Literatura académica sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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MIZUNO, Isao. "Time-Space Convergence in Urban Systems". Kodo Keiryogaku (The Japanese Journal of Behaviormetrics) 33, n.º 2 (2006): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2333/jbhmk.33.109.
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Yang, Byungsun y Dongkun Lee. "Urban Green Space Arrangement for an Optimal Landscape Planning Strategy for Runoff Reduction". Land 10, n.º 9 (25 de agosto de 2021): 897. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10090897.
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Increased impervious surfaces due to urbanization have reduced evaporation and infiltration into the soil compared with existing natural water cycle systems, which causes various problems, such as urban floods, landslides, and deterioration of water quality. To effectively solve the urban water cycle issue, green infrastructure using urban green space has emerged to reduce runoff and increase evaporation. It has the advantage of restoring the water cycle system of urban areas by complementing the failure of conventional stormwater treatment systems. However, urban areas under high-density development have limited green space for stormwater treatment. Hence, it is necessary to efficiently utilize street trees and small green spaces to improve the urban water cycle through green space. In this study, we simulated different green space distribution scenarios in the virtual domain to find the optimal strategy of green space planning. Compared to clustered scenarios, dispersed green space distribution scenarios and placing green space downstream were more effective in reducing the runoff amount. The paper provides insights into the considerations for determining green space spatial plan and zoning regulations for stormwater treatment by green infrastructure.
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Salvia, Giuseppe, Irene Pluchinotta, Ioanna Tsoulou, Gemma Moore y Nici Zimmermann. "Understanding Urban Green Space Usage through Systems Thinking: A Case Study in Thamesmead, London". Sustainability 14, n.º 5 (23 de febrero de 2022): 2575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14052575.
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Urban green spaces provide environmental, economic, societal and health benefits to cities. However, policy and planning interventions aiming to improve usage have often led to unintended consequences, including, in some circumstances, an actual decline in usage. Previous research has identified factors influencing the use of urban green space, more often with a focus on the ‘quality’ and physical features of the space, rather than on the broader social factors. This study aims to unpack the complexity of factors that influence the use of urban green space through the application of Systems Thinking. A qualitative mixed-method approach integrating System Dynamics with rapid ethnography was adopted to elicit the views of local residents in Thamesmead, London. A thematic analysis of interviews was undertaken to systematically map the causal relations between factors, which were compared to wider stakeholders’ views. Our findings highlight the relevance of dynamics and social influences on the use of green space, which include social interactions and stewardship, health conditions, availability of services and amenities. These are factors that are underexplored in the literature and, sometimes, overlooked in urban green space policy by decision-makers. We infer that attendance of urban green spaces requires time, which may be occupied in other practices determined by local conditions and needs. Expanding the spatial and temporal boundaries of investigation, wider than debates on ‘quality’, should, in our view, increase the chances of identifying critical influences and foster an increased use of green space.
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Xhafa, Sonila y Albana Kosovrasti. "Geographic Information Systems (GIS) in Urban Planning". European Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 1, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2015): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejis.v1i1.p85-92.
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Geographic information systems can be defined as a intelligent tool, to which it relates techniques for the implementation of processes such as the introduction, recording, storage, handling, processing and generation of spatial data. Use of GIS in urban planning helps and guides planners for an orderly development of settlements and infrastructure facilities within and outside urban areas. Continued growth of the population in urban centers generates the need for expansion of urban space, for its planning in terms of physical and social infrastructures in the service of the community, based on the principles of sustainable development. In addition urbanization is accompanied with numerous structural transformations and functional cities, which should be evaluated in spatial context, to be managed and planned according to the principles of sustainable development. Urban planning connects directly with land use and design of the urban environment, including physical and social infrastructure in service of the urban community, constituting a challenge to global levels. Use of GIS in this field is a different approach regarding the space, its development and design, analysis and modeling of various processes occurring in it, as well as interconnections between these processes or developments in space.
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Wan, Jixin y Huosai Shi. "Research on Urban Renewal Public Space Design Based on Convolutional Neural Network Model". Security and Communication Networks 2021 (17 de noviembre de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9504188.
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By establishing a database of urban space cases, machine learning algorithms and deep learning algorithms can be used to train computers to learn how to design urban spaces. Based on the basic concepts of machine learning and deep learning and their procedural logic, this paper explores the generation mode of traffic road network, neighborhood space form, and building function layout of urban space and uses the northern extension of the central green axis of the city as an application case to confirm its feasibility in order to seek a set of artificial intelligence-based urban space generation design method and provide a new idea for the innovative development of urban design methods.
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Habrel, Mykola y Mykhailo Habrel. "INVARIANTS AND ISOMERS OF URBAN SPACE". Urban development and spatial planning, n.º 77 (24 de mayo de 2021): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.98-112.
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The article assumes that the effectiveness of spatial development of the city largely depends on the analysis and consideration of new properties of space. The phenomena of isomerism and invariance as integral properties of urban space, their connection with other dimensions are studied. The theoretical provisions of the phenomenon of invariance and isomerism for urban planning are comprehended, their essence in relation to the problems of centrism is revealed; the role of urban networks and the dynamism of space; tasks of placing new objects in the complex spatial structure of cities. Approaches to the study and consideration of these characteristics in the spatial organization and development of urban systems are substantiated.
The categorical-conceptual apparatus is specified. Invariants are quantities, ratios, and properties that do not change from the changes in the components associated with them. They determine the comfort of the environment, the availability of facilities, the effectiveness of solutions and other properties of the space. The phenomenon of invariance is revealed through the functional zoning of the territory, the concept of centrism and the center of cities, communication connectivity and configuration of the urban network, the location of new objects in urban space. These are the instrumental properties of urban space, which are concentrated around the human dimension and human needs. Isomers in urban planning are changes in the properties of urban space with a constant material structure and environment, which is usually associated with the position of a single element in the system. Understanding this phenomenon is important and effective for understanding the morphology and essence of urban systems.
The city is an integral dynamic supersystem, and the development of urban space takes place both according to planned decisions and according to the laws of «living» matter. Space interacts with processes (social, technological, informational, functional and economic); combines squares, streets, recreational environment (parks, gardens, squares), creating their own social values. The principles and requirements for the use of invariance and isomerism in architectural and urban activities are substantiated.
Invariants determine the proportions of the ratios of shapes and spaces, environmental friendliness, functionality, nodes and internal geometry of space. Isomeric properties of urban space form, as a rule, qualitative symbolic, aesthetic and historically significant urban elements. They: change the range of impressions for users due to changes in architectural and urban characteristics and interactions with the user; increase individual and collective personalization, as well as general identity; make the space safer for the population, provide continuity in their control; universalize the space, which allows to develop new activities and apply mixed functionalities; organize urban nodes as spaces with high connectivity to other urban nodes and zones. The requirements to the formation of urban space are substantiated: the correct definition of the proportional relations between closed and open space, shape and size; environmental friendliness; functional sufficiency; the internal geometry of space must be determined by man; nodal places as invariants should direct people to cross space in all directions - to guarantee visually expressive entrances, attractive visual landmarks, accessibility, convenience of being near them and in them; the label must meet the criteria of scale and traditional design. It is proved that the use of isomerization provisions and urban invariants can be effective for the recovery and effective development of the urban organism.
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Gasparini, Katia. "Digital Hybridisation in Adaptive Textiles for Public Space". Textiles 2, n.º 3 (5 de agosto de 2022): 436–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles2030024.
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Over recent years, many architectural and urban surfaces interact with the environment like a changing skin, adaptable to environmental stimuli. The textile technology appears to be the most suitable to meet the requirement of adaptability to the environment because it can produce changes in shape and colour. Today, this is a possible thanks to textile systems and fibres that are increasingly hi-tech and smart. To make these adaptable systems is a fundamental role in digital technologies and is an important a multidisciplinary approach in every design phase. This article interweaves some of the developments and applications of textiles in urban space design, exploring the possible applications of emerging technology in architectural and urban design. This analysis aims to explore the intersection between the culture, design and technology of textile systems, as well as the role of parametric design and embedded systems in urban space design and transformation. The aim of this article is to spread knowledge on adaptable textile systems as materials for architecture and to do so through practice-based design research. The study frames the contemporary design explorations, in which digital design tools and material expression are major placeholders, with a focus on surface shapes and design experiments exploring the expressiveness of light, colour and movement as design materials. The article reflects on the role of digital design applied to textile systems for urban space as a possible tool aiming at enhancing existing space by surface prototyping.
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Hodson, Mike y Andrew McMeekin. "Global technology companies and the politics of urban socio-technical imaginaries in the digital age: Processual proxies, Trojan horses and global beachheads". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53, n.º 6 (16 de marzo de 2021): 1391–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x211002194.
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In this paper, we take the concept of ‘new urban spaces’ as our jumping off point to engage with the efforts of Alphabet/Google affiliate Sidewalk Labs to cultivate a new integrated digital and infrastructural urban space on the Toronto waterfront. We interrogate the process and politics of imagining this new, digital urban space as an urban socio-technical imaginary. The paper critically examines the central role of ‘big tech’ in producing the urban socio-technical imaginary not as a snapshot but, rather, as a ‘process of becoming’. This processual focus on the role of big tech allows us to develop three interrelated analytical contributions. First, we generate in-depth understanding of the proxy politics of urban socio-technical imaginaries in constituting new digital urban spaces. Second, we argue that an urban socio-technical imaginary was used as a Trojan horse to promote private experimentation with urban governance. Third, we demonstrate attempts to imagine a global beachhead via ‘the global model’ of a new digital urban space predicated on the digital control of integrated urban infrastructure systems.
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Fischer, Florian. "Local Search Applications and Urban Public Space". International Journal of Technology and Human Interaction 10, n.º 1 (enero de 2014): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijthi.2014010103.
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Applications based on user-contributed geographic information are expected to re-organise the users' everyday dealings with urban space. This article presents findings from an exploratory study about users of the Austrian local search portal Where2be for students. The study applies an analytical framework to reconstruct the interdependencies of local search applications with the users' experience of urban space. Results indicate that Where2be empowers the marginalized student community for tangible appropriations of public space as a stage for identification. As the experience of the city is shaped by fragmentation, dissolution and restructuring of spatial boundaries, Where2be supports new forms of communal relationships by linking people and places. While Where2be is utilized to conceive attached symbolic meanings of businesses, the relevance of distance-driven locational factors, like visibility, might be softened in favour of findability on local search platforms. Results add to groundwork for future research hypotheses, and implications for urban socio-spatial development.
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Zhang, Chunxiao, Bo Yue, Yafei Wang, Rui Xie y Guangzhe Shen. "Research progress of urban green space systems evaluation in China". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 371 (13 de diciembre de 2019): 032029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/371/3/032029.
Texto completoTesis sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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Olson, Jeffrey L. "The Evolution of Urban-Rural Space". The Ohio State University, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1376926850.
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Faller, Kevin W. "Reprogramming the Grid: Community Psychology's Role in Urban Systems". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1275664829.
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Karagöz, Hande. "Urban Space Recreation for Pedestrians through Smart Lighting Control Systems". Thesis, KTH, Ljusdesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231836.
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Connected public lighting for more sustainable and liveable cities is highly demanding research in lighting design field through human centred design approach. While following this understanding, this thesis aims to answer the question “How a networked public lighting can be created in order to enhance the needs of the pedestrians in Fredhällspark?”. To investigate this study, a background research was studied in the relevant topics of urban lighting, followed by the study of human safety regarding to this topic and lastly the possible new lighting technologies. The main study is involved in a pedestrian path at Fredhällspark in Stockholm, Sweden, in two months duration in the spring time of 2018 by conducting user surveys and taking the lighting measurements. Based on the results the study showed, a lighting design proposal is developed with a site-specific approach in order to make it up-to date and sustainable for future urban environments while complying with the requirements of the users.
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Shih, Wan-Yu. "Optimising urban green networks in Taipei City : linking ecological and social functions in urban green space systems". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/optimising-urban-green-networks-in-taipei-city-linking-ecological-and-socal-functions-in-urban-green-space-systems(eca36d35-4470-4fdf-a766-ba9eebe5ca63).html.
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With the global population becoming more urban and less rural, increasingly research has argued for concepts such as establish Green Infrastructure (GI) as a tool for enhancing wildlife survival and human’s living quality (e.g. Harrison et al., 1995; Benedict and McMahon, 2006). However, an interdisciplinary planning approach underpinned by ecological and social evidence has not yet been fully developed. This research therefore seeks to integrate an ecological network with a green space planning standard by exploring the use of biotope and sociotope mapping methods. Seeking a comprehensive planning that takes all green resources into account, a green space typology is firstly developed according to Taiwanese contexts for identifying green spaces from land use maps. In order to specify effective features of these green spaces to bird survival and user preferences, an insight was conducted into the relationship of ‘birds and urban habitats’, as well as ‘human preferred urban green spaces’ in Taipei City. Important environmental factors influencing bird distribution and influencing human experiences in urban green spaces are respectively specified and developed into an ecological value index (EVI) to detail potential habitats and a social value index (SVI) to evaluate recreational green space provision. Interestingly, proximity to green space appears to plays a more critical role in human preferences than bird survival in Taipei city; size is important both as a habitat and for creating an attractive green space; and green space quality tends to be a more significant factor than its structure for both wildlife and people. Utilising the bio-sociotope maps, this thesis argues for a number of strategies: conserving, enlarging, or creating large green spaces in green space deficient areas; increasing ecological and recreational value by enhancing green space quality of specific characteristics; and tackling gravity distance by combining green space accessibility and attractiveness in optimising urban green structure. As these suggestions are a challenge to apply in intensively developed urban areas, barriers from land use, political mechanisms, technical shortages, and cultural characteristics are also explored with possible resolutions presented for facilitating implementation. It is clear that optimising a multifunctional GI for both wildlife and people requires interdisciplinary knowledge and cooperation from various fields. The EVI and SVI developed within this thesis create the potential for a more place-specific and quantifiable green spaces strategy to help better link ecological and social functions in urban areas.
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Wang, Mian. "Extending geographic information systems to urban morphological analysis with a space syntax approach". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för Industriell utveckling, IT och Samhällsbyggnad, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-13384.
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Branches of complexity theory have been widely employed in geographic information systems (GIS) to explore phenomena that appear in urban environments. Among these, space syntax, as an urban morphological application of complexity theory, has attracted increasing attention in recent years. Accordingly, many computer-based tools have been developed to realize related analysis spatially, especially those that can be integrated as functions with GIS. In this thesis, a space syntax tool – Axwoman – is redeveloped and tested as an extension of ESRI ArcGIS Desktop in order to fulfill certain specific needs in urban morphological analysis. It is primarily used to calculate all space syntax measures for several urban systems and to explore the relationships between these measures. To meet the needs for this new version of Axwoman, several functions have been updated and changed, for drawing, coloring, and classifying axial lines as maps for visual thinking; ticking overpasses and excluding them from computing space syntax parameters; and integrating AxialGen and Axwoman. In accordance with this, several case studies have been performed on the urban street networks in large cities. In this paper, Stockholm was chosen as the study object at both the urban level and the building level. After the scaling analysis and time efficiency analysis, the results are also interpreted from a structural point of view and in terms of how the function of space is subject to its morphological structure. Finally, the connectivity of axial lines (a spatial measurement in space syntax theory) was found to follow a power-law distribution. Through this work, the new edition of Axwoman generating satisfactory outputs, the research have proved that the connectivity of axial lines follows a lognormal distribution or a power-law-like distribution, which is one of the heavy-tailed distributions. In addition, it was have found that axial lines better for capture the underlying urban morphologies showed in their study on redefining the generated axial lines from street center lines. Moreover, fewer longest axial lines will show up on the maps, just as coincidental as the shape of mental maps, which proved that the axial line representations can be a powerful tool for urban studies.
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Harper, Sally Anne. "Urban open space : user perceptions of the Avis dam environment". Diss., University of Pretoria, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23461.
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From its infancy, environmental psychology [which concerns itself with the coinfluencing interface between people and places] has required attention to actual context, and attention to social relevance. There has always been an emphasis on research into real problems within a context of meaningful theory, and on results which have potential not only for individuals, but also for policy-makers and those who execute that policy. This environmental psychology study is about the potential role of green open space in contributing towards quality of life in the city generally. It is also about a specific, wellloved urban open space in Namibia's capital city, Windhoek, the Avis dam environment, which is often the contentious target of proposed commercial development. At the moment, the Windhoek Municipality has no well-structured urban open space policy, and possibly also no full understanding of the meanings of the Avis dam for its users. This study hopes to make contributions to both these areas of policy-making. As the applicability of research findings to the development of public policies and community interventions depends very much on the suitability of the methodology and theories chosen (Stokols, 19911), this study begins with a discussion of systemic and ecosystemic thinking [Chapter Two]. They were chosen as the guiding metatheory for this study, not only because of their recognition of the inescapable connectedness between person and environment, but because of their personal appeal too. Chapter Three examines theories and models which are compatible with systems thinking, and which help understand the potentially positive psycho-social and socio-economic roles of urban open space generally, and how the extent of that potential in a specific open space may be appreciated and described. The implications of systemic/ecosystemic metatheory for the study's methodology and research design are discussed in Chapter Four, and the data collection methods, which comprised observation and interviewing, in Chapter Five. Ecosystemic thinkers do not believe that facts can be "found" [they are not there objectively, but co-emerge subjectively from people's individual and collective experience in a place], so Chapter Six deals with a co-emergent interpretation of the data gathered. Based on that interpretation, recommendations for urban open space policy generally, and the Avis dam environment specifically, are made in Chapter Seven. AFRIKAANS : Omgewingssielkunde (wat gemoeid is met die mede-beinvloedings tussen mense en plekke) het van sy vroegste jeug aandag benodig ten opsigte van werklike verband asook maatskaplike toepaslikheid. Daar was nog altyd klem op navorsing ten opsigte van daadwerklike probleme binne die verband van ‘n betekenisvolle teorie asook op die uitslae wat potensiaal het vir die individualis sowel as die beleidsbepalers en beleidsuitvoerders. Hierdie omgewingssielkundestudie gaan oor hoe groen oop spasies moontlik kan bydra tot kwaliteit van lewensgehalte in die stad oor die algemeen. Dit gaan ook oor ‘n besondere, geliefde stedelike oop ruimte in Namibia se hoofstad, Windhoek, nl. die Avisdamomgewing, wat voortdurend ‘n teiken is vir bedryfsontwikkeling. Tans beskik die Munisipaliteit van Windhoek nie oor ‘n welsaamgestelde beleid oor oop ruimtes nie en moontlik ontbreek ook by hulle die nodige begrip van die betekenis van die dam vir sy verbruikers. Hierdie studie be-oog om ‘n bydrae in die beleidsbepalings van altwee leemtes te lewer. Die toepaslikheid van navorsingsbevindings in die ontwikkeling van openbare beleid en gemeenskapsbemiddeling hang baie van die gepastheid van die metodologie en teorië (Stokols, 1991)2 af. Hierdie studie begin met ‘n bespreking oor sistemiese en ekosistemiese denke (Hoofstuk Twee). Hulle is as die leidende metateorieë gekies, nie alleen vir hul erkenning van die onontkombare verband tussen persone en hul omgewing nie, maar ook vir hulle persoonlike aantrekkingskrag. In Hoofstuk Drie word teorië en voorbeelde bestudeer wat verenigbaar is met sistemiese denke en wat help om die potensiële positiewe psigo-sosiale en sosio-ekonomiese rolle van stedelike oop ruimtes oor die algemeen te verstaan, asook hoe om die omvang van die potensiaal van ‘n spesifieke oop ruimte te kan waardeer en te kan beskryf. In Hoofstuk Vier word die implikasies van die sistemiese/eko-sistemiese metateorie vir hierdie studie se metodologie en navorsingsplan bespreek. Die dataversamelingsmetodes wat uit waarneming en onderhoude bestaan, word in Hoofstuk Vyf hanteer. Ekosistemiese denkers glo nie dat feite “gevind” word nie (dit is nie objektiewelik daar nie maar ontstaan subjektiewelik deur persone se individuele en gesamentlike ondervindinge van ‘n plek), dus word die vertolking van die saamgestelde data in Hoofstuk Ses bespreek. In die lig van dié vertolking word aanbevelings 2 Stokols, D. (1991). Conceptual strategies of environmental psychology. In D. Stokols& I. Altman (Eds), Handbook of environmental psychology, Vol. 1 (pp. 41-70). New York: John Wiley. vir stedelike oopruimtebeleid in die algemeen asook spesifiek vir die Avisdam omgewing in Hoofstuk Sewe hanteer.Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 1998.
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Lopes, Carina Sofia Lourinho Heleno. "Understanding relational locations and complex urban systems : mapping the relations between computation, space and infrastructure". Thesis, Goldsmiths College (University of London), 2016. http://research.gold.ac.uk/19713/.
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This thesis examines how computation has become part of different aspects of urban territories. In particular, this research focuses on the increased softwarisation and datafication of these territories and consequently, on the conditions that have favoured the emergence of new modes of urban spatialities. It proposes that relational locations have emerged as prevailing urban spatialities, brought about by the relations between space, infrastructure and computation. Beginning with an analysis of the relations between these three areas, it is shown that the crucial impact of computation, through the processes of softwarisation and datafication, mostly takes place within complex urban systems and their tendency towards convergence and concretisation, now accelerated and intensified. Furthermore, it is proposed that this tendency is increasingly sustained by the development of relations of mutual dependency and continuous feedback with practices of standardisation and risk management, which have become specifically location-oriented. From this standpoint, two case studies emphasise the localised implications of the transversal logic of computation. The first case study starts with the analysis of the convergence between the traffic management infrastructure and the air quality monitoring network. It draws attention to the dynamics established, extension of scope and use of indeterminacy as a management tool. The second case study focuses on the intensive gridding that new approaches to the logistics’ last-mile are creating. The delivery of ‘parcels’ continuously divides space and monitors increasingly more elements, turning vehicles into dots. The main argument of this thesis is that complex urban systems and the relations that support them are central to the understanding of computation throughout urban territories. This thesis aims to show that the impact of the computational logic goes beyond its area of immediate action, increasingly creating contexts of mutual dependency and co-evolvement and translating adjacent elements into computable formats.
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Apostolaki, Stella. "The social dimension of stormwater management practices, including sustainable urban drainage systems and river management options". Thesis, Abertay University, 2007. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/21435036-c7d8-4bd8-b76e-54b26ad63dc2.
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The research programme was relevant to urban planning and in particular to the design of stormwater management schemes that are more environmentally and socially acceptable. It examined social and perception issues relating to stormwater management techniques within residential areas, and in particular to the application of SUDS, mainly ponds, and river management schemes. The thesis arose from a project funded by the Environment Agency of England and Wales through SNIFFER under a programme titled “Social impacts o f stormwater management techniques including river management and SUDS”, SNIFFER Code: SUDS01. The public perception of construction is becoming a matter of increasing importance both in the UK and internationally since socio-economic parameters and public consultation both have to be taken into consideration in the planning and implementation of relevant projects. This research programme endeavoured to match the relevant legislative goals with society’s actual needs. The main aims of the research programme were to obtain an in-depth understanding and knowledge of the perceptions of popular stormwater management practices (SUDS and river management), and to evaluate these techniques from a social perspective. To satisfy these aims the following objectives were set: • To assess public awareness and perceptions of SUDS (particularly retention ponds) in the UK; • To assess professional perceptions of SUDS in the UK; • To assess perceptions of different stormwater management techniques, in three European cities; • To compare perceptions of different stormwater management techniques, SUDS and river management practices; • To link the research findings with trends in perceptions of nature and water. To meet the programme’s aims and to satisfy the objectives, the perceptions of SUDS in the UK (principally ponds) were investigated over a wide range of locations. In addition, the different river management approaches used in three heavily urbanised European cities, Glasgow, London, and Athens were investigated. The results of this research programme provide a means to understand perceptions of stormwater management and to appreciate what types of schemes will be more readily accepted by the public. The research has shown that members of the public hold strong views as to what they like or dislike about SUDS and water management installations in their local area, in spite of the fact that there were demonstrably low levels of public awareness of SUDS. The amenity, recreational value and aesthetics of new schemes seem to be of major importance for public acceptability, while function, efficiency, and maintenance are primarily important in areas facing flooding problems. Other key findings include the fact that there is a general preference for sustainable urban water management and for river restoration schemes compared with more conventional, ‘hard engineering’ approaches, such as culverting of rivers. This preference was expressed both by members of the public and by professionals involved in their planning and implementation. Another important result was that although unfamiliarity can produce negativity, education can influence attitudes positively even in sensitive issues such as safety, and can be used by authorities and planners as a means of enhancing the acceptability of new schemes. Consequently, the results of the surveys can be used as arguments towards the application of informative campaigns which should be taken into account prior to scheme implementation. This information can be utilised not only for stormwater management design, but also for other environmentally friendly constructions which the public may have a low level of awareness. Recommendations are made with respect to public and professional attitudes for improving the public acceptability of new and modified stormwater management systems. Recommendations and barriers to the uptake outlined in this thesis mainly refer to the appearance of schemes rather than technical issues. They are therefore of most use as guidance for improving aesthetics and increasing public acceptability. The outcomes of this research will be of use to policy makers, water companies, local authorities, environment agencies, planners, developers, consultants active in urban development, and researchers in applying wider-accepted practices for the assessment of public perception. Some findings from this research have been presented at several stakeholders’ meetings, at 4 conferences, and are published in the form of papers and reports, including the DTI SR 622 report titled “An Assessment of the Social Impacts of Sustainable Drainage Systems in the UK”, and the Environment Agency & SNIFFER report, SUDS01, 2005, titled “Social Impacts of stormwater management techniques including river management and SUDS”. This publication also constitutes Environment Agency R&D Technical report P2-258.
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Lind, Johan. "Make it Meaningful : Semantic Segmentation of Three-Dimensional Urban Scene Models". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-143599.
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Semantic segmentation of a scene aims to give meaning to the scene by dividing it into meaningful — semantic — parts. Understanding the scene is of great interest for all kinds of autonomous systems, but manual annotation is simply too time consuming, which is why there is a need for an alternative approach. This thesis investigates the possibility of automatically segmenting 3D-models of urban scenes, such as buildings, into a predetermined set of labels. The approach was to first acquire ground truth data by manually annotating five 3D-models of different urban scenes. The next step was to extract features from the 3D-models and evaluate which ones constitutes a suitable feature space. Finally, three supervised learners were implemented and evaluated: k-Nearest Neighbour (KNN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Classification Forest (RCF). The classifications were done point-wise, classifying each 3D-point in the dense point cloud belonging to the model being classified. The result showed that the best suitable feature space is not necessarily the one containing all features. The KNN classifier got the highest average accuracy overall models — classifying 42.5% of the 3D points correct. The RCF classifier managed to classify 66.7% points correct in one of the models, but had worse performance for the rest of the models and thus resulting in a lower average accuracy compared to KNN. In general, KNN, SVM, and RCF seemed to have different benefits and drawbacks. KNN is simple and intuitive but by far the slowest classifier when dealing with a large set of training data. SVM and RCF are both fast but difficult to tune as there are more parameters to adjust. Whether the reason for obtaining the relatively low highest accuracy was due to the lack of ground truth training data, unbalanced validation models, or the capacity of the learners, was never investigated due to a limited time span. However, this ought to be investigated in future studies.
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Andreasson, Jenny. "Magnifying the Rural : Moving through the past, present and future of a social space in Västergötland". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-123050.
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In this project I have worked with strategies at regional level, as well as with alterations to an existing building, to strengthen and celebrate rural systems in a place called Naum, in Vara municipality in Västergötland. This I've donein order to challenge the dichotomy of urban and rural. I find that urbanity is very often celebrated in the architectural discipline, and in the public debate in general. There is a strong hierarchy of spaces in the national discourse of Sweden. By focusing on a rural space that I perceive have low status and connect it to networks that reach out to other spaces, cities, and regions, I treat the urban and rural as a continuous variation rather than a fixed binary. The binary is also challenged already by people constantly moving across this scale. Most of the residents of Naum, mapped out herecommute to Vara Town, or other adjacent towns or cities to work, to go school, to go the doctor, take part in cultural events etc. This project focus on the power of rural networks, on movement, and on rural systems of cooperation, and then I am making a number of alterations at a zoomed-in scale, to offer the inhabitants a more intimate relationship to this agricultural landscape. My project operate both at the intimate scale of an existing bygdegård, which is a specifically rural community space, in Naum, as well as on the larger scale of Vara municipality.To the bygdegård I propose three small scale alterations, a sauna called the 'Storytelling Sauna' (SECTION S S) an overnight stay shelter called the 'Please Stay',and an imaginative element of a 'Wisching-Well-Ditch”. In the larger scale I propose a strategic alteration to the treatment of roadsides, to increase biodiversity and human movement. I call this alteration the 'Thriving Passages'. The project also consist of this room-installation that we are all inside of, that aim to represent the different scales and allow us to move across them, and it consists of mappings of bygdegårds in Vara municipality and in Sweden and how they are connected by human movement, as well as mappings of historical and agricultural layers of this landscape.
Libros sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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Christine, Rüb, ed. Solar design: Photovoltaics for old buildings, urban space, landscapes = photovoltaik für Altbau, Stadtraum, Landschaft. Berlin: Jovis, 2005.
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P, Hansen y Henderson J. Vernon, eds. Systems of cities and facility location. Chur, Switzerland: Harwood, 1987.
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Na, Jinyoun. PT Presentation for architecture: Interior landscape urban installation structure remodeling parking tower space graphic design. Seoul, Republic of Korea: DAMDI Publishing Co., 2016.
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Bogumil, Veniamin y Sarango Duke. Telematics on urban passenger transport. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1819882.
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The monograph discusses the application of telematics in dispatch control systems in urban passenger transport. The role of telematics as a technological basis in automating the solution of control tasks, accounting and analysis of the volume and quality of transport work in modern dispatch control systems on urban passenger transport is shown. Analytical models have been developed to estimate the capacity of a high-speed bus transportation system on a dedicated line. Mathematical models and algorithms for predicting passenger vehicle interior filling at critical stages of urban passenger transport routes are presented. The issues of application of the concept of the phase space of states introduced by the authors to assess the quality of the passenger transportation process on the route of urban passenger transport are described. The developed classification of service levels and their application in order to inform passengers at stopping points about the degree of filling of the passenger compartment of the arriving vehicle is described. The material is based on the results of theoretical research and practical work on the creation and implementation of automated control systems for urban passenger transport in Russian cities. The material of M.H. Duque Sarango's dissertation submitted for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.22.10 "Operation of motor transport" was used.
It will be useful to specialists in the field of telematics on urban passenger transport.
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Haque, Usman. Urban versioning system 1.0. New York: The Architectural League of New York, 2008.
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Setola, Nicoletta, ed. Research tools for design. Spatial layout and patterns of users' behaviour. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6655-027-3.
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The publication proposes a critical reading of the results emerging from the Seminar organised in January 2010 by the Department of Architectural and Design Technology on research tools for the architectural project. The spatial layout of buildings and urban spaces influences behaviour and the relations of the users, and in this displays the social nature of the architectural function in comparison to other spheres of design. Space Syntax (theory, methodology and techniques for the analysis of complex systems) takes this theory as the basis for its research. The seminar, attended by leading academic and professional figures, offered the opportunity for exchange between its own research and the experiences carried forward by the Space Syntax research and consultancy group.
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AICP, Lewis Megan y American Planning Association. Planning Advisory Service., eds. From recreation to re-creation: New directions in parks and open space system planning. Chicago, IL: American Planning Association, 2008.
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IGU Commission on the Dynamics of Economic Spaces, ed. Local food systems in old industrial regions: Concepts, spatial context and local practices. Farnham, Surrey, England: Ashgate, 2012.
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Hasegawa, Kaori. Kindai tennōsei to Tōkyō: Girei kūkan kara mita toshi, kenchikushi = Modern emperor system and Tokyo : an urban and architecture history through ceremonial space. Tōkyō: Tōkyō Daigaku Shuppankai, 2020.
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Chan, Catherine. The Macanese Diaspora in British Hong Kong. NL Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463729253.
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Diaspora transformed the urban terrain of colonial societies, creating polyglot worlds out of neighborhoods, workplaces, recreational clubs and public spheres. It was within these spaces that communities reimagined and reshaped their public identities vis-à-vis emerging government policies and perceptions from other communities. Through a century of Macanese activities in British Hong Kong, this book explores how mixed-race diasporic communities survived within unequal, racialized and biased systems beyond the colonizer-colonized dichotomy. Originating from Portuguese Macau yet living outside the control of the empire, the Macanese freely associated with more than one identity and pledged allegiance to multiple communal, political and civic affiliations. They drew on colorful imaginations of the Portuguese and British empires in responding to a spectrum of changes encompassing Macau’s woes, Hong Kong’s injustice, Portugal’s political transitions, global developments in print culture and the rise of new nationalisms during the inter-war period.
Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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Milica, Jovanović Popović. "Residential Densities and Application of Passive Solar Systems". En Architecture and Urban Space, 263–67. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0778-7_38.
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Bonenberg, Wojciech, Lili Dong, Agata Bonenberg y Quan Wen. "Emotional Space in Urban Planning". En Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 287–93. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80710-8_35.
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Megri, A. C., F. Allard y G. Krauss. "Coupling Ventilation Network and HVAC Systems to Multizone Infiltration Models". En Architecture and Urban Space, 485–90. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0778-7_72.
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Gomez, Agustin Adarve. "Modular Systems for Natural Ventilation-Research on New Typologies for a Tropical Architecture". En Architecture and Urban Space, 729–35. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0778-7_109.
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Papadopoulos, M., N. Chrissomalidou, K. Kotoulas y M. Zygomalas. "Comparison of Energy Balances of Passive and Conventional Premises — Differentiations in the Performance of the Passive Systems". En Architecture and Urban Space, 697–702. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-0778-7_104.
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Juraschek, Max. "Urban Space, Production Systems and Sustainable Development". En Sustainable Production, Life Cycle Engineering and Management, 7–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-76602-3_2.
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Sauter, Daniel, Jaskirat Randhawa, Claudia Tomateo y Timon McPhearson. "Visualizing Urban Social–Ecological–Technological Systems". En Resilient Urban Futures, 145–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-63131-4_10.
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AbstractThe Urban Systems Lab (USL) Dataviz Platform is an interactive web application to visualize Social, Ecological, and Technological Systems (SETS). This platform is being used to encourage participatory processes, produce new knowledge, and facilitate collaborative analysis within nine Urban Resilience to Weather-related Extremes (UREx) Sustainability Research Network cities. It allows seamless shifts across contexts, scales, and perspectives for analysis within the SETS framework. How is digital space conceptualized for urban analysis and interventions? What is the capacity for reciprocal relationships between digital and physical space? How do we visually understand urban systems and complex spatial relationships? This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of the application stack and the different representational categories embedded in the Dataviz Platform. Offering a common visual language to various stakeholders, we explore new ground as we believe it has the potential to change how we think about, plan, and design our cities. (“Map devices such as a frame, scale, orientation, projection, indexing and naming reveal artificial geographies that remain unavailable to human eyes.” (Corner,.Cosgrove (ed), Mappings, Reaktion Books, London, 1999)
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Kwan, Mei-Po. "Introduction to Urban Systems and Applications". En Urban Informatics, 149–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_10.
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AbstractAs new information technologies and large amounts of data from a wide range of sources become available to government agencies and the public, urban researchers have started to investigate how these data can be used to enhance the planning and management of various urban systems. As a result, new methods for collecting and analyzing complex space–time data about urban systems have been developed to address various urban issues. These urban systems include transportation systems, energy systems, and health systems. In recent years, considerable new work has been conducted to examine how new information technologies and data can enhance our understanding of and ability to address urban issues. The eight chapters in this section present various applications of urban informatics to specific urban systems or phenomena, including human mobility and travel, urban freight systems, urban resilience and disaster response, urban crime, urban governance, the use of remote sensing for environmental monitoring, health and wellbeing, and urban energy systems. All of them emphasize how new, big, or open data are useful for helping us to better understand and manage specific urban systems. They also highlight significant challenges in such applications of urban informatics, which would be particularly helpful to urban researchers and planners.
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Svännel, Jessica, Åsa Ode Sang, Neil Sang, Johanna Deak Sjöman y Märit Jansson. "Digital systems and tools to support urban open space governance and management". En Urban Open Space Governance and Management, 168–89. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429056109-13.
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Hamza Yassin, Reema y Rawaa Fawzi Naom Abbawi. "The Urban Blue Space as a Wellness Tourism Destination". En Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 2505–15. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-06825-6_239.
Texto completoActas de conferencias sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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Skowron, Philipp, Michael Aleithe, Susanne Wallrafen, Marvin Hubl, Julian Fietkau y Bogdan Franczyk. "Smart Urban Design Space". En 2019 Federated Conference on Computer Science and Information Systems. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15439/2019f80.
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Nikolopoulos, Spiros, Symeon Papadopoulos y Yiannis Kompatsiaris. "Reality mining in urban space". En 2013 Fourth International Conference on Information, Intelligence, Systems and Applications (IISA). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iisa.2013.6623711.
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Pedersen, Jonas Frich y Marie Louise Juul Søndergaard. "CityMockUp Co-Creating the Urban Space". En CHI '15: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2702613.2726957.
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van Renswouw, Loes, Steven Vos, Pieter van Wesemael y Carine Lallemand. "Exploring the Design Space of InterActive Urban Environments". En DIS '21: Designing Interactive Systems Conference 2021. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3461778.3462137.
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Yao, Peian y Stefano Follesa. "Urban Spatial Narration Research Based on Hybrid Space". En Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET-AI 2022) Artificial Intelligence and Future Applications. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe100919.
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When smart city data and technology are now primarily used to manage public safety, energy, health, and education, the city's identity is becoming increasingly important. Cultural innovation and diversity as sustainable resources appear to be an urgency for smart cities. The advancement of virtual/digital technologies has fundamentally altered the narrative scenario of the city, and the design discipline can contribute to the development of new narrative forms through the mediation of physic systems and virtual systems. This paper analyzes which are the new ways of people interact with space in contemporary urban environments through case studies. The aim is to solve the question of how cyberspace specifically interferes with physical space in today's urban space, and what new spatial perception people have when they are moving in urban space. These cases include flash mob, hybrid games, IoTs projects. The authors attempt to understand new characteristics and trends associated with human interaction in urban spaces through the examination of these cases.
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Liang, Qianhui, Meijie Wang y Takehiko Nagakura. "Urban Immersion: A Web-based Crowdsourcing Platform for Collecting Urban Space Perception Data". En CHI '20: CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3334480.3383099.
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Zhang, L. D., Y. L. Wang, Zh Q. Sun y J. Sh Pan. "Real Urban Traffic Flow Chaotic Phase Space Study". En 2008 11th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2008.4732547.
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Gong, Jian, Yaolin Liu, Zhi Zhang y Jianfeng Li. "Urban land space evolution based on geographical simulation systems". En International Symposium on Spatial Analysis, Spatial-temporal Data Modeling, and Data Mining, editado por Yaolin Liu y Xinming Tang. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.838662.
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Veldkamp, Robin, Guy Henckens, Jeroen Langeveld y François Clemens. "Field Data on Time and Space Scales of Transport Processes in Sewer Systems". En Ninth International Conference on Urban Drainage (9ICUD). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40644(2002)293.
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Castro, Daniel Gutierrez y Enrique Ventas Garcia. "Safety Challenges for Integrating U-Space in Urban Environments". En 2021 International Conference on Unmanned Aircraft Systems (ICUAS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icuas51884.2021.9476883.
Texto completoInformes sobre el tema "Urban Space Systems"
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May, Julian, Imogen Bellwood-Howard, Lídia Cabral, Dominic Glover, Claudia Job Schmitt, Márcio Mattos de Mendonça y Sérgio Sauer. Connecting Food Inequities Through Relational Territories. Institute of Development Studies, diciembre de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.087.
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This paper explores how food inequities manifest at a territorial level, and how food territories are experienced, understood, and navigated by stakeholders to address those inequities. We interpret ‘food territory’ as a relational and transcalar concept, connected through geography, culture, history, and governance. We develop our exploration through four empirical cases: (i) the Cerrado, a disputed Brazilian territory that has been framed and reframed as a place for industrial production of global commodities, to the detriment of local communities and nature; (ii) urban agroecology networks seeking space and recognition to enable food production in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; (iii) informal food networks forming a complex web of intersecting local and global supply chains in Worcester, a secondary South African city; and (iv) periodic food markets in Ghana that synchronise trade systems across space and time to provide limited profit-making opportunities, but nonetheless accessible livelihood options, for poorer people. Examining these four cases, we identify commonalities and differences between them, in terms of the nature of their inequities and how different territories are connected on wider scales. We discuss how territories are perceived and experienced differently by different people and groups. We argue that a territorial perspective offers more than a useful lens to map how food inequities are experienced and interconnected; it also offers a tool for action.
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Soye, Emma y Charles Watters. Newcomer Wellbeing and Placemaking in Southeast England. Institute of Development Studies, junio de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2022.042.
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How do refugees and asylum seekers experience wellbeing and placemaking in urban contexts? The Displacement, Placemaking and Wellbeing in the City (DWELL) project explored this question through interviews with people working for non-governmental and community organisations in southeast England. It found that the current asylum system negatively impacts wellbeing and placemaking for asylum seekers, and that access to urban spaces is key to building community connections. Non-governmental organisations and faith groups play an important role in sustaining a sense of wellbeing and place for refugees and asylum seekers.
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Aslam, Saba y Megan Schmidt-Sane. Evidence Review: COVID-19 Recovery in South Asian Urban Informal Settlements. SSHAP, junio de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/sshap.2022.012.
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The global pandemic has brought renewed attention toward the everyday challenges in informal settlements. COVID-19 reminds us that southern urban life is rooted in ‘collective’ experiences where toilets and kitchens are shared by multiple families; where the categories of work and home, private and public space overlap; and where the majority live in vulnerable conditions. Despite these challenges, some of the most innovative and collective responses to COVID-19 have emerged from these areas. While informal settlements did face a host of risks and vulnerabilities during the pandemic, local responses have highlighted the resilience of informal settlement communities. However, few informal settlements are actually ‘resilient’ and any local responses must be robustly supported by system-wide change including support from local and national governments, improvements to built infrastructure, and improved access to health care services, among other priorities. The category of ‘informal settlements’ also captures a wide range of settlement types, from a legal slum to an informal settlement with no legal status, with many other types in between. This underscores the need to address fundamental issues that ‘perpetuate conditions of inequity, exclusion and vulnerability’ while also recognising the needs and contexts of different kinds of informal settlements. Whether COVID-19 helps governments recognise conditions of insecurity and vulnerability to address safe and secure housing and infrastructures remains to be seen. This is an update to the previous SSHAP brief on ‘COVID-19 in Informal Urban Settlements’ (March 2020). This evidence review highlights local responses, grassroots efforts, and challenges around COVID-19 recovery within urban informal settlements in South Asia. It focuses on specific examples from Karachi, Pakistan and Mumbai, India to inform policy responses for COVID-19 recovery and future epidemic preparedness and response. We show how local level responses are shaped in these cities where national and international responses have not reached communities at municipal and sub-municipal levels. This brief was written by Saba Aslam (IDS Alumni) and Megan Schmidt-Sane (IDS), with reviews from Professor Amita Bhide (Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India), Dr Asad Sayeed (Collective for Social Science Research, Pakistan), Annie Wilkinson (IDS), and contributions from Swati Mishra (LSHTM), Prerana Somani (LSHTM), Saleemullah Odho (Deputy Commissioner, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Noman Ahmed (NED University, Karachi), Tahera Hasan (Imkaan Foundation, Karachi), Atif Khan (District Health Officer, Korangi district Karachi), Dr Harris (District Focal person, Korangi), Aneeta Pasha (Interactive for Research and Development, Karachi), Yasmeen Shah (Pakistan Fisherfolk Forum), Ghulam Mustafa (HANDS Pakistan), and Dr Shehrin Shaila Mahmood (icddr,b). This brief is the responsibility of SSHAP.
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Hall, Mark y Neil Price. Medieval Scotland: A Future for its Past. Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, septiembre de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.9750/scarf.09.2012.165.
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The main recommendations of the panel report can be summarised under five key headings. Underpinning all five areas is the recognition that human narratives remain crucial for ensuring the widest access to our shared past. There is no wish to see political and economic narratives abandoned but the need is recognised for there to be an expansion to more social narratives to fully explore the potential of the diverse evidence base. The questions that can be asked are here framed in a national context but they need to be supported and improved a) by the development of regional research frameworks, and b) by an enhanced study of Scotland’s international context through time. 1. From North Britain to the Idea of Scotland: Understanding why, where and how ‘Scotland’ emerges provides a focal point of research. Investigating state formation requires work from Medieval Scotland: a future for its past ii a variety of sources, exploring the relationships between centres of consumption - royal, ecclesiastical and urban - and their hinterlands. Working from site-specific work to regional analysis, researchers can explore how what would become ‘Scotland’ came to be, and whence sprang its inspiration. 2. Lifestyles and Living Spaces: Holistic approaches to exploring medieval settlement should be promoted, combining landscape studies with artefactual, environmental, and documentary work. Understanding the role of individual sites within wider local, regional and national settlement systems should be promoted, and chronological frameworks developed to chart the changing nature of Medieval settlement. 3. Mentalities: The holistic understanding of medieval belief (particularly, but not exclusively, in its early medieval or early historic phase) needs to broaden its contextual understanding with reference to prehistoric or inherited belief systems and frames of reference. Collaborative approaches should draw on international parallels and analogues in pursuit of defining and contrasting local or regional belief systems through integrated studies of portable material culture, monumentality and landscape. 4. Empowerment: Revisiting museum collections and renewing the study of newly retrieved artefacts is vital to a broader understanding of the dynamics of writing within society. Text needs to be seen less as a metaphor and more as a technological and social innovation in material culture which will help the understanding of it as an experienced, imaginatively rich reality of life. In archaeological terms, the study of the relatively neglected cultural areas of sensory perception, memory, learning and play needs to be promoted to enrich the understanding of past social behaviours. 5. Parameters: Multi-disciplinary, collaborative, and cross-sector approaches should be encouraged in order to release the research potential of all sectors of archaeology. Creative solutions should be sought to the challenges of transmitting the importance of archaeological work and conserving the resource for current and future research.
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Shani, Uri, Lynn Dudley, Alon Ben-Gal, Menachem Moshelion y Yajun Wu. Root Conductance, Root-soil Interface Water Potential, Water and Ion Channel Function, and Tissue Expression Profile as Affected by Environmental Conditions. United States Department of Agriculture, octubre de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2007.7592119.bard.
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Constraints on water resources and the environment necessitate more efficient use of water. The key to efficient management is an understanding of the physical and physiological processes occurring in the soil-root hydraulic continuum.While both soil and plant leaf water potentials are well understood, modeled and measured, the root-soil interface where actual uptake processes occur has not been sufficiently studied. The water potential at the root-soil interface (yᵣₒₒₜ), determined by environmental conditions and by soil and plant hydraulic properties, serves as a boundary value in soil and plant uptake equations. In this work, we propose to 1) refine and implement a method for measuring yᵣₒₒₜ; 2) measure yᵣₒₒₜ, water uptake and root hydraulic conductivity for wild type tomato and Arabidopsis under varied q, K⁺, Na⁺ and Cl⁻ levels in the root zone; 3) verify the role of MIPs and ion channels response to q, K⁺ and Na⁺ levels in Arabidopsis and tomato; 4) study the relationships between yᵣₒₒₜ and root hydraulic conductivity for various crops representing important botanical and agricultural species, under conditions of varying soil types, water contents and salinity; and 5) integrate the above to water uptake term(s) to be implemented in models. We have made significant progress toward establishing the efficacy of the emittensiometer and on the molecular biology studies. We have added an additional method for measuring ψᵣₒₒₜ. High-frequency water application through the water source while the plant emerges and becomes established encourages roots to develop towards and into the water source itself. The yᵣₒₒₜ and yₛₒᵢₗ values reflected wetting and drying processes in the rhizosphere and in the bulk soil. Thus, yᵣₒₒₜ can be manipulated by changing irrigation level and frequency. An important and surprising finding resulting from the current research is the obtained yᵣₒₒₜ value. The yᵣₒₒₜ measured using the three different methods: emittensiometer, micro-tensiometer and MRI imaging in both sunflower, tomato and corn plants fell in the same range and were higher by one to three orders of magnitude from the values of -600 to -15,000 cm suggested in the literature. We have added additional information on the regulation of aquaporins and transporters at the transcript and protein levels, particularly under stress. Our preliminary results show that overexpression of one aquaporin gene in tomato dramatically increases its transpiration level (unpublished results). Based on this information, we started screening mutants for other aquaporin genes. During the feasibility testing year, we identified homozygous mutants for eight aquaporin genes, including six mutants for five of the PIP2 genes. Including the homozygous mutants directly available at the ABRC seed stock center, we now have mutants for 11 of the 19 aquaporin genes of interest. Currently, we are screening mutants for other aquaporin genes and ion transporter genes. Understanding plant water uptake under stress is essential for the further advancement of molecular plant stress tolerance work as well as for efficient use of water in agriculture. Virtually all of Israel’s agriculture and about 40% of US agriculture is made possible by irrigation. Both countries face increasing risk of water shortages as urban requirements grow. Both countries will have to find methods of protecting the soil resource while conserving water resources—goals that appear to be in direct conflict. The climate-plant-soil-water system is nonlinear with many feedback mechanisms. Conceptual plant uptake and growth models and mechanism-based computer-simulation models will be valuable tools in developing irrigation regimes and methods that maximize the efficiency of agricultural water. This proposal will contribute to the development of these models by providing critical information on water extraction by the plant that will result in improved predictions of both water requirements and crop yields. Plant water use and plant response to environmental conditions cannot possibly be understood by using the tools and language of a single scientific discipline. This proposal links the disciplines of soil physics and soil physical chemistry with plant physiology and molecular biology in order to correctly treat and understand the soil-plant interface in terms of integrated comprehension. Results from the project will contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the SPAC and will inspire continued multidisciplinary research.
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Ghana and Guatemala: Clients and providers need better support and guidance on IUDs. Population Council, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh2003.1012.
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The intrauterine device (IUD) is a safe, effective, and reversible contraceptive method, however in many countries use of the IUD is stagnant or declining in relation to other contraceptive methods. In 2002, the Population Council investigated the reasons for low utilization of IUDs among women in Ghana and Guatemala. The studies examined clients’ and providers’ knowledge and attitudes about IUDs as well as factors within the health system that affect their use and availability. The studies took place at public, private, and nongovernmental health centers and clinics in both rural and urban settings. Researchers collected qualitative data using a combination of focus group discussions, in-depth interviews with providers, and visits from simulated clients enacting profiles of women wishing to space or limit pregnancies. The studies also included a secondary analysis of service statistics from government and private clinics. As concluded in this brief, lack of knowledge among providers and clients, logistical problems, and cumbersome guidelines contributed to low use of the IUD in Ghana and Guatemala. Efforts to improve use should include more comprehensive training for providers, education for clients, and logistical support.
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Shaping the COVID decade: addressing the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19. The British Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bac19stf/9780856726590.001.
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In September 2020, the British Academy was asked by the Government Office for Science to produce an independent review to address the question: What are the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19? This short but substantial question led us to a rapid integration of evidence and an extensive consultation process. As history has shown us, the effects of a pandemic are as much social, cultural and economic as they are about medicine and health. Our aim has been to deliver an integrated view across these areas to start understanding the long-term impacts and how we address them. Our evidence review – in our companion report, The COVID decade – concluded that there are nine interconnected areas of long-term societal impact arising from the pandemic which could play out over the coming COVID decade, ranging from the rising importance of local communities, to exacerbated inequalities and a renewed awareness of education and skills in an uncertain economic climate. From those areas of impact we identified a range of policy issues for consideration by actors across society, about how to respond to these social, economic and cultural challenges beyond the immediate short-term crisis. The challenges are interconnected and require a systemic approach – one that also takes account of dimensions such as place (physical and social context, locality), scale (individual, community, regional, national) and time (past, present, future; short, medium and longer term). History indicates that times of upheaval – such as the pandemic – can be opportunities to reshape society, but that this requires vision and for key decisionmakers to work together. We find that in many places there is a need to start afresh, with a more systemic view, and where we should freely consider whether we might organise life differently in the future. In order to consider how to look to the future and shape the COVID decade, we suggest seven strategic goals for policymakers to pursue: build multi-level governance; improve knowledge, data and information linkage and sharing; prioritise digital infrastructure; reimagine urban spaces; create an agile education and training system; strengthen community-led social infrastructure; and promote a shared social purpose. These strategic goals are based on our evidence review and our analysis of the nine areas of long-term societal impact identified. We provide a range of illustrative policy opportunities for consideration in each of these areas in the report that follows.