Artículos de revistas:

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Inoue, Yosuke, Annie Green Howard, Amanda L. Thompson y Penny Gordon-Larsen. "Secular change in the association between urbanisation and abdominal adiposity in China (1993–2011)". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, n.º 6 (7 de marzo de 2018): 484–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210258.

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BackgroundLittle attention has been paid to how the association between urbanisation and abdominal adiposity changes over the course of economic development in low-income and middle-income countries.MethodsData came from the China Health and Nutrition Survey waves 1993–2011 (seven waves). A mixed linear model was used to investigate the association between community-level urbanisation with waist-to-height ratio (WHtR; an indicator of abdominal adiposity). We incorporated interaction terms between urbanisation and study waves to understand how the association changed over time. The analyses were stratified by age (children vs adults).ResultsAdult WHtR was positively associated with urbanisation in earlier waves but became inversely associated over time. More specifically, a 1 SD increase in the urbanisation index was associated with higher WHtR by 0.002 and 0.005 in waves 1993 and 1997, while it was associated with lower WHtR by 0.001 in 2011. Among child participants, the increase in WHtR over time was predominantly observed in more urbanised communities.ConclusionOur study suggests a shift in adult abdominal adiposity from more urbanised communities to less urbanised communities over a time of rapid economic development in China. Children living in more urbanised communities had higher increase in abdominal obesity with urbanisation over time relative to children living in less urbanised communities.

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Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Aleksandra Gomula y Slawomir Koziel. "Differentiating effects of socio-economic factors on relative weight and nutritional status in Polish schoolchildren across intergenerational changes". Public Health Nutrition 23, n.º 16 (14 de julio de 2020): 2904–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980020001706.

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AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was an assessment of the effects of urbanisation level, family size and parental education on body mass index (BMI) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) among Polish schoolchildren in cross-sectional surveys conducted between 1966 and 2012.Design:The analysis involved schoolchildren measured in four Polish Anthropological Surveys (1966, 1978, 1988 and 2012). Socio-economic factors involved: urbanisation level (city, town and village), family size (one child, two children, three children, four or more children), and father’s and mother’s education (lower and higher education).Setting:Regions in Poland – cities: Warsaw, Lodz and Wroclaw; towns: Bystrzyca Klodzka, Pinczow, Siemiatycze, Wolsztyn and their rural surroundings.Participants:A total sample consisted of 63 757 children (31 774 boys and 31 983 girls) aged 7–18 years.Results:Between 1966 and 1988, both BMI and MUAC had significantly higher values in children from cities, in families with one child and with higher parental education (P < 0·05). However, MUAC revealed significant differences between particular socio-economic groups more frequently than BMI. In 2012, urbanisation level and parental education ceased to show a differentiating effect on both indicators, while family size remained a significant social factor for both measures (BMI: P < 0·05; MUAC: P < 0·01).Conclusions:Since MUAC reflected socio-economic differences more frequently than BMI, it could be a more sensitive and reliable anthropometric measure revealing the effects of socio-economic factors on children’s nutritional status.

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Malone, Karen. "Children’s Rights and the Crisis of Rapid Urbanisation". International Journal of Children’s Rights 23, n.º 2 (9 de junio de 2015): 405–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02302007.

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Within a rapidly urbanising world, many governments, particularly those in developing nations, will struggle over the next 30 years to support children. There were many key issues and challenges for children in cities identified over a decade ago as countries embarked on the task of addressing and monitoring progress through the Millennium Development Goals (mdgs). But as the 15-year time frame of the mdgs draws near and urbanisation swells and sets to increase significantly in those countries with the least capacity to manage it, it is the post-2015 agenda that is now the key talking point for many un agencies. This article supports and argues, along with others, that the rights and needs of the most vulnerable children and their communities should be central to the post-2015 sustainable development goals (sdgs) and unicef through its urban programmes such as child friendly cities initiative (cfci) has a significant role to play in addressing both the crisis of urbanisation and children’s rights. This article concludes by identifying four key areas where unicef’s cfci has the potential to contribute to the planetary challenges ahead.

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Zhang, Nan. "AGING, MIGRATION, AND GRANDPARENTING IN POST–ONE CHILD POLICY CHINA". Innovation in Aging 7, Supplement_1 (1 de diciembre de 2023): 952–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.3060.

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Abstract China’s rapid rural-urban migration and population ageing are posing significant challenges to traditional patterns of intergenerational familial support. To tackle population ageing, China’s one-child policy has been replaced by a two-child policy, subsequently a three-child policy. With limited institutional childcare facilities in place, ageing grandparents from rural areas often move to the cities where their adult migrant children settle to provide care for grandchildren. This group of older, rural people are largely marginalised and are invisible on the current research and policy agenda. This ongoing study, conducted in the Yangtze River delta urban area — one of the most developed, crowded, and the largest migrant-receiving urban regions in China — aims to uncover their experiences during the process of migration and adaptation, and establish the way in which this arrangement of grandparenting has impacted their everyday lives and well-being. Three compelling themes emerged at this stage: 1) intensified caring responsibilities imposed on older women largely owing to patriarchy; 2) intersection of old age, being women and exclusion of social welfare due to having a rural origin contribute to poor well-being; 3) the feeling of a lack of balance in terms of family exchange over the life course is not uncommon. It is possible that urbanisation will reinforce vulnerability and marginalisation of and exacerbate social exclusion of older women from rural origin. This project will form an important evidence base to tackle issues such as social exclusion of disadvantaged communities in China against the backdrop of rapid population ageing and urbanisation.

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VĂIDEAN, Viorela Ligia, Ionuț Constantin CUCEU y Decebal Remus FLORESCU. "The Impact of Corruption on Health Outcomes Empirical Evidence on EU-27". Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Horticulture 78, n.º 2 (29 de noviembre de 2021): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-hort:2021.0014.

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In a world threatened by increasing perceived corruption, its effects upon the health of nations have been scarcely studied, in spite of the tremendous importance sustained health has held on the European agenda. The purpose of this paper is to determine the impact of corruption upon health outcomes within an environmental performant and urbanised setting. The determinants of health outcomes measured as wellbeing, life expectancy and under-5 child mortality rate are estimated on an unbalanced panel data set covering the 2005–2020-time interval for the 27 member states of the European Union. The resulting econometric models validate the significance of corruption, environmental performance and urbanisation upon health outcomes: subjectively perceived corruption hampers the development of nations’ health while a clean environment with an increasing tendency of urbanisation has a positive impact upon the health outcomes of European nations. This study also sketches important policy implications for improving the health status of European countries.

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Fernandes, Gwen, Megan Fernandes, Nilakshi Vaidya, Philip De Souza, Evgeniya Plotnikova, Rosemary Geddes, Bharath Holla, Eesha Sharma, Vivek Benegal y Vikas Choudhry. "Prevalence of child maltreatment in India and its association with gender, urbanisation and policy: a rapid review and meta-analysis protocol". BMJ Open 11, n.º 8 (agosto de 2021): e044983. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044983.

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IntroductionIndia is home to 20% of the world’s children and yet, little is known on the magnitude and trends of child maltreatment nationwide. The aims of this review are to provide a prevalence of child maltreatment in India with considerations for any effects of gender; urbanisation (eg, urban vs rural) and legislation (Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act 2012).Methods and analysisA rapid review will be undertaken of all quantitative peer-reviewed studies on child maltreatment in India between 2005 and 2020. Four electronic databases will be systematically searched: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane and PsychInfo. The primary outcomes will include all aspects of child maltreatment: physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect. Study participants will be between 0 and 18 years and will have reported maltreatment experiences using validated, reliable tools such as the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire as well as child self-reports and clinician reports. Study selection will follow the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines, and the methodological appraisal of the studies will be assessed by the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality assessment scale. A narrative synthesis will be conducted for all included studies. Also, if sufficient data are available, a meta-analysis will be conducted. Effect sizes will be determined from random-effects models stratified by gender, urbanisation and the pre-2012 and post-2012 POCSO Act cut-off. I2 statistics will be used to assess heterogeneity and identify their potential sources and τ2 statistics will indicate any between-study variance.Ethics and disseminationAs this is a rapid review, minimal ethical risks are expected. The protocol and level 1 self-audit checklist were submitted and approved by the Usher Research Ethics Group panel in the Usher Institute (School of Medicine and Veterinary Sciences) at the University of Edinburgh (Reference B126255). Findings from this review will be disseminated widely through peer-reviewed publications and in various media, for example, conferences, congresses or symposia.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019150403.

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Ouidir, Marion, Johanna Lepeule, Valérie Siroux, Laure Malherbe, Frederik Meleux, Emmanuel Rivière, Ludivine Launay et al. "Is atmospheric pollution exposure during pregnancy associated with individual and contextual characteristics? A nationwide study in France". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 71, n.º 10 (22 de agosto de 2017): 1026–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-208674.

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BackgroundExposure to atmospheric pollutants is a danger for the health of pregnant mother and children. Our objective was to identify individual (socioeconomic and behavioural) and contextual factors associated with atmospheric pollution pregnancy exposure at the nationwide level.MethodAmong 14 921 women from the French nationwide ELFE (French Longitudinal Study of Children) mother-child cohort recruited in 2011, outdoor exposure levels of PM2.5, PM10 (particulate matter <2.5 µm and <10 µm in diameter) and NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) were estimated at the pregnancy home address from a dispersion model with 1 km resolution. We used classification and regression trees (CART) and linear regression to characterise the association of atmospheric pollutants with individual (maternal age, body mass index, parity, education level, relationship status, smoking status) and contextual (European Deprivation Index, urbanisation level) factors.ResultsPatterns of associations were globally similar across pollutants. For the CART approach, the highest tertile of exposure included mainly women not in a relationship living in urban and socially deprived areas, with lower education level. Linear regression models identified different determinants of atmospheric pollutants exposure according to the residential urbanisation level. In urban areas, atmospheric pollutants exposure increased with social deprivation, while in rural areas a U-shaped relationship was observed.ConclusionWe highlighted social inequalities in atmospheric pollutants exposure according to contextual characteristics such as urbanisation level and social deprivation and also according to individual characteristics such as education, being in a relationship and smoking status. In French urban areas, pregnant women from the most deprived neighbourhoods were those most exposed to health-threatening atmospheric pollutants.

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Engel, Madeline H., Norma Kolko Phillips y Frances A. Della Cava. "Forced Migration and Immigration Programs for Children: The Emergence of a Social Movement". International Journal of Children’s Rights 26, n.º 3 (6 de agosto de 2018): 468–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02603005.

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As a result of industrialisation, urbanisation, and mass migrations, the problem of homeless and abandoned children emerged in urban centres. Identified by some as dangerous and threatening to the existing social order, solutions to rescue or control the children were sought, including placing-out through forced migration and immigration programs, with no plan or intention of family reunification. This article examines two experimental programs that took the form of forced migration/immigration between the mid-1800s and mid-1900s – the “Orphan Trains” in the United States and the British “Child Migrant Programme”. The dire consequences of these programs gained public attention and had a profound impact on the development of the global emerging child welfare movement and concerns for the rights of children.

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Benefo, Kofi D., Amy O. Tsui y Joseph De Graft Johnson. "Ethnic differentials in child-spacing ideals and practices in Ghana". Journal of Biosocial Science 26, n.º 3 (julio de 1994): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000021404.

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SummaryPostpartum sexual abstinence may be a major determinant of fertility and of maternal and child health in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examines the relationship between ethnicity and abstinence using data from the 1988 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. There is considerable diversity in the length of abstinence although only for one ethnic group, the Mole-Dagbani and other Ghanaians, is abstinence, both actual and ideal, very long. Respondents in most ethnic groups believe their abstinence to be adequate. A key motivation for abstinence is the unwillingness to have sexual intercourse with nursing mothers. Education, urbanisation, changes in marriage patterns and religious traditions are major factors shaping the ethnic differentials in abstinence. In comparison to breast-feeding, abstinence appears to have relatively little impact on the length of the birth interval and, for Ghana, has relatively few implications for fertility and child health.

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Rao, Fabeha, Asif Hussain y Muhammad Farhan Ashraf. "The Interrelation between Political Instability and Child Labour in Developing Countries". Research Journal for Societal Issues 3, n.º 1 (31 de diciembre de 2021): 01–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.56976/rjsi.v3i1.24.

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This study has examined the impact of political instability on child labour on the panel of 53 developing economies. To conduct this analysis, this study has applied GMM (generalized method of moments) techniques to the panel data of child labour (dependent variable) and political instability urbanisation, inflation, gross domestic product, and trade (independent variables) from 2000 to 2015. In addition, it has conducted the disaggregated analysis, which is based on the level of income in developing economies. This study has concluded that political instability has a positive impact on child labour in developing countries. Child labour is positively related to inflation and trade, negatively associated with economic growth rate and urbanization. According to disaggregated analysis, political instability also positively affects child labour in low-income and high-income countries. Still, trade has a positive impact on high-income countries and a negative impact on low-income countries. In addition, control variables and child labour in the primary model and disaggregate analysis have the same relationships. Empirical results of this study suggest that political instability plays a critical role in increasing child labour in developing countries and has indicated that the government of developing countries should pay particular attention to political instability. Child labour can be reduced by taking good steps toward controlling political instability.

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Tarasova, Zoya, Elena Khlinovskaya Rockhill, Oktyabrina Tuprina y Vladimir Skryabin. "Urbanisation and the Shifting of Boundaries: Contemporary Transformations in Kinship and Child Circulation amongst the Sakha". Europe-Asia Studies 69, n.º 7 (9 de agosto de 2017): 1106–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668136.2017.1375462.

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Szabo, Sylvia, Sabu Padmadas y Jane Falkingham. "Is Rapid Urbanisation Exacerbating Wealth-Related Urban Inequalities in Child Nutritional Status? Evidence from Least Developed Countries". European Journal of Development Research 30, n.º 4 (6 de julio de 2017): 630–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41287-017-0089-0.

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13

Garenne, M. "Urbanisation and child health in resource poor settings with special reference to under-five mortality in Africa". Archives of Disease in Childhood 95, n.º 6 (6 de abril de 2010): 464–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/adc.2009.172585.

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Ugarte, Magdalena, Mauro Fontana y Matthew Caulkins. "Urbanisation and Indigenous dispossession: rethinking the spatio-legal imaginary in Chile vis-à-vis the Mapuche nation". Settler Colonial Studies 9, n.º 2 (11 de diciembre de 2017): 187–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/2201473x.2017.1409397.

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Ganchev, Todor, Valentina Markova, Ivalena Valcheva-Georgieva y Ivan Dobrev. "Pollution of Varna Lake and possibilities of using the pollutants as resources". E3S Web of Conferences 404 (2023): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340403002.

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Varna Lake is of great social and economic importance for the city of Varna and the entire region. The urbanisation of the areas surrounding the Varna-Beloslav Lake complex and the accelerated industrialisation around the coastline of Varna Bay have significant anthropogenic pressure on the aquatic ecosystem. An essential aspect is that industrial development, maritime transport and urbanisation are substantial sources of large-scale inorganic and organic pollution with all the resulting negative consequences. Recent measurements show that the surface sediments, which are a source of nutrients for the water body of Varna Lake, are contaminated with heavy metals and oil products. In this paper, we present a quantitative assessment of the degree of contamination with heavy metals (Hg, As, Fe, Cu, Pb) and petroleum products in the upper sediments of Varna Lake and then discuss opportunities for using some of these pollutants as a resource. The exploitation of these resources would bring significant benefits for improving the ecological status of Varna Lake.

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Kurek, Sławomir y Milena Lange. "Urbanisation and changes in fertility pattern in Poland and in the selected countries of Western and Southern Europe". Bulletin of Geography. Socio-economic Series 17, n.º 17 (1 de enero de 2012): 77–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10089-012-0008-2.

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Urbanisation and changes in fertility pattern in Poland and in the selected countries of Western and Southern EuropeSince the beginning of the 1990s profound changes have occurred in reproductive behaviour in Central and Eastern Europe. They involve a sudden fall in the fertility rate, accompanied by an increase in the age of mothers giving birth to their first child, and a growth in the percentage of extramarital births. A similar course of changes in reproductive behaviour was observed almost a decade earlier in the countries of Southern Europe (Greece, Spain and Italy), and at the beginning of the 1960s in the countries of Western Europe (e.g. France). The aim of the study is to show the spatial changes in the fertility pattern in Poland compared to the selected European countries - Italy, Spain and France. Since new fertility patterns take hold most quickly among the inhabitants of large cities, as a result of the weaker effects of tradition and earlier formation of social norms owing to suburbanisation processes, the analysis of changes in reproductive behaviours will be conducted in the context of changes in urbanisation level. The time frame of the study encompasses an extended duration, especially taking into account the period of 1970-2010. For the comparison of large cities, data from 2010 or the nearest available were examined.

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Phelps, Nicholas A. y Cristian Silva. "Mind the gaps! A research agenda for urban interstices". Urban Studies 55, n.º 6 (26 de octubre de 2017): 1203–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017732714.

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Processes of urbanisation can hardly be considered without reference to the spaces that lie between developments. However, the literature on such interstitial spaces is fragmentary. In this paper we draw together insights from the extant literature into a research agenda on urban interstices. We propose a research agenda centred on four themes: the multiple geographic scales at which the interstitial spaces of urban sprawl might be analysed; the pending nature of such spaces; their planned or unplanned character and their relational properties. We develop these themes, briefly illustrating them with reference to the case of metropolitan area of Santiago de Chile. In conclusion, we emphasise some of the implications of interstitial spaces for theories of urban politics and their value in forcing inter-disciplinarity in urban studies.

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KEASBERRY, I. N. "Elder care and intergenerational relationships in rural Yogyakarta, Indonesia". Ageing and Society 21, n.º 5 (septiembre de 2001): 641–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x01008431.

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In Indonesia, as in most other societies, intergenerational relationships are considered most important for elder care. Children are expected to take care of their elderly parents. However, processes of social change such as industrialisation, urbanisation and migration can have a negative impact on care for elderly people, particularly in rural areas. This paper addresses the issue of the living and care arrangements of older people and possible changes therein. A number of hypotheses and research questions pertaining to this issue are discussed. An Elderly Household Survey was carried out among people aged 55 years and older in two different villages in the Special Region of Yogyakarta. The data concern the living and care arrangements according to the respondent’s sex, age and village. The principle finding is that most older people still live with at least one child or with other kin, or have at least one child living in the same village. Hence, they still have a potential care provider in their immediate vicinity. The situation, however, especially of women aged over 75 years, seems to be problematic.

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Cahyani, Intan Putri, Eky Erlanda Edel y Yulius Dala Ngapa. "Optimization of child-friendly green open space for Brebes’ positioning as a child-friendly regency". Masyarakat, Kebudayaan dan Politik 32, n.º 3 (17 de septiembre de 2019): 262. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/mkp.v32i32019.262-274.

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The Provision of Green Open Spaces (GOS) as a playground for children as well as introducing environmental awareness is a concern in various regions. GOS is a facility from the local government to fulfil children’s rights in terms of growing and developing in a healthy and safe environment, especially for Brebes, which has declared themselves to be a Child-Friendly Region. Nevertheless, currently, Brebes only has 12 GOSs, which is around 15 per cent of its total area. It hampered by the contradictions between the standard requirements for GOS development and the alteration of land functions due to urbanisation in addition to the lack of community involvement in spatial planning between 2012 and 2017. The purpose of this study is to examine the optimisation of GOS in Brebes Regency from the perspective of environmental communication towards the positioning of Brebes as a child-friendly city; this research is a qualitative descriptive study using ethnographic methods and an environmental communication approach. The qualitative data obtained through in-depth interviews, observations and the documentation of eight informants. The findings show that GOS Brebes currently functions as a media for child development. There are some obstacles in terms of optimising the spaces in Brebes because there are some behaviours that are not child-friendly and/or environmentally friendly. Furthermore, the GOS conditions in Brebes generally fulfil the principles of Child-Friendly Spaces (CFS) as the indicators of the optimal performance of GOS. In addition, communication, resources, disposition and bureaucratic structure are important factors in terms of optimising child-friendly GOS in Brebes. Finally, cooperation between the government and the community members to create an ideal child-friendly GOS should be supported by clear regulations and policies, as well as communicated through the media appropriately and sustainably.

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Ahmad, Norain y Rosnah Sutan. "Aligning theory with practice: Child health programmes in Malaysia, a Narrative Review". Malaysian Family Physician 18 (23 de abril de 2023): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.51866/rv.210.

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Introduction: The Malaysian healthcare system, particularly for maternal and child health, has been well recognised to provide high-quality services and be at par with systems in other developed countries. Current health programmes and technological advancements effectively detect vulnerable groups of children, such as small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants, antenatally. However, the postnatal care for SGA infants is not clearly evaluated, as this group of children is mostly classified as healthy in many medical contexts, especially in primary care settings. Available health programmes and healthcare service delivery must be continuously evaluated by implementing beneficial and relevant evidence-based theories. Methods: Articles, reports and guidelines used in providing mother and child health services in Malaysia published since 2000 were reviewed. Results: There was no specific monitoring strategy used for SGA infants without critical health issues in early childhood, as they were commonly treated as healthy infants. Several challenges in aligning theory with the current practice of healthcare service delivery and recommendations for dealing with such challenges were identified. Conclusion: The alignment of theory with the current practice of service delivery should be tailored to the needs and demands parallel to the dynamic change in populations in the urbanisation era.

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Mouzelis, Nicos. "On the Rise of Postwar Military Dictatorships: Argentina, Chile, Greece". Comparative Studies in Society and History 28, n.º 1 (enero de 1986): 55–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417500011841.

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Despite marked geographical and sociocultural differences, Greece and the two major southern-cone Latin American countries share a significant number of characteristics which distinguish them from most other peripheral and semiperipheral societies. Although they began industralisation late and failed to industrialise fully in the last century, all three countries managed to develop an important infrastructure (roads, railways) during the second half of the nineteenth century, and they achieved a notable degree of industrialisation in the years following each of the two world wars. Moreover, until the beginning of the nineteenth century, all three countries were subjugated parts of huge patrimonial empires (the Ottoman and the Iberian) and thus had never experienced the absolutist past of western and southern European societies. Finally, all three acquired their political independence in the early nineteenth century and very soon adopted parliamentary forms of political rule; and despite the constant malfunctioning of their representative institutions, relatively early urbanisation and the creation of a large urban middle class provided a framework within which bourgeois parliamentarism took strong roots and showed remarkable resilience. It persisted, albeit intermittently, from the second half of the nineteenth century until the rise of military bureaucratic-authoritarian regimes in the 1960s and 1970s and, as the Greek and Argentinian cases suggest, such regimes do not necessarily entail the irreversible decline of parliamentary democracy.

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Hernández, H. J., M. A. Gutiérrez y M. P. Acuña. "URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN SANTIAGO (CHILE): PROPOSING SUSTAINABLE INDICATORS FROM REMOTE SENSING". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (23 de junio de 2016): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xli-b8-873-2016.

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Latin America is one of the world’s most urbanised regions, with more than 80% of inhabitants living in urban areas and over 50 cities with at least 1 million inhabitants. The concept of urban structure types (UST) allows the dynamics of a growing urban environment to be captured in its quantity and quality. They are defined as areas of homogenous appearance in the urban matrix with a recognisable mixture of built-up areas and open spaces. We used the vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S) model approach to classify and monitor different types of USTs in Santiago (~800 km2), Chile between 1985 and 2015. The V-I-S model is based on a simplification of the large diversity of urban land cover types in three general categories: vegetation, impervious surfaces and soil. These categories were obtained by processing Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images. First, we applied standard radiometric calibration and co-registration methods to all datasets. Second, using a linear spectral unmixing algorithm we performed a soft classification of urban land cover types (end members): trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, soils, buildings, roads and water bodies. All end members were validated using a combination of photointerpretation on high-resolution images (~1 m) and field data collection (only for 2015). In each pixel we used the resulting probability scores, logically grouped, to obtain final values for each V-I-S component. Third, we used statistical clustering of V-I-S values to create a set of eight pixel groups, which we interpreted as USTs and mapped them for each date. The overall accuracy for V-I-S components in 1985 and 2015 were 78% and 82%, respectively, and errors did not exhibit any spatial correlation. The main sources of differentiation between USTs were the trade-off proportions between vegetation and impervious components, whereas soil proportions remained near 5% across the city in both dates. To analyse the change in UST spatial configuration between dates, we used a set of selected landscape metrics and discussed their use as indicators for sustainable urban development. These indicators relate to the dispersion pattern of urban growth, the connectivity of open green space and the complexity in the composition of the UST types within the different sectors of the city. We were able to identify, using the dynamics exhibited by the USTs, three main zones: (1) city centre, where USTs of high-intensity development predominate, (2) eastern high-income areas whose spatial structure is marked by a relatively high urbanisation intensity with a very large proportion of vegetated spaces, and (3) peripheral areas, with significant changes in composition and configuration of USTs, in recent decades, showing high rates of urbanisation, shifting from low-medium to high densities. We concluded that these patterns and their dynamics are mainly determined by the spatial socio-economic stratification of the population.

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Hernández, H. J., M. A. Gutiérrez y M. P. Acuña. "URBAN MORPHOLOGICAL DYNAMICS IN SANTIAGO (CHILE): PROPOSING SUSTAINABLE INDICATORS FROM REMOTE SENSING". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLI-B8 (23 de junio de 2016): 873–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b8-873-2016.

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Latin America is one of the world’s most urbanised regions, with more than 80% of inhabitants living in urban areas and over 50 cities with at least 1 million inhabitants. The concept of urban structure types (UST) allows the dynamics of a growing urban environment to be captured in its quantity and quality. They are defined as areas of homogenous appearance in the urban matrix with a recognisable mixture of built-up areas and open spaces. We used the vegetation-impervious-soil (V-I-S) model approach to classify and monitor different types of USTs in Santiago (~800 km2), Chile between 1985 and 2015. The V-I-S model is based on a simplification of the large diversity of urban land cover types in three general categories: vegetation, impervious surfaces and soil. These categories were obtained by processing Landsat-5 TM and Landsat-8 OLI images. First, we applied standard radiometric calibration and co-registration methods to all datasets. Second, using a linear spectral unmixing algorithm we performed a soft classification of urban land cover types (end members): trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, soils, buildings, roads and water bodies. All end members were validated using a combination of photointerpretation on high-resolution images (~1 m) and field data collection (only for 2015). In each pixel we used the resulting probability scores, logically grouped, to obtain final values for each V-I-S component. Third, we used statistical clustering of V-I-S values to create a set of eight pixel groups, which we interpreted as USTs and mapped them for each date. The overall accuracy for V-I-S components in 1985 and 2015 were 78% and 82%, respectively, and errors did not exhibit any spatial correlation. The main sources of differentiation between USTs were the trade-off proportions between vegetation and impervious components, whereas soil proportions remained near 5% across the city in both dates. To analyse the change in UST spatial configuration between dates, we used a set of selected landscape metrics and discussed their use as indicators for sustainable urban development. These indicators relate to the dispersion pattern of urban growth, the connectivity of open green space and the complexity in the composition of the UST types within the different sectors of the city. We were able to identify, using the dynamics exhibited by the USTs, three main zones: (1) city centre, where USTs of high-intensity development predominate, (2) eastern high-income areas whose spatial structure is marked by a relatively high urbanisation intensity with a very large proportion of vegetated spaces, and (3) peripheral areas, with significant changes in composition and configuration of USTs, in recent decades, showing high rates of urbanisation, shifting from low-medium to high densities. We concluded that these patterns and their dynamics are mainly determined by the spatial socio-economic stratification of the population.

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Mahapatra, Bidhubhusan, Monika Walia, Wiliam Robert Avis y Niranjan Saggurti. "Effect of exposure to PM10 on child health: evidence based on a large-scale survey from 184 cities in India". BMJ Global Health 5, n.º 8 (agosto de 2020): e002597. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002597.

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IntroductionAir pollution is increasingly becoming a serious global public health concern. Prior studies examining the effect of air pollution on health have ignored the role of households’ hygienic practices and socioeconomic condition, which are key determinants of the health status of a country like India. This study examines the effects of air pollution, measured in levels of particulate matters of size below 10 µg/m3 (PM10), on child-health outcomes after adjusting for hygiene practices.MethodsHealth data from the National Family Health Survey-4 (NFHS-4) and PM10 levels provided by the Central Pollution Control Board were matched for 184 Indian towns/cities. Child health outcomes included neonatal mortality, post-neonatal mortality, premature births, children with symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARI) and low birth weight. Multilevel mixed-effects models were used to estimate the risk associated with exposure to PM10.ResultAnalyses based on 23 954 births found that every 10-unit increase in PM10 level, increased the risk of neonatal mortality by 6% (adjusted RR (95% CI): 1.02 (1.02 to 1.09)), and the odds of symptoms of ARI among children by 7% (adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.07 (1.03 to 1.12)), and premature births by 8% (adjusted OR (95% CI): 1.08 (1.03 to 1.12)). There was no statistically significant difference in the effect of PM10 on child health regardless of household’s hygienic practices. Effects of PM10 on child health outcomes remained similar for cities whether or not they were part of the National Clean Air Program (NCAP).ConclusionExposure to PM10, regardless of hygienic practices, increases the risk of adverse child health outcomes. Study findings suggest that the focus of mitigating the effects of air pollution should be beyond the towns/cities identified under NCAP. Given the increasing industrialisation and urbanisation, a systemic, coherent approach is required to address the issue of air pollution in India.

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Bhuyan, Md Rashed y Ye Zhang. "Diversity of Children’s Independent Mobility in Dhaka". Urbanisation 4, n.º 2 (noviembre de 2019): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455747119889915.

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Children’s mobility environment is an ignored topic in discussions of sustainable urbanisation in the Global South. This study explores the independent mobility of children from ages 7 to 15 in Dhaka—reportedly the world’s densest urban conglomeration. Surveys and interviews of children ( n = 308) and their parents were conducted in eight schools in Dhaka, located in three strategically selected residential areas. Children’s independent mobility (CIM) was then analysed with reference to relevant themes across social profiles of children. The results depict the current state of CIM in Dhaka: 59 per cent of the children experienced a low degree of CIM from school to home. The degree of CIM varied noticeably across study areas, income groups, age and gender groups. The presence of cars in streets was identified as an important barrier for CIM by both children and parents. These results could inform policymakers, transportation planners and urban advocates focussing on creating an inclusive and child-friendly urban environment.

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Newman, Sophie L. y Claire M. Hodson. "Contagion in the Capital: Exploring the Impact of Urbanisation and Infectious Disease Risk on Child Health in Nineteenth-Century London, England". Childhood in the Past 14, n.º 2 (3 de julio de 2021): 177–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17585716.2021.1956059.

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Hidalgo, Rodrigo, María Sarella Robles y Voltaire Alvarado. "Neoliberal Lakeside Residentialism: Real Estate Development and the Sustainable Utopia in Environmentally Fragile Areas". Land 11, n.º 8 (14 de agosto de 2022): 1309. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081309.

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This article exposes the central role played by neoliberal real estate development in the transformation of two lakeside cities in southern Chile. The concept of neoliberal lakeside residentialism addresses the ways in which commercialisation of the natural world in tourism hotspots is comprehensively reshaping the environmentally fragile Andean lake district. Specifically, we hypothesise that this green utopia is rapidly becoming a dystopia as a result of the aggregate effects of real estate development on environmental sustainability. In order to analyse these tensions, we conduct a case study in the districts of Villarrica and Pucón, both located within the Lake Villarrica watershed. There is evidence of territorial metamorphosis of the Araucanía Region as areas popular with tourists are increasingly being closed off by large-scale real estate operations. We find that this “anomalous” rate of urbanisation is indeed affecting sustainability in the territory, both environmental and social, concluding that regulation of these processes is needed in order to preserve both the natural and cultural wealth of the study area.

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MacKeown, Jennifer M. y Mieke Faber. "Urbanisation and cariogenic food habits among 4–24-month-old black South African children in rural and urban areas". Public Health Nutrition 5, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2002): 719–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2002358.

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AbstractObjective:To determine if social class, education level and group environment (rural and urban) influence particular food habits commonly associated with dental caries incidence among 4–24-month-old black South African children.Design, setting and subjects:Information was collected by trained interviewers using a food-frequency questionnaire from mothers of children in two areas in South Africa: Ndunakazi, a rural area in KwaZulu/Natal (n = 105) and two urban areas in Gauteng – Soweto (low to middle socio-economic area) (n = 100) and the northern suburbs of Johannesburg and Sandton (middle to upper socio-economic area) (n = 101). Education level and occupation of the parents, which define social class, were also recorded. A linear logistic (Proc Catmod) analysis tested social class, education level and group environment as the independent variables and the food habits as the dependent variables.Results:Group environment was significantly associated with nine of the 18 food habits investigated. More urban than rural mothers added sugar to their child's comforter. More mothers in urban Soweto than in urban Johannesburg were still breast-feeding their infants at 24 months. More rural than urban mothers were giving ‘mutis’ (common and traditional medicines). Together with group environment, education level was significantly associated with giving of ‘mutis’ and the frequency of giving them. Social class was significantly associated with the frequency of breast-feeding and when the child was breast-fed. Mothers from the upper social class breast-fed less frequently than mothers from the lower class.Conclusion:The study showed a strong influence of rural/urban environment on specific cariogenic food habits among young black South African children, enabling the development and implementation of a nutrition strategy.

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Khripkova, Dianna, Galina Gaidukova y Kirill Khripkov. "Extra-urban territories as an adaptation resource in the context of a pandemic crisis". E3S Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 03005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202236303005.

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The article is devoted to the identification of the problem of reducing depopulation processes and improving demographic processes in rural areas in the context of a coronavirus pandemic. Cities have shown their vulnerability to the pandemic, and it has become a trigger for arousing interest in rural areas as promising from the point of view of residence security and development. According to the authors, it is rural territories that can act as an adaptation resource in the conditions of a pandemic crisis, but it is possible only if their infrastructure is actively developed and the state provides comprehensive support. The purpose of this article is to describe demographic and migration processes taking place in rural areas, as well as to substantiate the prospects for the development of rural areas as a resource for adaptation during the pandemic crisis. The diagnosis of the dispositions of the population regarding the problem of the development of the socio-demographic potential of rural areas was carried out on the basis of a sociological study conducted by the authors of the article in the Belgorod region in 2021, and included a mass questionnaire survey of the population (n = 1000), an expert interview (n = 37), and a series of focus group interviews. It is noted that the most important problems significantly affecting the demographic development of rural areas are the problems of underdevelopment of social infrastructure, unemployment, poor social security of the village. It is emphasized that the coronavirus and the crisis caused by it become an argument in favor of de-urbanisation and rural development. The necessity of taking a number of active measures to maintain the motives of citizens for de-urbanisation and rural development is justified.

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Montes, Isis-Yelena, Andy Banegas-Medina, Nathalie Fagel, Meriam El Ouahabi, Elie Verleyen, Denisse Alvarez, Fernando Torrejón et al. "Late Holocene Paleonvironmental Evolution of Two Coastal Lakes in Mediterranean Chile and Its Implications for Conservation Planning". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 8 (13 de abril de 2021): 3478. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083478.

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Paleolimnological reconstructions from the mid and high latitudes in the Southern Hemisphere are still relatively scarce. Anthropogenic impacts have evidenced trophic state changes and an increase in cyanobacterial blooms in the lacustrine system of San Pedro de la Paz in the last decades. Here, we reconstructed primary production and sedimentological changes spanning the past 2500 years in two coastal lakes in Mediterranean Chile. A multiproxy approach including sedimentological, biogenic silica, carbon and nitrogen isotopes and fossil pigments analysis in sediment cores was performed in Laguna Grande (LGSP) and Laguna Chica de San Pedro (LCSP). A marked change in the sedimentology of the lakes, likely related to the terrigenous sediment inputs derived by a transition from an arid condition in the mid-Holocene to a more humid condition in the late Holocene that favoured arboreal forest establishment at 100 BC–AD 150. A period of low primary production was identified between 850 to 1050 AC for LCSP, suggesting moist and cold conditions that were possibly related to La Niña events. In recent decades, there have been increases in primary production, probably resulting from anthropogenic disturbances. These likely include the clearance of native vegetation, the introduction of exotic tree species, and urbanisation, which in turn, resulted in nutrient inputs and hence eutrophication. We conclude that an integrated management program for both lakes is urgently needed.

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Das, Pintu. "Socio-Economic Position of women slum dwellers: An Investigation of a Few Selected Slums in the Bansberia Municipality area, West Bengal, India". RESEARCH REVIEW International Journal of Multidisciplinary 7, n.º 4 (15 de abril de 2022): 38–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.31305/rrijm.2022.v07.i04.006.

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Urbanization is regarded as one of the key dimensions of the process of socio-economic development and India has seen steady urbanisation and an increase in the number of people living in slums. According to a number of studies, many types of violence are prevalent in urban slum areas. Urban primacy has been a feature of West Bengal's urbanisation and ongoing population growth in highly urbanised regions around Kolkata since 1901. As a result, there was a slowdown of the process of urbanisation beginning in 1951, and a very a unique style was observed between 2001 and 2011. Large cities increased disproportionately throughout the post-independence period, while small and medium towns stagnated or decreased. Large cities have the highest concentration of industries, this has resulted in issues on both ends of the urban system-the megacities are overcrowded on a regular basis, posing a hazard. Because West Bengal's urban population density is 50% the national average is higher. The number of people living in slums in the state is likewise much higher than the national average, accounting for 35-40% of the urban population. West Bengal's urban towns are no strangers to slums. It has been in operation for a long time in order to provide housing to the poor and underprivileged as well as the community's backward portions. Women who live in slums are not economically or socially stable. The health of slum dwellers is inextricably linked to their living conditions. They are unable to consume items that contain calories. They are deprived of appropriate nutrition four times. Several factors, such as early marriage, early pregnancy, having a large number of children, having a short time between pregnancies, and so on, all have an impact on their health. According to data collected from Bansberia Municipality slums, 32.71 percent of women have more than three children, and 47.45 percent of mothers gave birth to their first child before they were 20 years old. They also do not receive sufficient prenatal and postnatal care. The delivery location was filthy and also unsanitary. They have a low level of education and are unaware of the health issues. In terms of economics, Bansberia Municipality is a place of excruciating poverty. The city receives between 2000 and 2500 migrants each year, the vast majority of them are destitute and provide essential job opportunities for the city's industry and services. The Hooghly District of West Bengal is an alluvial land where intensive subsistence farming is the dominant economic activity. The study's goal is to learn how women's socioeconomic conditions influence natural population growth in West Bengal's Hooghly District. The poor generally reside in slums strewn around the metropolis, with almost 61.45% of the slums are on privately owned land, offering serious institutional issues in terms of providing basic services. The content of the article investigates socioeconomic situation of women slum dwellers in the Bansberia Municipality area. The findings of the research are the social and economic conditions of women in the Bansberia Municipal area's slum areas.

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Eberstadt, Nicholas. "China’s demographic prospects to 2040 and their implications: an overview". Psychoanalysis and Psychotherapy in China 3, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2020): 66–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.33212/ppc.v3n1.2020.66.

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China’s population prospects over the decades ahead are largely shaped by pro-longed sub-replacement childbearing, likely to have been in effect for half a century by 2040. China’s population is on track to peak in the coming decade and to decline at an accelerating pace thereafter. Between 2015 and 2040, China’s population aged 50 and older is on course to increase by roughly one-quarter of a billion people; the under-50 population is set to decline by a roughly comparable magnitude. China is set to experience an extraordinarily rapid surge of population aging, with especially explosive population growth for the 65-plus group, even as its working-age population (conventionally defined as the age 15–64 group) progressively shrinks. Additionally, a number of demographic changes underway now constitute “wild cards” for China’s future: including (1) the impending “marriage squeeze” due to abnormal sex ratios at birth from the one-child policy era; (2) the problem of mass urbanisation under a system that consigns migrants in urban areas to an officially inferior status; and (3) the revolutionary changes in the Chinese family structure, which portend a dramatic departure from previous arrangements on which Chinese society and economy depended.

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Williams, Tiffany, Kim Ward, Victoria Egli, Sandra Mandic, Tessa Pocock, Terryann C. Clark y Melody Smith. "More-Than-Human: A Cross-Sectional Study Exploring Children’s Perceptions of Health and Health-Promoting Neighbourhoods in Aotearoa New Zealand". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, n.º 24 (17 de diciembre de 2022): 16968. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192416968.

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A disconnect between children’s ideas and their incorporation into environmental design, in the context of rapid urbanisation and climate crises, compelled us to reflect on children’s meaningful participation in positive environmental change. Our research aimed to bring new knowledge to the fore using a participatory, child-centred approach to understanding children’s perceptions of health and health-promoting neighbourhoods in Aotearoa New Zealand. The cross-sectional Neighbourhoods and Health study was conducted with 93 primary school-aged children (approximate ages 8 to 10 years) from two schools in Ōtepoti Dunedin and two schools in Tāmaki Makaurau Auckland from June 2020 to August 2021. We present a framework of twelve child-centred topics of importance for health (Healthcare and ‘not getting sick’, ‘How you feel’, and Taking care of yourself), health-promoting neighbourhoods (Proximity, safety and feel, Range of ‘places to go’, ‘Friendly streets’, and ‘No smoking’), and those common to both (Connections with other humans, Healthy food and drink, Exercising and playing sport ‘to keep fit’, ‘Nature’ and ‘helping the environment’, and Recreational activities). The more-than-human theory was used to situate our study findings, and we explored three threads evident in children’s thinking: (1) care for humans and non-humans, (2) vital interdependence of human–non-human relations, and (3) understanding complex urban environments through everyday activities. We conclude that the thriving of humans and non-humans in urban environments is important to children in Aotearoa New Zealand. We affirm that children have clear and salient ideas about health and health-promoting neighbourhoods.

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Jiang, Yanli y Jian Yang. "Construction Risk Assessment for Old Town Renovation Based on AHP-LEC". E3S Web of Conferences 439 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343901006.

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Old city renovation can improve the living environment and quality of residents and enhance the image of the city, and in the process of urbanisation, old city renovation is always a people’s livelihood project that cannot be ignored. This paper takes the old city renovation in County H as an example, through the combination of hierarchical analysis method (AHP) and construction safety evaluation method (LEC) in the renovation process, constructs the safety assessment model, uses the Delphi method to determine the factors that lead to the occurrence of safety accidents in the construction, assigns scores to each index and realises the quantitative analysis, and finally analyses the weighted size of the factors that lead to the occurrence of safety accidents and carries out the safety assessment. Based on the results of the safety assessment, it provides certain reference significance for the future transformation of the old city.

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Neshcheret, Alexander, Maria Skivko, Chinara Alamanova, Elena Korneeva y Artem Freze. "Concepts of sustainable development in ecological and economic systems". E3S Web of Conferences 460 (2023): 03011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346003011.

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This article focuses on the perspectives of ecological and economic systems to contribute to sustainable development goals. The main idea of this research is to describe the meanings of ecologic and economic systems for the realization of sustainable development ideas. One of the main assumptions relies on the interconnection of social, economic and environmental contexts that form such systems and create sustainable challenges in different areas to deal with. Therefore, this article, first, analyzes the phenomenon of urbanisation and the risks for the realization of sustainable ideas through the context of megapolises. Secondly, the article concentrates on the migration phenomenon and represents the ways that foster or block the realization of sustainable solutions. Thirdly, the article explains the risks in the area of consumption with its changing trends, attitudes and system of values within the growing attention to the sustainability discussion. Special attention is given to the category of balance in sustainability that is, if destroyed, hampers the realization of sustainable strategies.

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Li, Hanze, Tianhan Hu, Da Li, Lu Zhang, Xinhai Zhang y Yazhou Fan. "Waterlogging Prevention and Control Planning Based on the Concept of Sponge City - A Case Study of Kirin Science and Technology City". E3S Web of Conferences 512 (2024): 02028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202451202028.

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With the accelerated development of urbanisation, the problem of waterlogging is increasingly becoming a serious challenge for cities. In order to effectively deal with the risk of waterlogging, this study proposes a set of waterlogging prevention and control planning based on the concept of sponge city construction. It focuses on giving full play to the water reduction effect of Low Impact Development (LID) facilities through the integrated application of ecological emission reduction systems and drainage and risk removal technologies to reduce rainwater runoff and improve the city’s flooding resilience. The method is applied to Kirin Science and Technology City as an example, and the results show that the total annual runoff control rate, the water surface rate, and the water surface storage capacity of this area are all significantly improved, which can provide a reference for deepening the scientific understanding of the mechanism of urban rainfall and flood formation and adopting effective management means.

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Biswas, Subas Chandra, Shuchi Karim y Sabina Faiz Rashid. "Should we care: a qualitative exploration of the factors that influence the decision of early marriage among young men in urban slums of Bangladesh". BMJ Open 10, n.º 10 (octubre de 2020): e039195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-039195.

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ObjectivesTo explore how adolescent and young men negotiate the complex realities of lives to explain their pathways into and reasons for early marriage in urban slums of Bangladesh.DesignThe qualitative data used here came from a larger 3-year study that used both quantitative and qualitative research methods.SettingInterviews were conducted in two of the largest slums in Dhaka and Chittagong city of Bangladesh between December 2015 and March 2018.ParticipantsThis paper uses qualitative data from 22 in-depth interviews (IDIs) and three focus group discussions (FGDs) with adolescent and young men aged 15–24 years; 13 IDIs and 4 FGDs with parents and 11 key-informant interviews with community leaders. The purposively selected respondents were interviewed in their respective settings.ResultsIn the context of urban slums, this study revealed multiple factors influence early marriage decision-making processes among young men. These factors include socially perceived phenomenon of adulthood and readiness of marriage, poverty leading to drop out from schools and early initiation to earning livelihood, manifestations of increasing individual aspiration and agency, fulfilment of romance and erotic desires and dreams of forming one’s own family. In addition, parental and immediate societal interference to preserve norms around gender and society can act as catalysts for this decision.ConclusionsStudy findings imply that complex structural factors, social and gender norms that are contributing to the early marriage for both adolescent boys and young men in Bangladesh’s urban slums. These are locations where conservatism, poverty and urbanisation intersect resulting in early and often unprepared entry to adulthood for young men impacting on their development and well-being. It is, therefore, critical that young men should be included in the national and global conversations around child marriage and child marriage prevention programme.

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Bui, Quyen TT, Lan TH Vu y Dien M. Tran. "Trajectories of depression in adolescents and young adults in Vietnam during rapid urbanisation: evidence from a longitudinal study". Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 30, n.º 1 (18 de mayo de 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280583.2018.1478299.

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Mphahlele, Reratilwe Ephenia, Omolemo Kitchin y R. Masekela. "Barriers and determinants of asthma control in children and adolescents in Africa: a systematic review". BMJ Open 11, n.º 10 (octubre de 2021): e053100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-053100.

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ObjectiveTo identify reasons for poor asthma control in African children and adolescents.DesignSystematic reviewData sourcesPubMed, Scopus, CINHAL, PsycINFO, MEDLINE and Web of Science databases were systematically searched up to 31 May 2020. Hand searching was done on Sabinet, African Journal online and Google Scholar.Eligibility criteriaStudies identifying barriers to asthma control, where asthma control was assessed by the validated Asthma Control Test/Child Asthma Control Test and/or Asthma Control Questionnaire were included.Data extraction and synthesisTwo reviewers independently selected studies for inclusion with disagreements resolved by a research team discussion, including a third reviewer. Data were extracted using the Cochrane Effective Practice and Organization of Care data collection form. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the modified Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment scale. Identified barriers were reported in a thematic narrative synthesis.Primary outcomesPoorly controlled asthma and associated factors.ResultsFrom 914 records, three studies conducted between 2014 and 2019 in Nigeria, Uganda and South Africa met the inclusion criteria. A total of 883 children aged 4–19 years were analysed. Older age, concurrent allergy and city-dwelling significantly impacted asthma control. Few children with asthma symptoms in the community had ever used inhaled corticosteroids (6.7%) and identified reasons included lack of asthma diagnosis (38.8%) and no prescribed treatment (47.6%).ConclusionAsthma control in African children is impacted by age, allergy, urbanisation and lack of access to asthma diagnosis and treatment. More studies focusing on identifying barriers to asthma control in Africa are needed.PROSPERORegistration no: CRD42020196755)

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Krishnan, Dr N. "Urbanization and Slum Development with Special Reference to Erode District of Tamilnadu". International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2022): 945–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.39952.

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Abstract: The present study is focusing on urbanisation and slum development with special reference to Erode district, Tamilnadu. The urban population in the world is rising generally. The estimates are that more than 60% of the increase in the world’s urban population over the next three decades will be in Asia, mostly in China and India, but also in Pakistan, Bangladesh, the Philippines, and Vietnam. Nine out of 23 cities with populations of more than 10 million people are in Asia. Similarly, Asia will have many cities projected to have more than a million people each. This is reflected in poor housing, urban infrastructural support, and social and reproductive health services. It could be concluded that the number of children of respondents. Out of the 100 respondents, the highest of 62 respondents have male children and 25 respondents have studied with 112 female child. The status of children range value is found that 49 between 13 and 62. So the 13 respondents are not having any children. No child is one of the drawbacks of in the study area. It is found from the results that 38 of the respondents living in concrete house. The 32 of the respondents are living in Tiled house. The 15 of the respondents were living asbestos house. From the analysis, it is concluded that the similar of 15 of the respondents living in asbestos sheets/any other houses. They must be given the highest priority in all new urban development and urban renewal schemes. This must include a substantial increase in investments in infrastructure, in household connections and in slum targeting Building decision making processes that include representatives from poor communities and wider stakeholders to brokerpro-poor investments and scale up urban water supply and sanitation programs in slums. Urban development and water and sanitation specialists must identify and adopt the political, institutional and policy changes that bring about pro-poor field practices and accelerated slum improvements. Keywords: Urbanization and Slum Development, Socio-Economic conditions and Major Problems faced.

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Avvari, Pavithra, Preethi Nacham, Snehitha Sasanapuri, Sirija Reddy Mankena, Phanisree Kudipudi y Aishwarya Madapati. "Air Quality Index Prediction". E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101103.

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Falling back past few years rapid progress in Air pollution has become a life-threatening concern in many nations throughout the world due to human activity, industrialisation, and urbanisation.. As a result of these activities, sulphur oxides, carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide (CO), chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), lead, mercury, and other pollutants be emitted into atmosphere. Simultaneously, estimating quality of air is a tough undertaking because of evolution, variability, also unreasonable unpredictability over pollution and particle region and time. In this project we compare the two Algorithms of machine learning in predicting Index of Air Quality and its predominant. Support vector machine (SVM) exists as prominent machine learning method beneficial to forecasting pollutant plus particle levels and predicting the air quality index (AQI), and Random Forest Regression is another. We'll be working with data from India's Open Government Data Platform. This website displays Air Quality Index readings from around India, including Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Particulate Matter (PM) are examples of contaminants (PM10 and PM2.5), Carbon Monoxide (CO), and others. The output of the project is the predict of Air Quality index using two different algorithms and the comparison of models using various error metrics.

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Khedekar, Sneha y Sunil Thakare. "Correlation analysis of atmospheric pollutants and meteorological factors using statistical tools in Pune, Maharashtra". E3S Web of Conferences 391 (2023): 01190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339101190.

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Air pollution has gotten worse due to the speeding up of urbanisation and industry, and the outlook for pollution control is not promising. A significant worldwide challenge that humanity is currently facing is climate change. India has suggested carbon neutrality and a carbon peak as ways to combat climate change. The intricate link and association between atmospheric contaminants and climatic variables that affect air quality, however, must be further elucidated. This work uses Pune's 2017–2021 high-resolution air pollution reanalysis open data set in conjunction with statistical techniques of the Pearson Correlation Coefficient (PCC) to compute and illustrate the design and analysis of environmental monitoring big data. The PCC is easy to use, immediately showed how contaminants and meteorological conditions relate to one another in time and space, and made environmental management agencies' jobs easier. The experimental results show that all contaminants are positively associated, with the exception of ozone, which is adversely connected. Pollutants are more influenced by meteorological factors than by temperature, which are all positively associated. Due to its strong negative relationship with the five pollutants, wind speed has a greater effect on the dispersion of pollutants.

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Adjagan, Kêmy Elary Mahugnon y Jean Raphaël Adelakoun. "The contributions of space geodesy to the construction of sustainable cities in Africa and around the world". E3S Web of Conferences 418 (2023): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341801006.

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The accelerate urbanisation African cities caused by the massive rural exodus contributed to the demographic boom of these cities. Our cities barely breathe. The swamps of yesterday have become the habitats of today, the marine areas become a refuge by excellence for families newly arrived in the city. This is the birth of precarious neighborhoods with growing land insecurity. The disappearance of marine and coastal biodiversity, the increase in pollution in all its forms; this is where space geodesy comes in. Recognized as one of the great revolutions of Navigation. Space geodesy has made available to territories and continents including the oceans a set of techniques that in their applications participate in the construction and management of sustainable cities in Africa and in the world; it participates through its fields of application in atmospheric monitoring, marine environment monitoring, territorial, climatological to ensure a better life on land, underground, in water and under water. These techniques and application are an urban decision support for the construction and management of sustainable cities; precise geodetic measurements make it possible to assess topography, identify flood zones, with facilitates the installation of resilient infrastructure.

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44

Nadupuru, Shobha Rani y Manisha Shewale. "Rain Water Harvesting Technique Implementation for the Chhadvel Korde Village, Maharashtra". E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 04033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340504033.

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Water is one of the most important resources on Earth. In every way, water is crucial to our daily existence. The amount of water that is available in cities is never enough to meet the entire demand. We must rely on water from underground sources because surface water is not readily available. The amount of rainwater that soaks into the subsurface and replenishes ground water has significantly decreased as a result of rapid urbanisation. In this instance, there must be additional supply to satisfy the demand. When it rains, pure rainwater can be gathered "wherever it falls" to instantly replace the water supply. The act of gathering and organising rainwater in a systematic way for later use is referred to as "rainwater harvesting". Two types of rainwater harvesting that could be used in the research region are rooftop and surface runoff harvesting. By adopting a rainwater harvesting system and constructing natural percolation pits, the groundwater level, soil moisture, and soil fertility can all be increased for plantations. Therefore, using this simple strategy typically leads to more vegetation, which raises the aesthetic value. This article examines every rainwater harvesting system established in the Maharashtra district of Sakri in Chhadvel Korde.

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Bakibinga, Pauline, Remare Ettarh, Abdhalah K. Ziraba, Catherine Kyobutungi, Eva Kamande, Nicholas Ngomi y Jane Osindo. "The effect of enhanced public–private partnerships on Maternal, Newborn and child Health Services and outcomes in Nairobi–Kenya: the PAMANECH quasi-experimental research protocol". BMJ Open 4, n.º 10 (octubre de 2014): e006608. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006608.

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IntroductionRapid urbanisation in Kenya has resulted in growth of slums in urban centres, characterised by poverty, inadequate social services and poor health outcomes. The government's initiatives to improve access to quality healthcare for mothers and children are largely limited to public health facilities, which are few and/or inaccessible in underserved areas such as the slums. The ‘Partnership for Maternal, Newborn and Child Health’ (PAMANECH) project is being implemented in two Nairobi slums, Viwandani and Korogocho, to assess the impact of strengthening public–private partnerships for the delivery of healthcare on the health of mothers, newborns and young children in two informal settlements in Kenya.Methods and analysisThis is a quasi-experimental study; our approach is to support private as well as public health providers and the community to enhance access to and demand for quality healthcare services. Key activities include: infrastructural upgrade of selected Private Not-For-Profit health facilities operating in the two slums, building capacity for healthcare providers as well as the Health Management Teams in Nairobi, facilitating provision of supportive supervision by the local health authorities and forming networks of Community Health Volunteers (CHVs) to create demand for health services. To assess the impact of the intervention, the study is utilising multiple data sources using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. A baseline survey was conducted in 2013 and an end-line survey will be conducted at least 1 year after full implementation of the intervention. Systematic monitoring and documentation of the intervention is on-going to strengthen the case for causal inference.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the study was obtained from the Kenya Medical Research Institute. Key messages from the results will be packaged and widely disseminated through workshops, conference presentations, reports, factsheets and academic publications to facilitate uptake by policymakers.Protocol registration numberKEMRI- NON-SSC-PROTOCOL No. 393.

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Hegde, Amitha M. y Sonali Sodhi. "Epidemiology of Traumatic Dental Injuries in Children and Adolescents - A Review". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, n.º 22 (31 de mayo de 2021): 1709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/353.

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BACKGROUND Every child is prone to traumatic injuries, the impact of these injuries is directly related to the intensity, force and direction from which the trauma is inflicted. Trauma to the oral cavity is rather more common in children and adolescents as compared to the adult population. Since dental trauma is unanticipated, instantaneous and accidental, it often needs immediate and emergency management, depending on the severity of the injury. Thus, it is tremendously important to understand the patterns of incidence, prevalence, aetiology and risk factors associated with traumatic dental injuries. This article aims to review the epidemiology, incidence, prevalence, aetiology, risk factors and current trends of traumatic dental injuries in children and adolescents. The aetiologic factors vary among countries and within different age groups. The risk of sustaining traumatic dental injuries is generally dependent on several elements like age, circumstance, geography, behaviour and culture. Changing lifestyle especially related to urbanisation has led to amplification in the prevalence of dental trauma. The emergence of new trends in the modern society has led to creation of newer patterns and risk factors for the same. Traumatic dental injuries are linked to biological, social, financial and psychological factors. This article provides an overview on the epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries. This topic is of public health importance. This review is important to understand the underlying risk factors in order to reduce the prevalence and incidence of dental trauma. Educating the public regarding this will reduce the incidence of dental trauma. KEY WORDS Dental Trauma, Aetiology, Risk Factors, Epidemiology, Prevalence, Prevention, Paediatric Dentistry

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47

Gopal Krishna, P., Yerragudipadu Subbarayudu, G. Sai Keerthana, K. Varsha, G. Vijendar Reddy y Bharti Ramola. "IoT Sensor Based Sustainable Air Quality Monitoring System for Humans and Ecosystems in the World Empowerment". E3S Web of Conferences 430 (2023): 01080. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343001080.

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Due to elements that can harm human health, such as industries, urbanisation, population growth, and automobile use, the level of pollution is rising quickly. Using an Internet-connected web server, an IOT-based air pollution monitoring system is employed to track the air quality which sustains environment. When the amount of dangerous chemicals including CO2, smoking, alcohol, benzene, NH3, and NOx is high enough, it will sound an alarm when the air quality drops below a specified threshold. It will display the air quality in PPM on the LCD and on the website, making it very simple to monitor air pollution. The MQ135 and PM 2.5 sensors are used by the system to monitor air quality since they can accurately measure and detect the majority of hazardous gases. In recent years, air pollution has become a severe issue on a global scale and has surpassed advised national limitations. In addition to harming ecosystems and human health, air pollution also has an impact on global climate. The population is expanding, there are more industries, and there is an excessive amount of transportation that uses fuel, which are all contributing factors to the rapid rise in air pollution. To address this danger, the Air Quality Monitoring System was developed.

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48

Abood, Ahmed Salam, Prashanth K S, Saritha K, Lavish Kansal, Ashish Kumar Parashar y Pramod Kumar. "Estimation of PCU’s in Heterogeneous Traffic by Different methods". E3S Web of Conferences 507 (2024): 01070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202450701070.

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Transportation gets more intricate when cities get busier. Increased motor vehicles are moving into towns, which means increased traffic jams. The impacts of urbanisation are pervasive and include, but are not limited to, traffic performance, road safety, pollution, and traffic congestion. The rising number of people in the nation is driving up demand for personal vehicles including cars and motorcycles. Adding additional lanes is not enough to solve traffic congestion effectively. So, studying passenger car units (PCU) in heterogeneous traffic becomes necessary. Efforts to derive PCU values for cities roads with various traffic situations are made on this article. Using the density technique, we got somewhat different PCU values for the remaining three cars, but Chandra's method gave us PCU values of 1.99, 3.37, and 1.33, respectively. The data shows that buses make up a significant portion of the traffic in this region, constituting 23% of the total. Of the entire traffic volume, cars account for 16%. There are 19% fewer cars and trucks on two wheels in the research region. Of the total vehicles in the research region, buses constitute 21%. Nineteen percent of all traffic is caused by cars. It has been found that according to site 1 in the research region, three-wheeled vehicles constitute 18% of total traffic.

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49

Hirose, Atsumi, Dan Kajungu, Valerie Tusubira, Peter Waiswa, Tobias Alfven y Claudia Hanson. "Postneonatal under-5 mortality in peri-urban and rural Eastern Uganda, 2005–2015". BMJ Global Health 5, n.º 12 (diciembre de 2020): e003762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003762.

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IntroductionCommunity and individual sociodemographic characteristics play an important role in child survival. However, a question remains how urbanisation and demographic changes in sub-Saharan Africa affect community-level determinants for child survival.MethodsLongitudinal data from the Iganga/Mayuge Health and Demographic Surveillance Site was used to obtain postneonatal under-5 mortality rates between March 2005 and February 2015 in periurban and rural areas separately. Multilevel survival analysis models were used to identify factors associated with mortality.ResultsThere were 43 043 postneonatal under-5 children contributing to 116 385 person years of observation, among whom 1737 died. Average annual crude mortality incidence rate (IR) differed significantly between periurban and rural areas (9.0 (8.1 to 10.0) per 1000 person-years vs 18.1 (17.1 to 19.0), respectively). In periurban areas, there was evidence for decreasing mortality from IR=11.3 (7.7 to 16.6) in 2006 to IR=4.5 (3.0 to 6.9) in 2015. The mortality fluctuated with no evidence for reduction in rural areas (IR=19.0 (15.8 to 22.8) in 2006; IR=15.5 (13.0 to 18.6) in 2015). BCG vaccination was associated with reduced mortality in periurban and rural areas (adjusted rate ratio (aRR)=0.45; 95% CI 0.30 to 0.67 and aRR=0.56; 95% CI 0.41 to 0.76, respectively). Maternal education level within the community was associated with reduced mortality in both periurban and rural sites (aRR=0.83; 95% CI 0.70 to 0.99; aRR=0.90; 95% CI 0.81 to 0.99). The proportion of households in the poorest quintile within the community was associated with mortality in rural areas only (aRR=1.08; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.18). In rural areas, a large disparity existed between the least poor and the poorest (aRR=0.50; 95% CI 0.27 to 0.92).ConclusionWe found evidence for a mortality decline in peri-urban but not rural areas. Investments in the known key health (eg, vaccination) and socio-economic interventions (education, and economic development) continue to be crucial for mortality declines. Focused strategies to eliminate the disparity between wealth quintiles are also warranted. There may be equitable access to health services in peri-urban areas but improved metrics of socioeconomic position suitable for peri-urban residents may be needed.

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Shabibi, Sara Abdullah Said Al, Shima Mohammed Abdul Sattar Al Balus, Sachin Kuckian, Pranita Banerjee y Yasser Al Balushi. "Investigation of the Strength Properties of Concrete Using Marble Powder and Iron Ore". E3S Web of Conferences 405 (2023): 03008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340503008.

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Concrete is a major concern for engineers because of its extensive use in the building sector. The production of concrete also uses a lot of materials all around the world. However, the price of energy, the expansion of manufacturing capacity, and environmental concerns are three of the most crucial factors to consider in the concrete industry, considering the fast urbanisation and modern market. Because of issues with pollution and the high price and low availability of sand and cement, the current research focuses on employing marble powder as a cement substitute and iron ore as a sand substitute. The commercial by-products of producing and polishing granite powder, waste iron powder (WIP) and waste marble powder (WMP), are mainly wasted and pose a threat to human health. Substituted with marble powder (5% and 10%) for the cement and iron powder (30%, 40%, and 50%) for the fine aggregate. The results were based on the material's compressive strength, flexural strength, and workability. The highest compressive and flexural strengths were achieved when 10% of the cement was replaced with marble powder and 50% of the iron ore was replaced with sand. According to the results, the strength qualities of concrete might be enhanced by using less marble and more iron ore. From both a financial and ecological perspective, recycling these components and incorporating them into concrete as a partial replacement makes sense.

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