Tesis: "Urban Space Systems"

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Olson, Jeffrey L. "The Evolution of Urban-Rural Space." The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376926850.

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2

Faller, Kevin W. "Reprogramming the Grid: Community Psychology's Role in Urban Systems." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1275664829.

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3

Karagöz, Hande. "Urban Space Recreation for Pedestrians through Smart Lighting Control Systems." Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231836.

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Connected public lighting for more sustainable and liveable cities is highly demanding research in lighting design field through human centred design approach. While following this understanding, this thesis aims to answer the question “How a networked public lighting can be created in order to enhance the needs of the pedestrians in Fredhällspark?”. To investigate this study, a background research was studied in the relevant topics of urban lighting, followed by the study of human safety regarding to this topic and lastly the possible new lighting technologies. The main study is involved in a pedestrian path at Fredhällspark in Stockholm, Sweden, in two months duration in the spring time of 2018 by conducting user surveys and taking the lighting measurements. Based on the results the study showed, a lighting design proposal is developed with a site-specific approach in order to make it up-to date and sustainable for future urban environments while complying with the requirements of the users.

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4

Shih, Wan-Yu. "Optimising urban green networks in Taipei City : linking ecological and social functions in urban green space systems." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimising-urban-green-networks-in-taipei-city-linking-ecological-and-socal-functions-in-urban-green-space-systems(eca36d35-4470-4fdf-a766-ba9eebe5ca63).html.

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With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.

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5

Wang, Mian. "Extending geographic information systems to urban morphological analysis with a space syntax approach." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13384.

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Branches of complexity theory have been widely employed in geographic information systems (GIS) to explore phenomena that appear in urban environments. Among these, space syntax, as an urban morphological application of complexity theory, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accordingly, many computer-based tools have been developed to realize related analysis spatially, especially those that can be integrated as functions with GIS. In this thesis, a space syntax tool – Axwoman – is redeveloped and tested as an extension of ESRI ArcGIS Desktop in order to fulfill certain specific needs in urban morphological analysis. It is primarily used to calculate all space syntax measures for several urban systems and to explore the relationships between these measures. To meet the needs for this new version of Axwoman, several functions have been updated and changed, for drawing, coloring, and classifying axial lines as maps for visual thinking; ticking overpasses and excluding them from computing space syntax parameters; and integrating AxialGen and Axwoman. In accordance with this, several case studies have been performed on the urban street networks in large cities. In this paper, Stockholm was chosen as the study object at both the urban level and the building level. After the scaling analysis and time efficiency analysis, the results are also interpreted from a structural point of view and in terms of how the function of space is subject to its morphological structure. Finally, the connectivity of axial lines (a spatial measurement in space syntax theory) was found to follow a power-law distribution. Through this work, the new edition of Axwoman generating satisfactory outputs, the research have proved that the connectivity of axial lines follows a lognormal distribution or a power-law-like distribution, which is one of the heavy-tailed distributions. In addition, it was have found that axial lines better for capture the underlying urban morphologies showed in their study on redefining the generated axial lines from street center lines. Moreover, fewer longest axial lines will show up on the maps, just as coincidental as the shape of mental maps, which proved that the axial line representations can be a powerful tool for urban studies.

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6

Harper, Sally Anne. "Urban open space : user perceptions of the Avis dam environment." Diss., University of Pretoria, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23461.

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From its infancy, environmental psychology [which concerns itself with the coinfluencing interface between people and places] has required attention to actual context, and attention to social relevance. There has always been an emphasis on research into real problems within a context of meaningful theory, and on results which have potential not only for individuals, but also for policy-makers and those who execute that policy. This environmental psychology study is about the potential role of green open space in contributing towards quality of life in the city generally. It is also about a specific, wellloved urban open space in Namibia's capital city, Windhoek, the Avis dam environment, which is often the contentious target of proposed commercial development. At the moment, the Windhoek Municipality has no well-structured urban open space policy, and possibly also no full understanding of the meanings of the Avis dam for its users. This study hopes to make contributions to both these areas of policy-making. As the applicability of research findings to the development of public policies and community interventions depends very much on the suitability of the methodology and theories chosen (Stokols, 19911), this study begins with a discussion of systemic and ecosystemic thinking [Chapter Two]. They were chosen as the guiding metatheory for this study, not only because of their recognition of the inescapable connectedness between person and environment, but because of their personal appeal too. Chapter Three examines theories and models which are compatible with systems thinking, and which help understand the potentially positive psycho-social and socio-economic roles of urban open space generally, and how the extent of that potential in a specific open space may be appreciated and described. The implications of systemic/ecosystemic metatheory for the study's methodology and research design are discussed in Chapter Four, and the data collection methods, which comprised observation and interviewing, in Chapter Five. Ecosystemic thinkers do not believe that facts can be "found" [they are not there objectively, but co-emerge subjectively from people's individual and collective experience in a place], so Chapter Six deals with a co-emergent interpretation of the data gathered. Based on that interpretation, recommendations for urban open space policy generally, and the Avis dam environment specifically, are made in Chapter Seven. AFRIKAANS : Omgewingssielkunde (wat gemoeid is met die mede-beinvloedings tussen mense en plekke) het van sy vroegste jeug aandag benodig ten opsigte van werklike verband asook maatskaplike toepaslikheid. Daar was nog altyd klem op navorsing ten opsigte van daadwerklike probleme binne die verband van ‘n betekenisvolle teorie asook op die uitslae wat potensiaal het vir die individualis sowel as die beleidsbepalers en beleidsuitvoerders. Hierdie omgewingssielkundestudie gaan oor hoe groen oop spasies moontlik kan bydra tot kwaliteit van lewensgehalte in die stad oor die algemeen. Dit gaan ook oor ‘n besondere, geliefde stedelike oop ruimte in Namibia se hoofstad, Windhoek, nl. die Avisdamomgewing, wat voortdurend ‘n teiken is vir bedryfsontwikkeling. Tans beskik die Munisipaliteit van Windhoek nie oor ‘n welsaamgestelde beleid oor oop ruimtes nie en moontlik ontbreek ook by hulle die nodige begrip van die betekenis van die dam vir sy verbruikers. Hierdie studie be-oog om ‘n bydrae in die beleidsbepalings van altwee leemtes te lewer. Die toepaslikheid van navorsingsbevindings in die ontwikkeling van openbare beleid en gemeenskapsbemiddeling hang baie van die gepastheid van die metodologie en teorië (Stokols, 1991)2 af. Hierdie studie begin met ‘n bespreking oor sistemiese en ekosistemiese denke (Hoofstuk Twee). Hulle is as die leidende metateorieë gekies, nie alleen vir hul erkenning van die onontkombare verband tussen persone en hul omgewing nie, maar ook vir hulle persoonlike aantrekkingskrag. In Hoofstuk Drie word teorië en voorbeelde bestudeer wat verenigbaar is met sistemiese denke en wat help om die potensiële positiewe psigo-sosiale en sosio-ekonomiese rolle van stedelike oop ruimtes oor die algemeen te verstaan, asook hoe om die omvang van die potensiaal van ‘n spesifieke oop ruimte te kan waardeer en te kan beskryf. In Hoofstuk Vier word die implikasies van die sistemiese/eko-sistemiese metateorie vir hierdie studie se metodologie en navorsingsplan bespreek. Die dataversamelingsmetodes wat uit waarneming en onderhoude bestaan, word in Hoofstuk Vyf hanteer. Ekosistemiese denkers glo nie dat feite “gevind” word nie (dit is nie objektiewelik daar nie maar ontstaan subjektiewelik deur persone se individuele en gesamentlike ondervindinge van ‘n plek), dus word die vertolking van die saamgestelde data in Hoofstuk Ses bespreek. In die lig van dié vertolking word aanbevelings 2 Stokols, D. (1991). Conceptual strategies of environmental psychology. In D. Stokols& I. Altman (Eds), Handbook of environmental psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 41-70). New York: John Wiley. vir stedelike oopruimtebeleid in die algemeen asook spesifiek vir die Avisdam omgewing in Hoofstuk Sewe hanteer. Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1998. Psychology unrestricted

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7

Lopes, Carina Sofia Lourinho Heleno. "Understanding relational locations and complex urban systems : mapping the relations between computation, space and infrastructure." Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2016. http://research.gold.ac.uk/19713/.

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This thesis examines how computation has become part of different aspects of urban territories. In particular, this research focuses on the increased softwarisation and datafication of these territories and consequently, on the conditions that have favoured the emergence of new modes of urban spatialities. It proposes that relational locations have emerged as prevailing urban spatialities, brought about by the relations between space, infrastructure and computation. Beginning with an analysis of the relations between these three areas, it is shown that the crucial impact of computation, through the processes of softwarisation and datafication, mostly takes place within complex urban systems and their tendency towards convergence and concretisation, now accelerated and intensified. Furthermore, it is proposed that this tendency is increasingly sustained by the development of relations of mutual dependency and continuous feedback with practices of standardisation and risk management, which have become specifically location-oriented. From this standpoint, two case studies emphasise the localised implications of the transversal logic of computation. The first case study starts with the analysis of the convergence between the traffic management infrastructure and the air quality monitoring network. It draws attention to the dynamics established, extension of scope and use of indeterminacy as a management tool. The second case study focuses on the intensive gridding that new approaches to the logistics’ last-mile are creating. The delivery of ‘parcels’ continuously divides space and monitors increasingly more elements, turning vehicles into dots. The main argument of this thesis is that complex urban systems and the relations that support them are central to the understanding of computation throughout urban territories. This thesis aims to show that the impact of the computational logic goes beyond its area of immediate action, increasingly creating contexts of mutual dependency and co-evolvement and translating adjacent elements into computable formats.

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8

Apostolaki, Stella. "The social dimension of stormwater management practices, including sustainable urban drainage systems and river management options." Thesis, Abertay University, 2007. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/21435036-c7d8-4bd8-b76e-54b26ad63dc2.

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The research programme was relevant to urban planning and in particular to the design of stormwater management schemes that are more environmentally and socially acceptable. It examined social and perception issues relating to stormwater management techniques within residential areas, and in particular to the application of SUDS, mainly ponds, and river management schemes. The thesis arose from a project funded by the Environment Agency of England and Wales through SNIFFER under a programme titled “Social impacts o f stormwater management techniques including river management and SUDS”, SNIFFER Code: SUDS01. The public perception of construction is becoming a matter of increasing importance both in the UK and internationally since socio-economic parameters and public consultation both have to be taken into consideration in the planning and implementation of relevant projects. This research programme endeavoured to match the relevant legislative goals with society’s actual needs. The main aims of the research programme were to obtain an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the perceptions of popular stormwater management practices (SUDS and river management), and to evaluate these techniques from a social perspective. To satisfy these aims the following objectives were set: • To assess public awareness and perceptions of SUDS (particularly retention ponds) in the UK; • To assess professional perceptions of SUDS in the UK; • To assess perceptions of different stormwater management techniques, in three European cities; • To compare perceptions of different stormwater management techniques, SUDS and river management practices; • To link the research findings with trends in perceptions of nature and water. To meet the programme’s aims and to satisfy the objectives, the perceptions of SUDS in the UK (principally ponds) were investigated over a wide range of locations. In addition, the different river management approaches used in three heavily urbanised European cities, Glasgow, London, and Athens were investigated. The results of this research programme provide a means to understand perceptions of stormwater management and to appreciate what types of schemes will be more readily accepted by the public. The research has shown that members of the public hold strong views as to what they like or dislike about SUDS and water management installations in their local area, in spite of the fact that there were demonstrably low levels of public awareness of SUDS. The amenity, recreational value and aesthetics of new schemes seem to be of major importance for public acceptability, while function, efficiency, and maintenance are primarily important in areas facing flooding problems. Other key findings include the fact that there is a general preference for sustainable urban water management and for river restoration schemes compared with more conventional, ‘hard engineering’ approaches, such as culverting of rivers. This preference was expressed both by members of the public and by professionals involved in their planning and implementation. Another important result was that although unfamiliarity can produce negativity, education can influence attitudes positively even in sensitive issues such as safety, and can be used by authorities and planners as a means of enhancing the acceptability of new schemes. Consequently, the results of the surveys can be used as arguments towards the application of informative campaigns which should be taken into account prior to scheme implementation. This information can be utilised not only for stormwater management design, but also for other environmentally friendly constructions which the public may have a low level of awareness. Recommendations are made with respect to public and professional attitudes for improving the public acceptability of new and modified stormwater management systems. Recommendations and barriers to the uptake outlined in this thesis mainly refer to the appearance of schemes rather than technical issues. They are therefore of most use as guidance for improving aesthetics and increasing public acceptability. The outcomes of this research will be of use to policy makers, water companies, local authorities, environment agencies, planners, developers, consultants active in urban development, and researchers in applying wider-accepted practices for the assessment of public perception. Some findings from this research have been presented at several stakeholders’ meetings, at 4 conferences, and are published in the form of papers and reports, including the DTI SR 622 report titled “An Assessment of the Social Impacts of Sustainable Drainage Systems in the UK”, and the Environment Agency & SNIFFER report, SUDS01, 2005, titled “Social Impacts of stormwater management techniques including river management and SUDS”. This publication also constitutes Environment Agency R&D Technical report P2-258.

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Lind, Johan. "Make it Meaningful : Semantic Segmentation of Three-Dimensional Urban Scene Models." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143599.

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Semantic segmentation of a scene aims to give meaning to the scene by dividing it into meaningful — semantic — parts. Understanding the scene is of great interest for all kinds of autonomous systems, but manual annotation is simply too time consuming, which is why there is a need for an alternative approach. This thesis investigates the possibility of automatically segmenting 3D-models of urban scenes, such as buildings, into a predetermined set of labels. The approach was to first acquire ground truth data by manually annotating five 3D-models of different urban scenes. The next step was to extract features from the 3D-models and evaluate which ones constitutes a suitable feature space. Finally, three supervised learners were implemented and evaluated: k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Classification Forest (RCF). The classifications were done point-wise, classifying each 3D-point in the dense point cloud belonging to the model being classified. The result showed that the best suitable feature space is not necessarily the one containing all features. The KNN classifier got the highest average accuracy overall models — classifying 42.5% of the 3D points correct. The RCF classifier managed to classify 66.7% points correct in one of the models, but had worse performance for the rest of the models and thus resulting in a lower average accuracy compared to KNN. In general, KNN, SVM, and RCF seemed to have different benefits and drawbacks. KNN is simple and intuitive but by far the slowest classifier when dealing with a large set of training data. SVM and RCF are both fast but difficult to tune as there are more parameters to adjust. Whether the reason for obtaining the relatively low highest accuracy was due to the lack of ground truth training data, unbalanced validation models, or the capacity of the learners, was never investigated due to a limited time span. However, this ought to be investigated in future studies.

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Andreasson, Jenny. "Magnifying the Rural : Moving through the past, present and future of a social space in Västergötland." Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123050.

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In this project I have worked with strategies at regional level, as well as with alterations to an existing building, to strengthen and celebrate rural systems in a place called Naum, in Vara municipality in Västergötland. This I've donein order to challenge the dichotomy of urban and rural. I find that urbanity is very often celebrated in the architectural discipline, and in the public debate in general. There is a strong hierarchy of spaces in the national discourse of Sweden. By focusing on a rural space that I perceive have low status and connect it to networks that reach out to other spaces, cities, and regions, I treat the urban and rural as a continuous variation rather than a fixed binary. The binary is also challenged already by people constantly moving across this scale. Most of the residents of Naum, mapped out herecommute to Vara Town, or other adjacent towns or cities to work, to go school, to go the doctor, take part in cultural events etc. This project focus on the power of rural networks, on movement, and on rural systems of cooperation, and then I am making a number of alterations at a zoomed-in scale, to offer the inhabitants a more intimate relationship to this agricultural landscape. My project operate both at the intimate scale of an existing bygdegård, which is a specifically rural community space, in Naum, as well as on the larger scale of Vara municipality.To the bygdegård I propose three small scale alterations, a sauna called the 'Storytelling Sauna' (SECTION S S) an overnight stay shelter called the 'Please Stay',and an imaginative element of a 'Wisching-Well-Ditch”. In the larger scale I propose a strategic alteration to the treatment of roadsides, to increase biodiversity and human movement. I call this alteration the 'Thriving Passages'. The project also consist of this room-installation that we are all inside of, that aim to represent the different scales and allow us to move across them, and it consists of mappings of bygdegårds in Vara municipality and in Sweden and how they are connected by human movement, as well as mappings of historical and agricultural layers of this landscape.

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11

Singh, Rohit. "Integrating the planning of green spaces and sustainable drainage systems." Thesis, Abertay University, 2012. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/0a86d97d-4a27-429a-8dae-6afa03659ca9.

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In recent times urban flooding has become more frequent and more complex due to the effects of increasing urban areas and climate change. In some established urban areas the existing drainage infrastructure is unable to cope with the volume of surface runoff and flooding events are more frequent, therefore new approaches to create more space for water within developments are required. This research was conceived in that context. It aims to investigate the potential for integrating green space planning with water planning and to develop a framework for the same in order to reduce the risk of flooding. An extensive literature review was carried out in the areas of urban planning, water planning, planning legislations, and issues related to integrating green space and water planning. The review identified the need for an inclusive framework which could integrate aspects of green space and storm water planning more holistically to achieve greater spatial planning efficiency. To satisfy this need, a conceptual framework was developed which took into consideration the opinions of various stakeholders. The conceptual framework included green spaced planning for SUDS, recreational and storm water indicators and a mechanism for integrated evaluation of SUDS for recreation and storm water management. The conceptual framework provided a joint approach where both engineers and planners will need to work together for the development of integrated storm water and green space plans. The framework showed processes for both disciplines and also indicates how spatial planning and water planning interfaced so that there was clarity of roles. In order to evaluate integrated plans, an ‘integrated evaluation tool’ was developed which uses indicators from both the areas of green space planning and water planning. The evaluation tool also contained a scoring system which can be used to select storm water management options with more recreational potential. The tool provides a mechanism to balance the requirements of recreation and storm water management so that more holistic solutions can be developed by teams of engineers and planners. The conceptual framework and the integrated evaluation tool were applied to two case study catchments. Results from the case studies showed the relationship of spatial planning and flooding. It further tested whether recreational aspects could be integrated into storm water planning. A number of drainage options were tested to show the application of the evaluation tool under various scenarios. This results of the research showed that the conceptual framework was appropriate in both case study areas even though the areas had different patterns of development. It is therefore proposed that the approach has potential for wider application in other geographical areas. Results from the two areas also showed that the integrated approach established in this research could enhance the recreational aspects associated with urban storm water management. The framework presented in this thesis will potentially be of use to a wide range of stakeholders such policy makers, local authorities, water companies, consultants and researchers. It could also be useful in informing the evolution of planning policies and technical guidance associated with water and green space planning.

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12

Pacheco, Manuel Pedro Rodrigues. "Aplicação de sistemas de nebulização nas práticas de arquitectura paisagista. Factores climáticos, urbanos e de sustentabilidade." Master's thesis, ISA/UTL, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/5293.

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13

Althaus, Danielle Rose. "City of San Luis Obispo Open Space Vegetation Management Plan." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2014. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1235.

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This Master’s Professional Project is focused on the development of a draft Vegetation Management Plan for the City of San Luis Obispo Open Space properties. The purpose of the plan is to provide a comprehensive document which identifies how the city is addressing wildfire preparedness in city-owned open space properties. Methods used in plan development include a literature review, content analysis, geographic information systems (GIS), a course audit, and consultation with city staff and other stakeholders. Each open space property is identified in the plan, describing its location, vegetation, topography, assets, access points, water supply, evacuation routes, historical fire data, predominant risk exposure, current wildfire preparedness plan, priority ranking, and a proposed implementation plan.

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Sousa, Lorena Cristina Faria de. "O conceito de urbanidade como ferramenta de análise da inserção urbana de sistemas BTR." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2018. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/9109.

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Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-11-29T10:52:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Cristina Faria de Sousa - 2018.pdf: 6161630 bytes, checksum: a0fdd264ac9b1f6cd75f483e3594324c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2018-11-29T11:24:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Cristina Faria de Sousa - 2018.pdf: 6161630 bytes, checksum: a0fdd264ac9b1f6cd75f483e3594324c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-29T11:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Lorena Cristina Faria de Sousa - 2018.pdf: 6161630 bytes, checksum: a0fdd264ac9b1f6cd75f483e3594324c (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-30 Solve the urban mobility in Brazilian ́s big cities is a necessary theme within the current urban planning, we must think of ways that people move through the urban fabric quickly and efficiently, within this scenario the prioritization of the public transportation through the insertion of systems BRT (Bus Rapid Transit or Bus Rapid Transit) that are usually used in an existing urban network, modifying the design of a street to receive resources through the segregation of traffic between vehicles and public transportation, has been implemented as a plausible and economically viable solution for cities. However, the focus on operational efficiency should not be the only approach to be taken. Performance must be a continuous system, continuing its role as the main public space within the city. From a non-governmental perspective of collective displacement, light infrastructure must also be provided. It is necessary that the series continue to be attractive and inviting to those who are circulating, which are urban to their users. Thus, a research presents in the area of the concept of urbanity and its dimensions and are tools of evaluation of the urbanity of spaces. Understanding that urbanity is a way to become your own unit, such as accessibility, security in access spaces, readability, vitality, among other aspects. Resolver a mobilidade urbana nas grandes cidades brasileiras é um temática em pauta e necessária dentro do planejamento urbano atual, é preciso repensar as formas de as pessoas se deslocarem pelo tecido urbano de maneira rápida e eficiência, dentro deste cenário a priorização do transporte coletivo através da inserção de sistemas BRT (Bus Rapid Transit ou transporte Rápido por Ônibus) que consiste em aproveitar a malha urbana já existente, modificando o desenho de ruas para receber tal infraestrutura por meio da segregação do trafego entre veículos particulares e otransporte público, vem sendo implementado como uma solução plausível e economicamente mais viável para as cidades. Entretanto o enfoque apenas na eficiência operacional não deve ser o único enfoque a ser dar. É preciso que as ruas onde este sistema seja inserido continuem prestando seu papel como principal espaço público dentro da cidade. Sob a perspectiva de que a as políticas de mobilidade não deve apenas oferecer velocidade de deslocamentos dentro do transporte coletivo, mas devem também oferecer que a rua onde estas infraestruturas estejam inseridas sejam também de qualidade. É necessário que estas ruas continuem sendo atrativas e convidativas para os que nela circulam, que ofereçam urbanidade aos seus usuários. Assim essa pesquisa se insere na investigação do conceito de urbanidade e suas dimensões e a propõe ferramentas de avaliação da urbanidade destes espaços. Entendendo que urbanidade é a forma com que o espaço público irá receber seus usuários, denota a hospitalidade do espaço por meio de suas qualidades físicas como a acessibilidade, a segurança viária nos deslocamentos a pé, a legibilidade, a vitalidade, entre outros aspectos.

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15

Zichelle, Rodrigo. "Estudo da verticalização no bairro Jardim Anália Franco no município de São Paulo: o uso do SIG como apoio a análise espacial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-14062011-085307/.

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O processo de verticalização do bairro Jardim Anália Franco apresenta-se como marco de modernidade da cidade, fruto do avanço técnico-científico e da capacidade de mobilização de vários atores sociais. No entanto, através da análise empírica de tal processo, verifica-se que sua materialidade no espaço pode se apresentar como vetor de fragmentação do território. O SIG, com seus modernos recursos de sensoriamento remoto, oferece possibilidade de estudo sistemático de tal fenômeno. Acredita-se que, a partir da cartografia, possa-se analisar configurações espaciais que apoiarão futuros estudos no campo da geografia urbana. The verticalization process of Jardim Anália Franco neighborhood present itself as a mark of the modenity of the city, product from de technical advance and capacity of mobilization from many social actors. However, through the empirical analysis of that process, it appears that its materiality in space can be presented as vector of the territory. The GIS, with its modern resources of remote sensing, offers possibility of systematic study of this phenomenon. Its believed that, from the mapping, can be examined spatial configurations that will support future studies in the field of urban geography.

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16

Wascher, Laura. "Green and Just? - Assessing the Socio-Spatial Distribution of Green Areas in Malmö." Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21892.

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Malmö strives to become an attractive and sustainable city by 2030. Continued population growth is a major reason for the need to densify within the existing urban structures. But more inhabitants will also increase pressure on usage and demand for green spaces in the city. Green space is of importance for human well-being and health, especially in urban environments. However the importance of green space is being marginalised in current debate and urban planning, due to the intensive focus on densiﬁcation. The relevance of green space as an environmental quality has neither been recognised sufficiently in discussions on environmental justice. Previous policy and research has not integrated the socioeconomic dimension when assessing green space distribution. Hence this case study aimed to investigate the socio-spatial distribution of green areas in Malmö. A theoretical framework was compiled including concepts on environmental justice, i.e. the equal distribution of environmental qualities among different social groups. Moreover concepts regarding access (public/private), distance (walkability) and size (utilisation) of green areas were considered. A quantitative analysis was conducted with secondary data. As no comprehensive data set covered more recent years, census data and spatial data from 2005 was used for further analysis. The data was processed and analysed with the help of a geographic information system (GIS). With this approach green space and green areas could be identified. Green areas were categorised according to the level of public access, the size and the respective recommended distances to homes. In addition several socioeconomic factors were extracted from the census data and visualised in GIS. Thus the least advantaged neighbourhoods that lacked various public green areas could be located. On the city level it could be identified that only 13% of the total land area were covered with public green areas, resulting in 46 sq m per inhabitant in 2005. In April 2011 the population of Malmö passed the threshold of 300 000. Assuming that the amount of green areas had not changed since 2005 (unlikely), every inhabitant would have had 38 sq m of public green area in 2011. Considering these numbers in a Swedish context reveals that Malmö is on the bottom line of green area provision. On the neighbourhood level the greatest deﬁcit was found in the eastern parts of central Malmö (e.g. Ostervärn), covering a network of neighbourhoods further south (Norra Sofielund, Södra Sofielund, Almhög, Gullviksborg). In total 32 neighbourhoods were characterised by above average percentage of children, elderly, foreign born or population density. Moreover almost all neighbourhoods lacking green areas were characterised by below average income. The results showed evidence for inequalities in the distribution of green areas between different social groups. This poses an incentive for further investigations in the field of environmental justice and sustainable urban development. Issues like actual walking distance, barriers and safety, qualities of green spaces and user experiences should be investigated in future research. Noting that the data used in this study was from 2005, it is crucial to update and determine shifts in socio-spatial distribution of green areas in the city today. Whilst the population is still increasing, it is likely that even more green space has vanished in the 7 years since 2005. All these issues are essential for a good knowledge based planning of the green and just future of Malmö.

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17

Kaimoti, Naiara Luchini de Assis. "Paisagens vivenciadas: apropriações públicas dos Fundos de Vale e sistemas de espaços livres. Estudo de caso no Município de Bauru-SP." Universidade de São Paulo, 2009. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-30042010-091243/.

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Em tempos atuais a apropriação dos espaços públicos tem se tornado cada vez mais heterogênea quanto à forma livre e espontânea e quanto ao processo impelido pela substituição das formas tradicionais de se estabelecer o convívio social na esfera de vida pública. Este trabalho investiga a temática em áreas de fundo de vale, na cidade de Bauru-SP, onde o objetivo maior é a compreensão do processo de produção e de apropriação dos espaços públicos, apropriação essa responsável pela formação de um sistema de valores do vivenciador do lugar. Para o estudo de caso foi escolhida a Bacia do Córrego da Água Comprida, onde se traça uma leitura da paisagem urbana a partir das espacialidades da esfera da vida pública. O estudo é fundamentado e complementado pela leitura e interpretação do sistema de espaços livres públicos urbanos da cidade, de forma a contextualizar a área escolhida diante da realidade urbana mais geral da cidade, permitindo melhor compreender seu papel atual e potencialidades futuras. A partir de uma análise crítica torna-se possível, entre outros resultados, reforçar a importância de certos princípios para que se estabeleça um projeto ou um plano mais sensível à paisagem, ao ambiente, à percepção dos vivenciadores dos lugares, valorizando o cotidiano e a esfera de vida pública. Nowadays the appropriation of public spaces has become more and more heterogeneous as regards the form free and spontaneous and the trial impelled by the substitution of the traditional ways of establishing the social conviviality in the sphere of public life. This work investigates the Valley bottom areas thematic in the city of Bauru, São Paulo, where the main goal is the comprehension of the production process and the appropriation of public spaces, which is responsible for the formation of a system of values experienced in place. For this case study it was chosen the Long Water Streams basin, where it gives a reading of the urban landscape from the spatialities of public lifes sphere. This study is based and supplemented by reading and interpreting the system of the citys urban public spaces in order to contextualize the selected area in the citys general urban reality, enabling better understanding of its current role and future potentials. From the research proposals it is possible to establish more realistic criteria for the Urban Planning and Landscape of these places and discuss design parameters that can reduce the environmental impacts arising from the undue growth in these areas restricted to occupation.

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18

Porter, Jeremy Reed. "The spatial demography of reported crime an examination of urban-rural crime articulation and associated spatio-temporal diffusion processes, U.S. 1990 - 2000 /." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-10272008-083903.

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Wynn, James Joshi. "Open Space Cluster Developments to Conservation Subdivisions: Standards and Management Plans Influencing Conservation Goals." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1219345472.

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20

Ayyad, Raja. "Understanding Perceptions of Community Gardens in the Dallas Area." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2017. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062885/.

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This exploratory research focuses on identifying the roles and perspectives of community gardens in the Dallas area. Results from semi-structured interviews reveal the social and political makeup of the neighborhoods where the garden projects in this study are located. While these findings highlight the benefits of gardening in the city, they can also be contested spaces. In advocating for the proliferation of garden projects in the city, community organizations would benefit from understanding the nuances of garden initiatives and the way in which they are perceived by members of the garden, nearby residents, and policy makers.

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21

Souza, Conrado Blanco de. "APPs fluviais urbanas e sistemas de espaços livres: uma análise da influência do Código Florestal na forma das cidades brasileiras." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-09092015-103737/.

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Este trabalho analisa as Áreas de Preservação Permanente (APPs) contíguas aos corpos d\'água urbanos como um recurso para a configuração do sistema de espaços livres das cidades brasileiras. Muito embora sua função específica - conforme estabelecido pelo Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei n° 12.651/2012) - seja proteger recursos hídricos e ecossistemas associados, as APP se consolida, neste início de século XXI, como um importante parâmetro para o planejamento e gestão de orlas fluviais situadas em áreas urbanas, sendo incorporada as políticas de ordenamento do solo e provisão de espaços livres públicos, e estruturando uma série de ações urbanísticas e paisagísticas contemporâneas que se multiplicam pelo país e criam novas formas de aproximação entre as cidades e os seus rios. A espeito dos avanços proporcionados pela lei na proteção dos recursos ambientais existentes nas cidades, a problemática socioambiental e urbanística vinculada a essas áreas exige abordagens menos conservacionistas e mais abrangentes no sentido de considerar as múltiplas funções desempenhadas por essas áreas na complexa e diversa realidade urbana. Entre os diversos caminhos possíveis para esta discussão, o presente trabalho propõe uma abordagem morfológica para avaliar as relações entre as orlas fluviais e as áreas urbanas, e identificar as impressões que a lei produz sobre os espaços livres e suas formas de uso e apropriação. A primeira parte do trabalho se dedica a conceituar a orla fluvial como parte de um sistema urbano e a traçar um panorama sobre os conceitos de planejamento e projetos adotados para o tratamento dessas áreas, destacando um conjunto de ações contemporâneas realizadas no Brasil e no mundo. Na segunda parte, o trabalho avalia a influência da lei sobre a conformação do sistema de espaços livres em diferentes cidades brasileiras, por meio da análise de padrões morfológicos que permitem identificar limitações, conflitos e pontos der aderência da lei ao contexto urbano. Na conclusão, são apresentadas as considerações finais e um panorama sobre os padrões analisados no trabalho, os quais podem servir de referencial metodológico para a formulação de políticas públicas e ações urbanísticas adequadas para uma melhor integração das orlas fluviais às cidades. This work analyses the Permanet Preservation Areas (APP) adjacent to urban waterbodies as a resort to the conformation of Brazilian cities open spaces system. Although its specific function - as established by the Brazilian Forest Code (Law n. 12.651/2012) - is to protect water resources and associated ecosystems, the APP consolidates itself, in this beginning of the XXI century, as an important parameter to the planning and management of river shores located in urban areas, being incorporated to land management and provision of public open spaces policies, structuring a series of urban and landscape contemporary actions that multiplies throughout the country and create new forms of interface between the cities and its rivers. Despite the advances brought by the law to the protection of cities existing environmental resources, the socio-environmental and urban problems associated to these areas demand less conservationist and more broadening approaches in a way that considers the multiple functions played by these areas in the complex and diverse urban reality. Among the numerous possible ways to this discussion, the present work puts forward a morphological approach to evaluate the relations between river shores and urban areas and identify the fingerprints that the law produces onto the open spaces systems and its forms of use and appropriation. The first part of this work is dedicated to conceptualizing the fluvial shores as a part of an urban system andoutlining an overview on the concepts of planning and design adopted in the treatment of these areas, highlighting a set of ontemporary actions undertaken in Brazil and in the world. In its second part, the work evaluates the influence of the law in the conformation of open spaces system in different Brazilian cities through the analysis of morphological patterns that enables the identification of limitations, conflicts and points of agreement between the law and the urban context. At the conclusion, the final considerations are presented along with a summary table of the analysis criteria adopted in the work, which can serve as methodological benchmarks to the formulation of adequate urban policies and urban actions to a better integration of river shores to the cities.

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22

Mariano, Santino Michael Enzo. "Användarengagemang i urban informatics : En studie om hur engagemang kan utvärderas i mobilteknologi för offentliga platser." Thesis, Högskolan i Skövde, Institutionen för informationsteknologi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:his:diva-18735.

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Urban Informatics är ett forskningsvetenskapligt fält som berör sig med att försöka förstå människors upplevelse av offentliga platser när teknologi är inblandat. Då det är många faktorer som påverkar människors upplevelser av platser finns det utmaningar i Urban Informatics-processer. Det visas på förståelse inom Urban Informatics på ett behov av en designvetenskaplig process som ett svar på de utmaningar som kan uppstå. User Experience Design är ett designvetenskapligt forskningsfält där processer ämnar bibehålla ett användarcentrerat perspektiv under arbetets gång. Att ta bort fokuset från datakunskapen som krävs för teknologi och istället titta på engagemang tillåter oss att se teknologi som artefakter som kan upplevas. Olika engagemangsmodeller har gjorts tidigare där vissa har ett teknologiskt fokus på engagemang eller ett urbant fokus på engagemang. Det visar att det är viktigt att undersöka hur en sammanfattad modell kan se ut för att förklara interrelationen i människors engagemang till platser och mobilteknologi. Detta kan bidra till att minska bryggan till de forskningsfält som undersöker människor, teknologi och platser. Resultatet av studien blev en engagemangsmodell på hur ett engagemangstillfälle kan se ut med dess olika engagemangstillstånd som kan uppnås i plats och/eller mobilteknologi. Urban Informatics is a research field that involves itself with understanding the interrelation of people, places and technology. Due to its many factors that affect people’s experiences of places when technology is involved it faces several challenges. It is understood within the field of Urban Informatics that there is a need for a research-based process based on design thinking to face these challenges. User Experience Design is a research field focuses on user-centered design processes. When the focus is removed from computing and shifted to engagement, technology can be seen as artefacts that can be experienced. Different engagement models have been made in the past where they focus either on technology or places. It shows the importance to explore how a engagement model can be interpreted and suited to explain the interrelation of peoples engagement to places using technology. The findings may contribute to lessening the gap of the research fields involved in understanding people and their engagement to places and technology. The result of this study resulted in a proposed engagement model in how different conditions of mobile engagement and place engagement may appear in one engagement session.

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Tan, Mime. "Assimilation of urban street into urban green space system /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2007. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B38033902.

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Tan, Mime, and 陳美美. "Assimilation of urban street into urban green space system." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2007. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B4500979X.

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25

Carvalho, Sidney Vieira. "Entre o rio e a serra: forma urbana e sistema de espaços livres na região norte do município de São Paulo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-13012012-094402/.

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O trabalho que se segue pretende debater uma área determinada da cidade, a região norte do município de São Paulo, a partir de dois arcabouços conceituais diversos e complementares: da forma ou morfologia urbana, e o sistema de espaços livres. Dando ênfase à compreensão de uma realidade material, a cidade, a partir de sua observação, montou-se um percurso que partiu dos conceitos básicos desses dois campos disciplinares. Em seguida, fez-se uma aproximação à cidade contemporânea, focando as últimas duas décadas no Brasil e no mundo, de forma a permitir a apreensão dos fenômenos que constituem a área de estudo. Após essa preparação, desenvolve-se um estudo de caso, dividido em três partes: o Casario, compreendendo os tecidos urbanos que configuram a região; os tipos edificados, olhando para as formas mais comuns de edificação; e o sistema de espaços livres, mostrando as características dos espaços livres. Finalmente, são lançados algumas hipóteses interpretativas sobre os fenômenos que permitem a constituição das periferias urbanos, sobretudo em seus aspectos morfológicos. This work intends to debate São Paulo\'s northern area, from two diverse and complementary conceptual frames: the urban form, and the open spaces system. Initially, we summarize the basic concepts of these two disciplinary fields, and after that, we make an approach to the contemporary city, focusing the last two decades in Brazil and the world, in a way to allow the apprehension of the phenomena that constitute the area. After that, we develop the case study, divided in three parts: the Urban Form, understanding the urban fabrics that configure the region; the built typology, looking at the most usual construction forms; and the open spaces system, showing the characteristics of the open spaces. Finally, some hypotheses are thrown, trying to explain the phenomena that allow the constitution of the urban peripheries, over all in its morphological aspects.

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26

PIMENTEL, RENATO AFFONSO. "DIVERSITY IN SPACES AND POLARIZATIN APPLIED ON URBAN CELLULAR MOBILE SYSTEMS." PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 1999. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=7402@1.

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CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um estudo experimental do uso de técnicas de diversidade para combater o efeito de desvanecimento em sistemas de comunicação móveis celulares. Uma revisão da teoria mostrou os principais métodos de diversidade existentes e as técnicas usadas para combinar os diferentes sinais dos braços da diversidade e assim produzir um ganho em relação ao sinal desvanecido. Um laboratório móvel foi montado e uma extensiva campanha de medidas foi realizada numa região urbana da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Devido às perspectivas de implementação dos sistemas de comunicação pessoal e da terceira geração dos sistemas celulares, neste trabalho usou-se freqüências na faixa de 900 e de 1800 MHz. Deste modo pode se estabelecer uma comparação entre os ganhos de diversidade nestas duas freqüências. Resultados de medidas de diversidade em espaço e em polarização na estação rádio base mostraram que estas técnicas são comparáveis em termos dos ganhos proporcionados. Uma contribuição importante deste trabalho foi na determinação dos efeitos do uso de diversidade combinada entre espaço e polarização. Neste caso, duas portas em polarização cruzada de duas antenas separadas espacialmente foram utilizadas. This work presentes an experimental study of diversity techniques used to combat the effect of channel fading on mobile cellular systems. A comlete theoretical review have shown the main existent diversity methods and the techniques used to combine the different branches of diversity used. A mobile laboratory was assembled and an extensive measurement campaign was carried out on an urban region of the Rio de Janeiro city. Due to the perspectives of personal communication and third generation cellular systems to be deployed, frequecies on the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz band were used on this work. Hence, a comparision between diversity gain on these frequencies was obtained. Results of space and polarization diversity have shown similar behavior in terms of gain. An important contribution of this work was on the effects of a combined space polarization diversity where the crosspolar ports of two spatially spaced antennae were considered.

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Tian, Yuhong. "Landscape ecology assessment and planning of urban green spaces in Hong Kong." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B40039754.

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Wei, Ran Raymond, and 魏然. "Seeking the spatial explanation of "urban axis" in terms of its configurational, functional and visual dimensions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B41668303.

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Wei, Ran Raymond. "Seeking the spatial explanation of "urban axis" in terms of its configurational, functional and visual dimensions." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2008. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B41668303.

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Onder, Merve Emine. "Spatiality Of Gender Oppression: The Case Of Siteler, Ankara." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613651/index.pdf.

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This thesis problematizes to relationship between gender based poverty and exclusion and urban space. Five forms of oppression, namely exploitation, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, violence, marginalization, faced by women in highly patriarchal urban setting are examined to identify the spatial dynamics of each forms of oppression. A field research was carried out in one of the poor neighborhood of Ankara nearby Siteler where male dominated furniture production is carried out. Through the in-depth interviews, women&rsquo s perception and experience of spatializedoppression is documented and used to develop the arguments put forward in the theoretical section.

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Gravenstein, Gretchen. "Resilience in urban civic spaces: guidelines for designing resilient social-ecological systems." Kansas State University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17642.

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Master of Landscape Architecture Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning Blake Belanger Resilience in social-ecological systems, defined by ecologist C.S. Holling (1973), is the persistence of systems after a disturbance. This theory of resilience is becoming increasingly important, especially in urban areas where human systems dominate. Therefore, creating resilient social-ecological systems is emerging as a focus for many landscape architects when designing urban landscapes. Researchers and practitioners have created frameworks and strategies for applying resilience theory, but designers are still lacking tangible methods they can use to implement design strategies to create resilient landscapes. This research presents a set of resilient design strategies, so landscape architects can have a tool to design generally resilient social-ecological systems in urban areas. In order to discover strategies which improve system resilience, I conducted a literature review and created a perceptual model of the social-ecological systems operating in the study site, Washington Square Park in Kansas City, Missouri. The perceptual model determined systems and system components I focused on in this research. These systems are soil, water, vegetation, fauna, and people. Strategies suggested by Jack Ahern (2011), Brian Walker and David Salt (2006), and Kevin Cunningham (2013) for creating resilience determined strategies which were applied to the system components in order to evaluate the park for resilience. The strategies suggested are modularity, redundancy, tight feedbacks, and ecosystem services. In addition, the system components and strategies were used to analyze case studies. I used strategies discovered in the case study analyses along with goals for the redesign of Washington Square Park, discovered by analyzing the site and previous park documents, to create the guidelines. I then used the guidelines to create a design proposal for the park. The current state of the system components in the park and the proposed state from the redesign were used to show the guidelines’ success in increasing the general resilience of Washington Square Park. These guidelines have potential to increase resilience in other urban civic spaces through a similar methodology I used for Washington Square Park. In addition, the guidelines have the potential to further research in applying resilience theory to the design of landscapes.

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32

Bray, David. "Social space and governance in urban China : the Danwei system from origins to reform /." Stanford (Calif.) : Stanford university press, 2005. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb411379237.

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Wemans, Carlos Luís Mauricio Maria. "Espaço coletivo como suporte da diversidade urbana." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa. Faculdade de Arquitetura, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/13475.

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Moon, Jiyoung. "Satellite Dispersion in Narrow Spaces: A New Urban Campus Diagram." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1367938401.

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35

Tian, Yuhong, and 田育紅. "Landscape ecology assessment and planning of urban green spaces in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40039754.

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Lee, Yan-yan Teresa. "Development of a new recreational open space system : improving Hong Kong workers stressful life /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B34612415.

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Burns, Malcolm. "The (re)positioning of the Spanish metropolitan system within the European urban system (1986-2006)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6137.

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The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale. It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location. Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength. Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein. Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid. In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy. La tesis trata de demostrar que durante el período entre 1986 y 2006, unas de las principales ciudades del sistema metropolitano español, han experimentado un cambio significativo en términos de su competitividad europea. Es sugerido que en el caso de Madrid y Barcelona en particular este cambio ha sido de tal magnitud para proporcionarlas un lugar mucho más importante dentro de la configuración territorial espacial europea que dichas ciudades ocuparon en el mediado de los años 80. Se ofrece evidencia empírica para sostener esta conjetura. La tesis se sitúa dentro demarco de la ordenación territorial a la escala europea. Traza la subida relativa de las ciudades españolas desde el momento de la entrada de España en la Unión Europea(UE) en 1986, contra el fondo del desarrollo de la política territorial europea, la integración económica aumentada a través de Europa, la importancia aumentada de la dimensión "territorial" de la política de la cohesión de UE y una eventual disminución de la aplicabilidad de la terminología del "centro" y la "periferia" para describir la ubicación geográfica europea. La Primera Parte (Capítulo 1) está dirigida a evaluar los procesos de la urbanización en general, desde una perspectiva global, y después se centra en examinar el crecimiento metropolitano en varios contextos históricos, a partir del comienzo del siglo XIX. La Segunda (Capítulos 2-5) y Tercera Partes (Capítulos 6-9) de la tesis llevan a cabo unos análisis en dos escalas territoriales contrastantes pero complementarias. La Segunda Parte examina los procesos del crecimiento metropolitano en España, a partir de 1857, discerniendo los momentos históricos en los que había oleadas en las poblaciones ‘metropolitanas’ de las siete ciudades del sistema metropolitano. Se describe las dimensiones de las unidades espaciales de análisis que corresponden a las siete regiones urbanas metropolitanas españolas, basadas en una metodología desarrollado por el Universidad Politécnica de Cataluña (UPC) en el contexto de un proyecto trasnacional de ordenación territorial de la iniciativa comunitaria INTERREG. Estas siete unidades espaciales forman la base para un análisis socioeconómico de la estructura del sistema metropolitano, utilizando datos principalmente del 2001 Censo. Si en el año 1930 una de las características claves del sistema urbano de España era de tener no sólo una, pero dos ciudades (Madrid y Barcelona) perteneciendo al grupo de 27 ciudades a través del mundo con poblaciones por encima de 1 millón de habitantes, esta misma diferenciación entre las dos ciudades más grandes del país y el resto del sistema urbano es hoy igualmente válida. El sistema urbano de España se queda claramente bicéfalo en ser dominado por estas mismas dos ciudades en términos de fuerza demográfica y económica. La Tercera Parte comienza examinando la evolución de la política territorial europea contra el fondo de una Unión Europea cada vez más grande y los cambios con respecto a la noción de la cohesión – de un concepto entendido en términos de factores económicos y sociales, a uno en que la dimensión territorial ha llegado a ser cada vez más importante. A continuación, se examina de manera crítica el sistema urbano europeo mediante algunos estudios influyentes, con la consideración particular a las clasificaciones y las jerarquías de las regiones urbanas metropolitanas que derivan de estos estudios, y a los cambios en la colocación de las regiones urbanas metropolitanas españolas en dichos estudios. Tomando inspiración de la contribución seminal de Manuel Castells en el contexto de los cambios estructurales que resultan de la revolución de información y tecnológica, la tesis trata de replicar el concepto de un 'espacio de flujos'. Esto es llevado a cabo por un enfoque de "network analysis" que utiliza los flujos de pasajeros aéreos entre unas 28 regiones urbanas metropolitanas europeas del grupo de EU15+2 países, permitiendo el análisis de la interacción entre estas 28 ciudades. Esta metodología permite desarrollar varios indicadores descriptivos que permiten, a su vez, por la aplicación de una técnica matemática de escalamiento multi-dimensional, comparar las distancias funcionales y físicas de cada una de las regiones urbanas metropolitanas del centro del 'espacio conceptual de flujos de pasajeros aéreos’ y el centro de la gravedad. El mapa resultante del posicionamiento funcional de las ciudades ofrece una visión espacial de Europa metropolitana bastante diferente a la que se base en los coordinados cartesianos. Tal enfoque permite demostrar que ciudades como Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisboa y Atenas, consideradas tradicionalmente como físicamente periféricas al área central de europea, parecen ser posicionadas más favorablemente en términos funcionales. Además, en el caso de España, los resultados indican que Barcelona queda más cerca al centro del conceptual 'espacio de flujos de pasajero aéreos’ que Madrid. A la luz de esta evidencia empírica, junto con los signos de la integración económica aumentada a través de algunas partes de España, las perspectivas de que España formará parte una más amplia concentración territorial europea de flujos y actividades y del reconocimiento de la capital territorial de Madrid y Barcelona dentro de las recientes las declaraciones de política territorial de la UE, la tesis concluye, en la Cuarta Parte que estas dos regiones metropolitanas han experimentado una clara consolidación y (re)posicionamiento dentro de la jerarquía metropolitana europea.

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38

Maeng, Jisoo. "Urban commercial space design proposal through pop-up store : Space design utilizing the formative features and meaning of Hangul, the Korean letter system." Thesis, Konstfack, Institutionen för design, inredningsarkitektur och visuell kommunikation (DIV), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6480.

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39

Burns, Malcolm C. "The (re)positioning of the Spanish metropolitan system within the European urban system (1986-2006)." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6137.

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The thesis seeks to demonstrate that during the period between 1986 and 2006, some of the principal cities of the Spanish metropolitan system1, have undergone significant change in terms of their European competitiveness. It is suggested that in the case of Madrid and Barcelona in particular this change has been of such a magnitude to proportion them a much more important place within the European spatial configuration than that which they occupied in the mid-1980s. Empirical evidence is offered to support this conjecture. The thesis lies wholly within the framework of spatial planning at the European territorial scale.It charts the comparative ascent of the Spanish cities from the moment of Spain's entry into the European Union (EU) in 1986 against the background of the development of European spatial policy, increased economic integration across Europe, the increased importance of the 'territorial' dimension of EU cohesion policy and an eventual waning of the applicability of the terminology of 'core' and 'periphery' to describe European geographical location.Part One (Chapter 1) addresses the processes of urbanisation in general from a global perspective and then focuses on metropolitan growth in a number of different historical contexts from the start of the 19th Century. Parts Two (Chapters 2-5) and Three (Chapters 6-9) of the thesis carry out analyses at two contrasting but complementary spatial scales. Part Two examines the metropolitan growth processes in Spain, in the period since 1857, detecting the historical moments in which there were surges in the metropolitan populations of the seven cities of the metropolitan system. The dimensions of the spatial units of analysis corresponding to the seven Spanish metropolitan urban regions are described, based upon a methodology first developed by the Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC) in the context of a transnational spatial planning project of the INTERREG community initiative2. These seven spatial units form the basis for a socio-economic analysis of the structure of the metropolitan system, drawing upon data principally from the 2001 Census. If by 1930 one of the key characteristics of Spain's urban system was having not just one but two cities (Madrid and Barcelona) belonging to the group of 27 cities across the world with populations in excess of 1 million inhabitants3, this same differentiation between the country's two largest cities and the remainder of the urban system is equally valid today. Spain's urban system remains clearly bicephalous in being dominated by these same two cities in terms of demographic and economic strength.Part Three begins by examining the evolution of European spatial policy against the background of an ever-enlarging European Union and changes with regard to the notion of cohesion - from a concept understood in terms of economic and social factors, to one in which the territorial dimension has become increasingly important. The European urban system is then critically examined through a number of key and influential studies, with particular regard to the rankings and hierarchies of metropolitan urban regions deriving there from and the changes in the placing of the Spanish metropolitan urban regions therein.Taking inspiration from the seminal contribution of Manuel Castells4 in the context of the structural changes resulting from the informational and technological revolution, the thesis seeks to replicate the concept of a 'space of flows'. This is carried out through a 'network analysis' approach drawing upon air passenger flows between some 28 European metropolitan urban regions of the EU15+2 group of countries, enabling the analysis of the interaction between these 28 cities. This methodology enables arriving at a number of descriptive indicators which in turn, through the application of a multi-dimensional scaling mathematical technique, permits comparing the functional and physical distances of each of the metropolitan urban regions from the centre of the 'conceptual space of air passenger flows' and the centre of gravity. The resulting map of the functional positioning of the cities offers a spatial vision of metropolitan Europe quite different to that based upon Cartesian coordinates. Such an approach enables demonstrating that cities such as Barcelona, Madrid, Helsinki, Lisbon and Athens, traditionally considered as physically peripheral to the European core area, appear to be more favourably positioned in functional terms. Furthermore in the case of Spain the results indicate that Barcelona lies closer to the centre of the conceptual 'space of air passenger flows' than Madrid.In light of this empirical evidence, together with the signs of increased economic integration across some parts of Spain, the prospects of Spain forming part of a wider European territorial concentration of flows and activities, and the recognition of the territorial capital of Madrid and Barcelona within recent EU spatial policy declarations, the thesis concludes in Part Four that these two metropolitan regions have undergone a clear consolidation and (re)positioning within the European metropolitan hierarchy.

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40

Makana, Lewis O. "Development of a decision support system for sustainable and resilience evaluation of urban underground space physical infrastructure." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6262/.

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The research described in this thesis proposes a new,novel evaluation ‘framework’ and accompanying operational ‘model’, the ‘SUURE’ (Sustainable Underground Use Resilience Evaluation) ‘framework’, which adopts a socio-ecological systems (SES) approach to evaluation, combining sustainability science and resilience theory, at the same time incorporating a range of interdisciplinary tools and methods to achieve this. It purposes at its core to aid in sustainability evaluation of urban underground space, by evaluating the process to the outcome of sustainable solutions i.e. the capacity to adapt to change in different steady states. In consequence, a fundamentally different approach to planning that utilises future socio-ecological scenarios (NSP, PR, MF and FW) is incorporated in the ‘framework’ as a means of evaluating through its operational ‘model’, the sensitivity of investment decisions made today in the name of sustainability i.e. will the proposed engineering sustainability solution continue to deliver its intended function into the future, whatever that may be. The SUURE operational ‘model’ was employed as a proof of concept to the case study area of Birmingham Eastside, evaluating the potential use of multi-utility tunnels (MUT) in Eastside as a means of engendering sustainable and resilient use of urban underground space, through sustainable utility placement, both now and into the future. The flush-fitting MUT was found to be having the highest overall baseline (present-day) performance resilience index ratio at mean of 0.739, the shallow MUT second at 0.656, and the deep MUT last at 0.212. With regard to the evaluation of continued MUT functional performance into the future (whatever that may be), all three MUT options, if implemented today in the name of sustainability, would continue to deliver and retain their core functional performance, the deep MUT showing the most significant increase across all evaluation clusters (social, economic, physical, bio-physical and location aspects).

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41

Neubauer, Eric C. "Deconcentration, time-space convergence, and metropolitan dominance : the spatial reorganization of the U.S. urban system, 1940-1990 /." The Ohio State University, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1486398528557756.

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42

Parsafard, Mohsen. "Space-Time Transportation System Modelling: from Traveler’s Characteristics to the Network Design Problem." Scholar Commons, 2017. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6924.

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Traditional network design problems only consider the long-term stationary travel patterns (e.g., fixed OD demand) and short-term variations of human mobility are ignored. This study aims to integrate human mobility characteristics and travel patterns into network design problems using a space-time network structure. Emerging technologies such as location-based social network platforms provide a unique opportunity for understanding human mobility patterns that can lead to advanced modeling techniques. To reach our goal, at first multimodal network design problems are investigated by considering safety and flow interactions between different modes of transport. We develop a network reconstruction method to expand a single-modal transportation network to a multi-modal network where flow interactions between different modes can be quantified. Then, in our second task, we investigate the trajectory of moving objects to see how they can reveal detailed information about human travel characteristics and presence probability with high-resolution detail. A time geography-based methodology is proposed to not only estimate an individual’s space-time trajectory based on his/her limited space-time sample points but also to quantify the accuracy of this estimation in a robust manner. A series of measures including activity bandwidth and normalized activity bandwidth are proposed to quantify the accuracy of trajectory estimation, and cutoff points are suggested for screening data records for mobility analysis. Finally, a space-time network-based modeling framework is proposed to integrate human mobility into network design problems. We construct a probabilistic network structure to quantify human’s presence probability at different locations and time. Then, a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Programming (MINLP) model is proposed to maximize the spatial and temporal coverage of individual targets. To achieve near optimal solutions for large-scale problems, greedy heuristic, Lagrangian relaxation and simulated annealing algorithms are implemented to solve the problem. The proposed algorithms are implemented on hypothetical and real world numerical examples to demonstrate the performance and effectiveness of the methodology on different network sizes and promising results have been obtained.

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43

Lilja, Ellen. "The role of nature-based solutions for ecological urban planning in the sustainable city : How is the Green Space Factor system presented in urban planning strategies?" Thesis, Malmö universitet, Malmö högskola, Institutionen för Urbana Studier (US), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-43614.

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The thesis covers the role of the Green Space Factor (GSF) system as a nature-based solution for ecological urban planning in the sustainable city. One main focus for sustainable urban development is the aspect of constructing green spaces and green buildings in order to improve land-use efficiencies and thus minimize negative environmental impacts. Hence, in this study research is made through conducting a qualitative municipal document analysis on how the GSF system is portrayed and implemented in urban planning strategies based on the municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg. To limit the study, two urban areas are selected for further investigation, the Western harbour in Malmö City and the Freeport in Gothenburg City. The documents included in the study are based on three categories of developing the chosen urban areas: visions, area programs and detailed plans. From the document analysis, several categories or themes were extracted consisting of future goals and vision, actors and trademarks, visionary sustainability, climate change adaptation strategies, sustainable urban development models, green infrastructure, and lastly strategies and design principles of the Western harbour and the Freeport. The results are analysed through the theory of neoliberalised urban climate change adaptation strategies and green fix as crisis management. In order to include the local context of sustainable urban development, environmental policy localization is also included in the analysis of the results. The results from the analysis of the empirical material show that the municipalities of Malmö and Gothenburg have implemented the GSF planning system into the local context of their visions, area programs and detailed plans of both the Western harbour and the Freeport. The GSF system is included in both urban planning strategies through indirect terminologies connected to general sustainable development, such as climate change adaptation, green infrastructure and design principles showcasing the desired sustainability strategies. However, the results present the risk of market-based sustainability trademarking. The study concludes on the mark that it is important for the cities to on one hand implement the GSF system into the overall policies design, and on another hand face sustainable urban development at a variety of spatial scales in order to meet the external requirements originating in the localization of environmental policies.

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44

Johnson, Ian Lyndon. "Towards urban multilingualism: investigating the linguistic landscape of the public rail transport system in the Western Cape." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4045.

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Magister Artium - MA This study explores the linguistic landscape of Metrorail in the Western Cape, South Africa. The Western Cape is a diverse, multicultural society with a history of colonialism and imperialism. For this reason, the language/s on signage was explored to reveal differences/similarities between the various groups and cultures within society.This kind of investigation entailed consideration of the signage displayed on trains,stations and other railway infrastructure. Thus, data was collected over a three-month period during 2010 which coincided with the FIFA Soccer World Cup, hosted by South Africa. A combined quantitative and qualitative approach for the analysis of data was supplemented with a multimodal, multi-semiotic approach. In addition, interviews were conducted of a cross-section of commuters as a way to give meaning to the analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data. The analysis explored the extent to which multilingualism and multiculturalism are reflected in the linguistic landscape of Metrorail.The focus of the study was on the degree of visibility of the official and non-official languages on signage, as faced by Metrorail commuters. The findings of the study reveal that the interplay between power relations, prestige, symbolic value, identity and vitality in the linguistic landscape of Metrorail results in a somewhat limited display of multilingualism. The findings also reflect the changed language attitudes and perceptions, the maintenance of power relations, the expression of identity, and the desire to be perceived in a certain way, in a broader South African context. Furthermore,the data reveals that the actual linguistic reality does not accurately reflect the aims of the Western Cape language policy in terms of promoting multilingualism. Moreover, it reveals that English is the preferred language of wider communication and it is also the dominant language on the official and non-official signage in the public space. Although the indigenous African languages, along with Afrikaans, are generally neglected in the public space, these languages are widely spoken by Metrorail commuters. The linguistic landscape of Metrorail therefore does not accurately reflect the linguistic reality of the various speech communities in the Western Cape. The linguistic landscape of Metrorail serves to index the broader social developments of the transformed sociolinguistic South African identity.

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45

REYES-PÄCKE, SONIA. "INFLUENCE OF THE GOVERNANCE SYSTEM ON DEFINING THE URBAN VEGETATION PATTERNS IN A LATIN AMERICAN METROPOLIS. THE CASE OF SANTIAGO DE CHILE." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-157701.

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Spatial and temporal patterns of urban vegetation have been widely studied since the mid-twentieth century, but these studies have focused mainly on northern hemisphere countries, and little research has been conducted in developing countries. Urban vegetation is characterized by the presence of species that are adapted to the particular environmental conditions of cities, and a high diversity of exotic species. This occurs due to a combination of factors: on one hand, it is possible to find wild vegetation (weeds) on abandoned lands or those with little intervention, as well as on walls and buildings. On the other hand, there is also an enormous variety of ornamental and mainly exotic species, which have been cultivated by humans. The processes of species selection performed individually or collectively are a major determinant of the diversity of urban vegetation and flora. Individual decisions relate to private spaces such as residential gardens whose owners manage the vegetation according to their preferences and interests. Collective decisions relate to public spaces, which, by their nature, are subject to the action of multiple stakeholders. At the collective level, decision-making occurs in the context of processes involving local governments, other state agencies, NGOs and various interest groups present in the city. Each of these actors has its own vision on the role of urban vegetation, their preferences and criteria for the selection and management. This study aims to investigate the processes of decision-making responsible for the current composition of the vegetation in public spaces of the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS). Through this research is expected to identify the criteria for the selection of species to be planted in public spaces, the reasons that explain the predominance of certain species, and the difference between parks managed by different public agencies in MAS. The research assumes that the various public and private actors involved in the planting and management of vegetation in public spaces, act guided by criteria and preferences that are finally expressed in the observed patterns of urban vegetation. For this purpose, the conceptual framework of governance is used, understood as the process of decision-making concerning public affairs, which involves multiple agents or interests including government agencies, non-governmental organizations and civil society groups. The overarching objectives of this Thesis are: a) To contribute to the knowledge of interactions between governance system and urban vegetation patterns in metropolitan areas of developing countries, recognizing both social and environmental processes interacting. b) Contribute to urban planning and policies by generating knowledge relevant to decision- making regarding urban vegetation. A robust knowledge of the factors defining the composition and structure of urban vegetation is essential to design effective policies for increasing vegetation cover, with consequent environmental and social benefits.

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46

Svantesson, Hanne, and Stina Wikström. "Implementeringsarbetet av Grön infrastruktur i Sverige : En policyanalys om integrering av urbana ekosystemtjänster samt värdet av adaptiv planering i Stockholms län." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Miljövetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-41281.

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Urbanisation is a global trend and in the year 2050 a big part of the world's population is expected to be living in urban areas. With this demographic change comes challenges. Biodiversity is the foundation for ecosystems to create services that human welfare depends on. The so called ecosystem services create functions that have provisioning, regulating, cultural and supporting values för humans. The expansion of ecosystems is threatened around the world because of the increased urbanisation and more paved areas and less green spaces that are available for species to settle in. Green infrastructure is a management system that has become popular mainly in urban areas as a tool to conserve biodiversity and manage ecosystems in a sustainable way. By re-creating habitats and ecosystem functions a higher resilience is created in cities and through that it becomes easier to face challenges that come with a changed climate. In Sweden green infrastructure is an important component to reach global and national environmental goals. The capital of Sweden, Stockholm is growing rapidly. Because of the growing population the design of the city and the amount of green spaces is even more important to improve the ecological, economical and social aspects in society. In this study a qualitative content analysis has been made to examine how Sweden works with the implementation of green infrastructure on a national, regional and local level. By analysing three relevant policy documents an analytical framework has been used to look closer at how ecosystem services are expressed in the different levels. The result shows that ecosystem services are given a large place in the guidelines and the action plan for green infrastructure in Sweden. It is even more clear on a local level because a big part of the planprogram over the formation of the new district Årstafältet concentrates on creating ecological solutions to help ecosystem services to create its functions. The result also shows that the implementation of green infrastructure should be overarched by cooperation and transparency where more participants are included for the best possible decisions to be made. Urbanisering är en global trend och år 2050 förväntas en stor andel av världens befolkning vara bosatta i urbana områden. Med denna demografiska förändring kommer utmaningar. Den biologiska mångfalden är en grundsten för att ekosystem ska kunna skapa de tjänster som människans välmående är beroende av. Ekosystemtjänster skapar funktioner som har försörjande, reglerande, kulturella och stödjande värden för människor. Ekosystemens utbredning hotas världen över på grund av ökad urbanisering då många ytor hårdläggs och färre gröna ytor blir tillgängliga för arter att bosätta sig i. Grön infrastruktur är ett förvaltningssystem som har blivit populärt framförallt i urbana områden för att bevara den biologiska mångfalden och förvalta ekosystem på ett hållbart sätt. Genom att återskapa livsmiljöer och ekosystemfunktioner skapas en högre resiliens i städerna och det blir på så sätt lättare att stå emot de utmaningar som kommer i och med ett förändrat klimat. I Sverige är grön infrastruktur en viktig komponent för att nå upp till globala och nationella miljömål. Sveriges huvudstad Stockholm växer i snabb takt. I och med den växande befolkningen blir utformningen av staden och andelen gröna ytor än viktigare för att förbättra de ekologiska, ekonomiska och sociala aspekterna i samhället. Denna studie har utgått ifrån en kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att undersöka hur Sverige arbetar med implementering av grön infrastruktur på nationell, regional och lokal nivå. Genom att analysera tre relevanta policydokument har ett analytiskt ramverk använts för att undersöka hur ekosystemtjänster kommer till uttryck på de olika nivåerna. Resultatet visar att ekosystemtjänster får en stor plats i riktlinjerna och handlingsplanerna för grön infrastruktur i Sverige. Än tydligare blir det på lokal nivå då en stor del av planprogrammet för utformningen av den nya stadsdelen Årstafältet inriktar sig på att skapa ekologiska lösningar för att underlätta för ekosystemtjänsterna att utveckla sina funktioner. Resultatet visar även att implementeringen av grön infrastruktur måste genomsyras av samarbete och transparens där flera aktörer involveras för att bästa möjliga beslut skall fattas.

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47

Matos, Ana Rita Batista de. "Gestão do sistema de vegetação arbóreo em espaço urbano: manual de boas práticas e documentário." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/29835.

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Este trabalho de projeto centra-se no tema das árvores em espaço urbano. O objetivo é a realização de dois documentários sobre o tema e ainda a elaboração de um manual de boas práticas - a árvore em espaço urbano. As motivações da sua elaboração baseiam-se na necessidade de consciencializar a população em geral, a comunidade infantil e os técnicos responsáveis da gestão das árvores em espaço urbano. O trabalho inicia-se então com uma parte teórica, onde se procura explorar os conhecimentos relacionados com a árvore, designadamente características e significado, benefícios e constrangimentos no espaço urbano, bem como os conhecimentos relacionados com o projeto, instalação e gestão da árvore em espaço urbano. Com destaque para a seleção adequada de espécies, as espécies autóctones, a correta plantação, a poda, os agentes fitopatológicos, a avaliação fitossanitária, a remoção de árvores e a gestão de resíduos e culmina com a componente prática, mais concretamente os referidos documentários e manual de boas práticas - a árvore em espaço urbano; ABSTRACT: Management of the tree vegetation system in urban space: documentary and manual of good practices This study focuses on the subject of trees in urban space. The mains goals are to produce two documentaries and to prepare a good practice guide: the tree in an urban space. The reasons for its elaboration are based on the need of raising awareness among the general population, children's community and technicians responsible for the management of trees in an urban space. The project starts with a theoretical part, where it seeks to explore the knowledge related to the tree, namely its characteristics and its meaning, benefits and constraints and also the design, installation and management of trees in urban space. We emphasize the proper selection of species and native species, correct planting, pruning, phytopathological agents, phytosanitary evaluation, tree removal and residues management. This study culminates with a practical component, namely the referred documentaries and a good practice guide: the tree in an urban space.

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48

Borhidai, András. "Models for Life Cycle Cost Estimation of Spare and Wear Parts for Urban Gondola Lift Systems : A Case Study." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-74544.

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Urban gondola lift systems are becoming a regular sight rather than a rarity throughout the globe. Authors attribute their increasing popularity to factors such as environmental sustainability, operational reliability and cost efficiency compared to other right-of-way transit solutions. Replacing conventional modes of transit with urban gondolas cannot however be achieved without tackling several operational challenges. As potential new operators often lack the human resources and knowledge base required to successfully man, operate and maintain systems, they turn to manufacturers for increased after-sale support. Companies of the Doppelmayr Garaventa Group, the world’s largest manufacturer of gondola lifts, responded to these demand patterns by offering complete operations & maintenance contracts which, among other services, include the delivery and installation of reserve components. Calculating the total cost of such components for the life cycle of a system however still proves to be demanding and requires new computational models to increase its efficiency. The applicative purpose of this paper was thus set to formulate a model that is capable of performing life cycle cost calculations for components of urban gondola lift systems, according to a set of criterion defined by industrial entities. Its research aim is accordingly to answer questions about how concurrent instruments are set up, what models does contemporary research regard as efficient in similar industries and whether these models are able to enhance life cycle cost calculation capability within the urban gondola lift market. These aims were achieved through an analysis of current company practices, followed by the formulation of two new model alternatives based on a review of contemporary scientific literature, and concluded by an iterative process wherein the two alternatives were compared to each other in terms of performance and then merged to combine the best performing features of each version. Through a second iteration, the merged model was then compared to current instruments and established as the superior choice, using industry criteria. The paper concludes by resolving the research questions it set out to answer and making further recommendations for the direction of future research and studies.

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49

Rismanchian, Omid. "Evidence-based spatial intervention for regeneration of deteriorating urban areas : a case of study from Tehran, Iran." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/8023.

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Throughout the urban development process over the last seven decades in Tehran, the capital city of Iran, many self-generated neighbourhoods have developed in which the majority of the residents are low-income families. On one hand, the main spatial attribute of these deprived neighbourhoods is spatial isolation from the surrounding, more affluent areas, which is accompanied by inadequate urban infrastructure and a lack of accessibility and permeability. On the other hand, the Tehran City Revitalisation Organisation - the governmental sector which is in charge of the deprived areas - is incapable of conducting urban regenerations without investment from the private sector, and is seeking methods to create ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’ to attract private sector participation in regeneration programmes. In this regard, this research investigates the notion of ‘spatial isolation’ which in return causes socio-economic isolation as highlighted in the literature. The research suggests that in order to develop feasible regeneration programmes, which can meet the interest of both people and government, and release the deprived area from isolation both spatially and socio-economically, the regeneration plans should focus on public open space developments as ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’. With regard to this idea, the research highlights the street as a ‘social arena’ – not arteries or thoroughfares – as the type of public open space in which its development could not only release the deprived areas from spatial isolation, but could also direct more pedestrian movement to and through the deprived neighbourhoods, making more opportunities for the creation of socio-economic interactions. In this respect, the theory of ‘natural movement’ and theories and literature of ‘integrated public open spaces’ form the theoretical framework of the research to support this idea. For further investigation, two case studies, one as the deprived area and one as the control area, have been chosen, and the spatial pattern of the city and the two cases have been analysed in regard to the notion of ‘spatial isolation’ through Space Syntax using Depthmap software and GIS. Also, the correlation between the distribution pattern of commercial land uses and syntactic measures across the city of Tehran is investigated to identify the potential streets in which to create commercial opportunities. Afterwards, in order to study the street life and the variety of activities the streets can afford, a few locally integrated streets in the deprived case have been chosen. At this stage, nineteen behaviours have been observed and classified in five major classes including the necessary, social, optional, hazardous, and occasional activities, and the correlation with syntactic measures are studied. Moreover, the methods of developing a route filtering system and a transformability index for identifying the most suitable streets for the creation of a pedestrian friendly network are discussed, using an example of a deprived area, integrating it with the surrounding urban fabric to create the ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’. The results show that by identifying the underlying spatial pattern of the urban fabric, it is possible to release the deprived areas from its spatial isolation through developing a street network without causing urban fragmentation. This approach could also form a cost-effective basis for developing a pedestrian friendly street network as one of the ‘socio-economic stimulant zones’, which the Tehran City Revitalisation Organisation is looking for; the type of streets that not only support the necessary activities and transportation, but could also facilitate socio-economic interaction.

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50

Soares, Mariana Corrêa. "Parques lineares em São Paulo: uma rede de rios e áreas verdes que conecta lugares e pessoas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16135/tde-23062015-162603/.

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No rápido e intenso processo da urbanização de São Paulo, suas várzeas urbanas foram descaracterizadas com os cursos d\'água canalizados sob vias automobilísticas ou invadidas e degradadas pelo modelo de urbanização caracterizado por uma dicotomia entre o homem e a natureza. Destacam-se, no início da década de 2000, políticas públicas formuladas para dar início a novos paradigmas nas relações entre os rios e as várzeas da área urbana e sua cidade, inaugurando uma nova forma de atuação para solucionar os conflitos expressos na forma de ocupação dessas áreas até então. Nesse contexto, os parques lineares surgem como uma forma de uso adequado de fundos de vale, desestimulando invasões e ocupações indevidas por meio de ações estruturadoras do território. Concebidos como elementos de qualificação da paisagem urbana e de sua recuperação ambiental, tais parques contribuem com a drenagem urbana e constituem espaços livres públicos capazes de conectar áreas verdes e favorecer a possível criação de um sistema de espaços livres em São Paulo. Espaços capazes de abrigar práticas de lazer, esporte e cultura, além de contribuir com alternativas não motorizadas de mobilidade urbana. Por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, entrevistas e visitas a campo, a presente pesquisa contextualiza a implantação dos parques lineares em São Paulo e aprofunda a análise, pautada em uma abordagem paisagística do tema, a partir de 3 estudos de casos que apresentam um leque amplo das problemáticas que os envolvem e das suas potencialidades. Inserida na busca por cidades mais humanas e pautada em dinâmicas mais democráticas, a pesquisa defende a participação popular como meio para a construção de uma melhor qualidade da cidade. Por fim, espera-se contribuir para que a imagem de uma São Paulo permeada por áreas verdes e públicas, associadas aos seus cursos hídricos presentes na paisagem urbana, capazes de abrigar ciclovias e arborizados passeios de pedestres, concebidas através de processos participativos ganhe espaço no imaginário do paulistano para que possam cooperar na construção de uma cidade de São Paulo mais fluida, mais permeável, mais verde e azul, mais viva. In São Paulo\'s rapid and intense urbanization process, its urban floodplains were disfigured with waterways channeled under automobile ways or invaded and de- graded by urbanization model characterized by a dichotomy between man and nature. Stand out in the early 2000s, public politics formulated to initiate new paradigms in the relationship between rivers and floodplains of the city and its urban area, ushering in a new form of action to resolve the conflict expressed in the form of occupation of these areas until then. In this context, linear parks emerge as a form of proper use of valley bottoms, discouraging unwarranted in- vasions and occupations by structuring actions of the territory. Designed as qua- lifying elements of the urban landscape and its environmental remediation, such parks contribute to urban drainage and public open spaces and are capable of connecting green areas and encourage the possible creation of an open spaces system in São Paulo. Spaces capable of harboring practices of leisure, sport and culture, and contribute to non-motorized alternative for urban mobility. Through literature review, interviews and field visits, this study contextualizes the im- plementation of linear parks in São Paulo and deepens the analysis, based on a landscape approach, from three case studies that feature a wide range of issues that concern them and their potential. Inserted in the search for more human ci- ties and based in democratic dynamics, research supports the popular participa- tion as a means to build a better quality of the city. Finally, we hope to contribute to the image of São Paulo ermeated by green and public areas, associated with its water resources present in the urban landscape, able to accommodate bike lanes and pedestrian wooded walks, designed through participatory processes to gain space in local people imagination so that they can cooperate in building a more fluid, more permeable, green and blue, more lively São Paulo city.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"

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