” with the anticipation of a close future. The second one is the spatialisation which equals the territorial application of the law. Then they evolve with the time before becoming a complete category. Unity or disparity(ies)? Reformation cause or not of our administration ? Will this new serie of conventional acts will drag with her the administrations? Will they turn them towards more administrative coherence and maybe the end of unceasing wrestlings between administrations? Do we have to foresee the progressive standardization of the administration? As we have to wait and see, the main point will consist in identifying the divergent and convergent elements in the way of the constitution of a new series of acts. It will also consist in setting up how this new legal implement induces consequencies in the organisation of the administration
Simard, Morin Mélissa. "Le Delta du Rhin de César à Julien : les représentations d'un environnement deltaïque aux frontières du monde romain". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25438.
Texto completoAmong the Roman Empire’s great geographical reach, the Rhine delta area remained a marginal zone, at the frontier of the known world : its deltaic environment and its remoteness from the Mediterranean center emphasized its savage and obscure character. Nevertheless, during more than four centuries, the Rhine delta area was included in the vast Roman Empire, host of a dynamic human occupation. An historian interested by the Rhine delta area during the Roman era will, however, rapidly be confronted by insufficient and subjective classical sources which are generally the work of indirect witnesses. Many researchers choose therefore to turn themselves toward archaeological material considered as more reliable, a more accurate depiction of regional realities. Yet, discrepancies between literary testimonies and material data, far from resulting in the rejection of ancient authors, offer a promising approach angle because, in truth, representations conveyed by ancient literary sources do not constitute a realistic reflection of the regional situation but do constitute a realistic reflection of Rome’s representations of the regional situation. The Rhine delta’s peripheral position, far from the Mediterranean center, at the limit of the oikoumene, contributed to the construction of a deformed image of the region within Greco-Roman society, an image which exacerbated the natural environment’s hostility, which exaggerated the human occupation’s austerity, which overestimated the subjection of men to the area’s constraints. This study thus demonstrates that Roman representations of the deltaic environment allow a better understanding of the regional occupation’s nature, the Roman vision of local populations as well as the interactions of men with a natural environment characterized by both its deltaic and frontier situation. The study innovates in its use of the concept of representations and creates a fertile dialogue between historic sources and paleoenvironmental data.
Li, Zhichao. "Modélisation des relations entre occupation - usage du sol et distribution spatiale du paludisme par télédétection optique et radar : application à un environnement en évolution : région transfrontalière Guyane Française – Brésil". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT144/document.
Texto completoMalaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales
Kabil, Hala. "Images satellitaires et indicateurs environnementaux : application urbaine à l'agglomération de Strasbourg entre 1984 et 2001". Strasbourg, 2010. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/restreint/theses_doctorat/2010/KABIL_Hala_2010.pdf.
Texto completoThe urban development, linked to the growth of population, causes important changes in geographic space. The consequences of urban development have significant impacts on the environment and natural resources. Thus long term observation and relevant analysis tools are required as the use of indicators to assess urbanization consequences. Our goal is to take advantage of multispectral satellite imagery in a process of environmental assessment at the level of the city of Strasbourg. Indicators constructed from satellite imagery might be considered as an interesting spatial approach to study the urban area where the environmental, economic and social issues the most important. The proposed indicators are focused on land surface temperature, abundance of vegetation and impervious surfaces. Their calculation is based on multispectral images processing from Landsat-5&7 on two levels: the analysis of reflectance from vegetation indices and impermeability of soils and the analysis of thermal radiation to calculate the temperature surface. The results of this thesis highlight the potential of multispectral images for a better understanding of the relationship and the exchanges between city and its environment. Analyses of the spatial and temporal variability of spatial indicators enable the description of a given environmental state of the city. The interaction between these indicators can produce a synthetic indicator that provides a spatial vision approximate of areas that may reveal some impacts of the city on its environment
Baudelle, Guy. "Le système spatial de la mine : l'exemple du bassin houiller du Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Paris 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA010681.
Texto completoStarting from the observation of the weakness of the morphological analysis in human geography, on the first hand, and the study of the mining space organization in the classical and theoretical geographical literatue, on the second hand, wze show the fundamental role of the mining space production for the coal-mine production system develooment. The housing supply, particularly, took a capital part into this system. Then we show that the mining space organization respects the basis spatial laws grounding the main geographical models, but combines them in a different way, so that the properly spatial laws prevail against the geological hazard. With its organization, the mining space is a spacial system as p. And g. Pinchemel define this term: we examine their ideas and propose a morphology general theory. This systemic nature itself implies the relative autonomy of space towards the geographical societies and therefore some geographical inertia. So, the inherited space is ambivalent: it is both a potentiality and a constraint for societies. Consequently, we examine the mine spatial legacy problem and the working strategies, and we close by some prospective observations
Almahallawi, Khamis. "Modelling interaction of land use, urbanization and hydrological factors for the analysis of groundwater quality in mediterranean zone (example the Gaza Strip, Palestine)". Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Almahallawi.pdf.
Texto completoPour simuler la pollution des eaux souterraines par les nitrates dans des zones agricoles, le meilleur réseau utilisé est le Multilayer perceptron (MLP) avec six variables d'entrée et quatre couches cachées. Le meilleur réseau pour simuler les nitrates des eaux souterraines en milieu urbain est le modèle MPL. L'étude a prouvé que le modèle RNA peut être employé comme outil de gestion pour la prévision de la qualité agricole et urbaine des eaux souterraines pour aider les planificateurs du secteur de l'eau. En outre, tous les aquifères côtiers sont typiques dans le monde entier et cette approche de modélisation des eaux souterraines peut être appliquée à d'autres aquifères côtiers à une échelle régionale ou internationale. Puisque l'agriculture et l'élevage intensif produisent des risques de pollution d'azote, la gestion de la fertilisation est ici essentielle pour arrêter la dégradation de la qualité des eaux souterraines. L'augmentation du l'équipement des réseaux d'égouts et des eaux résiduaires avec des techniques appropriées de traitement est un facteur principal important pour abaisser la pollution des nitrates dues à l'activité urbaine
Bellora, Cecilia. "Échanges internationaux en agriculture : changements d'utilisation des sols, biodiversité et durabilité environnementale". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CERG0697.
Texto completoThis thesis analyses both theoretically and empirically some of the issues that emerge when applying environmental policies to the agricultural sector in a trade context. In a first part, focus is on crop biodiversity, which is known to maintain agricultural productivity under a large range of environmental conditions. Chapter II empirically confirms this positive impact using a large dataset on South African agriculture. It also shows that biodiversity can reduce the exposure of farmers to production risks and downside risks. At a first glance, crop biodiversity could therefore be integrated in sustainable agricultural policies. Nevertheless, interactions between crop biodiversity effects, environmental policies and trade are complex. Indeed, specialisation induced by trade plays against biodiversity: the composition effect of trade, following comparative advantages, tends to reduce the number of crops cultivated by a given country. One of the mechanisms through which crop biodiversity improves production stability is by participating in the resilience to pests. Then, to face higher pest attacks, farmers use pesticides. But since pesticides harm environment and human health, governments regulate their use. An environmental policy on pesticides can thus have a strategic aspect: allowing the use of more pesticides can lead to gain larger agricultural market shares. Chapter III represents these interactions in a ricardian trade model. It shows that, because not in my backyard effects are larger than strategic impacts, the optimal environmental policy is more stringent under trade than under autarky. Furthermore, because of this stringency, production volatility is generally higher under trade. This could explain part of the background volatility observed on agricultural markets, which have been historically more volatile than those of manufactured products. In a second part of the thesis, chapter IV illustrates the possible leakage effects of environmental policies implemented unilaterally. A computable general equilibrium model is used to quantify the indirect global environmental impacts of a greening of European agriculture through a large shift to organic farming. Organic farming is known for its local environmental benefits, especially on water and soil quality, biodiversity and greenhouse gas emissions. However, organic yields are on average 25% lower than those of conventional farming. We calibrate organic production technologies using micro-level data and find that using organic production techniques on 20% of the European area cultivated with maize, rapeseed, sunflower and wheat results in a large negative productivity shock. This shock affects global markets and induces production and demand displacements, unless the yield gap is reduced. The resulting land use changes are assessed, as well as the corresponding changes in greenhouse gas emissions, chemical inputs use and biodiversity. The negative indirect effects on the environment appear limited compared to the local benefits of adopting greener forms of agriculture in the EU. However, in the case of greenhouse gases, the indirect emissions more than offset the local benefits of organic agriculture. In the case of chemical pollution and biodiversity, results show that indirect effects deserve to be accounted for in life cycle analyses. These findings should not be used to point a finger on organic farming, a large variety of policies and consumption patterns have greater land use change impacts. Nevertheless, they rise some issues, especially on the need for more systematic sustainability assessments, even for environmental polices, the importance of research and development in organic farming to reduce yield gaps and of public policies to help to remove economic factors that could limit the increase of organic yields, such as the relative cost of production factors
Malounguidi, Mathurin. "Étude diachronique d'occupation du sol par photo-interprétation : interface urbain/rural, zone péri-urbaine de Brazzaville (R.P. Congo)". Toulouse 3, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988TOU30251.
Texto completoFritsch, Clémentine. "UTILISATION INTEGREE DE BIOINDICATEURS POUR LA SURVEILLANCE DES SOLS ET DES ECOSYSTEMES TERRESTRES". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00524516.
Texto completoSchellenberger, Thomas. "Le droit public des utilisations du sous-sol : réflexions sur le régime juridique des stockages géologiques de déchets". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM1005.
Texto completoIndustrial waste of all kinds are burried in the underground for an indefinite period of time. With this displacement, both in space and time, the rules of law face the challenge of two specific, and more or less distant, worlds: the subsoil and the long term. Legal frameworks for underground storage strengthen the technique of underground storage in its role as an outlet for industrial activities which are carried out on the surface. Underground storage shifts the environmental load of waste. On the one hand, the legal frameworks for subsoil use is favourable to industrial exploitation and therefore to the use of the underground as a storage place for waste. When it comes to the decision-making process for public action in relation with the subsoil, arbitration must be made between the competing interests at stake, both in democratic and technical terms. Besides, the rights to exploit the underground ressources can hamper environmental protection measures. On the other hand, underground storage compels the rules of law to look to the future. The legal tools to anticipate the years ahead are placed under severe strain. The challenge lies in how to share the burden of waste over time between the public and the private spheres. In the same way, the landfill burial of hazardous waste on a transgenerational scale questions the content and scope of legal responsability towards future generations
ʿAbd, al-Ḥamīd Mahā. "Les transformations socio-spatiales des oasis de Gabès (Tunisie) : déclin des activités agricoles, urbanisation informelle et dégradation de l'environnement à Zrig, des années 1970 à nos jours". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100134.
Texto completoThis dissertation relates to an oasis area (a still productive agricultural land) which is being informally urbanized: in the Zrig oasis, south-east of Gabes, the habitat has proliferated without building permit since 1980.In this new urban space, a double social marginalization affects farmers who lost their land as well as newcomers with often precarious resources. The environment and the local agricultural heritage are also impacted.Zrig is a detail (in apictorial sense) of the future of the Gabes oasis. A research work on the space of Zrig and its transformations resembles the chronicle of an announced degradation. Indeed, the degradation can be identified at two levels: the transformation of an oasis area into a deformed urban space, and the development of informal socio-economic practices related to the strategies of space occupants and to their relations with local authorities. In addition to the data provided by official and academic surveys, this work is based on the results of a long-term survey that I conducted from 2010 to 2016 Zrig, those of yesterday and those of today, in order to collect their representations of the spatial and social transformations that affected the oasis. But also to study the building practices of informal settlement sand the strategies of newcomers for this purpose
Le, Noë Julia. "Biogeochemical functioning and trajectories of French territorial agricultural systems : carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes (1852-2014)". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS159.
Texto completoThis work investigates agricultural systems from the angle of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) fluxes in French regions from 1852 to 2014, following a socio-metabolic approach stressing out the underlying logic behind these material fluxes. Results brought out by this research highlight the systemic relation between production pattern and N and P balances, and changes in soil organic C stocks in agricultural soil. Intensive specialized agricultural systems generate high environmental losses and resource consumption per unit agricultural surface and present largely open nutrient cycles due to substantial trade flows. Conversely, integrated crop and livestock farming have more limited N and P consumption and lead to lower air and water contamination. Long-term analysis shows that only after the Second World War, under the pressure of strong interventionist policies, some French regions specialized into crop or livestock farming. Particularly, the period from the 1950’s to the 1980’s was marked by a concomitant acceleration in crops yields, livestock production and use of mineral fertilizers. This resulted in increased N and P balances over cropland and grassland and growing C inputs to cropland, causing important losses of N to the hydrosphere and atmosphere, together with the accumulation of P and C stocks in soils. However, C accumulation resulting from increased crop production was permitted by the increased recourse to mineral fertilizers and agricultural machinery which consumes fossil-fuel energy. Therefore, C storage in cropland was a side-effect of the shift from an energy metabolism based on solar energy to one based on fossil-fuel combustion
Nguyen, Van Thiet. "Aménagements hydroélectriques et conséquences environnementales dans le nord du Vietnam". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU20031/document.
Texto completoThe thesis project assumes that the construction of hydropower dams could be a driven force for a harmonious economic development between mountains and plains. The aim would be to link policies for hydropower dam development, and policies for agriculture in mountains, within individual strategies, in relationship with physical and socio-economic constraints. Since 2000’s, throughout Southeast Asia, many projects of large hydropower dams are built or being built to meet the strong growth in demand for energy, causing great threats to water management and the environment on the one hand, and imposing important population displacement on the other hand. In these mountainous regions, the erosion process is a major risk for both the filling of reservoirs and agricultural soil productivity. Then major investors, for the lifespan of hydropower dams, and small farmers, for their livelihoods, are equally impacted. The challenge is to reformulate the relationship between planning and management of hydropower dams, and planning and management of agricultural uplands in upstream areas of dams. Although the socio-economic support has been very much improved from the Vietnamese State, displaced and non-displaced farmers are still largely undergoing regional socio-spatial changes on-going. In spite of good government and international intentions, the lack of consultation at local level and the lack of knowledge in hydro-ecology remain major constraints to the success of environmental protection and equity between the concerned populations, two mandatory conditions for sustainability of hydroelectric dam projects. In conclusion, it appears that the successful implantation of a large hydroelectric dam is related to the ability of policymakers to understand the complex interactions between ecological and socio-economic systems
Tivadar, Mihai. "Structures sociales urbaines et ville écologique". Lille 1, 2006. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2006/50374-2006-Tivadar.pdf.
Texto completoBlanck, Gaëtan. "Utilisation de produits non traditionnels pour le traitement des matériaux de terrassement : impact sur les propriétés géotechniques et bilan environnemental". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0126/document.
Texto completoSustainable development principles lead earthworks companies to use all natural materials and to reduce the environmental impact of their activities. In this context, the use of industrial organic products derived from the processing of renewable matter has been proposed. In this study, three non traditional products have been selected: an enzymatic solution, a lignosulfonate and an acid solution. In a first approach, hydromechanical properties of four treated soils (a silt, a clayey soil and two sands) were investigated. The experimental results showed interesting applications for the silt when its natural water content is low. Indeed, the compaction ability of the soil was increased after enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments. Thus, savings of water and energy could be expected during the construction stage. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms of the treatment products, the microstructure of treated soil were investigated with scanning electron microscopy, mercury injection porosity and was completed by the study of a surfactant addition in soils. The global aim of the study was beyond the characterization of mechanical behavior of treated soils, therefore, environmental balance was also estimated for the different applications defined in accordance to the experimental results. For enzymatic and lignosulfonate treatments, a comparison of the global environmental impact was done thanks to a life cycle assessment methodology. This approach showed that technical and environmental interest are associated for the compaction of dry soils when the production and transport steps have limited environmental impact as demonstrated in the sensitivity analysis
Majumdar, Paramita. "Settlement structure of eastern colonial India /". Delhi : Gagandeep Publications, 2007. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb41035593n.
Texto completoRobert, Colas. "Comprendre les changements d'utilisation des terres en France pour mieux estimer leurs impacts sur les émissions de gaz à effet de serre : De l'observation à la modélisation". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC263/document.
Texto completoFrance is required to account for annual land-cover changes and induced carbon fluxes). This inventory is difficult to calcula te, for data source are complex and contradictory. Moreover, this sector is important as its role in combating climate change is emphasized. This thesis proposes improvements to several identified methodological issues: imperfect data sources, Jack of knowledge about other potential sources„ poorly evaluated uncertainties, validation of landscape dynamics consistency..Thus, the objective of this thesis is to analyse and assess current and potential data sources for computing land-cover change area matrixes, in order to enhance the robustness of the inventory. A scientific approach is conducted to assess the inventory, to understand what causes uncertainties in land cover products, to compile datasets and their metadata, to study the landscape dynamics, and to define a new methodological framework allowing better and more consistent estimates of land cover change rates at national scale.This work suggests that the finest spatial, thematical and temporal resolution levels lead to overestimation of false positives. Accuracy and consistency are preferable to precision and scale dependency must be considered. Finally, we propose an interoperability framework for data integration, via a modeling protocol linking land cover change estimation and spatial allocation
Franchomme, Magalie. "Du cadastre napoléonien à la trame verte, le devenir des petites zones humides périurbaines en région Nord-Pas-de-Calais". Thesis, Lille 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008LIL10064/document.
Texto completoThe literature on wetlands mostly concems a limited number of "emblematic" natural spaces and neglects the exIstence of a large number of small wetlands, which are rarely mentioned when not outnght forgotten. The needs of the regionnal planning in. the urbanized regions modify appreciably the outlook of land planners on the latter areas, because they become the support of projects which fit ·within the framework of the Sustanable. development..This situation calls for a renewal of classic approaches and analytical tools such as used in the context of The national research Programme into wetlands. Throug the examples of the Guines marsh, the Sensée valleys and the Haute Deûle (Nord-Pas de Calais), the point is less to characterise and circumscribe wetlands, and to understand how they work than to define and examine the human interventions, past and present and their efIects on spaces and landscapes. Research was therefore articulated around two main investigations ::- the first is a histoncal study of the successive states of the landscape and of the relationships between society and Its environment. The approach consIsted in reconstructmg past land covers from archivaI documents and aerial photographs, - the second is a study of what is currently at stake in wetlands and how they are being appropriated by local and regional public policies. Those marshes used to be charactenzed, until recent time, by contradictory evolutions, their present integration into the regional urban landscape is gradually erasing their differences and could compromise their future as natural spaces ln the long run, what is the possIble evolution of these sururban wetlands ?
Tilmant, Sébastien. "Utilisation de l'humidité du sol comme indicateur de changement climatique". Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2010. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/290/1/TILMANT_S%C3%A9bastien.pdf.
Texto completoVergneau, Gustave. "Activité agricole et organisation de l'espace rural en Beauce et en Bocage poitevin". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37610628m.
Texto completoBelotti, Bruno. "Les paysages antiques du Salento : Vaste et son territoire". Pau, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PAUU1003.
Texto completoThe work contains the results of an intensive field survey around the town of vaste in south-east salento. It focuses mainly on the roman period that shows an original rural occupation in the surrounding area of vaste. The republican period pointed out a decreasing in the number of sites. The imperial period presented, for instance, a florishing countryside with quite a lot of farmsteads. The settlement pattern declined at the beginning of sixth century
Firica, Andreea Maria. "Analyse environnementale de systèmes de cogénération : utilisation de la méthodologie Analyse de Cycle de Vie (ACV)". Lyon, INSA, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999ISAL0101.
Texto completoThe cogeneration systems are knowing an increase interest. Their development needs a global evaluation of the environmental impact of the fuel - co generation system. The present work adapts and uses the methodology of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to realize this evaluation, having like a but to create a help instrument for taking decisions of choosing the energetically installations. We have elaborated an EXCEL calculation model, which permits the environment quantification impacts and is also adaptable at the numerical dates which are characteristic for all the concrete situations. The results are presented like ecoprofiles and we have developed the global analyze evaluation using the ELECTRA IS multicriteria method which means that the software was necessary to be created. For the numerical application different cogeneration systems configurations has been used, having a unique but, the method validation
Largouët, Christine. "Aide à l'interprétation d'une séquence d'images par la modélisation de l'évolution du système observé : application à la reconnaissance de l'occupation du sol". Rennes 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000REN10099.
Texto completoGonzalez, de Marquez Gloria. "L'Adaptation de techniques nouvelles à la gestion urbaine le cas du cadastre intégral et à but multiple dans trois communes vénézueliennes /". Lille 3 : ANRT, 1989. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37615881t.
Texto completoJu, Qinjie. "Utilisation de l'eye-tracking pour l'interaction mobile dans un environnement réel augmenté". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEC011/document.
Texto completoEye-tracking has a very strong potential in human computer interaction (HCI) as an input modality, particularly in mobile situations. In this thesis, we concentrate in demonstrating this potential by highlighting the scenarios in which the eye-tracking possesses obvious advantages comparing with all the other interaction modalities. During our research, we find that this technology lacks convenient action triggering methods, which can scale down the performance of interacting by gaze. In this instance, we investigate the combination of eye-tracking and fixed-gaze head movement, which allows us to trigger various commands without using our hands or changing gaze direction. We have proposed a new algorithm for fixed-gaze head movement detection using only scene images captured by the scene camera equipped in front of the head-mounted eye-tracker, for the purpose of saving computation time. To test the performance of our fixed-gaze head movement detection algorithm and the acceptance of triggering commands by these movements when the user's hands are occupied by another task, we have implemented some tests in the EyeMusic application that we have designed and developed. The EyeMusic system is a music reading system, which can play the notes of a measure in a music score that the user does not understand. By making a voluntary head movement when fixing his/her gaze on the same point of a music score, the user can obtain the desired audio feedback. The design, development and usability testing of the first prototype for this application are presented in this thesis. The usability of our EyeMusic application is confirmed by the experimental results, as 85% of participants were able to use all the head movements we implemented in the prototype. The average success rate of this application is 70%, which is partly influenced by the performance of the eye-tracker we use. The performance of our fixed-gaze head movement detection algorithm is 85%, and there were no significant differences between the performance of each head movement. Apart from the EyeMusic application, we have explored two other scenarios that are based on the same control principles: EyeRecipe and EyePay, the details of these two applications are also presented in this thesis
Guezouli, Abdesselem. "Mesures des pressions au contact sol-fondation : utilisation du capteur pneumatique glötzl". Lyon, INSA, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985ISAL0018.
Texto completoThis aim of this study is to determine the total stresses at the soil-fondation boundary by using special strain gauges « mini-glötzl ». A litterature search reveals firstly the present state of the art concerning strain gauges and thier inehent problems. Secondly ; the use of pressure mesurement both in the laboratory as well as in situ is discussed After having shown the limitation od reaction methods as well as finite element methods a laboratory experiment is described for rigid circular plates 50 cm diameter anf 12 cm thick. The influence of the follwing factor is studied: - the operation of plates : prefabricated, constructed on site, - the position of gauges : depth, orientation, - the compaction of the soil. The results are used to determine the contact pressure distribution. The use of the special pneumatic strain gauge « mini glötzl »is shown to offer certain advantages
Goerg, Odile. "Pouvoir colonial, municipalités et espaces urbains : Conakry-Freetown des années 1880 à 1914 /". Paris ; Montréal (Québec) : l'Harmattan, 1997. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37065997g.
Texto completoZerbane, Ahmed. "Sol et logement urbains à Meknès (Maroc)". Toulouse 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU20010.
Texto completoOne of the important manifestations of the housing crisis within the city of meknes is the one of access to the soil. The public and private actors action (ground landlords, lot dividers and property developers) favours the financially solvent population and excludes the social groups with lower incomes. Therefore the latter finds a shelter in the access to unplanned development sites and to housings unlawfully built. This dualism in the access to soil and housing should persist in the town of meknes while economic freezing and absence of purchasing power remain the lot of a majority of potential consumers
Nadaï, Alain. "Nature, fonctionnement et utilisation de l'écolabel de produit". Paris, ENMP, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENMP0857.
Texto completoRossel, Dominique. "Utilisation de l'activité déshydrogénasique de la microflore du sol dans les tests écotoxicologiques /". [S.l.] : [s.n.], 1993. http://library.epfl.ch/theses/?nr=1059.
Texto completoMarbach, André. "Recherches sur les instruments aratoires et le travail du sol en Gaule Belgique /". Oxford : Archaeopress, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39227524f.
Texto completoPham, Trinh Hung. "Suivi de l'utilisation du sol à l'aide de l'image TM de landsat et de la géomatique le cas du district de Bao Loc, province de Lam Dong, Viet Nam (1992-1998)". Sherbrooke : Université de Sherbrooke, 2001.
Buscar texto completoAmeur, Mohamed. "Fès ou L'obsession du foncier /". Tours : Centre d'études et de recherches URBAMA, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35591189w.
Texto completoEila, Mohammed S. "Sustainability : an effective approach for land use management : application to Gaza City". Lille 1, 2005. https://ori-nuxeo.univ-lille1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/e681e544-83e0-4671-966a-dff3938bd6e8.
Texto completoTourneux, François-Pierre. "Modes de représentation des paysages". Besançon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BESA1019.
Texto completoROBERT, SOPHIE. "Parallelisation d'algorithmes de calculs de portraits spectraux. Utilisation d'un environnement de transformations de programmes". Rennes 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REN10175.
Texto completoHanon, Laurence. "Potentialités de gestion concertée des espaces de végétation naturelle en périphérie du parc national de Zakouma (Tchad)". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210383.
Texto completoI. Actuellement, en Afrique sub-saharienne, les acteurs de la conservation considèrent que la
survie à long terme de la faune sauvage ne peut être assurée que par le maintien de son habitat
en dehors des aires de conservation intégrale. Dans cette optique, les projets de conservation
tentent de préserver des étendues de végétation naturelle au sein de « zones tampons » ou de
« corridors de migration » dans la périphérie des aires protégées. Cette thèse s’est intéressée aux possibilités de conserver de tels espaces en concertation avec les populations riveraines du parc national de Zakouma, une aire protégée du Sud-est du Tchad. Notre objectif a été de rechercher des solutions aux problèmes que rencontrent généralement les aménagistes dans cette action. Notre hypothèse est que l’aménagement des périphéries d’aires protégées doit s’appuyer sur une meilleure identification des déterminants locaux de l’exploitation des espaces de végétation naturelle, et que leur analyse doit s’appuyer sur une approche spatiale.
II. Plusieurs étapes de recherches ont permis d’alimenter notre réflexion :
Une première phase de terrain a été tout d’abord été menée à Am Choka, un village représentatif de la zone la plus densément peuplée de la périphérie est du PNZ. Les objectifs visés étaient i.) d’une part, de déterminer les activités humaines affectant le plus le paysage
végétal naturel de la périphérie du parc, et donc susceptibles d’annihiler son rôle de « zone
tampon », et ii) d’autre part, d’identifier les savoir-faire et les facteurs socioéconomiques et
politiques qui régissent l’exploitation des espaces de végétation naturelle. Outre l’observation participante au village, des cartographies fines du terroir et des zones d’exploitation, ainsi que des entretiens semi-structurés ont été réalisés sur le terrain.
La seconde phase de recherche a été consacrée à la réalisation d’un outil cartographique dans
le but (i) d’évaluer l’état de la zone périphérique en terme de répartition et d’occupation relative des diverses formations végétales naturelles par rapport à l’emprise agricole, et ii.) d’en déduire les zones de la périphérie les plus susceptibles de faire l’objet d’un processus de gestion des espaces de végétation naturelle. A cet effet, quatre images satellites récentes ont été acquises. Les opérations de terrain ont donné lieu à 234 relevés sur ligneux et 2440 relevés qualitatifs d’autres types d’occupation du sol. Ces relevés ont été utilisés pour l’interprétation des scènes satellites en unités cartographiques.
La troisième phase de recherche a porté sur une analyse du dispositif d’aménagement récemment proposé pour la zone périphérique du PNZ par le projet gestionnaire du parc. Notre objectif était de mettre en évidence, les modalités réelles de prise en compte de l’organisation locale de l’exploitation ou de la gestion des espaces de végétation naturelle, et de les confronter avec les connaissances acquises lors de la première phase de recherche.
III. La recherche aboutit aux résultats suivants :
Les populations rurales ont une bonne connaissance du milieu physique et utilisent une
typologie qui leur permet de localiser les différentes composantes de leur terroir et de leur
finage, et d’en évaluer le potentiel.
La défriche des espaces de végétation naturelle à des fins agricoles est régie par des instances
coutumières villageoises et cantonale qui exercent un fort pouvoir en matière de gestion du
foncier et de planifications agricoles.
La culture du sorgho repiqué (berbéré - Sorghum bicolor) constitue la principale source de
réduction des espaces de végétation naturelle. Elle modifie le paysage sur de grandes portions
de territoire car sa mise en place nécessite un essartage intégral des savanes à Acacia seyal.
L’accès et l’usage des espaces de végétation naturelle pour la collecte de produits forestiers
ligneux et non-ligneux sont libres et non liés à la propriété foncière. L’exploitation de ces
produits n’entraîne pas de coupe à blanc mais les contraintes d’exploitation conditionne l’étendue spatiale du finage autour d’un village donné. Certaines zones du finage sont cependant l’objet de bornages fonciers en vue de projets agricoles à plus ou moins long terme. Les travaux cartographiques ont abouti à l’appréciation de l’étendue et de répartition des formations végétales naturelles. Le sorgho de décrue occupe un peu moins de 5% de la totalité de la superficie de zone périphérique. Les zones de cultures sont concentrées pour l’essentiel à
l’est et au nord de l’aire protégée. Un dixième de la superficie d’origine des savanes à Acacia
seyal a déjà été exploité à des fins agricoles. Cette carte peut être exploitée pour localiser les
zones d’enjeux entre conservation et développement économique. Cet exercice permet de
reconsidérer la délimitation en zones de protection de la périphérie.
Dans sa formulation, le « plan de gestion » témoigne largement d’une volonté d’associer les
populations riveraines à l’aménagement de la périphérie du parc. Cette collaboration sera
certainement entravée par l’absence de compensation en contrepartie de la limitation du
développement agricole au profit de l’habitat de la faune sauvage. Par contre, elle pourrait
être favorisée si le zonage proposé correspondait aux limites des terroirs et des finages. Un
préliminaire à tout processus de gestion concertée des espaces de végétation naturelle est aussi l’identification des décideurs qui ont autorité sur ces espaces. L’étude débouche sur suggestions permettant aux aménagistes leurs permettant d’atteindre leurs objectifs de conservation de la faune et de son habitat en concertation avec les populations riveraines. Ces recommandations peuvent certainement être adaptées à d’autres contextes d’aménagement des périphéries d’aires protégées.
ABSTRACT
I. Nowadays, in Sub-Saharan Africa, conservation actors believe that the long-term survival
of wild animals can be ensured only through the maintenance of their habitat outside areas of
total conservation. Accordingly, conservation projects seek to preserve areas of natural
vegetation in “buffer zones” or “migration corridors” on the periphery of protected areas.
The present doctoral thesis studies the possibilities of conservating such areas in concertation
with the populations living around Zakouma National Park (ZNP), a protected area in southeast
Chad. Our aim has been to find solutions to the problems generally encountered by forest
managers working towards this goal. Our hypothesis is that the management of surroundings
of protected areas must be grounded on a better identification of the local factors determining
the exploitation of natural vegetation areas, and that any analysis must be based on a spatial
approach.
II. Several steps in the research provided grounds for reflection:
As a first phase, a survey was conducted in Am Choka, a village representative of the most
densely populated zone of the eastern periphery of ZNP. The objectives were (i) to determine
which human activities most affect the natural vegetal landscape of the periphery of the park
and hence are likely to annul its role of “buffer zone”, and (ii) to identify which know-how
and socio-economic or political factors govern the exploitation of natural vegetation areas. In
addition to participatory observation in the village, detailed maps were made of the ‘terroir’
and the ‘finage’ (the total area exploited by a village), and semi-structured interviews were
conducted on the spot.
The second phase of research was dedicated to the creation of a cartographic tool with the
intention of (i) assessing the state of the peripheral zone in terms of where and to what extent
the natural vegetal formations are situated in comparison with the land under cultivation, and
(ii) pinpointing the peripheral zones best suited to a process of management of natural
vegetation areas. To that end, four recent satellite pictures were acquired. Operations on the
ground yielded 234 plottings over wood stands and 2 440 qualitative plottings of other types
of land occupation. These plottings were used to convert the satellite images into cartographic
units.
The third phase of research was concerned with an analysis of the management mechanism
recently proposed for the peripheral zone of ZNP by the park management project. Our aim
was to bring to the fore the actual methods by which the local organisation of exploitation or
management of the natural vegetation areas is taken into account and to compare them with
the knowledge acquired under the first phase of research.
III. The research produced the following results:
The rural populations have a good knowledge of the physical environment and use a typology
which enables them to localise the different components of the terroir and of the finage, and
to assess their potential.
The clearing of areas of natural vegetation for agricultural purposes is governed by traditional
village or canton authorities, which exert a powerful influence over land management and
agricultural planning.
The cultivation of transplanted sorghum (berbéré - Sorghum bicolor) is the main source of
reduction of areas with natural vegetation. It modifies the landscape over large swathes of
territory inasmuch as this cultivation method leads to a total clearing of the Acacia seyal
savannas. Access to and use of areas of natural vegetation for collecting wood and non-wood forest
products are free and not linked to land ownership. Exploiting these products does not lead to clear-cutting of the forest, but the constraints of exploitation influence the spatial extent of the finage around a given village. Some zones of finage are nevertheless subjected to land
boundary markings when agricultural projects are planned in the shorter or longer term.
The cartographic findings led to an assessment of the area covered by, and the distribution of,
natural vegetal formations. Flood-irrigated sorghum occupies just under 5% of the total area
of the periphery. The cultivation zones are mostly concentrated east and north of the protected area. One tenth of the original area of Acacia seyal savannas has already been exploited for agriculture. The map can also be used to identify areas caught between conservation and
economic development. This exercise makes its possible to reconsider the delimitation of the
periphery into protection zones. In its formulation, the “management plan” largely reveals the will to involve local populations
in the management of the periphery of the park. This collaboration will certainly be hampered
by the absence of compensation to offset any limitation of agricultural development to the
benefit of the wild animal habitat. It could, however, be promoted if the proposed zoning were
to correspond to the limits of the terroirs and finages. A preliminary to any process of
concerted management of the areas of natural vegetation would also be to identify the
decision-makers who have authority over these expanses. The present study throws up suggestions as to how forest managers might attain their
objectives for the conservation of fauna and their habitat in concertation with the local
populations. These recommendations can certainly also be extrapolated to other contexts of
management of the peripheries of protected areas.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Salzsauler, Patricia Lynn. "The influence of the Canada land inventory on land use in the Pembina Hills, 1966-1996". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0003/MQ41771.pdf.
Texto completoEymard-, Vernain Elise. "Etude des interactions entre trois types de nanoparticules métalliques et une bactérie du sol, Bacillus subtilis". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAV065/document.
Texto completoMetallic nanoparticles are used in variety of consumer products (solar screen, paint or medicine), which results in an increasing release of nanoparticles in the environment. There is a need of better evaluating their fate and impacts in the environment. Microorganisms are one of the first targets of nanoparticles in the environment. Most studies on microorganisms and bacteria have focused on cellular mortality, and did not take into account possible transformations of NPs in the environment, which modify their toxicity. This study is focused on model bacteria, Bacillus subtilis and three nanoparticles: Ag-NPs, ZnO-NPs and TiO2-NPs. We evaluate on one hand the impact of nanoparticles on the metabolism on the metabolism of Bacillus subtilis, and on the other hand the impact of Bacillus subtilis and of its secretome on the nanoparticles, both being mutually dependent