Tesis: "Urbanism in Africa"

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Sibanda, Phaxenda Maxwell. "Informal urbanism : an appraisal of socio-legal and economic dynamics in East London, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5763.

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Many cities and towns in the Global South continue to experience the growth of the informal sector. There are a number of reasons which explain the growth of the informal sector. These include formal sector retrenchments, shortage of jobs in the formal sector and lack of skills. Street vendors are the most visible traders in the informal sector as compared to other kind of traders. In many cities, the spaces in which vendors conduct their trading is not allocated to them legally as they are seen as a nuisance or obstruction to commerce and the free flow of traffic. Against this background, this study examines the contestation for vending in the East London Central Business District (CBD) Eastern Cape, South Africa. It specifically explores social processes and vendor decision making when it comes to choosing (or claiming) a particular vending space, the legal instruments (by-laws) that either promote or constrain informal trading activities. Furthermore, it investigates the extent to which street vending contributes to the traders‟ income generation and sustainable livelihoods. This study uses a qualitative research design. Purposive sampling was used to select thirty informal traders. In-depth semi structured interviews were conducted with all thirty respondents In addition to the thirty respondents, five key informants were interviewed. The study found that street vending plays a major role in providing BCMM people with livelihood opportunities. Trading space in the CBD is strictly competitive and the spaces they acquire are too small for their businesses to expand to another level. Vendors face a lot of challenges but at the epitome of their challenges is the vending by- laws which the vendors view as a major constraint when it comes to operating smoothly in the streets. The study suggested that vending polices and by- laws be reviewed in order to derive a better socio- economic and functional environment for vendors.

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Louw, Michael Paul. "The new urbanism and new ruralism frameworks as potential tools for sustainable rural development in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20187.

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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Sustainable rural development is currently one of the priority items for the South African government. Agricultural advancement, high rates of unemployment, widespread poverty, a lack of access to employment opportunities, transport, education and other services, skewed land ownership patterns that are partly due to Apartheid policies, a lack of access to land and numerous social and health‐related issues are just some of the problems that rural communities are currently faced with. This study focuses mainly on the spatial planning aspects of rural development and it explores the possibilities of adaptating strategies from the New Urbanism and New Ruralism movements, together with a number of tools typically associated with sustainable rural development, for use in the South African context. Through the study of available literature on the subject, personal interviews and practical experience, a range of strategies have been investigated and a selected number have been identified that may be applicable to the local context. A number of case studies are assessed, which include a new model being implemented at Crossways Farm Village in the Eastern Cape which combines elements from the above‐mentioned approaches. From some of the results achieved to date it seems that the implementation of these particular spatial planning models, combined with models like the biosphere concept that focuses on biodiversity, together with a range of additional socio‐economic strategies, may contribute to the promotion of sustainable rural development in South Africa. It is hoped that this study shows the potential and challenges of these spatial planning models as a tool for sustainable rural development, and that it may lead to further study on the subject.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling is tans een van die prioriteitsitems vir die Suid‐ Afrikaanse regering. Landboukundige vooruitgang, hoë vlakke van werkloosheid, wyd verspreide armoede, ‘n tekort aan toegang tot werksgeleenthede, vervoer, onderwys en ander dienste, verwronge patrone van grondbesit wat deels toegeskryf kan word aan Apartheidsbeleide, ‘n tekort aan toegang tot grond en talle sosiale‐ en gesondheidskwessies is net ‘n paar van die probleme waarmee landelike gemeenskappe tans gekonfronteer is. Hierdie studie fokus hoofsaaklik op die ruimtelike beplanningsaspekte van landelike ontwikkeling en dit ondersoek die moontlikhede om strategië van die New Urbanism en New Ruralism bewegings, tesame met ‘n aantal werktuie wat tipies met volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling geassosieër word, te gebruik in die Suid‐Afrikaanse konteks. Deur die studie van die beskikbare literatuur oor die onderwerp, persoonlike onderhoude en praktiese ondervinding, word ‘n reeks strategië ondersoek en ‘n uitgekose aantal word geidentifiseer wat moontlik van toepassing kan wees op die plaaslike konteks. Daar word verwys na ‘n aantal gevallestudies, wat ook ‘n nuwe model insluit wat tans op Crossways Farm Village in die Oos‐Kaap geimplementeer word, wat elemente van die bogenoemde benaderings kombineer. Van sommige van die resultate wat tot op hede verkry is, blyk dit dat die implementering van hierdie spesifieke ruimtelike beplanningsmodelle, gekombineer met modelle soos die biosfeer konsep wat fokus op biodiversiteit, tesame met ‘n reeks addisionele sosioekonomiese strategië, moontlik mag bydra tot die bevordering van volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling in Suid‐Afrika. Daar word gehoop dat hierdie studie die potensiaal en die uitdagings wys van hierdie ruimtelike beplanningsmodelle as ‘n werktuig vir volhoubare landelike ontwikkeling en dat dit mag lei tot verdere studie oor die onderwerp.

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McDonald, Stefanus Albertus Myburgh. "Risk in mixed-use property development in South Africa : a case study of Melrose Arch". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25375.

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Mixed-use development is a growing trend that is transforming the real estate landscape and is defined as a real estate project with planned integration of some combination of retail, office, residential, hotel, recreation or other functions that are pedestrian-oriented, limit urban sprawl and have architectural expression. Without a tested framework to predict and mitigate risk in a development, it is difficult for investors and property developers to make accurate business decisions. The aim of the research was to explore the risks associated with a prominent mixed-use development and how these risks may be mitigated from a business perspective. From the existing literature, a framework was constructed of elements that would impact on the risk profile of a mixed-use development. Due to the limited amount of available literature, a qualitative and exploratory research design was employed. Due to its prominence and distinctiveness, Melrose Arch in Johannesburg was selected as a case study. A process of triangulation was used between observations, documentation and in-depth, open-ended interviews with the key role players in the development of Melrose Arch. The research indicates that Melrose Arch is riskier than traditional property development. Mixed-use development is an ongoing concern that requires ongoing strategic alignment and general management expertise. Findings from the research contributed to construct a comprehensive framework for risk mitigation in the mixed-use development process. Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
unrestricted

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Du, Plessis Linet. "The ideological construction of new urbanism in Melrose Arch a critical analysis/". Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08202008-141836.

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Corbett, David Ian Bedford. "Alternative forms of citymaking: Insights and implications from South Africa and Australia". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2021. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/208153/1/David%20Ian%20Bedford_Corbett_Thesis.pdf.

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This study employed a comparative urbanism methodology to explore the interrelationship between formal approaches to urban governance and urban informality in Logan, Australia and Cape Town, South Africa. Through in-depth interviews, observations and a co-design workshop, the study investigates points of disconnection in the margins and ties these to issues of power, inclusion and the notion of a 'good' city. It proposes avenues for conducting comparative urban research across Global North and South cities. The thesis furthers knowledge of co-productive research with vulnerable participants, articulates the role of intermediaries in inclusive alternative citymaking, and challenges negative assumptions of urban informality.

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Rumsha, Siphamandla. "Agricultural urbanism and urban agriculture : exploring the possible role of University of Fort Hare and Buffalo City Municipality in supporting small-scale urban farming in East London, South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5072.

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This study investigates the impact of urban agriculture in the city of East London as well as the possibility of adopting agricultural urbanism as an urban farming model to bolster food security. The study goes further to understand the role that could be played by University of Fort Hare and Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in capacitating small scale urban farmers in the city of East London. Unemployment and food insecurity are the key challenges that are affecting many families in South Africa, including urban dwellers. The main objective of this study therefore is to investigate the contributions of urban farming in securing food security and livelihoods in East London. This study adopted a mixed methods research approach, where both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to harvest data. Statistical analysis (descriptive) was then used to analyse quantitative data. Thematic approach used to analyse qualitative data. The study shows that urban farming plays an important role in the livelihoods of urban dwellers. However, the sector still faces various challenges such as lack of recognition by authorities. The study also revealed that the city of East London has potential to establish agricultural urbanism as it has most of the essential aspects that are necessary to establish it. The study recommends strengthening of the partnership between University of Fort Hare, Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality and small scale urban farmers in East London.

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Alaoui, Aziz Bouchra. "La knowledge city : un modèle pour la ville du futur en Afrique ? L'expérience du Maroc". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUL142.

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En Afrique, malgré des ressources naturelles abondantes et une population jeune et créative, le continent peine à impulser une croissance durable. Les cicatrices laissées par des décennies de colonisation, aggravées par des conflits internes, continuent de freiner ce décollage tant espéré. Alors que les aides internationales et les programmes de lutte contre la pauvreté n'ont pas encore réussi à transformer en profondeur les fondements économiques du continent, l'avènement des nouvelles technologies offre à l'Afrique une opportunité unique : celle de réaliser un saut qualitatif en misant sur l'économie de la connaissance. Pour réussir cette transition, il est essentiel de créer des territoires de la connaissance, des espaces propices à l'innovation. Cette thèse explore la capacité du continent à adopter ce modèle, en prenant comme exemple le Maroc, qui pourrait inspirer d'autres nations africaines vers un développement durable basé sur le savoir. Elle interroge ainsi en profondeur les concepts d'économie de la connaissance et de knowledge cities, afin d'examiner leur potentiel à catalyser une transformation radicale du continent africain en véritable pôle d'innovation et de savoir
In Africa, despite abundant natural resources and a young, creative population, the continent continues to struggle to spark sustainable growth. The scars left by decades of colonization, compounded by internal conflicts, still hinder the much-anticipated takeoff. International aid and poverty alleviation programs have yet to deeply transform the economic foundations of the continent. However, the advent of new technologies offers Africa a unique opportunity to make a qualitative leap by focusing on the knowledge economy. To achieve this transition, it is essential to create "knowledge territories", spaces conducive to innovation. This thesis explores the continent's capacity to adopt this model, using Morocco as a case study, which could inspire other African nations toward sustainable development based on knowledge. It deeply examines the concepts of the knowledge economy and "knowledge cities," evaluating their potential to catalyze a radical transformation of the African continent into a true hub of innovation and knowledge

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8

Steyn, G. "Types and typologies of African urbanism". South African Journal of Art History, 2007. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000815.

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This article responds to the rapid urbanisation of sub-Saharan Africa. It laments the loss and deterioration of its pre-colonial urban artefacts due to neglect and even war, and pleads for their conservation and the recognition of relevant characteristics as contemporary urban solutions. Part one outlines the conceptual framework and highlights four theoretical considerations pertaining to definitions, preconceptions, methodology and sources of information. Part two contextualises the origins and nature of African urbanism with a brief historical perspective. Part three analyses the morphology of urban space, while part four concludes by discussing some seemingly intrinsic urban characteristics and their compatibility with current urban theories.

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Hugo, Esthie. "Gothic urbanism in contemporary African fiction". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20691.

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This project surveys representations of the African city in contemporary Nigerian and South African narratives by focusing on how they employ Gothic techniques as a means of drawing the African urban landscape into being. The texts that comprise my objects of study are South African author Henrietta Rose-Innes's Nineveh (2011), which takes as its setting contemporary Cape Town; Lagoon (2014) by American-Nigerian author Nnedi Okorafor, who sets her tale in present-day Lagos; and Zoo City (2010) by Lauren Beukes, another South African author who locates her narrative in a near-future version of Johannesburg. I find that these fictions are bound by a shared investment in mobilising the apparatus of the Gothic genre to provide readers with a unique imagining of contemporary African urbanity. I argue that the Gothic urbanism which these texts unfold enables the ascendance of generative, anti-dualist modes of reading the contemporary African city that are simultaneously real and imagined, old and new, global and local, dark and light - modes that perform as much a discourse of the past as a dialogue on the future. The study concludes by making some reflections on the future-visions that these Gothic urban-texts elicit, imaginings that I argue engender useful reflection on the relationship between culture and environment, and thus prompt the contemporary reader to consider the global future - and, as such, situate Africa at the forefront of planetary discourse. I suggest that Nineveh, Lagoon and Zoo City produce not simply a Gothic envisioning of Africa's metropolitan centres, but also a budding Gothic aesthetic of the African Anthropocene. In contrast to the 1980's tradition of Gothic writing in Africa, these novels are opening up into the twenty-first century to reflect on the future of the African city - but also on the futures that lie beyond the urban, beyond culture, beyond the human.

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Havlík, Darina. "ZOO Park Dvůr Králové - generel". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta architektury, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-215790.

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The proposal project is designing the development plan of the ZOO in Dvur Kralove nad Labem, as has designed a new exhibition of new lions, hyenas, birds of prey, the African desert and the object of refreshments for visitors. Architectural study addresses the design of objects - pavilions exposure for lions, hyenas, a pavilion with an aviary for birds of prey - bird world, the African pavilion terrarium desert and finally building with a cafe and toilets for the visitors of the ZOO. The proposed approach also runs the individual pavilions, then runs for the lions and hyenas and near runs in the African desert ungulates and seasonal runs. The proposed solution recognizes the zoo premises as a place for keeping large animal species composition, education of visitors, as the meeting place of rest and relaxation. The solution takes into account the complex relationships and interactions between exposures in a given area, not only in terms of architectural and aesthetic approach to the complex, but also in terms of operating and zoological.The zoo is a park with specific exposure to live with a balanced human rights - a visitor to one side and kept the animal on the other. The proposed solution to the Zoo is sensitive to the surrounding landscape, the existing urban and architectural design and space requirements for any award. From an operational point of view, the proposal accepted by all the requirements of the future. Areas and facilities for public service facilities, paddocks and animal quarters are each precisely defined and strictly separated geographically and operationally. Are the optimal conditions for the movement of animals between quarters and corral. The proposed solution is very rich in variety of areas, which in addition to the versatility of targeted animals, reflected in the richness of flora and fauna and thus contributing to environmentally high value sites. All spaces is a common need a sufficient level of daylight and direct sunlight. The entire area surrounding the exposure and access roads are designed to completely wheelchair accessible and accessible for persons with reduced mobility. The proposed solution to a sensitive development of existing space is achieved by a better, easier and easier availability. Term solutions proposed pavilions, yards and access roads is based on the themes of African villages. Small scale architectural and mutual spatial composition of individual materials of the new pavilions interconnected units reflects the typical mass breakdown of urban structures in the original locations of breeding species. Pavilions and animal quarters, and appropriately use the added space in the area of ??the zoo and complete the overall character of the place in the context of the current solution to urban zoo.

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Gardner, Roy. "Serowe : a distinctive form of African urbanism?" Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 1986. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/29135/.

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This thesis details the establishment, organisation and development of Serowe from 1902 to 1972 and through the analysis of the nature of Serowe society seeks to show that Serowe represents a distinctive form of African urbanism. Chapter I reviews the nature of urban settlements. Chapter II summarises major changes that have taken place in the field of urban geography and in particular considers the impact of the urban environment on ways of living. Chapter II concludes with a consideration of alternative conceptualisations of urbanism and illustrates the process of urban transformation. Chapter III focuses upon urbanisation in Africa with a broad overview of movements in African urbanism, using Yoruba urbanism as a case study. Chapter III concludes with descriptions of five selected aspects of African urbanism, namely primacy, ethnicity, occupational development, spatial arrangements and housing types. Chapters IV to VIII provide a detailed description of Serowe and are based on field work carried out in 1965 and 1966, Chapter IV traces the origin of the nucleus of the baNgwato of Botswana and the early history of Serowe. Chapter V reviews the sociological factors affecting the organisation of Serowe and stresses the importance of the Chief and the ward in the layout and development of the settlement. Chapter VI considers the impact of the geology of the Serowe area on the growth of Serowe and demonstrates the importance of water. Chapter VII traces the growth in size of Serowe in the context of national and regional totals and concludes with a summary of the major periods of growth. Chapter VIII provides a detailed description of Serowe in 1972. Chapter IX identifies the unique features of Serowe, traces changes in the social organisation resulting from non-indigenous influences, relates Serowe to the theories of urbanism and concludes that Serowe can be classified as urban.

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Schnitzler, Marie. "La construction d’un futur sur quatre roues : Une ethnographie du handicap locomoteur dans Mitchell’s Plain (Afrique du Sud)". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0862/document.

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Cette thèse se concentre sur les subjectivités particulières que produit la déficience locomotrice dans la ville postapartheid au moyen d’une ethnographie de la vie ordinaire. À cet effet, la déficience locomotrice désigne toute limitation des déplacements due à une infirmité des membres inférieurs. Celle-ci est dès lors conçue comme une épreuve, c’est-à-dire un évènement qui rompt avec le quotidien et met sous tension les responsabilités des différents acteurs impliqués — personnes en situation de handicap, familles, État, etc. En outre, ces tensions s’articulent sur différents niveaux dont trois sont particulièrement discutés ici : le champ politique qui détermine un certain type de citoyenneté, les réseaux sociaux qui constituent la personne et enfin le rapport des acteurs en situation de handicap à leur histoire personnelle. Ces trois niveaux se combinent pour façonner des subjectivités particulières, qui sont analysées dans un cadre foucaldien en tant que rapports à soi, mais également aux autres et au monde qui nous entoure. Le chapitre 1 introduit la discussion en proposant un aperçu général de la problématisation politique du handicap en Afrique du Sud. J’y interroge la manière dont l’histoire nationale a pu influencer les discours et les mesures prises dans ce domaine. Au-delà de ces considérations générales, je cherche surtout à saisir les effets réels des mesures adoptées sur l’expérience de la déficience locomotrice dans l’Afrique du Sud contemporaine. Le chapitre 2 s’intéresse alors plus spécifiquement aux politiques de sécurité sociale et d’aide à l’emploi. Cette étape de l’analyse permet d’intégrer une dimension économique dans la suite de la discussion sur les relations sociales des personnes rencontrées. Le chapitre 3 interroge l’existence d’autrui significatif dans le choix d’un logement. Le chapitre 4 se concentre quant à lui sur les rapports de genre et leurs reconfigurations contemporaines, tels qu’ils sont vécus par les personnes atteintes d’une déficience. Un troisième registre de sociabilité plus large et plus diffus fait l’objet du chapitre 5, qui documente les lieux de sociabilité dans le township de Mitchell’s Plain et la manière dont les personnes en situation de handicap s’y intègrent. Finalement, le chapitre 6 rassemble les différents éléments discutés dans les sections qui le précèdent pour saisir les récits de soi que ces dynamiques sociales produisent. C’est alors la place donnée à la déficience par l’individu dans son rapport à lui-même et aux autres qui est mise en évidence. De manière générale, cette réflexion souhaite contribuer à la compréhension des conséquences pratiques des politiques établies et de leur appropriation par les acteurs et participe dès lors aux débats autour de la prise en charge de personnes vues comme ‘dépendantes’. Une approche par le handicap dans une nation conçue tour à tour comme développée et en voie de développement, ni tout à fait sociale ni strictement libérale, cherche à enrichir la réflexion sur ces sujets dans nos sociétés contemporaines. Qui plus est, l’angle de la déficience en Afrique du Sud permet de revenir sur les politiques d’apartheid, dans leur dimension corporelle et sociale, en s’intéressant à la restructuration de la ville postapartheid. Dans ce cadre, interroger la citadinité sud-africaine permet de se départir d’une rhétorique raciale, qui monopolise souvent la réflexion sur cette société, pour comprendre comment, au-delà de ces différences, l’espace urbain est réapproprié. À travers ces dynamiques, c’est aussi la mémoire d’un passé troublé, au statut incertain, qui se joue. Enfin, interroger la déficience locomotrice en Afrique du Sud permet de revenir sur un lien supposé entre ce type de handicap et la violence endémique des anciens townships
This thesis explores subjectivities shaped by locomotive disability in the post-apartheid city through an ethnography of ordinary life. Locomotive disability encompasses every limitation of mobility due to an infirmity of the lower limbs. In my discussion, it is conceived as a ‘test’ (épreuve), namely an event that interrupts everyday routines and creates tensions between the responsibilities of different actors’ – people with disabilities, families, the state, etc. These tensions are articulated on various levels. In my discussion, I focus on three of them: the political field that determines a certain type of citizenship, the social networks that constitute the person, and finally the understanding people with disabilities have of their personal history. These levels combine to shape people’s subjectivity, and are analysed in a Foucauldian perspective not just as individuals’ relations with themselves, but also with others and the wider world. Chapter 1 introduces the discussion by providing an overview of the political problematisation of disability in South Africa. I question how national history has influenced discourses and legislation in the field of disability. More specifically, I explore the effects of these programs on the experience of locomotive disability in contemporary South Africa. Chapter 2 then presents in detail South African social security and job creation policies. This section of the thesis introduces an economic dimension to the discussion of the social relationships of people with disabilities which is taken up in the following chapters. Chapter 3 questions significant others’ identity in the process of finding a house. Chapter 4 focuses on gender relationships and their current reconfigurations, as lived by people with disabilities. A third register of sociability is introduced in chapter 5, which documents the existence and the nature of social places in Mitchell’s Plain township and the ways people with disabilities participate in those spaces. Finally, chapter 6 brings together the conclusions from each chapter to explain the self-narrations (récit de soi) produced by different social dynamics. Through my analysis, I thus explore the place people give to disability in their relationships with the self and with others. More generally, this thesis aims to contribute to the understanding of the consequences that policies have for people’s lives and the way these policies are appropriated by the actors on the field. In so doing, the thesis participates in the debate around the management of people who are often perceived as ‘dependants’. To look at disability in a nation that is both conceived as developed and still developing, neither completely social nor totally liberal, is a way to extend our knowledge on these topics in contemporary societies. Moreover, the topic of disability in South Africa allows me to analyse apartheid policies and their bodily and spatial dimensions, by focusing on how the city is nowadays (re)appropriated by its inhabitants. In this context, questioning South African citiness allows me to depart from a racial discourse that still often monopolises analysis of this society, in order to comprehend how, beyond these differences, the urban space is restructured. Through this dynamic, the memory of a troubled past with an uncertain status is at play. Finally, a discussion on locomotive disability in South Africa challenges the supposed link between this type of disability and the endemic violence of the townships

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Elkashash, Amgad. "Le rôle des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) dans les transformations de la forme urbaine : le cas du Grand Caire". Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUL012.

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Par leur capacité à créer, traiter et transmettre l’information en temps réel, les TIC jouent aujourd’hui un rôle majeur dans la structuration et le développement des territoires. La présente thèse vise à étudier la relation entre les TIC et les transformations de la forme urbaine du Grand Caire. Pour ce faire, la thèse implique une approche multidisciplinaire qui conjugue les deux méthodes quantitative et qualitative ; elle s’appuie sur le modèle de l’« urbanisme des réseaux » pour décomposer les TIC en trois niveaux : infrastructures, technologies de l’information et usages. Plusieurs ressources sont utilisées : rapports, articles et ouvrages spécialisés, données du terrain et ressources Internet y compris les Big data. Les principaux résultats sont les suivants : la distribution des réseaux des TIC (infrastructures, technologies de l’information et usages) a dessiné une zone étendue, un continuum, qui relie les grandes centralités formées pendant plusieurs périodes historiques du Grand Caire. En outre, les TIC, avec d’autres facteurs, ont mené à la formation dans la banlieue sud d’un centre économique/résidentiel, excentré et non planifié, le premier de ce type dans l’histoire millénaire du Grand Caire. Enfin, les résultats ont montré un rôle important des résidences fermées ; ces dernières semblent trouver dans les TIC le moyen pour mieux réaliser leur objectif : permettre de vivre et travailler au Grand Caire sans affronter les maux de son espace central. Globalement, Les TIC, malgré leur capacité à alléger plusieurs contraintes spatiales, sont parmi les facteurs qui ont consolidé la forme urbaine actuelle du Grand Caire avec tous ses problèmes majeurs
With their ability to create, process and transmit information in real time, ICT are playing today a major role in the structuring and development of urban spaces. The present thesis aims to study the relationship between ICT and the transformations of the Greater Cairo’s urban form. To that end, the thesis draws on a multidisciplinary approach that combines quantitative and qualitative methods; it is based on the model of "Urbanism of networks" that divides ICT networks into three levels: infrastructures, information technologies and uses. Many resources are used in this study: reports, specialised books and articles, data collected from the field and various Internet resources including the Big Data. The main results are as follows: at the metropolitan scale, the distribution of ICT networks (infrastructures, information technologies and uses) has drawn an extended area, a continuum, which connects the main urban centers formed during the several historical periods of Greater Cairo. Moreover, ICT, among other factors, have led to the formation in the southern suburb of an eccentric, unplanned economic/residential center, the first of its kind in the millennial history of Greater Cairo. Finally, the results showed an important role of the gated communities, these latter seem to find in ICT the way to better realise their objective: to allow living and working in Greater Cairo without facing the disadvantages of its central space. Overall, ICT, despite their ability to alleviate many spatial constraints, are among the factors that shaped the current urban form of Greater Cairo with all its major problems

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PISCITELLI, PAOLA. "Mobile Urbanity : translocal traders and the city in Southern Africa". Doctoral thesis, Università IUAV di Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11578/278749.

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15

Steyn, G. "Current trends in South African architecture and the way to the future". South African Journal of Art History, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001307.

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Few countries have ever had the opportunity to rethink their architectural dogma as abruptly and radically as South Africa since the few years leading up to the democratic elections of 1994. With only a few exceptions, the pre-democratic South African architecture of the 20th century has always lacked a unique identity. But, coinciding with trends towards Critical-Regionalism and ‘green’ initiatives, the emergence of a new South Africa has inspired the profession as a whole to search for new directions.

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16

Oosthuyzen, Wilna. "Coping, stress hormones and cardiovascular function in urbanised Africans / Wilna Oosthuyzen". Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1434.

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Venter, Paul Christiaan. "Angiogenesis and cardiovascular dysfunction in urbanised Africans : the PURE study / P.C. Venter". Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4002.

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Argument: Hypertension is a main contributing risk factor to many cardiovascular diseases and may be the cause or the result of cardiovascular dysfunction. Black Africans, especially, suffer from hypertension because of lifestyle changes that occur during westernisation, which may lead to sympatho-adrenal hyperactivity. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) are regulators of angiogenesis and are significantly up regulated during states of vascular dysfunction. Levels of angiogenic factors are unknown for African people and may not be the same as levels thus far reported for Caucasians. Aims: The aim of this study is firstly, to determine whether differences exist regarding the levels of VEGF-A and Ang-2 in urbanised compared to rural black Africans and secondly, to determine whether increased levels of VEGF-A and Ang-2 factors are related to hypertension in black Africans. Methodology: This is a sub study that is based upon the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiological (PURE) study. Apparently healthy, fasting African men and women (N=272, aged 35 to 50 years) from the North-West province of South Africa were selected by a medical doctor to participate in this study. Groups were stratified according to gender and urbanisation status based upon information derived from sociodemographic questionnaires. Cardiovascular parameters (Omron HEM-757), pulse wave velocity (PWV) (Compiler SP), plasma angiogenic factor levels (ELISA) and anthropometric measures were determined. An independent t-test and Pearson Chi-square test were used to compare urban and rural data, followed by an analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) while correcting for confounders (age, body mass index, physical activity and tobacco usage). ANCOVAs (corrected for confounders) were applied where hypertensive and normotensive groups were compared within the whole group and urbanised groups. Correlations, correcting for confounders, between cardiovascular variables and angiogenic factors were determined within the whole group and urbanised groups. Results and conclusion: Plasma VEGF-A values for all black Africans were very low while the ANG-2 levels were elevated compared to control values for Caucasians (normotensive and hypertensive) in literature. Urbanised men were more overweight and indicated a higher incidence of hypertension (42.47%) and elevated VEGF-A levels, but lower Ang-2 levels compared to rural men. Urbanised women were generally overweight, physically less active and smoked less, but indicated higher diastolic blood pressure (BP), VEGF-A levels and lower PWV compared with their rural counterparts. Ang-2 levels indicate a negative relationship to diastolic BP data in rural women. No relationships between hypertensive individuals and high angiogenic factor levels were uncovered. Conclusive evidence suggested that angiogenic factor levels were affected more by urbanisation than by the state of hypertension. If low levels of VEGF-2 occur, ANG-2 stimulation and properties may be altered, thereby switching ANG-2 from an anti-angiogenic to a pro-angiogenic molecule, inferring blood vessel destabilisation and vascular dysfunction, such as is observed in hypertensive urbanised men. Higher ANG-2 levels may result in Tie-2 receptor down regulation, hence causing VEGF-A levels to be lower. Further study is needed to ascertain this mechanism since Tie-2 receptor activity was not determined in this study.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Pieterse, Justine. "Locus of identity : public infrastructure that forms loci for cultural identity". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/31653.

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This dissertation investigates the role of architecture in the emergence of community identity with specific reference to the spontaneous surfacing and expansion of informal settlements within the South African context and the need for fundamental public service infrastructure provision. The aim is to understand and illustrate the significance of contextual infrastructure provision as catalyst in the emergence of social and cultural networks. In analysing the current innovative survival strategies induced by the community themselves, a theoretical premise will be established regarding the implications of an "African urbanist" approach to infrastructure and means of applying it in design. The current rate of urbanization within the South African context has resulted in several human settlements expanding organically, attempting to meet the increasing housing demands whilst neglecting the provision of platforms for various interwoven layers of urban fabric and public services. These platforms are integral in the shaping of cultural and community identity. The intent of the proposal is to provide an interface between the public and the built fabric that serves the needs of, as well as enhances the quotidian praxis within the Eastern Mamelodi precinct. The proposal intends to disclose an existing cultural language and identity by establishing physical loci that host and exhibit quotidian social practices unique to Mamelodi. Through theoretical and contextual enquiry the study provides an understanding of the role as well as the necessity of infrastructure architecture manifested into an appropriate solution which will facilitate the corroboration of a unique cultural identity.
Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Architecture
MArch(Prof)
Unrestricted

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Mastere, Mohamed. "L’aléa mouvements de terrain dans la province de Chefchaouen (Rif Central, Maroc) : Analyse Spatiale, et Modélisation Probabiliste Multi-Echelle". Brest, 2011. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00679623.

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L’aléa géologique constitue un axe de recherche en développement constant, les zones habitées étant de plus en plus envahissantes et les exigences pour la maîtrise des aléas étant de plus en plus fortes. Les zones de montagne sont des régions très concernées par différents types d’aléas. Cette étude s’est attachée à l’évaluation de l’aléa Mouvements de terrain (MT) qui constituent l’aléa le plus important dans le Rif Nord — Ouest, Maroc. Ce travail présente une procédure en trois étapes pour l’évaluation de l’aléa mouvements de terrains (AMT). Neuf paramètres disponibles de prédisposition et de déclenchement du milieu géologique (lithologie, fracturation, sismicité, gradient de pente, hypsométrie, exposition des versants, réseau hydrographique, précipitations, et occupation des sols) ont été cartographiés et hiérarchisés dans le but de mieux comprendre leurs interrelations et leurs effets respectifs dans la genèse des MT. Ensuite, la classification, l’inventaire, la description et l’analyse des MT ont été réalisés par interprétation d’images satellitaires THR associée à un travail de terrain. Enfin, l’AMT a été évalué par l’utilisation d’une approche multi-échelle (petite = 1/100 000em, et moyenne = 1/50 000°”j. A petite échelle, cette évaluation a été effectuée par la combinaison de cartes d’index (CCI) où les poids et les pondérations pour chaque paramètre ont été introduits en se basant sur les données statistiques réelles afin de réduire l’aspect subjectif de la méthode. A une échelle moyenne, cette évaluation a été effectuée par l’application et la comparaison de deux approches probabilistes. Il s’agit - de l’approche bivariée de la théorie de l’évidence, et, - de l’approche multivariée des régressions logistiques la première approche s’est avérée plus performante à prédire l’aléa glissements de terrain, alors que la seconde est plus performante pour modéliser l’aléa écroulements et coulées de débris à cette échelle, dans un environnement montagneux maghrébin. Les différentes cartes réalisées constituent un puissant outil d’aide à la décision pour présenter, comparer et discuter des scénarios d’aménagement du territoire : aménagements urbains, ouvrages ou tracés routiers. Ces résultats s’inscrivent dans le cadre du développement durable et permettront d’atténuer les impacts socioéconomiques habituellementconstatés, lors de déclenchement des MT
Geological hazards represent a research topic that is in constant development. Populated areas are ever expanding and the requirements for the control of the hazards they represent are becoming increasingly significant. Orogenic zones are among the areas affected by different types of hazards. This study focuses on the evaluation of mass movement (MM) hazard which is the most common hazard in the Northwest part of the Rifain belt in Morocco. It introduces a three-step procedure to assess mas movement hazard (MMH). Nine contextual variables that characterize the geological environment (lithology, fracturing, seismicity, slope gradient, elevation, aspect, stream’s net, precipitation and land-use) were mapped and classified in order to better understand their interrelationships and their respective effects in the onest of MM. Following this, the classification, inventory, description and the analysis of the MM were carried out by interpretation of high remote sensing data associated to the field study. Finally, MMS was assessed using a multi-scale approach (small = 1/100,000 ; mean = 1/50,000). At the small scale, this assessment was carried out using an index-based approach where the rating nd weighting of each parameter was introduced based on real statistical data to reduce the subjectivity of the method. At the meso-scale, this evaluation was performed by applying and comparing two probabilistic approaches. These are: (i) the bivariate weights of evidence approach (WOEA), and (ii) the multivariate logistic regression approach (LRA). WOEA proved most successful in predicting landslides hazard and LR proved most successfull in modeling rockfalls and debris flow at the meso-scale in a North African mountain environment. The various maps produced constitute a powerful decision-making tool to present, compare and discuss scenarios of town and land-use planning, i. E. Urban planning, works or road plans. These results are part of a sustainable development framework winch allows mitigating the socioeconomic impacts that are usually noticed during the release of MM

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Ghirello, B?rbara Campidelli. "Negros e brancos: identidade e territ?rio em Campinas (1888-1956)". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2018. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/1096.

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The present work aimed to investigate the spatial location of the population and the black culture in Campinas-SP between 1888 and 1956 and to analyze the urban interventions carried out in the period, identifying its disciplinary and authoritarian character. With the aim of making african ancestrality visible in the history of the city and deconstructing the idea of inevitability and political neutrality related to the consolidation of urban space and the growth of cities, the research aimed to contribute to recent studies on the importance of african matrix culture and to debate the thoughts behind the brazilian territoriality, especially in Campinas city. The research was based on bibliographic, cartographic, iconographic and journalistic documentation, urban legislation and cartography analyzes, through which it was found that euro-brazilian culture and identity, with its sense of domination and power, imposed itself and coerced afro-brazilian culture and identity, giving birth to a urban environment marked by the white identity and the invisibility not only of blackness but also of any other possibility of urban scenery, other than that established in the imaginary of this city.
O presente trabalho desejou investigar a localiza??o espacial da popula??o e da cultura negra em Campinas-SP entre os anos 1888 e 1956 e analisar as interven??es urbanas realizadas no per?odo, identificando seu car?ter disciplinador e autorit?rio. Com os objetivos de visibilizar a ancestralidade africana na hist?ria da cidade e de desconstruir a ideia de inevitabilidade e de neutralidade pol?tica relacionada ? consolida??o do espa?o urbano e ao crescimento das cidades, a pesquisa pretendeu contribuir com os estudos recentes sobre a import?ncia da cultura de matriz africana e levantar debate acerca dos pensamentos por tr?s da territorialidade brasileira e, em especial, da cidade de Campinas. A pesquisa se pautou em analises bibliogr?ficas, cartogr?ficas, iconogr?ficas, de legisla??o urban?stica, de documenta??o jornal?stica, e constru??o de cartografias, atrav?s das quais se constatou que a cultura e identidade euro-brasileira, com seu senso de domina??o e poder, neste per?odo, se imp?s e coagiu a cultura e identidade afro-brasileira, fazendo nascer um ambiente urbano campineiro marcado pela identidade branca dos bar?es do caf? e pela invisibiliza??o n?o s? da negritude mas tamb?m de qualquer outra possibilidade de cen?rio urbano, que n?o aquele estabelecido no imagin?rio desta cidade.

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Baba, Mbulelo Mazizi. "Community participation in low-income housing projects : experiences of newly-urbanised Africans in Mfuleni in the Cape Metropole". Thesis, Link to the online version, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1292.

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Danelle, Danelle. "Cardiovascular function, coping and cortisol in urbanised Africans : the SAPBA [i.e. SABPA] study / Danelle Meyburgh". Thesis, North-West University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/4748.

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Motivation: Environmental stressors have psychological and biological effects and the inability to cope with the stressor affects the mood and could lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Chronic stress leads to deregulation of hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis (HPAA) which leads to increased circulating adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, impaired feedback regulation of the axis and impaired glucocorticoid receptor binding in the hippocampus. Stress and related health impairments are major problems in human life, therefore, the investigation into the psychobiological pathways that link stress and disease are of great importance. Aim: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between cardiovascular, cortisol and coping responses in urbanised Africans as well as its contribution towards progression of target organ damage. Methodology: The SABPA (Sympathetic Activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans) study was a target population study which included a sample of fasting urban black Africans, aged 21-62 years, from one of four education districts in the Dr Kenneth Kaunda Education districts, North-West Province. There was a total of 200 fasting participants (N=101 men, N=99 women). Blood pressure (BP) measures according to the RoccilKorotkoff method were taken, followed by Finometer BP data, resting blood and saliva sampling before stressor application. Stressors included: the cold pressor test (CPT) and colour word conflict test (CWC). Cortisol saliva sample analysis was done with an enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay. Resting salivary cortisol levels were taken 45 minutes after awakening, avoiding the Cortisol Awakening Response (CAR), and completed before 10am according to standardized procedures. Cortisol sampling time 1 was between 06h30-07hOO and time 2 between 08h30-09hOO. Saliva cortisol sampling was done 30 minutes after exposure to each stressor (Salivette Sarstedt®). A winged infusion set was used, by a registered nurse, to sample blood from brachial vein branches; for serum estrogen as well as sodium fluoride glucose. The Coping strategy indicator (CSI), which has been has been successfully used in South Africa, was used. The CSt is a factor analytical derived measure of coping where three fundamental coping strategies are revealed: Problem solving, seeking social support and avoidance. The Ethics Committee of North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, approved the study. Results: More men than women (63%; 34%) respectively are hypertensive. Hypertensive (HT) men show increased vascular responses when subjected to the cold pressor test (CPT) and HT women show similar vascular reactions, but only to the colour word conflict test (CWC) test. Irrespective of blood pressure (BP) status, men and women have high-normal blood glucose levels and high-normal cortisol values. Decreased cortisol reactivity is associated with the progression of target end organ damage in the HT men (p=0.06). Resting cortisol values in both men and women are significantly lower during sampling time 2, (p.=:: 0.001). Partial correlations, adjusted for age, BMI and cortisol sampling time, indicate that high problem solving as well as high avoidance correlates with central BP response changes during the CPT in HT men. Neck circumference (NC) and high problem solving correlate with central increases in BP in HT women during the CWC test. None of the coping strategies are associated with the progression of target end organ damage in either the men or the women. HT women are more centrally obese than their NT counterparts, and even than the HT men. Despite this, obesity is not associated with the progression of target end organ damage in the HT African women. Interestingly glucose and central obesity is positively associated with the progression of target end organ damage in the men. Conclusion: Glucose and central obesity is positively associated with the progression of target end organ damage and atherosclerosis in HT men. Decreased cortisol reactivity is associated with the progression of target end organ damage in the men, indicating possible HPPA hypoactivity due to chronic stress. However more research is needed to confirm this speculation. Coping strategies did not seem to be associated with progression of target end organ damage.
Thesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

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23

Mashele, Nyiko. "Cardiovascular function and psychological distress in urbanised black South Africans : the SABPA study / Nyiko Mashele". Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5038.

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Motivation: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with the greatest mortality rates occurring in low and middle income countries. The increase in the prevalence of risk factors such as hypertension, obesity and diabetes in Sub-Saharan Africa has led in an increase of the prevalence of CVD. It remains largely unclear whether psychological distress and more specifically the perception of own health and / depression may contribute to this observed increase in the prevalence of CVD in this population group. To our knowledge investigations exploring these aspects have not been done in the African context, thus the association between depression as an outcome of psychological distress and cardiovascular dysfunction in Africans is a new frontier that requires further exploration in the population group. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between psychological distress and cardiovascular function in urbanized black South Africans which included a target population of 200 Africans, men (n=101) and women (n=99). The participants were stratified into a hypertensive (HT) and normotensive (NT) group. Methodology: The manuscript presented in chapter 2 made use of the data obtained from the SABPA (Sympathetic activity and Ambulatory Blood Pressure in Africans) project. A group of 200 black Africans from governmental institutions of the North West Province of South Africa were recruited. All procedures conducted were approved by the North-West University Ethics Committee and written informed consent was given by all the participants prior to the study. Anthropometric measurements were taken with the assistance of registered biokinetisists. Resting cardiovascular variables such as heart rate (HR), arterial compliance (Cw), total peripheral resistance (TPR) and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) were obtained with the use of a Finometer device. The 24 hours ambulatory blood pressure (BP) (AMBP) measurements were obtained with a Cardiotens apparatus. The resting ECG NORAV PL-1200 data determined left ventricular hypertrophy (L VH) by making use of the Cornell product (RaVL+ SV3) *QRS. Psychological distress questionnaire assessed the perception of health (General Health Questionnaire; GHQ-28) and depression severity (Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ-9). Participants were stratified into hypertensive and normotensive groups based on the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) 2007 guidelines using the 24hr AMBP as a norm. Results were adjusted for confounders (age, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity). One way Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was done to determine significant differences between age, body mass index, lifestyle factors cardiovascular variables and psychological parameters. For more detailed description of the subjects, study design and analytical procedures used in this study the reader is referred to the Methods section in Chapter 2. Results and Conclusion: The hypertensive (HT) men and women were more obese (p<0.01) with a larger waist circumference (WC) (p=0.05) and a lower compliance (pThesis (M.Sc. (Physiology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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de, Oliveira Julio Cesar Magalhães. "Igreja, mobilização popular e ação coletiva na Africa romana do seculo IV ao seculo V". [s.n.], 2001. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279196.

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Orientador: Pedro Paulo A. Funari
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este é um estudo sobre algumas das formas da atuação do povo nas cidades do Império Romano Tardio. O texto se concentra numa análise do caso particular das relações entre a plebe cristã e a Igreja no norte da África, mas apresenta essas relações no contexto mais amplo da política urbana do Império tardio (do século IV às primeiras décadas do século V). O objetivo é compreender como, neste contexto, as multidões urbanas podiam ser mobilizadas e engajadas e quais eram as expectativas, as motivações e as formas de ação coletiva da plebe urbana
Abstract: This study is about some of the (political and religious) activities of the common people in the cities of the Later Roman Empire. We focus our attention to the relations between the Christian plebs and the Church in Northern Africa. Our approach, though, is by presenting the relations in the broader context of the urban policies of the Later Empire. We aim to understand how the urban mob would be mobilized and led to take an active part in political and religious disputes, what its motivations and expectations were, and how it would act in order to achieve certain goals
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Paulo, Adriano Ferreira de. "ReligiÃes de matriz africana e renovaÃÃo carismÃtica catÃlica: tensÃes na aplicaÃÃo da Lei 10.639/03 no ensino de histÃria em escolas pÃblicas do grande Bom Jardim". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2016. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=16202.

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FundaÃÃo de Amparo Ã Pesquisa do Estado do CearÃ
Em 2013 foram completados 10 anos de implementaÃÃo, no Brasil, da lei federal 10.639/03, lei que modificou a LDB (Lei de Diretrizes e Bases da EducaÃÃo) instituindo a obrigatoriedade do ensino de HistÃria e Cultura Afro-Brasileira nos nÃveis de ensino fundamental e mÃdio, no Ãmbito de todo o currÃculo escolar pÃblico ou privado, em especial nas Ãreas de EducaÃÃo ArtÃstica, Literatura e HistÃria Brasileiras. O ensino de HistÃria destaca-se por estar em sintonia, de acordo com os DCNs (Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais), tanto nos nÃveis Fundamental como MÃdio, e com a possibilidade de aÃÃes multiculturais. PorÃm, ao falarmos sobre religiÃes de matriz africana em Ãmbito escolar, muitas vezes ocorrem tensÃes e embates simbÃlicos, entre professores e alunos, devido a nÃo aceitaÃÃo destas crenÃas, demonstrando raÃzes de discriminaÃÃo e violÃncia religiosa em alguns alunos, destacadamente cristÃos, baseados em discursos ensinados e reproduzidos dentro das instituiÃÃes religiosas, destacando-se neste trabalho, a RenovaÃÃo CarismÃtica CatÃlica. Nesta pesquisa buscamos compreender estes acontecimentos, trazendo-os Ã investigaÃÃo cientÃfica, discorrendo sobre suas consequÃncias para a educaÃÃo, uma vez que acontece um condicionamento dos alunos carismÃticos para nÃo aceitarem as crenÃas afro-brasileiras como forma de uma possibilidade de ritual sagrado. Nosso embasamento teÃrico discorre em Bourdieu e Passeron (1975), Candau (2008), Caputo (2012), Certeau (1996), Charlot (2013), Foucault (2002), Ferreira (2005), Freire (1992), Gomes (2005), Mc Laren (2000), Munanga (2005), Petit (2015), Prandi (1998) e SodrÃ (2012). Esta pesquisa Ã do tipo qualitativa, por isso nossa intenÃÃo de investigaÃÃo vai alÃm de quantificaÃÃes e se debruÃarÃ sobre os sujeitos e suas significaÃÃes para o fenÃmeno estudado. Nossa metodologia estÃ norteada pela Pesquisa EtnogrÃfica, em Ludke (1986) e AndrÃ (1986) e pela HistÃria Oral, a partir dos conceitos de Le Goff (1994). Utilizamos como procedimentos metodolÃgicos: anÃlises bibliogrÃficas, documentais, entrevistas e questionÃrios nas escolas pesquisadas. A demarcaÃÃo espaÃotemporal sÃo 05 escolas pÃblicas localizadas no bairro Grande Bom Jardim (Siqueira, Bom Jardim, Granja Lisboa, Granja Portugal e Canindezinho), em Fortaleza, no CearÃ, Brasil, analisando os dias atuais, em que teremos como sujeitos participantes alunos e professores. Os dados analisados sÃo os frutos de uma dissertaÃÃo de Mestrado em EducaÃÃo Brasileira. Os resultados mostram que mesmo depois de 10 anos de implementaÃÃo da lei 10.639/03, vemos que ainda hÃ muito a ser feito, principalmente no tocante ao respeito Ãs prÃticas culturais africanas, particularmente suas crenÃas. AÃÃes de violÃncia religiosa entre alunos e professores foram encontrados e apontados como alarmantes e a RenovaÃÃo CarismÃtica CatÃlica apresenta-se como mais um segmento religioso que marginaliza as religiÃes de matriz africana difundindo em seus grupos e comunidades religiosas preconceitos sobre estas crenÃas. Acreditamos que o debate, a desmistificaÃÃo do tema, tendo como auxÃlio na educaÃÃo o ensino de HistÃria, relacionando aspectos religiosos e sociais, seus ganhos e perdas para a formaÃÃo do Brasil, trarÃ contribuiÃÃes para a educaÃÃo com maiores significaÃÃes multicultuais.

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O'Shaughnessy, Emma Vivian. "Re-assessing the inner city of Johannesburg : an exploration into emerging African urbanism and the discovery of black agency in Phaswane Mpe's Welcome to our Hillbrow and Kgebetli Moele's Room 207". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11595.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-131).
At present, we are witnessing an exciting moment in African urban discourse, one that sees writers and theorists engaging with new avenues in which the African city can be configured and read. The discourse reflects and focuses on the myriad, creative ways in which African urbanites capitalise on their environments, exploring the kinds of challenges and freedoms generated by a life in the African city. Underlying this exploration is the notion that through the development of creative tactics, African urbanites can lay claim to agency amidst difficult conditions and can also shape their urban environments into flexible and enabling spaces. This approach challenges the idea that African cities are simply 'dysfunctional' or 'chaotic'. Simultaneously, this allows the stigma attached to the entire 'sign' of Africa to be challenged. The following study uses this basis of African urban discourse and applies it to a South African context. Indeed, one local urban centre that has always garnered a wealth of interest is the inner city of Johannesburg. Recent theory and research around African cities allows me to delve deeper into the intricacies of its social and geo-political landscape. The purpose of this is ultimately to shape a literary study. The discourse will aid me as I analyse two novels set in the inner city, namely Phaswane Mpe's Welcome to Our Hillbrow and Kgebteli Moele's Room 207. The theoretical framework creates a context in which I explore the impact of these two, post-apartheid novels. The texts also provide a crossover point that enables me to explore the ideas propagated by emerging African urban theory in depth. Both novels are realistic and semi- autobiographical accounts of life in the inner city. In a sense, the novels provide a semi-fictionalised 'ethnographic' frame for my research. This is not to imply that literature can challenge social theory or that the two naturally should correspond. What this approach does allow for is for me to show how valuable the writer is in this kind of environment, as well as how the city generates a particular kind of story and storytelling. Furthermore, it gives me a space in which the central tenets of African urban thought can be explored and applied in detail. For these reasons, the following research is multidisciplinary, using a range of social, urban theory to understand two creative, urban texts. The contribution it aims to make is to both to the field of literature and to the study of (South) African city spaces.

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Martins, Alessandra Ribeiro. "Matriz africana em Campinas: territ?rios, mem?ria e representa??o". Pontif?cia Universidade Cat?lica de Campinas, 2017. http://tede.bibliotecadigital.puc-campinas.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/tede/928.

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African matrix refers to every ancestral cultural heritage, territorial, monumental, linguistic and organizational, both in documents and urban vestiges as in orality, transmitted by black Africans enslaved and preserved in the territory by memory through manifestations, reinventions and reterritorialisations in Campinas in the form of groups, Marches, processions, cultural manifestations, peoples and traditional communities. All manifestations have as a fundamental representation for their existence and practice the commitment to the transmission of knowledge, safeguard and preservation of this African ancestry, including the permanent struggle against racism, discrimination and diverse intolerances. This thesis developed a new look at the spaces and territories of the Campinas' African matrix, focusing on the contributions of groups, points of culture, movements and cultural manifestations, traditional ?terreiro? communities (Umbanda, Candombl? etc) and the contemporary formation and reterritorialisations of these places. For this, it investigated the historical construction, post-abolition of slavery and the apparent "invisibility" of the African matrix in the city; The strategies of official erasure of this memory and cultural vestiges; And analyzed the process of reconstitution of records and spatial and cultural vestiges, with the 1998 Constitution as the basis for the elaboration of public policies related to this matrix.It said that African cultural heritage in its knowledge, values and practices increases its visibility through the struggle of the black movement, cultural groups and traditional peoples and communities. Valuing the wealth of this contribution implied in the obligation and the contradiction of recognizing the place of subalternization and stereotypy conferred on black people in Brazilian society and the commitment to the territorial transformation of this reality.It was important to realize that spatial inequality is incorporated into social inequality by merging, in urban space, the interests of capital, state action and the struggle of broad segments of the population as a form of resistance against segregation and the right to the city. This thesis recovered several actions of people and groups linked to the African matrix that contributed, and still do, to the construction of Campinas, even when in its daily life this city seems to move away from them; Campinas, when planned, organized and constructed, faced the choices of its leaders and the actions of the movements so that the population in its totality was inserted.It was when this work was inserted reworking the understanding of this identity of African matrix, from the perception of the possibilities of self representation in the urban space by the local cultures.
Matriz africana ? toda heran?a ancestral cultural, territorial, monumental, lin-gu?stica e organizacional, tanto em documentos e vest?gios urbanos quanto na orali-dade, transmitidos pelos negros africanos escravizados e preservados no territ?rio pela mem?ria atrav?s de manifesta??es, reinven??es e reterritorializa??es em Campinas em forma de grupos, marchas, cortejos, manifesta??es culturais, povos e comunidades tradicionais. Todas as manifesta??es t?m como representa??o fundamental para sua exist?ncia e pr?tica o compromisso com a transmiss?o de saberes, salvaguarda e preserva??o dessa ancestralidade africana, incluindo a luta permanente contra o racismo, discrimina??o e intoler?ncias diversas. Essa tese desenvolveu um novo olhar sobre os espa?os e territ?rios de matriz africana de Campinas, focando nas contribui??es dos grupos, pontos de cultura, movimentos e manifesta??es culturais, comunidades tradicionais de terreiro (Umbanda, Candombl? etc) e na forma??o e reterritorializa??o contempor?nea desses lugares. Para tanto, investigou a constru??o hist?rica, p?s-aboli??o da escravid?o e a aparente ?invisibilidade? da matriz africana na cidade; as estrat?gias de apagamento oficial dessa mem?ria e dos vest?gios culturais; e analisou o processo de reconstitui??o dos registros e vest?gios espaciais e culturais, tendo a Constitui??o de 1998 como base para a elabora??o de pol?ticas p?blicas referentes a essa matriz. Avaliou que a heran?a cultural de matriz africana em seus saberes, valores e pr?ticas amplia sua visibilidade por meio da luta do movimento negro, dos grupos culturais e dos povos e comunidades tradicionais. Valorizar a riqueza desta contribui??o implicou na obriga??o e na contradi??o de reconhecer o lugar de subalterniza??o e estereotipia conferidos aos negros e negras na sociedade brasileira e o compromisso com a transforma??o territorial desta realidade. Foi relevante perceber que a desigualdade espacial se incorpora ? desigualdade social ao se fundirem, no espa?o urbano, os interesses do capital, a a??o do Estado e a luta de amplos segmentos da popula??o como forma de resist?ncia contra a segrega??o e pelo direito ? cidade. A tese recuperou v?rias a??es de pessoas e coletivos ligados ? matriz africana que contribu?ram, e ainda contribuem, para a constru??o de Campinas, mesmo quando em seu cotidiano essa cidade parece rumar para longe delas; Campinas, ao ser planejada, organizada e constru?da, enfrentou as escolhas de seus dirigentes e a atua??o dos movimentos para que a popula??o em sua totalidade fosse inserida. Foi a? que este trabalho se inseriu ao reelaborar a compreens?o dessa identidade de matriz africana a partir da percep??o das possibilidades de auto representa??o no espa?o urbano pelas culturas locais.

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Cottrell, Corey Ann. "Projeto Pure Mutt - Puro vira lata: Um Estudo Coreográfico nas Danças Urbanas: Samba-reggae, Capoeira e Hip Hop". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFBA, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/9213.

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Esta dissertação tem o objetivo de demonstrar o processo da criação coreográfica inspirada em danças urbanas da diáspora africana. Na pesquisa coreográfica, foram trabalhadas as seguintes modalidades de dança: samba-reggae, capoeira e hip hop. Um dos principais objetivos foi o trabalho integrado com os artistas-participantes. O projeto realizou a apresentação de um trabalho de criação coletiva, que foi gravado na forma digital e editado em DVD, no qual revela toda a pesquisa e o seu processo criativo, contendo depoimentos dos participantes, clips dos ensaios e a performance final. Os resultados do projeto foram obtidos através da pesquisa bibliográfica e da pesquisa de campo. A pesquisa bibliográfica focalizou nas danças urbanas acima mencionadas, as teorias de cultura, etnicidade, cultura popular afro-brasileira e afro-americana, e a globalização. A pesquisa de campo tomou forma a partir de colaborações com a Escola de Dança da Fundação Cultural do Estado da Bahia e da Escola de Capoeira Ginga e Malícia, e com a minha participação como artista e espectadora em alguns eventos de samba-reggae, capoeira, hip hop e reggae, em Salvador, durante o período de 2005 a 2007. Na Escola de Dança (FUNCEB), Escola de Capoeira Ginga e Malícia e na Faculdade de Educação na UFBA foram realizados ensaios durante três meses, que produziram o produto criativo alvo desta pesquisa. A apresentação final foi realizada e gravada na Praça Dois de Julho, no Campo Grande, em Salvador - BA, em dezembro de 2006. Este trabalho também foi apresentado na 32a Conferência da Associação de Estudos Caribenhos em Salvador, em maio de 2007.
Salvador

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Kalieu, Christian. "Surgissement, prolifération et intégration des motos-taxis dans les villes camerounaises : les exemples de Douala et Bafoussam". Thesis, Brest, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BRES0078/document.

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Au cours des dernières décennies, la mobilité dans les villes camerounaises a été marquée par la croissance considérable du trafic des motos-taxis, qui constituent désormais le mode de déplacement dominant. La sédimentation actuelle des deux-roues dans la circulation génère des nuisances, des problèmes et des coûts pour la collectivité et les usagers. La conséquence la plus directe provoquée par cette mutation de la mobilité est l’augmentation croissante des accidents. Les motos sont désormais au coeur de violents conflits d’usage sur la voie publique. L’objectif de notre recherche est double, il s’agit d’abord d’améliorer la prise de conscience de l’importance des enjeux et des externalités et, ensuite, de proposer des pistes de réflexion pour favoriser le passage d’une cohabitation conflictuelle à une cohabitation pacifique entre les motos-taxis et les autres usagers de la route. Celle-ci nécessite une réponse urbanistique, pédagogique, sociologique et politique, elle implique une gouvernance et une gestion urbaine appropriée
During the last decades, daily urban and rural displacements in Cameroonian towns have suffered from an increase of motorcycle taxis in traffic flow. Those taxis are now considered the major mode of urban transport. This current predominance of two-wheelers in the urban landscape generates an explosive growth of pollution, road traffic accidents and public spending. The most direct and profound impact of this mutation is the increase of motorcycle accidents. Motorcycles are consequently the cause of violent conflicts among road users on the public highway. Our research has two goals: the first one is improving people's awareness of what is at stake concerning the motorcycle system and his negative effect in urban mobility, and the second one is giving food for thought in order to improve relations between motorcycle taxis and the other road users. We also want to help find solutions to manage and integrate motorcycles and their commercial use in the city. To do so, we will focus on urban, instructive, sociological and political approaches and on appropriate urban planning

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30

Richter, Konstantin Alexander. "The historic religious buildings of Ribeira Grande: implementation of christian models in the early colonies, 15th till 17th century, on the example of Cape Verde Islands". Doctoral thesis, Universidade da Madeira, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.13/256.

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Dieng, Mamadou dit Papa. "Produire la ville en Afrique : le pôle urbain de Diamniadio au Sénégal, une ville nouvelle de la région métropolitaine de Dakar confrontée au défi de la planification urbaine durable". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2023. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/ToutIDP/EDSESAM/2023/2023ULILA023.pdf.

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La ville nouvelle ne fait plus recette dans de nombreux pays occidentaux, notamment dans les politiques urbaines. Mais dans les pays du Sud global, en particulier en Chine et dans de nombreux pays africains confrontés à de multiples défis urbains, des projets emblématiques annoncés comme des « villes nouvelles » voient le jour. Aujourd'hui, à la lumière de nouveaux défis et de contextes géographiques spécifiques, le terme mérite d'être revisité. Cette recherche se concentre sur les projets de villes nouvelles en Afrique en général et sur le cas de Diamniadio au Sénégal en particulier. L'intérêt porté par les gouvernements à l'option ville nouvelle s'inscrit dans un double contexte. D'une part, depuis les années 2000, la plupart des pays africains ont connu une bifurcation marquée par le retour d'une forte croissance économique et d'un champ urbain diversifié investi par de grands groupes privés et des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG). À l'échelle mondiale, la pensée urbaine a évolué du « développement durable » à la « ville durable ». À Dakar, au Sénégal, l'approche de la planification a consisté à mettre en œuvre de grands projets d'infrastructure à la périphérie de la ville, dans le but de desserrer la concentration des activités et des populations et de les redéployer vers de nouveaux pôles urbains. Cependant, la réalité urbaine émergente est encore méconnue. C'est l'objet de cette recherche. À partir de l'exemple du pôle urbain de Diamniadio dans la région métropolitaine de Dakar, il s'agit de comprendre le processus de production d'une ville nouvelle à l'aune de la métropolisation et de la ville durable
The "new town" is no longer a recipe for success in many Western countries, especially in urban policies. But in the countries of the global South, especially China and many African countries facing multiple urban challenges, emblematic projects heralded as "new cities" are seeing the light of day. Today, in light of new challenges and specific geographical contexts, the term deserves to be revisited. This research focuses on new city projects in Africa in general and the case of Diamniadio in Senegal in particular. The interest shown by governments in the new town option is part of a dual context. On the one hand, since the 2000s, most African countries have experienced a bifurcation marked by the return of strong economic growth and a diversified urban field invested by large private groups and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). At the global scale, urban thinking has evolved from "sustainable development" to the "sustainable city". In Dakar, Senegal, the planning approach has been to implement major infrastructure projects on the outskirts of the city, with the aim of reducing the concentration of activities and populations and redistributing them to new urban centers. However, the emerging urban reality is still unknown. This is the purpose of this research. Using the example of the Diamniadio urban hub in the Dakar metropolitan region, it aims to understand the process of building a new town in the context of metropolitanization and the sustainable city

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Dewel, Serge. "ADDIS ABÄBA (Éthiopie) 1886-1966. Construction d'une nouvelle capitale pour une ancienne nation souveraine". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF021/document.

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Dans la seconde moitié du XIXe siècle, l’Éthiopie luttait farouchement pour conserver son indépendance, tout en agrandissant considérablement son territoire. Une région de montagnes et de prairies, jusqu’alors aux marges méridionales de l’espace national, se retrouva au centre du pays défini par de nouvelles frontières. C’est là qu’est née Addis Abäba vers 1886, d’abord simple "kätäma" (camp royal) et base logistique pour les conquêtes militaires, avant de devenir un « carrefour du monde ».L’objectif de cette thèse est une mise en lumière du rôle moteur, exercé par la volonté de reconnaissance de la souveraineté nationale, dans le processus particulier de fondation et de pérennisation de la capitale éthiopienne, ainsi que dans son développement au cours du XXe siècle. Les grandes phases de croissance d’Addis Abäba ne peuvent être comprises qu’à l’aune du contexte international, alors que la souveraineté et l’indépendance éthiopiennes étaient menacées. Dans ces moments particuliers, le pouvoir a mis la ville en scène, en la développant et en la dotant d’un patrimoine architectural et monumental. Pour cela, il puisa dans le temps long de l’histoire éthiopienne, dans l’attachement à la chrétienté éthiopienne — la religion "Täwahǝdo" — et dans le mythe national du "Kǝbrä Nägäst". Les règnes et régimes successifs ont adopté une même rhétorique urbaine et bâtisseuse, jusqu’au XXIe siècle
While fiercely struggling for its independence during the second half of the 19th century, Ethiopia extended considerably its territory. A region of meadows and mountains, at the southern march, became the centre of the country in its new borders. There, in 1886, what was first founded as a garrison camp for its strategic position became Addis Abäba, soon the new capital at the crossroads of the world.This thesis aims to highlight the part played by the national sovereignty and its recognition in the particular process of the Ethiopian capital foundation and its perpetuation, as well as its development during the 20th century. The main growing phases of Addis Abäba might only be understood in terms of its international context whilst Ethiopian sovereignty and independence were jeopardized. During those particular times, the rulers used Addis Abäba as a stage for its performance, expanding the city and provided it with architectural and monumental heritage. For this, they drew in the country’s long-time history, in the strong commitment to the Ethiopian Christianity – the "Täwahǝdo" – and into the "Kǝbrä Nägäst" the national myth. The successive systems and reigns until the 21st century have adopted the same urban and building response

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Mama, Awal Halimatou. "La métropole-village(s) de Ouagadougou : explorer les potentiels d'un territoire, supports de processus de projet architectural". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAH005/document.

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La ville africaine s'étale et intègre les villages environnants en devenant métropole. Que ce soit le mouvement des ruraux vers les villes ou bien de la ville vers la campagne, ces phénomènes inquiètent les spécialistes. La pensée traditionnelle du monde qui opposait ville-campagne, ville-village, ville-brousse, n'est plus d'actualité. Les réalités du territoire sont devenues autres. Quels sont les outils qui nous permettent de lire ces nouvelles réalités? Comment opérer ce changement de «lunettes» que nous propose Bernardo Secchi pour lire et écrire la «ville contemporaine»?Pour nos recherches, nous considérons Ouagadougou comme un véritable observatoire. L'objectif est d'apprendre des lieux d'initiatives où se construisent de nouveaux modes de vie dans des dynamiques imprévues. Aujourd'hui, la capitale burkinabé est caractérisée par une double identité foncière. Une organisation foncière publique importée de la pensée coloniale dite « lotie », et une organisation foncière informelle issue de la culture villageoise dite « non-lotie ». À force de coexistence, le développement de métropole n'a t-il pas engendré d'autres phénomènes, avec des degrés et des intensités variés de planification et de spontanéité? La rencontre des deux modes opératoires ne définit pas un rapport dual, mais un intervalle. Dans ce contexte, le « village » entendu dans sa dimension sociale et communautaire devient, en milieu urbain, générateur d'espaces communs. Les structures communautaires testent les possibles et inventent la métropole au quotidien : elles rendent flexible toute forme de planification. Ainsi, nous formulons l'hypothèse que l'étude de la « Métropole-village(s)» de Ouagadougou peut amener à de nouvelles connaissances permettant la création d'outils de compréhension des territoires urbanisés contemporains
The African city spreads and incorporates the surrounding villages becoming metropolis. Whether the migration from rural to urban or from the city to the countryside, these phenomena became a concern for specialists. Traditional thinking of the world that opposed city-countryside, city-village, city-bush, is no longer valid. Territory's realities became different. What are the tools that allow us to read these new realities? How can we proceed to a change of "glasses" that Bernardo Secchi is proposing, in order to read and write the " contemporary city "?For our research, we consider Ouagadougou as a true observatory. The objective is to learning places of initiatives which build new lifestyles in unexpected dynamics. Today, the capital of Burkina Faso is characterized by a dual identity of the land. Public land organization imported from the colonial thinking called " lotie " (subdivided area) and an informal tenure arrangements after the village culture called “non-lotie” (non-subdivided area). To force to coexistence, hasn't the metropolis generated new phenomena, with different degrees and intensities of planification and spontaneity? The meeting of the two procedures does not define a dual report, but an interval. In this context, the "village" understood in its social and community dimension becomes an urban environment generating shared spaces. Communal structures are questioning what is possible and redefine what a metropolis is every day: they make flexible any form of planning. Thus, we hypothesize that the study of "City-village(s)” of Ouagadougou may lead to new knowledge to the creation of tools for understanding contemporary urbanized territories

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Charles-Dominé, Julie. "Enjeux et dynamiques de l'information géographique dans la gouvernance des territoires urbains du sud-Bénin. : Le registre foncier urbain, un nouvel outil et ses pratiques à l'heure de la décentralisation". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00841575.

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L'information géographique et ses outils informatiques avec les Systèmes d'Informations Géographiques font figure aujourd'hui d'éléments incontournables pour l'aménagement et la gestion des territoires. Le travail mené s'applique à interroger leur place dans les modalités de gouvernement des territoires et de définition des politiques d'action publique dans les villes des pays des Suds. A partir d'une étude de cas menée sur la région urbaine littorale du Bénin, dans un contexte de présence accrue des agences internationales de développement, on analyse les jeux d'acteurs et les imbrications d'échelles (internationale, nationale, régionale, communale et locale) suscités par la production, l'accès et l'utilisation pratique de cette information et ses outils. Les intérêts de cette recherche se situent au croisement des problématiques de gestion des territoires à l'ère de la mondialisation avec l'essor et la vulgarisation des techniques professionnelles et d'accès à l'information et de la décentralisation et municipalisation censée encourager le rôle des pouvoirs locaux dans le processus de développement des territoires. Cette étude questionne cependant l'adaptabilité de modèles du Nord vers le Sud et leurs possibilités d'appropriations locales : capacité de résistance, de cohabitation et de résilience des valeurs culturelles et des pratiques locales avec les encadrements techniciens et astreignants liés à la diffusion de l'information géographique et ses outils.

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Poda, Mélaine Bertrand. "Aménagement urbain durable, vodoun et lieux de mémoire". Pau, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PAUU1005.

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L’objectif de cette thèse est de s’interroger sur les liens unissant les patrimoines matériel et immatériel en vue de leur intégration dans les projets d’urbanisme et d’aménagement durable des territoires. Elle propose à cet effet une clarification de la notion qui permet d’en montrer le caractère extensible. Le concept de patrimoine a subi plusieurs mutations, à tel point qu’il est devenu aujourd’hui « nomade » comme l’écrit justement Françoise Choay dans son ouvrage intitulé « l’Allégorie du patrimoine ». A l’heure du développement durable, l’homme ou encore le sujet moderne, qui entretient un rapport intrinsèque à son lieu de vie, doit être l’acteur principal dans la sélection patrimoniale et tout son caractère polymorphe. Le cas de la religion Vodoun au Bénin, pratiquée par plus de 75% de la population, et qui, a permis également en grande partie la structuration des lieux de mémoire liés à la traite et de l’esclavage est très illustratif pour notre étude. En partant d’observations de terrain et de résultats d’enquêtes, analysées statistiquement par les méthodes univariée, bivariée et multivariée(AFCs), nous avons identifié dans l’urbanisme actuel, les traces de ces lieux de mémoire, profilé les habitants dépendant de ces lieux et analysé leur position par rapports aux éléments patrimoniaux présents. Les résultats obtenus permettent une meilleure connaissance des patrimoines au niveau de la recherche en sciences humaines et sociales mais aussi d’une meilleure intégration de ceux-ci dans les projets d’urbanisme et d’aménagement urbain durable de nos jours
The objective of this thesis is to examine the links between the tangible and intangible heritage for their integration into urban planning and sustainable management of territories. It therefore proposes a clarification of the concept which allows to show its extensibility. The concept of heritage has undergone several changes, to such an extend that it has become today "nomad" as written by Françoise Choay precisely in her work entitled "The Allegory of Heritage". At the time of sustainable development, man or modern subject, who maintains an intrinsic connection to his place of life, should be the main actor in heritage selection and all its varied forms. The case of Voodoo religion in Benin practised by over 75% of the population, and which has also largely allowed the structuring of memorial sites related to trafficking and slavery is very illustrative for our study. Starting with field observations and survey results, statistically analyzed by univariate, bivariate and multivariate methods (AFCs), we identified in current planning, the traces of these places of memory, we profiled the inhabitants depending on this places and we analyzed their position in relation to present heritage elements. The results obtained allow a better understanding of heritage in terms of research in the Human and Social sciences as well as better integration of these projects in urban plannings and sustainable urban development today

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Grabli, Charlotte. "L’urbanité sonore : auditeurs, circulations musicales et imaginaires afro-atlantiques entre la cité de Léopoldville et Sophiatown de 1930 à 1960". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EHES0138.

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Cette thèse examine les rapports entre musique et politique dans l’espace de circulations musicales s’étendant entre Sophiatown, à Johannesburg, en Afrique du Sud, et la « cité indigène » de Léopoldville (aujourd’hui Kinshasa), au Congo belge, de 1930 à 1960. L’étude envisage à la fois la fabrique musicale de ces quartiers ségrégués – l’usage des nouvelles technologies d’écoute, l’appropriation des styles afro-atlantiques, la profusion des fêtes et la vie des bars – et la formation de l’espace transcolonial de la musique congolaise moderne, mieux connue sous le nom de « rumba congolaise », à l’ère de la radio. Bien que souvent occulté, le développement précoce de l’industrie musicale sud-africaine joua un rôle important dans l’émergence et la mobilité des premières célébrités médiatiques congolaises qui parcouraient les routes transimpériales entre Léopoldville, Elisabethville (Lubumbashi), Nairobi et Johannesburg. Étudiés conjointement, l’ancrage et le déploiement de ce que nous appelons l’« urbanité sonore » permettent d’éclairer la place des célébrités et chansons transcoloniales dans l’imaginaire politique des auditeurs africains. Ces phénomènes témoignent également des nouvelles possibilités d'émancipation que l'économie des plaisirs offraient aux catégories les plus marginalisées de la ville coloniale, telles que les « femmes libres » et/ou membres des sociétés d'élégance.A la cité de Léopoldville, comme à Sophiatown, auditeurs, danseurs et musiciens contestaient la définition coloniale de l’urbanité alors que le gouvernement monopolisait la définition de « la ville », en même temps qu’il en conditionnait l’accès, symbolique et concret. Jusqu’au lendemain de l’Indépendance du Congo en 1960, la scène musicale de la cité s’établit comme le principal espace d’expression politique et d’affirmation de la place du Congo moderne dans l’Atlantique noir.L’étude considère ainsi la musique dans la continuité de l’écologie sonore de la ville afin d’« écrire le monde depuis une métropole africaine ». Il ne s’agit pas seulement de penser la musique en contexte, mais aussi comme contexte, en tant que paysage, en l’étendant au-delà de la performance pour inclure les différents jeux d’échelle qui façonnaient les mondes musicaux. Pour comprendre la dimension politique des échanges afro-atlantiques impliqués dans la création de la rumba congolaise – un style africain né de l’écoute des musiques afro-cubaines –, il importe de prendre en compte le contexte de globalisation des modes d’écoute et de l’ethnicité. A une époque où le nationalisme racialisé des États-Unis façonnait la compréhension du jazz, comment repenser l’opposition d’une « Afrique latine » à une « Afrique du jazz », dont les pôles respectifs se situeraient à Johannesburg et Léopoldville ? Cette thèse cherche à déconstruire ces représentations tout en observant la puissance d’agir de la musique noire – « sa réalité et son inexistence » – en fonction des contextes, des acteurs et des lieux
This thesis studies connections between music and politics within the space of music circulation stretching from Sophiatown, in Johannesburg, South Africa, to the cité (the “native quarters”) of Léopoldville (today Kinshasa), in the Belgian Congo, from 1930 to 1960. This study considers the music making of these segregated areas – the uses of new sound technologies, the appropriation of Afro-Atlantic styles, the profusion of festivities and nightlife – as well as the formation of the trans-colonial space of modern Congolese music—better known as “Congolese rumba”—in the age of radio. Although often overlooked, the early development of the South African record industry played an important role in the making and mobility of the first Congolese media celebrities who circulated across the trans-imperial roads between Léopoldville, Elisabethville (Lubumbashi), Nairobi and Johannesburg. Studied together, the grounding and the deployment of what I call “sonic urbanity” highlight the place of trans-colonial celebrities and songs in the political imaginary of African listeners. These phenomena also show how the economy of pleasure offered new possibilities of emancipation to the most marginalized categories such as the "free women" and members of women’s fashion associations.Both in the cité of Léopoldville and in Sophiatown, listeners, dancers and musicians challenged ideas of black exclusion to urbanity enforced by the government that conditioned symbolic and material access to “the city”. Until the day after independence in 1960, the musical scene represented the main space for political expression in the modern Congo, allowing it to claim its place in the Black Atlantic.This thesis thus conceptualizes music as part of the city’s ecology of sound in an attempt to “write the world from the African metropolis”. It does not merely think of music in context but also regards it as context and soundscape, extending it beyond performance by including the different “scale games” that shaped musical worlds. Understanding the political dimension of the AfroAtlantic exchanges involved in the creation of Congolese rumba – an African style born out of listening to Afro-Cuban music – requires a consideration of the globalisation of ways of listening and ethnicity. How can we rethink the opposition of a “Latin Africa” to an “Africa of jazz”, whose poles would be located respectively in Léopoldville and Johannesburg, at the moment when U.S. racialized nationalism shaped understandings of jazz? This thesis seeks to both deconstruct these representations and examine the power of black music to act—its “reality and non-existence”— depending on contexts, actors and places

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Perrin, Mathieu. "La territorialisation de l'habiter, ou l'affirmation progressive des intérêts et pouvoirs habitants dans la géographie et la gouvernance urbaines : espace et démocratie aux Etats-Unis d'Amérique, au Brésil et en Afrique du Sud (XIXe - XXIe siècles)". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01011855.

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Cette thèse met en évidence, à travers l'analyse historique de contextes états-uniens, brésiliens et sud-africains, l'ampleur considérable prise par la dimension habitante dans l'architecture territoriale contemporaine. Depuis le dix-neuvième siècle, nombre de riverains et propriétaires, parfois aidés d'acteurs du secteur immobilier, ont étendu de manière mutualisée leur contrôle et leurs pouvoirs au-delà du domicile et de la simple parcelle individuelle, l'objectif étant notamment d'assurer une qualité de vie, un prestige et la valeur des biens au sein de l'environnement résidentiel. Agissant ainsi, ils ont de fait constitué de véritables territoires habitants, qui ont marqué le fonctionnement des agglomérations tout aussi bien dans le champ spatial, étant donné l'établissement de domaine résidentiels, que sur le plan institutionnel, avec la multiplication d'organes de gestion et de gouvernance. La propagation relativement récente d'ensembles résidentiels fermés, généralement administrés par des associations de propriétaires ou de riverains, illustre de manière particulièrement explicite cette double dynamique. La thèse relate ainsi comment l'habiter s'est peu à peu territorialisé depuis le dix-neuvième siècle. En outre, il fut entrepris l'étude de ce phénomène parallèlement à un processus de démocratisation des sociétés. Dans les trois pays sélectionnés pour cette recherche, l'affirmation de l'échelon habitant s'est initiée dans un contexte post-abolitionniste. L'environnement résidentiel fut alors pensé, notamment chez les strates sociales supérieures, comme un cadre protecteur face aux profondes mutations et problèmes de l'urbain de l'époque, mais également comme le moyen de réintroduire au moyen de pratiques ségrégatives une hiérarchie sociale et raciale, alors que l'ancien ordre esclavagiste venait d'être démantelé. Cette recherche doctorale cherche à démontrer que cette racine historique, d'un habiter contemporain se territorialisant face à la ville et parfois même à un fonctionnement relativement plus démocratique de la société, continue à influencer les tendances résidentielles par certains aspects.

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38

Charles-Dominé, Julie. "Enjeux et dynamiques de l'information géographique dans la gouvernance des territoires urbains du sud-Bénin. : Le registre foncier urbain, un nouvel outil et ses pratiques à l'heure de la décentralisation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM3100.

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L'information géographique et ses outils informatiques avec les Systèmes d'Informations Géographiques font figure aujourd'hui d'éléments incontournables pour l'aménagement et la gestion des territoires. Le travail mené s'applique à interroger leur place dans les modalités de gouvernement des territoires et de définition des politiques d'action publique dans les villes des pays des Suds. A partir d'une étude de cas menée sur la région urbaine littorale du Bénin, dans un contexte de présence accrue des agences internationales de développement, on analyse les jeux d'acteurs et les imbrications d'échelles (internationale, nationale, régionale, communale et locale) suscités par la production, l'accès et l'utilisation pratique de cette information et ses outils. Les intérêts de cette recherche se situent au croisement des problématiques de gestion des territoires à l'ère de la mondialisation avec l'essor et la vulgarisation des techniques professionnelles et d'accès à l'information et de la décentralisation et municipalisation censée encourager le rôle des pouvoirs locaux dans le processus de développement des territoires. Cette étude questionne cependant l'adaptabilité de modèles du Nord vers le Sud et leurs possibilités d'appropriations locales : capacité de résistance, de cohabitation et de résilience des valeurs culturelles et des pratiques locales avec les encadrements techniciens et astreignants liés à la diffusion de l'information géographique et ses outils
Geographic information and its IT tools with the Geographic Information Systems have become necessary elements in territorial development and administration. The aim of this research is to investigate the role of geographic information in the making of territorial government and in the definition of public action policy in the cities and countries of the South. Taking as our starting point a case study carried out in the coastal region of Benin, within a context of the increased presence of international development agencies, particular attention has been paid to the roles of each of the various parties and the intertwining of the various scales (i.e. on a international, national, regional and communal level) brought on by the production, access and practical use of this information and tools. Our research is situated at the crossroads of land management policy, within an era of globalisation with increase and expansion of professional techniques and access to the information and the decentralization and municipalization meant to encourage the role of local authorities in the process of regional development. This study however questions the adaptability of models from North to South and their opportunities for local ownership: resistance, cohabitation and resilience of cultural values and customary practices with technological and binding management augured by the dissemination of geographical information and its tools

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39

Kara, Muneebah. "Suburban urbanism : discovering a South African suburbia". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/15503.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment: University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning
There is a consensus amidst the planning community that we are currently experiencing a sweeping paradigm shift; which has over the last forty-years gained rapid momentum. Postmodernism is proposed to have prompted a return to ‘the small is beautiful’ and the revaluation of people as the critical and central receptors of the spaces that past and present planners produce. An emphasis on the everyday and lived experience of the urban population is just another symptom in the argument for postmodernism. As perhaps is common with all paradigm shifts, along with the transformation has come a flurry of some new terminologies and a redefining of others. Suburban neighbourhoods have experienced an interrogation of terminology; and epistemological and phenomenological value. The identification of inner-circle suburbs is just one of the many terms to describe a uniquely urban space within the once blanketing term ‘suburbs’. Inner-circle suburbs are often the oldest suburbs in an urban area and are located closest to the Central Business District. A revitalised inquisition in suburban spaces has prompted new and creative ways of exploring the suburbs; with our own locally grown urbanists showing interest and producing knowledge on the dynamics of South African suburban neighbourhoods. Needless to say, this is still a relatively young topic that favours an investigation into spatial form and structure over the significance of the lived practice. This research report is an attempt to coalesce the spatial form and practiced living into a single coherent snap-shot of the lives of northern inner-circle suburban dwellers.

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40

Erasmus, Marius. "Integration of the peripheral community: defining fractured urbanism in Grahamstown". Thesis, 2014.

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Thesis (M. Urban Design)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2013.
A user's guide to facilitate the healing of fractures and fissures in the urban fabic caused by colonial urban development and apartheid restructuring of towns in South Africa. I spent last December driving through parts of the Eastern Cape, and could not help but notice the beautiful character of the small colonial towns, Cathcart, Fort Beaufort, Alice, Bedford, Grahamstown, Adelaide and many more that litter the countryside. All of these towns have carefully planned urban layouts, consisting of masterfully crafted buildings set around public space. The church often forms the central piece , either along the high street or as the culmination at the end of the main corridor, other buildings are strategically placed and set out to respect certain parameters which in turn create and define public space and place. It all seems so simple, buildings, some of them hundreds of years old and still relevant in their environment today. The high street leads effortlessly through the centre of town and is fed by side streets crossing it, large old trees line the sidewalk and all the buildings face the street. There is a bustle in the streets, the traffic flows at an even pace, the sidewalks are filled with activity. Every type of store and building seems to fit, from “wheel alignment” to “ice-cream” parlour. Turning down the tree lined side streets, the commercial activity dies down slowly and is replaced by more suburban character, quaint houses set back from the street boundary but still facing the road, mostly low fences and garden walls presenting a sort of suburban utopia. Old schools are dotted around the suburb with rugby fields and clock towers proudly announcing their presence. Side walks are wide and well maintained, as one continues down the street, and seemingly reach the end of the small town, then forced back down a side street to the centre of town. Most of these towns only have one or two points of entry and exit: “in on the high street, and out again on the high street” As you leave the bustle of the high street it turns to a country road where cars and taxis speed, goats and cattle graze on the verge of the road and children play in green fields. The town is behind you and the open road beckons, then out of nowhere sprout sparsely spaced houses seemingly placed in fields of dust and stone. The road surface remains that of country road and the cars don't slow down, suddenly the houses and shacks are right up to the edge of the road. Dogs roam freely and children with mucus baked faces watch you go by, a donkey cart is pulled next to the road. You have just entered the second town or township the “native city” (King :1976, p.18) . The township seems disorganised, the smell of open fires is in the air, only black faces stare back and a different world greets you. Plastic bags and paper rubble rides on the wind. The world of the poor plays out here, the only civic buildings clearly visible are the police station with its torn and tattered flag, and a dusty school with broken windows. Can this be the same town with the same citizens or is it a whole new country separated from its source by a few kilometres? It seems, the two towns developed totally separately within a couple of kilometres of one another. South Africa has a long history of separateness. With democracy came the promise of togetherness and integration, yet almost twenty years after liberation these towns seem even more separate, and the lack of integration is clear, the gap is growing. The old colonial town, although well preserved, has stagnated. The native city is swelling, rolling, sprawling along the hills, this periphery town has become a city in crisis. How did this happen, and can the periphery be integrated with the whole?

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Bham, Aadill. "Urbanism and sustainability in Daveyton: designing for the township main street :[an exploration of spatial transformation in previously marginalised townships, with a focus on the main street]". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/22416.

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A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Urban Design
ABSTRACT In township environments where pedestrian activity occurs out of necessity; and public transport prevails - the main street becomes a magnet for mobility, social encounters and economic exchange. It is the path that connects the settlement to the whole; it disperses and draws in; it collects and connects. It is the image of the township. Streets play an important role within townships as the primary form of public urban space. It is within these spaces that the residents make their own opportunities for a better quality of life. (Jacobs, 1993) explained that by designing the streets, one has largely designed the city.
EM2017

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42

Duvenage, Sara Susanna. "Development of a food product concept formulation framework for low-income consumers in urbanised informal settlements in Gauteng South Africa". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25248.

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A dearth of information was found to guide food product formulation for low-income consumers. The political change in South Africa and neighbouring countries and the accompanying influx to economic centres, resulted in the unprecedented growth of urbanised informal settlements. These communities, accommodating the poorest of the poor and experiencing a high prevalence of nutritional devastation, indicated a merited project opportunity. The purpose of the study was to develop a food product formulation framework for low-income consumers living in urbanised informal settlements in South Africa. The unique contribution of this approach is based on the depiction of the food product attribute (concept) needs perceived as most important by these respondents during purchasing choice of their staple food, maize meal. The study comprised five sub-objectives, executed in three phases. The concepts required by low-income consumers were identified, selected and organised through a baseline survey in an informal settlement (n = 60). Satiety value, affordability, packaging size, value for money and taste were identified, in sequence, as the most important design parameters for the framework. The food industry (n = 17) indicated affordability, nutrient content, taste and product quality as the food product attributes of most importance during food product development, indicating a discrepancy. Phase 2 of this study consisted of two parallel approaches, comprising an extended survey to validate the suggested design parameters in the target market against an established product maize meal) (quantitative approach) and the description of the identified concepts to reveal embedded elements to clarify terminology use (qualitative approach). Three informal (n = 401) and one formal (n = 101) settlement were involved. All groups agreed regarding the need for satiety value, product acceptability, convenience and the influence of household factors. Consumers from the informal settlements identified satiety value and affordability as of highest importance, followed by taste. Appearance, product quality, texture, product safety/ shelf life, brand loyalty and nutrient content were indicated as less important, prioritising concepts linked to survival during severely constrained economic conditions. Consumers living in the urbanised formal settlement, identified taste as the key concept. Focus group discussions revealed no differences in the meaning ascribed to terminology, although perceptions reflected the variance in income level. The identified concept elements revealed the interlinked nature of satiety value and affordability. Differences in the understanding of concepts between these consumers and literature, were revealed. Concepts to consider when developing food products for low-income consumers were identified as satiety value, affordability, taste, product acceptability, convenience/ ease of preparation, household influence, appearance, value for money, product quality, packaging size, texture, product safety/ shelf life, brand loyalty and nutrient content, in the stated sequence. A framework was proposed. However, from a humanitarian point of view, nutrient content cannot be ignored by the food industry. As the key to market success lies in the potential of a product to find solutions relating to its physical nature, as well as in the use and advantages of the product, the results of this research project have great application value.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Consumer Science
unrestricted

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Twagira, Benjamin. "Bajeemi urbanites: roots of social resilience in militarized Kampala, 1966-1986". Thesis, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/2144/33051.

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Between 1966 and 1986 the Mengo neighborhood of Kampala, the capital of Uganda, was militarized. This dissertation examines how and why the urban dwellers of this neighborhood chose to stay in the city during this period of high insecurity. Successive governments turned several spaces and buildings in the city into army administration headquarters and barracks for soldiers. The army literally moved next door to city residents, leading to constant threats to people’s lives and their property. In order to examine Kampalans’ strategies for surviving in an insecure and dangerous urban environment, this dissertation relies on the oral histories of the men and women who lived through militarization. In so doing, I also examine how the African city of Kampala became resilient amid crisis. I argue that Kampalans relied on a set of practices and stances of defiance and subtle resistance, locally collectively known as Okujeema, to maintain their urban lives; they had inherited these strategies and modified them to suit their new challenges. From the beginning of military rule, many Kampala residents understood that the military meant to push them out of the city as a punishment for their political opposition and allegiance to the Buganda Kingdom. Okujeema is how Kampalans defined resilience and endurance. Residents displayed this trait when they resisted eviction orders, hid their property, and protected each other’s lives. They also insisted on earning a livelihood and enjoying leisure time in the midst of economic collapse. Kampala had long been a city of powerful women, a gender dynamic now challenged by the arriving soldiers. Not surprisingly, Okujeema therefore often took highly gendered forms as when traditional gender roles were inverted and women became protectors of men. All Kampalans, men and women, were urbanites, and they meant to retain that identity. The very notion of living in the city was an act of Okujeema during Kampala’s two decades of militarized crisis.
2020-11-06T00:00:00Z

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Belilgne, Maleda. "Bodily Trespass: An Ecology of the Fantastic in Twentieth-Century African American Literature". Diss., 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/5036.

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Bodily Trespass situates the fantastic as a discourse of spatial production in twentieth-century black American literature. Eruptions of the fantastic in realist and surrealist narratives index and ameliorate the spatial constriction that informs black American subjectivity from the Middle Passage up through to the contemporary carceral state. The black fantastic is a narrative response to a spatial crisis that is corporeal and ontological. As a literary mode, in the Todorovian sense, the fantastic identifies the real as a production of the "unreal" and calls attention to ideological and institutional apparatuses that sustain the dominant order. Taking Pauline Hopkins' turn of the twentieth-century serial Of One Blood, Or, The Hidden Self as a point of departure, this project examines the fantastic as a discourse of Pan-Africanism during a period Farah Griffin describes as the "nadir" of post-emancipation black life. Hopkins reaches outside of U.S. borders suturing Ethiopia to America in order to fashion a new and "rival" black geography that challenges the eradication of black legal, civic, and social space.

In the postwar years, the production of imaginative space extends to the task of recording and refuting the racial discourse that articulates urbanity. Chester Himes' The Real Cool Killers, Ann Petry's The Street, and Gwendolyn Brooks' Maud Martha depict racially encoded urban geographies as corporeally informed psychosocial "interfaces." These novels identify cartographic locution as a strategy for spatial occupation and psychic rehabilitation. James Baldwin's "Sonny's Blues" and Ralph Ellison's "The King of the Bingo Game locate in the sonic a blueprint for refashioning the space of the modern metropolis according to a logic of interiority. Baldwin and Ellison identify the fantastic as a discourse of aurality that alters the texture of space by channeling what I call "scalar consciousness," a heightened awareness of the ways in which one might manipulate scale in the service of spatial production. Meditations on belonging, displays of corporeal violence, discourses of Africanity, and the identification of the aural as a pathway for liberation illustrate, in all these works, the black fantastic's rootedness in spatial production, subject formation, and resistance to a dehumanizing social order.

Dissertation

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OLIVEIRA, DIOGO FILIPE XAVIER DE. "O impacto da recolha de Informações na eficiência da conduta das operações militares em ambientes urbanos no Teatro de Operações da República Centro Africana". Master's thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/33601.

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Atualmente, existem fatores que garantem o conhecimento antecipado das alterações com o intuito de tomar a melhor decisão. As Informações, no cumprimento da Missão da Força Nacional Destacada na República Centro-Africana, assumem extrema importância no processo de tomada de decisão. Com este estudo, procura-se perceber o contributo das Informações no apoio às operações em Ambiente Urbano na República Centro Africana. As Informações surgem como elemento mitigador da ameaça e de auxílio à tomada de decisões, sendo o ponto de partida desta investigação que pretende, de uma forma estruturada, dar a conhecer o ambiente operacional do Teatro de Operações da República Centro Africana e, essencialmente, verificar qual o impacto que a recolha das Informações têm na eficiência das operações em Ambiente Urbano neste exigente Teatro de Operações. De forma a atingir este objetivo, a investigação baseou-se num raciocínio dedutivo, de acordo com uma estratégia qualitativa, através da análise documental e de conteúdo, com recurso a entrevistas aos comandantes das Forças Nacionais Destacadas na República Centro Africana, assim como ao Chefe do Centro de Segurança Militar de Informações do Exército e ao Oficial de Informações do Comando Conjunto para as Operações Militares do Estado Maior General das Forças Armadas, que permitiram identificar a importância que as Informações podem ter no apoio à decisão do comandante e, subsequentemente, identificar lacunas no sistema e elaborar recomendações, que poderão tornar mais eficiente o Combate em Ambiente Urbano. Após a análise, foi possível verificar limitações no acesso oportuno às Informações necessárias, da parte do escalão superior, para a condução das Operações. Verificou-se também como a própria estrutura de Informações da Forças Nacionais Destacadas se adaptou ao longo do tempo e de acordo com as adversidades, fruto das Lições Aprendidas das primeiras Forças Nacionais Destacadas, de acordo com as limitações referidas, e de que forma conseguiu estruturar-se para cumprir a missão. Por último, este estudo permitiu identificar as fragilidades das Informações no Teatro de Operações da República Centro Africana e apresentar possíveis soluções, de modo a melhorar a eficiência das operações em Ambiente Urbano.

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Sigaba, Avis Lumka. "A marriage enrichment programme : a study of the proposed contribution of a modern pastoral care and counselling model to urbanised Xhosa communities with special reference to the congregants at Umtata Methodist Church, Eastern Cape". Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3359.

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This study was done to explore how modern Pastoral Care and Counselling models could be in dialogue with some valuable Xhosa traditional practices in the urbanised context around Umtata in the Eastern Cape. The intention is to provide a marriage enrichment programme to the congregants of the Methodist Church in this region. This has been offered in response to increase in the rate of divorce, separation and emotional distress experienced by many couples in the area. Chapter one offers the methodological framework for the entire theoretical and practical study. The second chapter explores various concepts of the family systems theory with particular focus on Murray Bowen's systems theory. This should bring forth a clear understanding of behavioural patterns which manifest in marriage when the system loses equilibrium. Grounded in the family systems theory is the concept of normal family processes. The third chapter looks into the understanding of normal family processes as brought across by various American authors. The chapter takes the interpretation further by looking into normal family processes in the original Xhosa cultural communities. The reason for the exercise is to bring awareness about what is normal before one can address what is abnormal. This is for widening the horizons so that what is culturally normal should not be labelled as abnormal. The fourth chapter prepares groundwork for the establishment of intervention and counselling strategies specifically within the Xhosa communities around Umtata. This chapter is field work done through interviews so as to gain an awareness about what the people of this region presently think, feel and say about marriage and family life experiences. The fifth chapter looks into the minister's uniqueness in marriage enrichment in comparison with his or her colleagues in medical, social work and family therapy or psychotherapy fields. A theological exploration is dealt with in the sixth chapter with a view to contend with biblical principles applicable to marriage. Chapter seven discusses a training model for a lay team of twelve members to promote the concept of the priesthood of all believers. The views of authors like Switzer, Clinebell, Colilns, Herbert Otto and others are consulted and opened to dialogue with Xhosa Traditional practices offered by oral sources. Chapter eight focuses on premarital education. Within this eduGative counselling, a hand-out on marriage contracts is prepared in both English and the vernacular language. Interdisciplinary work has been included through the engagement of resource personnel from the medical, financial and legal fields. Chapter nine actually presents the Marriage Enrichment Programme in a workshop form. Within the programme, theoretical and practical work is done in contextual bible study, communication and conflict resolution exercises as well as conscietisation about valuable Xhosa traditional marriage practices. The contextual model on marriage enrichment is offered to a group of forty-four congregants. The evaluation forms provide a positive result of this marriage enrichment model. The results express a need to address marital problems in our communities. This does give support to the Hypothesis that was tested. Modern pastoral care and counselling models can be adapted to traditional context with positive results. Lay involvement promotes maximum participation of the People of God in care giving. However, further results will be achieved with more workshops or retreats. More effectiveness will also come with the training of more lay teams. This demands large sampling in lay training, more interviewing and more involvement of the rural community elders for more information on traditional practices.
Thesis (M.Th.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000

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Simonneau, Claire. "Gérer la ville au Bénin : la mise en œuvre du Registre foncier urbain à Cotonou, Porto-Novo et Bohicon". Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13501.

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La gestion des villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest pose problème à la période contemporaine : extension urbaine non maitrisée, services de base insuffisants, insécurité foncière. À travers l’aide internationale, d’importantes réformes visant à améliorer son efficacité ont pourtant été mises en place, mais elles semblent avoir été inefficaces. Dépassant ce constat d’échec, la thèse vise à comprendre comment se déroule l’acte de gérer la ville dans les circonstances particulières des villes d’Afrique de l’Ouest. La mise en œuvre du Registre foncier urbain (RFU), système d’information foncière municipal multi-fonctions introduit au Bénin à travers des programmes de développement au début des années 1990, constitue le prisme à travers lequel la gestion urbaine est analysée. Celle-ci est ainsi approchée par les actes plutôt que par les discours. S’appuyant sur une démarche socio-anthropologique, la mise en œuvre de l’instrument est analysée depuis le point de vue des acteurs locaux et selon une double grille de lecture : d’une part, il s’agit de saisir les logiques de l’appropriation locale dont le RFU a fait l’objet au sein des administrations; d’autre part, il s’agit de comprendre son interaction avec le territoire, notamment avec les dynamiques complexes d’accès au sol et de sécurisation foncière. Une étude de cas multiple a été menée dans trois communes : Cotonou, Porto-Novo et Bohicon. Deux ensembles de conclusions en découlent. Tout d’abord, le RFU s’est imposé comme l’instrument pivot de la fiscalité locale, mais est mis en œuvre de manière minimale. Ce fonctionnement particulier est une adaptation optimale à un contexte fait de rivalités professionnelles au sein d’administrations cloisonnées, d’enjeux politico-financiers liés aux différentes sources de revenus communaux et de tensions politico-institutionnelles liées à une décentralisation tardive. Les impacts du RFU en termes de développement des compétences professionnelles nationales sont insuffisants pour réformer la gestion urbaine depuis l’intérieur de l’administration municipale. Ensuite, alors qu’il vise à centraliser l’information sur les propriétaires présumés de la terre, le RFU se heurte à la marchandisation de cette information et à la territorialisation de la régulation foncière. La mise en œuvre du RFU s’en trouve affectée de deux manières : d’une part, elle s’insère dans ces circuits marchands de l’information foncière, avec cependant peu de succès ; d’autre part, elle a un impact différencié selon les territoires de la régulation foncière. En définitive, l’acte de gérer la ville au Bénin n’est pas devenu automatique avec l’introduction d’instruments comme le RFU. La municipalité se repose plutôt sur les piliers classiques de l’action publique, l’administration et le politique, pour gérer la ville plurielle de manière différenciée. À l’endroit des concepteurs d’action publique, cette thèse plaide pour une prise en compte des modes de régulation existant dans les sociétés africaines, fussent-ils pluriels, reconnaissant les voies originales que prend la construction des institutions en Afrique.
The management of West African cities is problematic nowadays: uncontrolled urban sprawl, insufficient basic services, and land insecurity. Yet, major reforms had been put in place with the assistance of international aid to enhance the effectiveness of urban management; which seems to have failed. Going beyond this policy failure statement, the present dissertation aims at understanding how “managing the city” takes place in the particular context of West Africa. The implementation of the Urban Land Registry (RFU), a municipal and multi-purpose land information system that has been put in place in Benin through development programmes in the early 1990s, is the lens through which urban management is examined. Urban management is then studied through the actions taken rather than through the discourses. With a socio-anthropological approach, the implementation of the instrument is analysed from the stakeholders’ perspectives and according to a double analysis grid. On the one hand, the analysis aims at understanding the local appropriation of the RFU inside public administrations; and on the other hand, its aims at comprehending the interaction of the RFU with the territory, in particular with the complex dynamics of access to the land and land security. A multiple case study was conducted in three municipalities: Cotonou, Porto-Novo, and Bohicon. This study led to two main conclusions. First, the RFU is recognized as the key instrument of local taxation, but it is minimally implemented. This particular functioning is an optimal adaptation to a context made of: 1) professional rivalries in a compartmentalized administration, 2) political and financial stakes related to different sources of local revenues, and 3) political and institutional tensions provoked by the late decentralisation. Then, the RFU’s impacts in terms of national professional capacities are insufficient to reform urban management from inside municipal administration. Second, a key function of the RFU that is centralizing information on presumed landowners is impeded by the commodification of land information and by the territorialisation of land regulatory modes. This affects the implementation of the RFU as it takes part in this land information market, but with little success; and its impact is differentiated according to the ‘land regulation territory’ it applies. Finally, ‘managing the city’ in Benin is not an automatic task, even with the introduction of management instruments such as the RFU. Administration and politics continue to shape municipal policies, and the pluralistic city is managed in a differentiated manner. To the designers of public action (policies), this dissertation encourages to take into account existing regulation modes in African societies, even if they are multiple and complex, and it recognises the singular process of institution building in Africa.

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