Tesis sobre el tema "Usage et occupation des sols"
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Gharbi, Asma. "Une approche à base de règles d'association pour l'explication et la prévision de l'évolution territoriale". Thesis, Paris 8, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA080003/document.
Texto completoIn this dissertation, we start from the hypothesis that spatial dynamics and geographical object usage evolution may partially be explained or predicted by their different previous spatial configuration. Thus, we propose to exploit frequent pattern mining and association rule mining in order to extract rules governing these dynamics. This work tries, as well, to adapt the data mining process to take into account the specificity of the used spatiotemporal data, in particular, their asymmetry. In this context, our proposal deals with questions related to the modeling of the spatiotemporal relations incorporated in the data set, the adequate representation of the learning data in order to produce rules adapted to our prediction problem. Addressing the asymmetric aspect of learning attributes, mainly in terms of their frequencies, is tackled according to two approaches: the first one is based on using multiple minimum supports (minsup) and the second one consists in addressing the attributes in a disjointed manner. The first approach is based on two adaptations of the MSApriori algorithm for the definition and assignment of these thresholds. The second approach exploits the novel BERA algorithm which is based on semantics of the predicates for the generation of rules, going from the construction of the conclusion part to the construction of the premise part. In order to verify and evaluate our proposals, an experimental study is carried out on different datasets from Corine Land Cover in an experimental tool called SAFFIET
Li, Zhichao. "Modélisation des relations entre occupation - usage du sol et distribution spatiale du paludisme par télédétection optique et radar : application à un environnement en évolution : région transfrontalière Guyane Française – Brésil". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT144/document.
Texto completoMalaria remains one of the most common vector-borne diseases what is predominantly located in the tropics. The study area is the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil where the level and intra-annuel dynamic of malaria transmission are variable, with the incidence rates which are relatively high in South America. The environmental risk factors, in particular, land use and land cover, significantly influence the presence, density and spatial distribution of disease vectors, Anopheles mosquitoes. Environmental information, population data and health systems database are rarely comparable on both sides of the Guyana-Brazil border which exclude the homogeneous and bilateral vision. Remote sensing permits to spatially characterize the environment on both sides of the border in an almost continuous and complete manner. The objective of this study is to characterize the favorable environment for the development of vectors and the vector-human interaction in the cross-border area between French Guiana and Brazil using remote sensing. A spatial landscape-based hazard index of malaria transmission was developed at the local scale. Such index allows spatializing the contribution of interaction between forest and non-forest areas on malaria transmission which was then implemented in the entire Amazon region. It quantifies and explains the influence of landscape on the interaction between human population and adult vectors. The identification of potential breeding sites of vectors was tested on a regional scale using the optical and SAR fusion for highlighting the spatial distribution of perennial and large wetlands (lakes, rivers, ponds etc.) and the interfaces with urban and forest environments. The distribution of vectors’ density is affected by physical and chemical properties of potential breeding sites which are related to soil typology. A conceptual model of soil evolution adapted to the Amazon region presents that geomorphological characteristics (altitude, curvature, etc.) are indicators of soil evolution. A soil classification was realized at the regional scale using altimetry data and the conceptual model. The methods, land use and land cover and malaria hazard maps established in this thesis will be integrated in the Observatory Sentinel of cross-border which is being built. This study also contributes to the exploitation of new knowledge about malaria transmission mechanism which can be used to define novel prevention strategies at the local and regional scales
Boukra, Mohamed-Amine. "Caractérisation intégrée de la matière organique dissoute : recherche d'empreintes physico-chimiques pour tracer les sources de pollutions anthropiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023LYO10094.
Texto completoAnthropogenic activities at the scale of a watershed can be very numerous (e.g. agricultural practices, industries, transport, and tourism). These activities generate pressures that result in the input of pollutants to the watercourse (e.g. major elements, organic micropollutants, trace metals). The identification of these sources of pollutants in watercourses remains a challenge to date. Organic matter in its dissolved fraction (DOM) constitutes a complex mixture of molecules whose composition and physicochemical properties depend on its origin, whether natural or anthropogenic, terrigenous or autochthonous, diffuse or point source. Because of its ubiquity, the DOM present in the rivers could be used as a tracer of the anthropic activities and thus of the sources of pollutants at the scale of a catchment. In this context, the objective of this thesis is to identify markers based on physico-chemical properties of DOM (that are characteristic of natural (e.g. terrigenous inputs, autochthonous production) and anthropogenic (e.g. wastewater treatment plant discharges, urban runoff, agriculture and livestock activities) sources at the watershed scale. For this purpose, an original database was built with more than 130 water samples representative of these different sources and analyzed with a wide range of analytical techniques (dissolved organic carbon determination, analysis by UV-Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence excitation-emission, analysis by steric exclusion chromatography coupled with UV and fluorescence detection - HPSEC/UV-fluorescence - , and molecular analysis by liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry - LC-HRMS - ). The exploitation of the database allowed to improve the characterization of DOM with the identification of new optical (HPSEC/UV-fluorescence) and molecular (LC-HRMS) indicators. A protocol for processing complex data from non-targeted LC-HRMS analysis was developed and validated using quality control in order to extract the most relevant molecular compounds to differentiate DOM sources. This work also validated a sampling methodology specific to land-based diffuse sources in relation to land use to build their footprints at the watershed scale. Finally, the integrated multi-analytical and multi-source approach developed in the framework of the thesis allowed the construction of specific fingerprints of the selected sources of DOM (natural, anthropogenic, diffuse, point). The results of this work clearly show that DOM can be considered as a tracer of the origin of the water masses and the associated pollutions in the rivers
Pérès, Stéphanie. "La vigne et la ville : forme urbaine et usage des sols". Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00448670.
Texto completoPeres, Stéphanie. "La vigne et la ville : forme urbaine et usage des sols". Bordeaux 4, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR40045.
Texto completoBecause exurban areas have outpaced urban and suburban areas in population growth for the last several decades, growth pressures are commonly observed at the rural-urban fringe, resulting in conversion of agricultural land for urban use. However the existence of a high quality vineyard questions traditional spatial structuring mechanisms. We must understand the role of vineyard on the morphological configuration of urbanization. The case of suburban Bordeaux vineyard, by its inclusion in both spaces at the heart of the Bordeaux metropolitan area, is ideal for the analysis of issues of interaction between urban growth and dynamic vineyard. The discret choice model associated with the duration model confirms the vineyard resistance, and also provides a means to inform the development of policies that aim at managing these pressures
De, Almeida Claudio Aparecido. "Paysage des systèmes de production agropastoraux de l'État du Rondônia - Amazonie brésilienne". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT123/document.
Texto completoRecent global agreements sponsored by UN to sustainable development and reduction of greenhouse gases emission, undergo by the reduction of deforestation and an increase of productivity of the areas occupied by agricultural production systems. In 2014 the Brazilian Amazon deforestation reached 760.305,5 km2. This area has different land uses with different financial and social returns and different environmental impacts. To know the land use and land cover (LULC) and the predominant production systems in this deforested area is a basic condition for planning actions and public policies for sustainable development. This study developed methodologies for detailed LULC mapping, and to regionalization of agricultural production systems. The mapping of LULC of Brazilian Amazon confirmed previous studies, showing that most of the deforested area is used for livestock activity (about 60%), followed by secondary vegetation (about 20%) and annual crops (about 5%). Regionalization of agricultural production systems was carried out in two stages. The first one was carried out at local administrative boundary, using spatially explicit data of LULC and deforestation, analyzed in conjunction with municipal socioeconomic data spatialized at local level. Based on these results we identified, among five agricultural production systems at the state level. The dimension of territorial configuration showed that each agricultural production system form different types of landscapes. The second stage was conduced with cells of 10 X 10 Km, with LULC spatially explicit data, deforestation and a matrix of distance to infrastructure elements, and using landscape metrics. Was possible to classify the predominant agricultural production system in each cell, and identify the effect of these systems on the landscape. Nine agricultural production systems were found: two in forest domains (Forest Domain, Initial Front), three in agriculture domain (Strict Agriculture, Dominant Agriculture and Coexistence Area) and four in livestock domain (Intensified Beef, Not Intensified Beef, Intensified Beef-Milk and Not Intensified Beef-Milk). The methodologies resulted from this thesis will enable the creation of an operational monitoring system of LULC, continuous and at low cost, and also of the prevailing agricultural production system in each of the deforested territory. With this monitoring system, it will be possible to follow up the effect of public policies in the region, looking for sustainable development
Durand, Philippe. "Traitement des donnees radar varan et estimation de qualites en geologie, geomorphologie et occupation des sols". Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077183.
Texto completoDurand, Philippe. "Traitement des données de radar Varan et estimation de qualités en géologie, géomorphologie et occupation des sols". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37613406g.
Texto completoRigot, Jean-Baptiste Dalongeville Rémi. "Environnement naturel et occupation du sol dans le bassin-versant du lac Jabbûl (Syrie du nord) à l'Holocène". Lyon : Université Lumière Lyon 2, 2003. http://demeter.univ-lyon2.fr:8080/sdx/theses/lyon2/2003/rigot_jb.
Texto completoPhan, Ha Hai An. "Transfert d’eau et de matière sur un petit bassin versant agricole du Nord Vietnam : suivis à l’échelle pluriannuelle et à l’échelle de la crue". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066718.
Texto completoHouet, Thomas. "Occupation des sols et gestion de l'eau : modélisation prospective en paysage agricole fragmenté (Application au SAGE du Blavet)". Phd thesis, Université Rennes 2, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389835.
Texto completoL'objectif de ce travail est de produire une démarche méthodologique générique pour élaborer des scénarios prospectifs spatialisés. Fondée sur la méthode des scénarios en prospective, cette démarche se nourrit des apports méthodologiques utilisés en modélisation de systèmes complexes afin d'apporter une dimension spatiale aux scénarios prospectifs. Articulée avec le volet prospectif du SAGE du bassin versant du Blavet (2000 km²), cette démarche a été appliquée à trois petits sous bassins versants représentatifs de la diversité des paysages agricoles bocagers rencontrés. Elle s'organise en quatre phases. La première phase vise à construire « la base » des scénarios. La deuxième phase consiste à construire des scénarios prospectifs pertinents pour éclairer les futurs possibles du territoire étudié. La troisième phase constitue la phase de spatialisation des scénarios. Suivant le type de scénarios (exploratoire ou normatif), la méthode diffère : une plateforme de modélisation dynamique et spatialement explicite (L1) a été utilisée et optimisée dans le cas des scénarios exploratoires ; un SIG a servi pour élaborer les scénarios normatifs. Enfin, la dernière phase consiste à évaluer les scénarios prospectifs spatialisés, leurs impacts sur les ressources en eau et leurs apports pour les gestionnaires et les acteurs locaux.
Les scénarios exploratoires produits ont permis de quantifier et de localiser les influences possibles de la nouvelle réforme de la PAC appliquée en 2006, de l'agrandissement des exploitations agricoles sur l'évolution des modes d'usages des sols et également l'influence des changements de la structure spatiale du parcellaire sur les transferts de flux. Les scénarios normatifs ont permis d'identifier les enjeux de gestion de l'eau entre acteurs locaux et gestionnaires. Au final, la localisation de zones à risque vis-à-vis des ressources en eau et l'identification de leviers d'actions (synergies locales, maîtrise du foncier) confèrent aux scénarios prospectifs un rôle d'outil d'aide à la décision pour les gestionnaires de l'eau et les acteurs locaux.
Hilaire, Guy. "Peuplement et occupation des sols dans la région de Neufchâteau des origines à la fin du XIIIème siècle". Nancy 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005NAN21001.
Texto completoThe Neufchâteau region, a strategic frontier zone, is made up of the Meuse and the Moselle plateaus, the Santois and two cuestas. From the Neolithic to the Tène period, agricultural clearings appeared in the valleys and on the Meuse plateau. In the second century B. C. , the Leuques withdrew to the heights. During the Roman period, many villae were founded at the foot of the cuestas. From the seventh to the ninth century, the toponymy reflects a major peopling in the Santois and in most of the valleys of the Moselle plateau. Thanks to the combined actions of the seigniorial and monastic domains, a significant transformation of the landscape took place during the strong growth between 1150 and 1260 : forest limits were pushed back on all community grounds, windmills were built, barns were erected on the upper part of the plateau, ploughlands, vineyards and pastures were expanded. The increase in production contributed to the rapid development of the cities of Châtenois and Neufchâteau, which alternately dominated the region
Rigot, Jean-Baptiste. "Environnement naturel et occupation du sol dans le bassin-versant du lac Jabbûl (Syrie du nord) à l'Holocène". Lyon 2, 2003. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2003/rigot_jb.
Texto completoThe study, based among other things on a GIS, shows that in arid environment natural determinations are fundamental regarding agricultural exploitation. Indeed, in the region under study, the plateaux benefiting from water reserves and good pedogenesis conditions, as well as the north of the area getting extern water supplies, were the main places of human occupation, especially for sedentaries and semi-nomads. Other places that are not as favourable as those evoked, were occupied by nomads practising extensive breeding. Nevertheless, the space organisation varied along centuries. For instance, disadvantaged areas around plateaux were invested by sedentary practising extensive agriculture at Byzantine time. This evolution is partly due to climatic context, but the study underlines the major influence of the edaphic conditions and underscore the leading part of the political stability of the area too
Raynaud, Xavier. "Interactions compétitives spatialisées dans les sols : une approche par modélisation des interactions entre les plantes et les micro-organismes du sol". Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112249.
Texto completoCompetition plays a major role on community structure and ecosystem function. During this thesis, we have focused on the belowground competition for nutrients. With the use of spatialized models of plant uptake at the root scale, we have studied 1) the effects of root exudates on plant-microbial interactions in the rhizosphere and 2) interspecific competition between plants with and without explicit effects of exudates on nutrient cycling (PARIS family of models). Finally, we have used the PARIS models to parameterize a model of plant competition for nutrients that operates at the whole ecisystem scale. Our analysis of spatialized interspecific models of plant competition for nutrients suggests that the mechanisms controlling competition depend on the diffusive supply of the nutrient. The diffusive supply is equal to the product of the effective diffusion coefficient in the soil with the soil buffer power and depends principally on the soil water content. In the case of high diffusive supply nutrients, the modelled uptake rate is determined by the relative nutrient uptake kinetics and root surface area of the species. In contrast, under low diffusive supply, the uptake rate depends on the heterogeneity of the ressource supply. If the ressource is supplied homogeneously accross the soil patch, the uptake rate depends on the relative soil occupation of the species (PARIS-M model). If the resource supply is primarily localized around roots, the uptake rate is determined by the relative number of roots (PARIS-B model). Such localized influence of plant roots on the availability of nutrients is suggested by our analysis of the model of plant-bacteria interactions in the rhizosphere. This work indicates that plant nutrient uptake and carbon exudation can influence the development of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere, and modify nitrogen uptake by plants. Our comparison between the PARIS-M model and the Loreau (1998) model sugests that ecosystem-scale models could be parametrized using more mechanistic models like PARIS-M. Our model of plant-bacteria interactions suggests that root exudates and soil characteristics play a critical role in controlling the spatial structure of microbial populations and in determining nitrogen nutrition of plants. Our work on interspecific plant competition suggests that soil characteristics and in particular changes in the soil water content may play an important role in determining the mechanisms controlling the competitive interaction
Houet, Thomas. "Occupation des sols et gestion de l'eau : modélisation prospective en paysage agricole fragmenté (Application au Schéma d'Aménagement et de Gestion des Eaux du Blavet)". Rennes 2, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00389835.
Texto completoSince the new European water policy, water managers must restore a “good ecological state” of water resources for 2015. To be efficient and provide sustainability, water policies have to be implemented at a local scale (i. E. Hedgerow or field scale) but they must also adopt a long term vision, i. E. Considering possible future land use changes. The production of prospective scenarios of landcover and landscape feature changes may help water managers to realize more effective water policy controls. The aim of this work is to implement a generic methodology to build spatialized prospective scenarios. Its application is made on three watersheds representative of the Blavet landscape diversity (Brittany, France). The prospective scenarios made have localized at-risk areas towards water resources and identified stakeholders which contribute to consider spatialized prospective scenarios as powerful tools to help decision-makers to manage water resources efficiently and sustainability
Capelle, Thomas. "Recherche sur des méthodes d'optimisation pour la mise en place de modèles intégrés de transport et usage des sols". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAM008/document.
Texto completoLand use and transportation integrated (LUTI) models aim at representing the complex interactions between land use and transportation offer and demand within a territory. They are principally used to assess different alternative planning scenarios, via the simulation of their tendentious impacts on patterns of land use and travel behaviour. Setting up a LUTI model requires the estimation of several types of parameters to reproduce as closely as possible, observations gathered on the studied area (socio-economic data, transport surveys, etc.). The vast majority of available calibration approaches are semi-automatic and estimate one subset of parameters at a time, without a global integrated estimation.In this work, we improve the calibration procedure of Tranus, one of the most widely used LUTI models, by developing tools for the automatic and simultaneous estimation of parameters. Among the improvements proposed we replace the inner loop estimation of endogenous parameters (know as shadow prices) by a proper optimisation procedure. To do so, we carefully inspect the mathematics and micro-economic theories involved in the computation of the various model equations. To propose an efficient optimisation solution, we decouple the entire optimisation problem into equivalent smaller problems. The validation of our optimisation algorithm is then performed in synthetic models were the optimal set of parameters is known.Second, in our goal to develop a fully integrated automatic calibration, we developed an integrated estimation scheme for the shadow prices and a subset of hard to calibrate parameters. The scheme is shown to outperform calibration quality achieved by the classical approach, even when carried out by experts. We also propose a sensitivity analysis to identify influent parameters, this is then coupled with an optimisation algorithm to improve the calibration on the selected parameters.Third, we challenge the classical viewpoint adopted by Tranus and various other LUTI models, that calibration should lead to model parameters for which the model output perfectly fits observed data. This may indeed cause the risk of producing overfitting (as for Tranus, by using too many shadow price parameters), which will in turn undermine the models’ predictive capabilities. We thus propose a model selection scheme that aims at achieving a good compromise between the complexity of the model (in our case, the number of shadow prices) and the goodness of fit of model outputs to observations.Our experiments show that at least two thirds of shadow prices may be dropped from the model while still giving a near perfect fit to observations.The contribution outlined above are demonstrated on Tranus models and data from two metropolitan areas, in the USA and Europe
Kierczak, Jakub. "Spéciation solide du nickel et du chrome dans un site minier et industriel à usage agricole (Szklary, Pologne)". Limoges, 2007. https://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/9a2fbfbb-1238-4d3e-af9f-c2d3e533d23f/blobholder:0/2007LIMO4034.pdf.
Texto completoThe geological unit called Szklary Massif comprises two environments containing Ni and Cr from diverse origins: lithogenic (serpentine soils) and anthropogenic (pyrometallurgical waste) origins. The study was dedicated to investigate the distribution and mobility of Ni and Cr occurring within this small area. The approach is first based on mineralogical characterization of the Ni and Cr bearing minerals using analytical instrumental methods (XRD, SEM-EDS, EPMA, micro Raman, TEM, ICP-MS). Later complementary chemical extractions not only provide information about the actual solid speciation of Cr, Ni. They also allow discussing about potential mobility and forthcoming environmental impact induced by the abundance of Ni and Cr and by the presence of other elements (Co, Cu, Pb and Zn), especially in soils cultivated in the dump vicinity. The multidisciplinary approach gives concordant and complementary results. The direct mineralogical approach, consisting in characterization of primary and secondary mineral phases, provides qualitative information about the stability of potentially toxic elements (PTE) in minerals in the present weathering conditions (well drained soils, enriched in organic matter, within neutral to basic pH, submitted to transitional temperate climatic conditions). The chemical extractions specify the solid speciation of PTE in a quantitative way and evidence implication of organic and amorphous phases in the PTE immobilization. In addition, mineralogical investigations of the solid residues after sequential extractions allow assessment of the real effect of the chemical extractants used on the studied materials. The use of combined approach evidenced relative stability of Cr compared to Ni. Moreover, the study confirms contamination of the cultivated soils located next to the waste dump. The environmental risk is related not only with Ni and Cr but also with other PTE such as Zn and Cu, which are present in significant proportions within biodisponible fractions
Fernandez-cornudet, Christelle. "Devenir du Zn, Pb et Cd issus de retombées atmosphériques dans les sols, à différentes échelles d'étude. -Influence de l'usage des sols sur la distribution et la mobilité des métaux-". Phd thesis, INAPG (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002321.
Texto completoJussy, Jean-Hugues. "Minéralisation de l'azote, nitrification et prélèvement radiculaire dans différents écosystèmes forestiers sur sol acide : effet de l'essence, du stade de développement du peuplement et de l'usage ancien des sols". Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10293.
Texto completoRoy, Hari Gobinda. "Évolution de l’évolution de l’occupation du sol (1950-2025) et impacts sur l’érosion du sol dans un bassin versant méditerranéen". Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AZUR2024/document.
Texto completoThe European Mediterranean coastal area has experienced widespread land cover change since 1950 because of rapid urban growth and expansion of tourism. Urban sprawl and other land cover changes occurred due to post-war economic conditions, population migration, and increased tourism. Land cover change has occurred through the interaction of environmental and socio-economic factors, including population growth, urban sprawl, industrial development, and environmental policies. In addition, rapid expansion of tourism during the last six decades has caused significant socioeconomic changes driving land cover change in Euro-Mediterranean areas. Mediterranean countries from Spain to Greece experienced strong urban growth from the 1970’s onwards, and a moderate growth rate is projected to continue into the future. Land cover change can result in environmental changes such as water pollution and soil degradation. Several previous studies have shown that Mediterranean vineyards are particularly vulnerable to soil erosion because of high rainfall intensity and the fact that vineyards are commonly located on steeper slopes and the soil is kept bare during most of the cultivation period (November to April) when precipitation is at its highest. The main objective of this thesis is to predict long-term soil erosion evolution in a Mediterranean context of rapid urban growth and land use change at the catchment scale. In order to achieve this, the following specific aims have been formulated: (i) to analyze the spatial dynamics of land cover change from 1950 to 2008; (ii) to compare the impact of historical time periods on land cover prediction using different time scales; (iii) to test the impacts of spatial extent and cell size on LUCC modeling; and (iv) to predict the impact of land cover change on soil erosion for 2025
Pottier, Nathalie. "L'Utilisation des outils juridiques de prévention des risques d'inondation : évaluation des effets sur l'homme et l'occupation des sols dans les plaines alluviales (application à la Saône et à la Marne)". Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ENPC9825.
Texto completoSouley, yero Kadidiatou. "Evolution de l'occupation des sols dans l'ouest du Niger : influence sur la cycle de l'eau". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00864052.
Texto completoAli, Youssef Al. "Les aménagements de conservation des eaux et des sols en banquettes : analyse, fonctionnement et essai de modélisation en milieu méditerranéen (El-Gouazine, Tunisie centrale)". Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20151.
Texto completoGrinand, Clovis. "Suivi et modélisation des changements d’usage des terres et stocks de carbone dans les sols et les arbres dans le cadre de la REDD+ à Madagascar. : vers des mesures pertinentes localement et cohérentes à large échelle". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NSAM0030.
Texto completoLand use change due to agriculture and forestry, generates a significant loss of biodiversity and is an important part of our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions causing climate change. The Reduction of Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, conservation, sustainable management and restoration of carbon stocks (REDD+) mechanism initiated ten years ago is struggling to establish because of many political and scientific constraints. Despite the existence of guidelines developed by the international scientific community, tools and data necessary to provide accurate, cost and usable at different scales. The objective of this thesis is to develop innovative methods to reduce uncertainties in the estimates of CO2 emissions and sequestrations from deforestation, degradation and land regeneration. Madagascar, a country committed in REDD+ for eight years and subjected to significant losses of biodiversity and forest cover, is taken as an example. Three complementary studies were carried out: i) monitoring of deforestation in tropical humid and dry regions, ii) estimates of carbon stocks in soils and forests and iii) land use change model. We have developed a new methodology for monitoring deforestation in Madagascar considering the national definition of forests and accounted for small plots of slash and burn practices. The figures of deforestation vary from one region to another, and have been updated to 2013. An innovative methodology for soil organic carbon stock mapping at fine resolution and regional scale has been developed by coupling many environmental factors and a field inventory using a machine learning model. This spatial carbon model was applied on satellite images acquired twenty year ago to assess the degradation of soil carbon stocks and potential regeneration. Loss and gain factors due to various land use change were estimated. Finally, the land use change framework developed allowed us to understand the biophysical and socio-economic factors related to deforestation, land degradation and regeneration, and provide spatially scenarios to assist policy makers. The results obtained in this thesis and the methodologies developed allow to feed the discussions and documents relating to the REDD + strategy in Madagascar. It contributes and is aimed at a better management of agro-ecosystems by providing accurate spatial information, locally relevant and globally consistent
Bernoux, Martial. "Stocks de carbone des sols de l’Amazonie occidentale et leur dynamique lors de la conversion de la foret en pâturage". Orléans, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998ORLE2004.
Texto completoPelletier, Charlotte. "Cartographie de l'occupation des sols à partir de séries temporelles d'images satellitaires à hautes résolutions : identification et traitement des données mal étiquetées". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30241/document.
Texto completoLand surface monitoring is a key challenge for diverse applications such as environment, forestry, hydrology and geology. Such monitoring is particularly helpful for the management of territories and the prediction of climate trends. For this purpose, mapping approaches that employ satellite-based Earth Observations at different spatial and temporal scales are used to obtain the land surface characteristics. More precisely, supervised classification algorithms that exploit satellite data present many advantages compared to other mapping methods. In addition, the recent launches of new satellite constellations - Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 - enable the acquisition of satellite image time series at high spatial and spectral resolutions, that are of great interest to describe vegetation land cover. These satellite data open new perspectives, but also interrogate the choice of classification algorithms and the choice of input data. In addition, learning classification algorithms over large areas require a substantial number of instances per land cover class describing landscape variability. Accordingly, training data can be extracted from existing maps or specific existing databases, such as crop parcel farmer's declaration or government databases. When using these databases, the main drawbacks are the lack of accuracy and update problems due to a long production time. Unfortunately, the use of these imperfect training data lead to the presence of mislabeled training instance that may impact the classification performance, and so the quality of the produced land cover map. Taking into account the above challenges, this Ph.D. work aims at improving the classification of new satellite image time series at high resolutions. The work has been divided into two main parts. The first Ph.D. goal consists in studying different classification systems by evaluating two classification algorithms with several input datasets. In addition, the stability and the robustness of the classification methods are discussed. The second goal deals with the errors contained in the training data. Firstly, methods for the detection of mislabeled data are proposed and analyzed. Secondly, a filtering method is proposed to take into account the mislabeled data in the classification framework. The objective is to reduce the influence of mislabeled data on the classification performance, and thus to improve the produced land cover map
Lavrieux, Marlène. "Biomarqueurs moléculaires d'occupation des sols, du sol au sédiment : exemple du bassin-versant et du lac d'Aydat (Puy-de-Dôme)". Phd thesis, Université François Rabelais - Tours, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00672307.
Texto completoLaraque, Alain. "Comportements hydrochimiques des "açudes" du "nordeste" brésilien semi-aride : évolutions et prévisions pour un usage en irrigation". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20003.
Texto completoBéréziat, Dominique. "Contributions aux méthodes variationnelles pour le calcul du flot optique: prise en compte des informations spatiales et temporelles". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00545659.
Texto completoSy, Souleymane. "Impact du changement d'occupation des sols passé et à venir sur la dynamique de la circulation de la mousson ouest africaine". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066208/document.
Texto completoBy climate models developed in the LUCID project and CMIP5 models used in the LUCID-CMIP5 projet, this thesis aims to identify and evaluate biogeophysical impacts of LULCC of the past 150 years and the end of XXIst century on surface climate in West Africa. Focusing analysis in two contrasted regions of West Africa: Sahel and Guinea where land cover change is above 5% since pre-industrial times, results reveal expansion of crops and pasture and deforestation in Guinea in all LUCID models. In this work, simulations of present-day rainfall and surface air temperature have been compared with observed datasets. Results show that the observed mean and inter-annual variability of rainfall are respectively underestimated and overestimated by most of the seven climate models. Overall surface air temperature is better simulated than precipitation.Two simulations of rainfall and surface air temperature, forced respectively with present-day and pre-industrial land cover distribution are also compared. Results show that there is no obvious/visible difference between the two simulations with respect to mean climatic values of both rainfall and temperature as if the changes in land cover did not really matter for the good representation of those variables. Finally, this thesis evaluates leaf area index (LAI) in the LUCID models and its relationships with surface climate. Observations reveal that precipitation is highly and positively correlated to foliage density with values larger or equal to 0.8 in both the Sahel and Guinea. Five out of seven models show positive correlations, but not as large as in the observations. However none of the models is able to capture a larger correlation between precipitation and LAI in Guinea than in the Sahel. Most of climate models show that correlation between LAI and surface air temperature is positive in the Sahel and negative in Guinea. It suggests that more LAI in Guinea will lead to more evapotranspiration and therefore cooler surface, while in the Sahel the albedo effect of increased LAI may dominate and increase surface temperature. Finally, analysis reveals that historical effects of land-use changes are not regionally significant among the seven climate models due to a small land-cover change prescribed in these regions compared to the changes induced by large scale forcing such as sea surface temperatures changes and CO2 concentration increase.Furthermore, biogeophysical impact of land-use change in the XXIst Century climate were evaluated using specific simulations similar to RCP8.5 scenarios but with a prescribed fixed land cover map on 2006. The analysis reveals, that in contrast of last 150 years, deforestation continues in the coming years in tropical region in scenarios resulting from the extension of the cultivated area reaching 15 million km2 in 2100 over tropical Africa. Regionally, the biogeophysical impacts of projected changes in land cover in RCP8.5 scenarios were generally small but statistically significant in the Sahel and Central Africa regions where deforestation is more than 10% with a wide dispersion of climate response due to differents parameterizations of land surface in climate models
Boisier, Juan Pablo. "Évaluer les impacts robustes du changement d'usage des sols sur le climat des 150 dernières années et sur le climat projeté pour le siècle prochain". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00787972.
Texto completoIqbal, Muhammad. "Impact de l'occupation des sols agricoles contaminés sur la disponibilité des éléments trace : Mise en évidence du role des matières organiques dans le cas de cultures annuelles et cultures pérennes à vocation énergétique". Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00811413.
Texto completoBoisier, Juan Pablo. "Évaluer les impacts robustes du changement d'usage des sols sur le climat des 150 dernières années et sur le climat projeté pour le siècle prochain". Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/78/79/72/PDF/Manuscrit_final_these_Boisier.pdf.
Texto completoLand-use change (LUC) is an important climate forcing due to the underlying alterations of the properties of the soil-vegetation system. However, the knowledge of these biogeophysical impacts of LUC is middling, notably due to the large number of processes involved. By means of model intercomparison and other approaches specifically developed, this study aims to identify the robust climate signals of LUC as well as to assess the associated uncertainties. LUC since the preindustrial period has led to extensive deforestation in the northern temperate regions and therefore to increases in surface albedo. The amplitude of this impact and the role of the non-radiative effects in summer are still quite uncertain within the model results. These uncertainties respond (1) to the way LUC is implemented in land surface models (LSMs) and (2) to the intrinsic model sensitivities to LUC. We show that the second point could explain more than 50% of the inter-model dispersion in key variables for the surface climate such as the evapotranspiration. We therefore developed statistical tools to reconstruct the impacts of LUC on the surface albedo and the evapotranspiration using present-day observations and the land-cover maps prescribed in the LSMs here assessed. The analyses carried out here show that current uncertainties in the climate impacts of LUC are in major part the result of the land-surface parameterizations used in climate models and, hence, could be reduced with a more thoroughly evaluation of LSMs
Kouakoua, Ernest. "La matière organique et la stabilité structurale d'horizons de surface de sols ferrallitiques argileux : effet du mode de gestion des terres". Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10016.
Texto completoSy, Souleymane. "Impact du changement d'occupation des sols passé et à venir sur la dynamique de la circulation de la mousson ouest africaine". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066208.pdf.
Texto completoBy climate models developed in the LUCID project and CMIP5 models used in the LUCID-CMIP5 projet, this thesis aims to identify and evaluate biogeophysical impacts of LULCC of the past 150 years and the end of XXIst century on surface climate in West Africa. Focusing analysis in two contrasted regions of West Africa: Sahel and Guinea where land cover change is above 5% since pre-industrial times, results reveal expansion of crops and pasture and deforestation in Guinea in all LUCID models. In this work, simulations of present-day rainfall and surface air temperature have been compared with observed datasets. Results show that the observed mean and inter-annual variability of rainfall are respectively underestimated and overestimated by most of the seven climate models. Overall surface air temperature is better simulated than precipitation.Two simulations of rainfall and surface air temperature, forced respectively with present-day and pre-industrial land cover distribution are also compared. Results show that there is no obvious/visible difference between the two simulations with respect to mean climatic values of both rainfall and temperature as if the changes in land cover did not really matter for the good representation of those variables. Finally, this thesis evaluates leaf area index (LAI) in the LUCID models and its relationships with surface climate. Observations reveal that precipitation is highly and positively correlated to foliage density with values larger or equal to 0.8 in both the Sahel and Guinea. Five out of seven models show positive correlations, but not as large as in the observations. However none of the models is able to capture a larger correlation between precipitation and LAI in Guinea than in the Sahel. Most of climate models show that correlation between LAI and surface air temperature is positive in the Sahel and negative in Guinea. It suggests that more LAI in Guinea will lead to more evapotranspiration and therefore cooler surface, while in the Sahel the albedo effect of increased LAI may dominate and increase surface temperature. Finally, analysis reveals that historical effects of land-use changes are not regionally significant among the seven climate models due to a small land-cover change prescribed in these regions compared to the changes induced by large scale forcing such as sea surface temperatures changes and CO2 concentration increase.Furthermore, biogeophysical impact of land-use change in the XXIst Century climate were evaluated using specific simulations similar to RCP8.5 scenarios but with a prescribed fixed land cover map on 2006. The analysis reveals, that in contrast of last 150 years, deforestation continues in the coming years in tropical region in scenarios resulting from the extension of the cultivated area reaching 15 million km2 in 2100 over tropical Africa. Regionally, the biogeophysical impacts of projected changes in land cover in RCP8.5 scenarios were generally small but statistically significant in the Sahel and Central Africa regions where deforestation is more than 10% with a wide dispersion of climate response due to differents parameterizations of land surface in climate models
Mallet, Florian. "Spatialisation et modélisation de l'état hydrique des sols pour l'étude des processus de formation des écoulements en contexte torrentiel : application au bassin versant marneux du Laval (ORE Draix-Bléone, Alpes-De-Haute-Provence, France)". Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0055/document.
Texto completoHydrologists need to know soil moisture antecedent conditions before rainfall events to improve floodforecasting in torrential catchments. Soil moisture mapping, whose variations are mainly influenced bytopography, vegetation cover, and heterogeneity of soil properties, is therefore a valuable tool to studyhydrological processes. This work adresses the issue of the spatio-temporal variations of soil water statusspatialization using geostatistical and hydrological modeling applied to the Laval marly experimental catchment(0.86 km², ORE Draix-Bléone, France). In situ monitoring of rainfall events from May 2015 to November 2016revealed a significant relationship between soil water content, topography and land cover in the badlands. Italso led to better assess soil water content spatio-temporal dynamics at the hillslope scale and the seasonaland event time scales. It confirmed the major contribution of bare areas to stream flows. Eventually, thehydrological modeling associated to the chemical and isotopic water tracing made it possible to better understand the spatial organization of the catchment hydrological response at the event scale
Gervasoni, Luciano. "Contributions à la formalisation et à la mise en œuvre d'indices spatiaux urbains utilisant des données ouvertes : application aux études de l'étalement urbain". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAM064/document.
Texto completoThe number of people living in cities has been increasing considerably since 1950, from 746 million to 3.9 billion in 2014.The continuing population growth and urbanization are projected to add 2.5 billion people to the world's urban population by 2050.This situation brings new challenges on how to conceive cities that host such amounts of population in a sustainable way, which should address several aspects, ranging from economical to social and environmental matters.Urban processes take place as a consequence of different interacting factors, linked between them in such a way that the resulting process is complex to measure and understand.Given the increasing number of people living in cities, understanding the underlying complexity of these urban patterns is thus becoming a pressing issue.To this end, we propose in this thesis decision-support tools applied in the context of urban analysis, which allow to study land use mix and urban sprawl phenomena.In our first contribution, a framework for capturing spatial land use mix in cities is presented.In the first place, urban data are extracted from OpenStreetMap.Using Kernel Density Estimation techniques, land use density estimations are then carried out for residential and activity uses.The outputs are employed to calculate spatial mixed-use development indices.Additionally, density estimations for different activity types (i.e. commercial and industrial, leisure and amenities, and shops) are proposed.We provide fine-grained Geographic Information System outputs, which happen to be an asset particularly for urban planners, supporting and aiding their decision-making procedure -- specially in relative comparison to aggregated measures.In a second contribution, the above work was extended for calculating spatial urban sprawl indices.The proposed approach formalizes sprawl under a sustainable development angle, into three dimensions: land use mix, dispersion of built-up area, and accessibility to activity opportunities.This results in a manageable number of dimensions, where each dimension is formalized in an easy-to-interpret way, and in particular pertinence to the aspects of sprawl that impede sustainable development.In our third contribution, we propose two approaches for performing disaggregated population estimates.The first one exploits information on residential surfaces, assuming a constant residential surface consumption per-capita.By means of employing gridded -- i.e. aggregated -- census tract data, a fine disaggregation is carried out to distribute population count data into buildings.The second one consists of a fully convolutional neural network that maps coarse-grained to fine-grained population data.We use the OpenStreetMap database to extract a set of urban features which describe a local urban context and guide the disaggregation procedure.Population densities are estimated for grid-cells 25 times smaller than the input resolution, i.e. 200m by 200m
Payet, Évelyne. "Étude des dynamiques de dégradation des sols, à l'échelle des bassins versants côtiers de l’océan Indien". Thesis, La Réunion, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LARE0031/document.
Texto completoSince the 20th centuries, the Southwest of Indian Ocean is particularly affected by anthropogenic degradations. This study aims to analyze degradations on drainage basin scale, which allows a suitable monitoring of critical areas, in the southwest of Indian Ocean. It focus on the assessment of land degradation and its causes, land cover change and erosion.The main difficulty stands in the implementation of reproducible methods and proceeds for developed and developing countries. In light of this, remote sensing data are relevant. Those data enable a regular observation of phenomena, allowing a full description of isolated lands and at different scale. This study combined, remote sensing data processing, spatial analysis and modeling to analyze degradations. Approaches include, data collection, their formatting or their preprocessing. Land cover information provided from Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) methodologies and Geographical Information System (GIS) authorized data conditioning and modeling. On the Fiherenana catchment, soil loss has been computed taking into account land cover changes. Those information were provided from SPOT 4 and 5 images from 2001 to 2013. Results confirmed the forest degradation especially in Ranobé, where we recorded a loss of more than 230 km² over 12 years. Lands affected by erosion process, spatialized and quantified by RUSLE model, also increased over this period. On La Rivière des Pluies, IGN’s orthophotographies, from 1997 until 2012, permitted urbans imprint analyzing. On Grand Éboulis site, vegetation monitoring revealed slumps. The study exposed spatial and quantitative results highlighting degradations dynamics on catchm
Alhaskeer, Ziad. "Analyse cartographique de la structure des paysages de vallées : évaluation de la dynamique des paysages de vallées du bassin versant de la Maine à partir de la télédétection et de SIG". Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00793094.
Texto completoHumbert, Guillaume. "Déterminisme hydro-climatique de la composition et du transfert des matières organiques dissoutes dans un bassin versant agricole". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S151/document.
Texto completoThe role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as carbon storage in mineral soil horizons and the impacts of DOM on aquatic ecosystems, either as a source of nutrients, or a vector of pollutants, raise the need to understand its origin, and the mechanisms linked to its transport from soils to stream. This work aims to characterize the temporal and spatial dynamics of the amount and the quality of DOM in soil and stream water, and to identify the controlling factors. It is based on the Kervidy-Naizin catchment of 5 km² (Morbihan ; Environment Research Observatory AgrHyS). This site benefits from 13 years of daily stream dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and high frequency of hydro-climatic parameters (discharge, groundwater table depths, and meteorological variables). DOM concentration and composition of soil water under contrasted land uses (cropland, grassland, or woodland) and stream water were assessed at least fortnightly during 2 hydrological cycles. A comprehensive and consistent pattern of hydrological processes that control the DOM exports, their changes in time (by providing an objective definition of hydrological seasons), and the changes of their relative importance according to the climatic context of the year was proposed. The exports of DOM produced in the soils during summer control the intra-annual decrease of stream DOC concentrations. This suggests a compensatory mechanism whereby increased winter exports can balance the summer production of DOM resulting in a relatively uniform mean annual DOC concentration. The DOM composition of soil and stream water was determined by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with PARAFAC (parallel factor analysis) modeling built from excitation-emission matrices. Exports from agricultural sources characterized by low aromatic, protein-like, microbial-derived DOM were reported. This DOM is transported to the stream seasonally during inter-storm periods of very wet winters, by rising of the water table in arable hillslope soils, and occasionally in spring, during storm events that follow the animal manure application on catchment soils. The spatial organization of temporal dynamics of the DOM concentration and composition of soil waters suggested that they were controlled by combined effects of hydrology, soil properties and topography. DOM with fewer aromatic moieties is preferentially exported from organo-mineral horizons of hillslope soils. DOM loss from mineral soil horizons are partially balanced by DOM inputs from upper soils. The onset of reducing conditions in downslope soils produces aromatic DOM that is transported to the stream only during storm events. Hence, DOM from agricultural soils is more susceptible being transport to stream due to its composition and its location within the catchment. The question of the fate of these DOM in aquatic ecosystems is raised
Tudesque, Loïc. "Analyse temporelle et spatiale des composantes chimiques, hydromorphologiques et diatomiques en relation avec les changements globaux". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1474/.
Texto completoThis thesis aimed at assessing the effect of global changes on aquatic ecosystems. The exploratory analysis of the land cover patterns, physicochemical, hydromorphological, and diatom databases in the Adour-Garonne basin and the diatom flora of streams in French Guyana highlighted: 1) the effect of the global changes on the water quality characterized by the temperature increase and the significant mitigation of eutrophication ; 2) the strongest influence of the land cover patterns at the catchment scale ; 3) the persistence of the diatom flora and the change of community structures facing extreme stress due to gold mining ; These results testified their importance as for their potential transfers towards the fields of "applied research", particularly proposing: 1) a temporal reference frame of the chemical water quality of the Adour-Garonne basin ; 2) to integrate the land cover patterns extracted at the catchment scale in order to improve or develop new biomonitoring tools ; 3) the development of a new generic diatom index appropriate to the French Guyana context based on the diatom motility abilities
Criscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2016. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2016PA066574.pdf.
Texto completoCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
Basse, Reine Maria. "LA LGV PACA DANS L'EVOLUTION DU SYSTEME TERRITORIAL TRANSFRONTALIER FRANCO-ITALO-MONEGASQUE. MODELISATION GEOPROSPECTIVE". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00569939.
Texto completoShorieh, Amani. "Nouvelle approche d'estimation de la vulnérabilité des aquifères combinant le modèle DRASTIC et la sensibilité des sols à l'infiltration. Application à l'aquifère du Dogger dans l'interfluve Clain-Vienne, Poitou-Charentes, France". Thesis, Poitiers, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POIT2274.
Texto completoThe main objective of this PhD thesis is the optimization of a novel approach to estimate groundwater vulnerability using both the DRASTIC model and soil infiltration sensitivity. The model will be then applied to the Dogger aquifer of Poitiers, Center West France; to delineate areas that are more susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic sources. This is an important element for sensible resource management and land use planning.Poitou-Charentes, located in the Center-West of France, is a region where economy is mainly based on agriculture. It is made up of 4 Departments (Vienne, Charente, Charente Maritime, Deux-Sèvres) and is largely supplied by groundwater, both for consumption and irrigation. This resources thus vital to the region and its preservation is a major issue. The objective of this study is the determination of the roundwater quality in the Dogger aquifer of Poitiers (Vienne Department), which is the main water resource for his area in order to achieve a better understanding of the factors influencing groundwater mineralization. Sixty-six wells, distributed over the study area, were sampled and analyzed for major ions (Ca2+, M2+, Na+, K+, HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, NO3-). The hydrochemistry of groundwater is determined by both natural processes, and anthropogenic factors. Natural factors are dissolution of carbonate and dolomite minerals, and cation exchanges with clays, while anthropogenic factors are contaminant infiltration of wastewater and agricultural fertilizers. Nitrate is the main contaminant found in the groundwater and makes this resource unsuitable for consumption at some places.This study focuses, by the use of mapping, on the assessment of the vulnerability of groundwater to pollution in particular to the intrinsic vulnerability of unconfined aquifers. The DRASTIC method was considered the most basic vulnerability studies.In this study, we intend initially to implement the DRASTIC model, as it was developed by US-EPA. The results of application of DRASTIC will be discussed and validated against available knowledge on Dogger groundwater quality, and in particular nitrate levels. Secondly, the development of a new approach will be developed based on a combination of DRASTIC model and a concept recently developed by the Chamber of Agriculture of Vienne soil susceptibility to infiltration. The results showed that this new approach results in a vulnerability assessment of the aquifer is entirely consistent with the state of contamination of the well and integrates all the parameters (risk parameters intrinsic parameters) involved in transferring pollutants from the soil surface to the well.
Lejay, Mathieu. "Approche archéologique et expérimentale des structures de combustion au Paléolithique supérieur ancien : analyse multiscalaire (micromorphologie et géochimie organique) appliquée aux sites de Régismont-le-Haut et des Bossats". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOU20005/document.
Texto completoThis study treats a selection of combustion structures from Régismont-le-Haut (Hérault, France) and les Bossats (Seine-et-Marne, France) using a multiscalar approach. These two open-air sites provide an extremely rich archaeological documentation of, respectively, a recent phase of the Aurignacian and an early phase of the Gravettian (among others). Methodologically the study entails treating three scales of analysis, beginning with field data (macroscopic scale), followed by micromorphological investigation (meso- and microscopic scales), and finishing with geochemical analyses (molecular scale). An experimental program was also developed in order to refine our tools for interpreting our archaeological datasets, as well as to propose novel avenues of reflexion. The concomitant application of these complementary approaches and subsequent cross-examination of their respective results underlines the important role of organic matter in the combustion structure sediments. The results obtained allow for a better understanding of fire structure operation and use, as well as the taphonomic evolution. For primary structures questions regarded additional construction of the structures, intensity of use, types of fuel, and their function, while secondary structures brought to the table information regarding maintenance activities. The contextualization of results obtained from these two particularly well-preserved sites allows us to reflect more widely upon the role of combustion structures in the Early Upper Palaeolithic, a period during which pyrotechnology remains a little explored sphere of human behaviour
Osis, Reinis. "Relations spatiales entre les ressources biophysiques et les dynamiques d’occupation du sol du front pionnier en Amazonie orientale". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3014/document.
Texto completoThe Amazon has been subject to a rapid change in land use due to deforestation for several decades and more recently to the expansion of annual crops like soybeans. One of the major challenges is to understand better the spatial dynamics of these processes and its determinants. With the reduction of deforestation and the consolidation of pioneer fronts, natural resources and constraints seem to be gaining in importance in farmers' choices. The objective of this research was to assess the role of biophysical factors in land use dynamics since 2000 and to anticipate possible futures in a consolidated Amazonian pioneer frontier, the municipality of Paragominas. We implemented a spatially explicit model to identify the spatial distribution of change processes in relation to different factors. Interviews with farmers explain the underlying strategy. The results show different strategies for the use of biophysical resources according to the types of production, the size of the farms, the distance to roads and villages and the spatial distribution of biophysical resources in the farm. The strategies evolve over time, in relation to production and technological advances, and are organized in space. A better understanding of the importance of biophysical resources on the evolution of pioneer fronts through this type of method could provide support for land-use policies
Criscuoli, Irene. "Stabilité du charbon végétal (biochar) dans le sol et impact sur la productivité et les cycles des nutriments des prairies alpines". Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066574/document.
Texto completoCharcoal or biochar is proposed as a soil amendment to improve physio-chemical soil properties, increase soil carbon (C) stocks and agricultural yields. Ancient charcoal hearths provide an opportunity to investigate its impact under field conditions and in the long term. A series of charcoal hearths and adjacent charcoal-free soils under grassland in the Italian Alps abandoned in 1858 was sampled.80±21% of the C originating from ancient charcoal is still present in the soil today and has a Mean Residence Time of 650±139 years. The content of total and available nutrients is higher in the hearths soils compared to the surrounding grasslands and it is higher today compared to 1858. The input of charcoal directly adds nutrients to soils but Ca2+, K+, SO42- and Mg2+ are leached in the short term after application, as they are lost in the form of ashes. Charcoal is able to retain atmospheric depositions of PO43-, NH4+, NO3- and in the long term K+.The increase in soil nutrient content and decreases in hydrophobicity and bulk density translated into higher plant growth and nutritional values of two alpine fodder species (Festuca nigrescens Lam. and Trifolium pratense L.). Plant growth was N-limited in the charcoal hearths soils and P-limited in the surrounding grasslands not amended or recently amended with charcoal/biochar.We can conclude that charcoal/biochar is a long term strategy to store carbon in soils, improve biomass productivity and fodder quality in alpine grasslands. However charcoal/biochar incorporation into soil can be complex because of the geomorphology of the Alps
Delattre, Laurence. "Analyse des déterminants des choix de préservation des espaces agricoles et naturels dans les politiques locales d'urbanisme : apports d'une approche multi-méthodes". Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0054.
Texto completoIn a context of strong spatial urban growth and given the social emerging issues related to peri-urban farmland preservation against sprawl, we look into the elements that determine local public choices of urban development, in terms of land consumption and densities. We first consider economic frameworks of analysis from Urban and Welfare Economics that address urban planning decision making. Then, we analyze how a multi-method approach (discourse analysis, text statistics and econometrics on a large municipal database) can help build a theoretical framework adapted to a regulated and decentralized context as the French one. We apply this approach to Southeastern France municipal land use plans (Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur, "PACA" Region). The result is an enriched framework of analysis that shows the importance of determinants rarely mentioned in the literature and an assessment of their effect on public decision. Particular roles of some agricultural activity characteristics, elected officials' legitimacy, some of the political characteristics, supra¬municipal policies and interactions between municipalities are outlined. We also highlight synergies between qualitative and quantitative methods such as between discourse, text analyses and econometrics, namely in a perspective of generalization to heterogeneous geographical and institutional contexts. Avenues for future research and some recommendations to public decision-makers are lastly proposed for an in-depth examination
Aubertin, Marie-Liesse. "Biochar-compost mixtures : interactions and impact on carbon sequestration and soil fertility". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUS173.
Texto completoIn the context of global challenge, innovative organic amendment strategies could be used to improve soil agronomic properties in addition to increasing carbon (C) sequestration in soil. The combination of highly stable biochar with compost, a nutrient-rich material containing labile C, may be a solution to improve C sequestration while enhancing soil fertility in the context of a circular economy. Aim of the thesis was to examine if there are biochar-compost interactions and if yes, what are the mechanisms determining their effect on C and nitrogen (N) dynamics and plant growth, at different time scales. To this end we used laboratory and field experiments and analyzed for biological and thermal stability. The thermal stability of biochar was affected by biocharcompost interactions, which may already occur during their blending. Artificial weathering influenced the biological stability of both materials. Under field conditions, these processes did not significantly influence the carbon dynamics of the mixture, while biochar friability and N dynamics were affected by biochar-compost interactions. We conclude that biochar and compost interactions may occur at different time scales and affect their material properties and performance as soil amendment