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Neupane, Kripa, Donald L. Grebner, Jason S. Gordon y Michael G. Jacobson. "Trends in Vegetation Ordinances across the Southern United States". Forests 13, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2022): 1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13091400.
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Vegetation regulations or ordinances are the local laws that govern the policies surrounding urban trees and landscape management. The complexity of urban areas, within the mosaic of private and public vegetation, necessitates regulation to manage the numerous benefits of urban vegetation. As urban populations continue to increase, regulations governing vegetation become increasingly common. This article presents an analysis of the language and provisions of vegetation regulations within communities across the southern United States by using data from the Municode, a public database of ordinances, and employing a content analysis. Findings demonstrate both similarities and variations in ordinance language and content while identifying limitations such as unclear ordinance provisions, lack of essential ordinance provisions, duplications, and section contradictions. Overall, findings suggest a need to improve ordinance design, content, and language clarity therein, so they can have a more positive impact on community green infrastructure. Findings are useful for urban foresters, arborists, planners, and elected officials in efforts to develop or revise codes.
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Gea, Mansix Agusmanto y Marihot Janpieter Hutajulu. "Insider Trading Case Settlement: Studies in Indonesia and The United States". Wacana Hukum 28, n.º 1 (28 de febrero de 2022): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33061/1.wh.2022.28.1.6781.
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Insider trading is a term that refers to the practice in which corporate insiders conduct securities transactions (trading) using their exclusive information that is not yet available to the public or investors. Indonesia and the United States are 2 (two) countries that prohibit insider trading in the capital market. Through this article, the author wants to analyze the similarities and differences the regulation of insider trading in Indonesia and the United States, and explain the legal process for the settlement of Insider Trading cases in Indonesia and the United States. This research is a normative research, using the laws and regulations on the capital market originating from 2 (two) countries, there are the laws and regulations on the capital market of Indonesia and the United States. The analysis of this paper concludes that Indonesia and the United States prohibit the practice of insider trading in the capital market.
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Gea, Mansix Agusmanto y Marihot Janpieter Hutajulu. "Insider Trading Case Settlement: Studies in Indonesia and The United States". Wacana Hukum 28, n.º 2 (28 de febrero de 2022): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.33061/wh.v28i1.6781.
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Insider trading is a term that refers to the practice in which corporate insiders conduct securities transactions (trading) using their exclusive information that is not yet available to the public or investors. Indonesia and the United States are 2 (two) countries that prohibit insider trading in the capital market. Through this article, the author wants to analyze the similarities and differences the regulation of insider trading in Indonesia and the United States, and explain the legal process for the settlement of Insider Trading cases in Indonesia and the United States. This research is a normative research, using the laws and regulations on the capital market originating from 2 (two) countries, there are the laws and regulations on the capital market of Indonesia and the United States. The analysis of this paper concludes that Indonesia and the United States prohibit the practice of insider trading in the capital market.
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Umar, Tariq, Nnedinma Umeokafor, Mohamed Shaik Honnur Vali y Asad Zia. "A Comparative Study of Occupational Safety and Health (OS&H) Regulations in United States, United Kingdom, Australia, South Africa, and Oman". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1101, n.º 3 (1 de noviembre de 2022): 032016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1101/3/032016.
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Abstract This article identifies the gaps in OS&H regulations in Omani construction using a critical review and analysis of relevant literature. Four countries United States of America (USA), United Kingdom (UK), Australia (AUS), and South Africa (SA) were then compared to Oman in relation to selected regulations. The study reveals fall from a height is one of the main causes of accidents in different sectors in Oman however there are no specific regulations that cover this cause of accidents in detail. The only regulation which applies to the “fall from a height” is the regulation of OS&H, issued by the Ministry of Manpower. Overall, the whole regulations applicable in Oman shows that although the term fall, appear several times in the regulation, the full spectrum of the fall protection is not covered in detail. The provision of chemical hazards in Omani regulations is not of the standards as adopted in the USA, UK, AUS, and SA. There is limited information for the regulated to support adequate compliance. While the term “scaffolding” was not found in the current regulations enforced in Oman, the term “ladder” was, however, used at five different instances in the regulations which obviously cannot substitute the scaffolding.
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Jong Kon, Lee. "Regulation Growth and Bureaucratic Politics in the United States". Korean Journal of Policy Studies 30, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2015): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps30203.
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Diverse public administration and governance studies have argued that leviathan governments are no longer capable of efficient administration and that new governing structures should be substituted for traditional government regulations. Nevertheless, a large regulatory structure remains intact in the United States. This paper explores why traditional government regulation has persisted even in the era of new governance. Several regression tests indicate that bureaucratic attempts to secure the survival of agencies rather than administrative effectiveness determine the extent of regulation.
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Moore, Jean. "Health professions regulation in the United States". Revista de Direito Sanitário 19, n.º 2 (11 de diciembre de 2018): 131–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2316-9044.v19i2p131-155.
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The regulation of health professions in the United States is a primary responsibility of states. The structure and content of the specific regulations of each state impact the provision of health services, affecting costs, quality and access. There is concern that current state-based and profession-specific regulatory structures cannot serve as a basis for the innovations the health workforce needs for health reform. This paper reviews aspects of state-based health professions regulations that limit the effective use of health workers and also one of its key advantages: their ability to provide local solutions to address access problems. The paper describes elements that generate changes in the demand for health services and health care providers. Finally, strategies are recommended to improve decision-making related to practice including: standardization of practice scopes between different states; permanent updating of specific acts of professional practice in each state, in accordance with the evolution of professional competencies; use of the best evidence to authorize new professions or expand the scope of practice of the existing ones and, when this evidence does not exist, to promote programs to test new modalities of work. Taking into account the pace of changes in the health system in the United States, there is a growing urgency for reforms to ensure adequate size and training of the workforce for the future.
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Yamcharoen, P., A. Bayewu, T. P. Ojo y O. E. Fatoye. "Evaluating State Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations in United States". Advances in Multidisciplinary and scientific Research Journal Publication 8, n.º 3 (30 de septiembre de 2022): 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.22624/aims/v8n3p4.
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In the United States, cybersecurity laws and regulations are necessary to protect vital infrastructure, sensitive information or individuals' personal privacy. The present state of cybersecurity law and regulation at both national and local levels is assessed in this review paper. The report gives an overview of the key legislation and initiatives, analyses their efficiency, and reveals new trends. The research method comprises a thorough analysis of academic literature, government publications, official websites, legal sources, news items and experts' reports. The paper begins by pointing out the importance of cybersecurity in today's interconnected world, where cyber threats are constantly evolving and posing major risks to individuals, organizations and national governments. The report draws attention to studies which show that businesses have suffered financially and may face disruption in the core infrastructure as a result of cybercrime. Key legislation, such as the Federal Information Security Modernization Act, and the role of agencies such as the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA), and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), are covered in the overview of federal cybersecurity legislation and regulations. The scope, effectiveness and implications of such national measures to address cyber security challenges shall be assessed in the evaluation. New trends in cybercrime legislation, such as an increase in data breach reporting requirements and a focus on security of essential infrastructures are identified in the review paper. It examines legislative efforts to strengthen cybersecurity capabilities in key sectors such as healthcare. Consideration shall be given to the strengths and weaknesses of the existing legal framework, as well as recommendations for strengthening cybersecurity laws and regulations. Keywords: Cybersecurity Laws, Cybersecurity Regulations, Federal Legislation, State Initiatives, Data Breach Notification, Legislative Efforts. Aims Research Journal Reference Format: Yamcharoen P., Bayewu, A., Ojo, T.P. & Fatoye O.E. (2022): Evaluating State Cybersecurity Laws and Regulations in United States. Advances in Multidisciplinary and Scientific Research. Vol. 8. No. 3, Pp 47–56. www.isteams.net/aimsjournal. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/V8N3P4
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Zedalis, Rex J. "The Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act: United States Control Over Exports". American Journal of International Law 90, n.º 1 (enero de 1996): 138–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2203761.
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During 1994, the total sales value of chemicals exported from the United States exceeded $51 billion, up 15 percent over the previous year and resulting in the chemical sector outpacing all other sectors that finished the year with favorable trade balances. Chemicals leaving the United States were shipped under the control provisions of both the Department of Commerce's Export Administration Regulations (EAR), and the Department of State's International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR). Though this is something of an oversimplification, the EAR basically concerns itself with products that have civilian application, and the ITAR with products of use to the military. Currently, the Commodity Control List of the EAR, overseen by Commerce's Office of Export Licensing within the Bureau of Export Administration, identifies fifty-four chemicals and ten toxins as intermediate agents and precursors to chemical weapons subject to export regulation. The Munitions List of the ITAR, administered by the Office of Defense Trade Controls of the State Department's Bureau of Politico-Military Affairs, identifies twenty-two chemicals as subject to regulation and cautions that this listing is merely illustrative, as any “chemical agent,” defined as “a substance having military application,” is subject to export control.
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Davis, Nickolas B. "Regulation of Social Work Practice in the United States, United Kingdom, and European Economic Area: A Perspective on Governance". International Journal on Social and Education Sciences 6, n.º 1 (15 de febrero de 2024): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.46328/ijonses.628.
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Social regulation as a tool is designed to change behavior and ultimately protect the public from some form of harm. In this sense, social work regulation is a tool with the primary goal of public protection. Social work practice regulations vary widely within the United States, and the concept becomes more distorted when examined through an international lens. This manuscript outlines the regulation of social work practice in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Economic Area. Regulation in this context is examined through the framework of governance. Attention is given to the mechanism of regulation that is the regulatory body. The regulation of social work practice in the United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Economic Area share many similarities and several fundamental differences.
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Sunstein, Cass R. "The Economic Constitution of the United States". Journal of Economic Perspectives 38, n.º 2 (1 de mayo de 2024): 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.38.2.25.
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The United States has an Economic Constitution, governing federal regulation, and explaining how to conduct regulatory impact analysis, with reference to quantification and monetization of the costs and benefits of proposed and final regulations. Known as OMB Circular A-4, the Economic Constitution of the United States was thoroughly revised in 2023, with new directions on behavioral economics and nudging; on discount rates and effects on future generations; on distributional effects and how to account for them; and on benefits and costs that are hard or impossible to quantify. The revised document leaves numerous open questions, involving (for example) the valuation of human life, the valuation of morbidity effects, and the value of the lives of children.
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Li, Chen. "A Comparative Study Between Chinese and US Derivatives Regulations". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 63, n.º 1 (28 de diciembre de 2023): 179–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/63/20231421.
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As a financial instrument that can both hedge risks and make speculative profits, derivatives are developing rapidly in the financial market. In order to ensure the stability of the financial market and the safety of investors, different countries have formulated different laws and regulations for supervision according to the actual national conditions. Taking China and the United States as the research objects, this paper studies the differences between their derivatives regulations. It is found that the regulation of both countries has gone from a loose history to a strict one and then with fine-adjustment according to the actual situation. However, because the United States has a relatively mature and developed financial market, it can better absorb certain external shocks. In the face of the derivatives generated by some emerging technologies, the regulatory strategy of the United States is more relaxed. For China, due to historical reasons, the development time and maturity of the financial market is far less than that of the United States, so the Chinese government will be more conservative and cautious in the formulation of statutory regulations. This is conducive to reducing systemic risk, protecting investors, and maintaining the stability of the financial system.
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Archambault, Jeffrey J. y Marie Archambault. "THE EFFECT OF REGULATION ON STATEMENT DISCLOSURES IN THE 1915 MOODY'S MANUALS". Accounting Historians Journal 32, n.º 1 (1 de junio de 2005): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.32.1.1.
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United States firms in the early 20th century were subject to public and private regulation. Forms of regulation included rate regulation and stock exchange listing requirements. These regulations created incentives to report income statement information. This study utilizes the 1915 Moody's Analyses of Investments to test whether regulated firms in the United States reported more income statement information than unregulated firms. Rate regulation influenced utilities to report income statements more frequently than industrial companies. Stock market listing requirements also influenced the reporting of income statements. Therefore, the results indicate that both public and private regulations influenced financial reporting in the early 20th century. Another finding of the study is that income statements were more frequently reported than balance sheets for both railroads and utilities.
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Crook, J. y R. Y. Surampalli. "Water reuse criteria in the United States". Water Supply 5, n.º 3-4 (1 de noviembre de 2005): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2005.0076.
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Water reuse is well established in the United States, with uses ranging from pasture irrigation using reclaimed water that has received a low level of treatment, to augmentation of potable water supplies with highly treated reclaimed water. There are no federal regulations governing water reuse and criteria are developed at the state level. Criteria differ between states that have adopted regulations or guidelines, but criteria among states where water reuse is prevalent are similar and tend to be conservative, with public health protection being the most important consideration. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has published guidelines for water reuse that include recommended criteria for various reclaimed water applications.
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Dale, Mary E. "IMPORTING PLANT GERMPLASM INTO THE UNITED STATES". HortScience 27, n.º 6 (junio de 1992): 609b—609. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.6.609b.
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International plant germplasm resources are an invaluable source of information, and bringing viable plant materials into the United States is a necessity for many researchers. Quarantine regulations vary based on the plant pests and pathogens occurring in the country of origin to prevent the introduction of injurious plant pests and diseases. These regulations also depend on the type of germplasm (such as live plant, cuttings, or seeds), size and age of specimen, and the media grown in. Plants in soil are prohibited, while those in agar, or bare root may be allowed to enter. Procedures to follow for bringing plant germplasm of international origin (including CITES species), forms and permits, ports of entry, delays to expect or avoid along with other information on successfully bringing plant germplasm resources into the United States will be discussed.
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Charmatz, Marc. "Department of Education to update 504 regulations". Disability Compliance for Higher Education 29, n.º 2 (24 de agosto de 2023): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dhe.31574.
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On May 4, 1977, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare promulgated regulations implementing Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (45 CFR Part 84 (effective date June 3, 1977)). When HEW was split in two, the United States Department of Education reissued the 504 regulations (34 CFR Part 104). Now, 47 years later, ED has announced that it will update the Section 504 regulations.
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Yackee, Susan Webb. "The Politics of Rulemaking in the United States". Annual Review of Political Science 22, n.º 1 (11 de mayo de 2019): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-polisci-050817-092302.
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Rulemaking is a critical part of American government and governance. This article reviews the political underpinnings of modern rulemaking. Specifically, it highlights the process and impact of agency regulations, as well as the key tools used by the legislature, elected executive, and courts to oversee the rulemaking process. The article also reviews who participates in the rulemaking process, as well as who influences regulatory content. Finally, new directions in regulatory policymaking are explored, including data collection advancements, as well as the potential role for guidance documents as replacements for more traditionally issued notice and comment regulations.
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GILENS, MARTIN, SHAWN PATTERSON y PAVIELLE HAINES. "Campaign Finance Regulations and Public Policy". American Political Science Review 115, n.º 3 (10 de marzo de 2021): 1074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055421000149.
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AbstractDespite a century of efforts to constrain money in American elections, there is little consensus on whether campaign finance regulations make any appreciable difference. Here we take advantage of a change in the campaign finance regulations of half of the U.S. states mandated by the Supreme Court’s Citizens United decision. This exogenously imposed change in the regulation of independent expenditures provides an advance over the identification strategies used in most previous studies. Using a generalized synthetic control method, we find that after Citizens United, states that had previously banned independent corporate expenditures (and thus were “treated” by the decision) adopted more “corporate-friendly” policies on issues with broad effects on corporations’ welfare; we find no evidence of shifts on policies with little or no effect on corporate welfare. We conclude that even relatively narrow changes in campaign finance regulations can have a substantively meaningful influence on government policy making.
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Iranpour, R., D. Taylor y H. H. J. Cox. "BIOSOLIDS REGULATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPEAN UNION". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2003, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2003): 1433–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864703784292340.
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Perova, Margarita. "Investment Regulations in the United States – Mexico – Canada Agreement". Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost, n.º 8 (2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086904990015419-2.
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Miller, Jacqueline Y. "Wildlife Regulations in the United States: Some Scientific Issues". American Entomologist 41, n.º 2 (1995): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ae/41.2.77.
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Lisle, John. "Drinking Water Treatment and Regulations in the United States". Laboratory Medicine 31, n.º 9 (septiembre de 2000): 492–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1309/57hd-pe4b-bca2-557l.
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Blair, Angela S. "Dust explosion incidents and regulations in the United States". Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries 20, n.º 4-6 (julio de 2007): 523–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlp.2007.03.012.
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Horsley, Michael. "United States National Archives and Records Administration Digitization Regulations". Archiving Conference 21, n.º 1 (4 de septiembre de 2024): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2168-3204.2024.21.1.8.
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Craun, Michael F., Gunther F. Craun, Rebecca L. Calderon y Michael J. Beach. "Waterborne outbreaks reported in the United States". Journal of Water and Health 4, S2 (1 de diciembre de 2006): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2006.016.
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Epidemic waterborne risks are discussed in this paper. Although the true incidence of waterborne illness is not reflected in the currently reported outbreak statistics, outbreak surveillance has provided information about the important waterborne pathogens, relative degrees of risk associated with water sources and treatment processes, and adequacy of regulations. Pathogens and water system deficiencies that are identified in outbreaks may also be important causes of endemic waterborne illness. In recent years, investigators have identified a large number of pathogens responsible for outbreaks, and research has focused on their sources, resistance to water disinfection, and removal from drinking water. Outbreaks in surface water systems have decreased in the recent decade, most likely due to recent regulations and improved treatment efficacy. Of increased importance, however, are outbreaks caused by the microbial contamination of water distribution systems. In order to better estimate waterborne risks in the United States, additional information is needed about the contribution of distribution system contaminants to endemic waterborne risks and undetected waterborne outbreaks, especially those associated with distribution system contaminants.
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Skrzelowski, Michelle, Amanda Brookhaus, Leticia A. Shea y Daniel J. Berlau. "Melatonin Use in Pediatrics: Evaluating the Discrepancy in Evidence Based on Country and Regulations Regarding Production". Journal of Pediatric Pharmacology and Therapeutics 26, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2021): 4–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5863/1551-6776-26.1.4.
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Melatonin manufacturers in the United States have begun producing melatonin products specifically targeted for use in the pediatric population. This paper aims to critically evaluate the evidence available regarding the use of melatonin in children based on where the clinical trials are performed and the regulations regarding the production of melatonin in that country. Melatonin is regulated differently around the world with the least amount of regulation placed on OTC supplements in the United States. The majority of studies evaluating melatonin use in the pediatric population are conducted with children who have comorbidities, such as autism spectrum disorder or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Evidence supporting the use of US formulations of melatonin in the otherwise healthy pediatric population is non-existent. Based on the lack of safety regulations in place in the United States and the lack of evidence regarding US melatonin products, they should be used sparingly in the otherwise healthy pediatric population, if they are used at all.
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Seyer, Sean. "Walking the Line – The International Origins of Civil Aviation Regulation in Canada". Scientia Canadensis 38, n.º 2 (14 de noviembre de 2016): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1037948ar.
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This paper explores how international considerations shaped the Air Regulations of 1920, the first regulation of civil aviation in Canada. After the First World War Allied representatives drafted the Convention Relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation to both constrain the revolutionary potential of heavier-than-air flight and foster international civil aviation. The Borden government considered aviation regulation a domestic matter rather than an imperial one and recognized that Canada’s geographic position necessitated regulatory coordination with the United States. In response, it crafted a postwar aeronautical policy that allowed for regulatory compatibility with the convention, facilitated cross-border flight with the United States, and promoted a more independent foreign policy. Thus Canada’s postwar regulation of the airplane represents an important element in its larger twentieth-century realignment away from Great Britain and towards the United States.
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Eichler, Rose Richerson. "Cybersecurity, Encryption, and Defense Industry Compliance with United States Export Regulations". Texas A&M Journal of Property Law 5, n.º 1 (octubre de 2018): 5–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/jpl.v5.i1.2.
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Exports of technology and items containing technical information are regulated by the United States government. United States export control regulations exist to help protect national security, economic, and political interests. United States defense industry companies manufacture products and develop technologies and information that the United States has a particular interest in protecting. Therefore, defense industry companies must comply with United States export control regulations when exporting items and information to their international partners and customers. An “export” not only includes shipments of hardware or other tangible assets to foreign end-users but also includes the sharing of certain types of information with foreign recipients in the form of phone conversations, emails, meetings, conferences, presentations, and so on. Many employees of defense industry companies travel internationally with company issued laptops and cellphones containing company information that could be viewed by foreign persons. All of these activities are considered exports and may require prior authorization from the United States government under export control regulations. Failure to follow export regulations could result in a violation requiring a report to the United States government that may result in civil penalties or criminal charges. Additionally, intentional as well as unintentional releases of information to certain foreign persons could be detrimental to a defense industry company’s business and reputation and may even result in security concerns for the United States. Although the government has an interest in regulating defense industry companies’ technology and information, critics argue that strong export control regulations may result in invasions of privacy, violations of free speech, and a displacement of the United States as a leader in a world of technological advancement. However, despite current regulations, defense industry information is still at risk of cyberattacks and inadvertent data releases, creating potential threats to national security and the security of company technology and information. In an effort to secure company and sensitive information while exporting, defense industry companies utilize encryption and other cybersecurity measures. Advancing technologies in cybersecurity can help the government and defense industry companies by bolstering the security of their information. These same advancements can also aid attackers in breaking through cybersecurity defenses. Some advances in technology are even preventing law enforcement from gathering necessary information to conduct investigations when cyber-attacks occur, making it difficult to identify criminal actors and seek justice.The United States government faces challenges in creating and up- dating regulations to keep up with consistently advancing technology. Likewise, defense industry companies must adhere to government regulations by creating robust compliance programs, but they should also implement security and compliance measures above and beyond what the government requires to ensure more effective security for their technology and information. This Article discusses the effect of advancing cyber technology; United States export regulations; reporting requirements related to the export of encrypted items; and encryption technology in the defense industry. First, the Article defines encryption and encrypted items. Second, the Article explains United States regulations of ex- ports and specifically, regulations related to encryption and encrypted items. Third, the Article explains the need for defense industry companies to export and to use encrypted items. Fourth, the Article analyzes criticisms of export regulations and the differing views on United States controls. Fifth, the Article will discuss the complexities of com- plying with export regulations and defense industry compliance pro- grams. Sixth, the Article examines the outlook for encryption technology, the future of regulations related to cybersecurity, and the outlook for defense industry security measures and compliance with regulations. The United States government is beginning to recognize the need for more advanced security measures to protect domestically produced technology and information, especially information that puts national security at risk. Specifically, the technology and information produced by United States defense industry companies should be protected from getting into the hands of our foreign adversaries at all costs. In response to the growing need for security measures, the United States government has implemented new programs, commissions, agencies, and projects to create more robust security systems and regulations. The United States should employ the most talented and experienced cybersecurity professionals to innovate and produce security systems that protect our nation’s most sensitive information. The government should then provide these systems to its defense industry companies at minimal cost and should require companies to use the best technology in its security measures. With or without the government’s assistance, defense industry companies within the United States must also implement their own measures of protection. Current policies offer little protection of sensitive and export controlled information including encrypted items and in- formation. In addition, the government should also provide the defense industry companies better guidance and access to resources in order to assist them in protecting the important information and encrypted items.207 For example, any new systems or software purchased by the United States should be made available to defense industry companies as the standard. If the government truly wishes to protect its most important technology and information, it should provide the new systems at minimal cost to the defense industry. Advancements in security programs should be shared with defense industry companies as soon as they are available and ready for use. Nevertheless, the government may not want to provide defense industry companies with the best security technology because in the event that the government needs to conduct an investigation, a company utilizing strong cyber- security and encryption software is much more difficult to investigate. Alternatively, the United States could update current regulations to require that defense industry companies must utilize specific security measures or face a penalty for failing to do so. Such regulation could require defense companies to implement more robust security pro- grams with updated security software. This is a less effective solution as the advancement in cyberattack technology increases so rapidly, and reformed regulations will likely be outdated as soon as they are implemented. It makes more sense to require that defense companies must implement the most updated software and programs determined by government security experts and cyber-security experts. Also, by allowing defense companies to decide which security companies it will work with, the defense companies obtain the option to shop for the best and most expensive program, or the company could choose the cheapest option, resulting in less efficient security. Cybersecurity regulations that are too specific run the risk of being outdated quickly, whereas broad requirements leave the option for companies to implement the lowest of security measures. Even if the government declines these suggested measures, defense industry companies should make the protection of their sensitive in- formation and encrypted items top priority. This method would re- quire complete buy-in from the senior management within the company and a thorough flow-down of cultural beliefs among its employees. A change in norms must be implemented, and defense industry personnel should be inundated with reminders on the importance of information security. Companies should provide employees with easy access to guidance, training, and assistance in handling, sharing, protecting, and exporting sensitive and export controlled information. Changing company culture takes time, and failure to change personnel beliefs will result in a lack of understanding and potential violations of export control regulations. In the worst cases, data spills and cyberattacks could result in the loss of sensitive or even classified in- formation that could jeopardize national security. Huge unauthorized data releases of sensitive information will negatively affect a company’s reputation thus affecting its ability to generate revenue. The risks in using and exporting encryption technology and sensitive information should be a major concern for defense industry companies. This concern should motivate the government to invest significant resources into compliance programs. Resources such as dedicated and qualified personnel can create policy and procedure to ensure compliance with United States government regulations, and the procedures will provide guidance and training to all employees. In addition, companies should employ IT security, data security, and counterintelligence personnel to work with the compliance team in innovating preventive measures and in addressing any potential data releases and export violations. Immediate actions and counter measures should be prioritized not just among the compliance and security teams but should be a known, expected response from all employees. In other words, cybersecurity norms should be instilled company-wide and thoroughly policed from within the company. How a company chooses to implement such measures remains discretionary, but a better resourced compliance department dedicated to implementing effective policies and responding quickly to potential issues will prevent export control violations and data releases of important information. Defense industry companies transfer export controlled information that may subject the United States to security risks. The United States responds to this risk by implementing regulations to control the high- risk exports. Defense industry companies must comply with these regulations. Therefore, defense industry companies should approach exports and cybersecurity from the standpoint that technology is always advancing—failure to simultaneously advance security and compliance measures will leave the country and the company vulnerable to attack.
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Benjamin Poku y Sayed Hussaini. "Radon in child care centers: An examination of state laws and regulations in the United States". GSC Advanced Research and Reviews 7, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2021): 005–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscarr.2021.7.3.0101.
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Radon is the second leading cause of lung cancer after smoking in the United States (US); however, there is a lack of state policies and regulations to address radon gas exposure. This study aimed to explain if state radon legislation for child care centers is associated with the percent of counties within the state in radon zone 1(above 4 pCi/L). The research method was secondary analysis. Data were obtained from EPA radon website, journal resources, state laws and regulations, and official state government websites. The existing radon laws were assessed based on the EPA radon zones. Then, independent T-Test with a significant level of P<0.05 was used. The finding of this study indicated 39 US states have at least one county or more in radon zone 1, and 11 states have no counties in radon zone 1. Eleven states have legislation associated with child care centers, and 39 states have no such regulation in place. Twenty eight percent (28%) (n=39) of states with at least one county or more in radon zone 1 have radon regulations for child care facilities. The findings reveal that states located in EPA radon zone 1, partially or completely, were Eighty eight percent (88%) likely to not have different regulations requiring the radon testing in child care centers than states that are not in zone 1. In other words, the association between state radon legislation for child care centers and the percent of counties in radon zone 1 is remarkable but not significant (p-value = 0.12).
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Rundfelt, Rolf. "Insider Trading: Regulation in Europe". Journal of Accounting, Auditing & Finance 1, n.º 2 (abril de 1986): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0148558x8600100205.
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This paper looks at insider trading regulation in Europe and finds a broad spectrum. Two countries, the United Kingdom and Sweden, have insider regulations very similar to those in the United States. The author attributes this to well-developed stock markets and the Swedish search for confidence in their stocks. At the other extreme, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Switzerland have no regulation at present.
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Alexander, Ron. "Compost Regulations: Overview of the Status in the United States". HortScience 31, n.º 4 (agosto de 1996): 697f—697. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.697f.
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State and federal regulations relevant to compost marketing and end use can greatly affect the success of a compost distribution and marketing program. Typically, regulations are feedstock-specific and they vary from state to state. They address health, safety, and environmental issues, as well as other concerns of the general public and professional end users. This presentation reviews regulatory approaches adopted by states that are leaders in compost production. It provides insight as to regulatory trends and discusses how they have affected market development to date. Suggestions regarding the improvement or modification of environmental regulations and USDA Acts are also provided.
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Widhiyanti, Hanif Nur, Safinaz Mohd Hussein y Ranitya Ganindha. "Indonesian Cryptocurrencies Legislative Readiness: Lessons from the United States". Sriwijaya Law Review 7, n.º 1 (31 de enero de 2023): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol7.iss1.2138.pp150-172.
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Cryptocurrencies can facilitate cross-border global transfers easily and pseudonymously. It can be converted into fiat currencies, making it suitable for money laundering crimes. This study compared legal regulations in the United States that analysed the readiness of regulations and Indonesia's legal loopholes in responding to the development of the cryptocurrency business. As a result, cryptocurrency in Indonesia is susceptible to being used as a money-laundering tool due to the novelty of the technology, the anonymity it provides its users, and the immaturity of the regulations governing it. Therefore, it is necessary to create a cryptocurrency that can follow the “Travel Rule” and collect and share information about the people who send and receive cryptocurrency, like in the US. The study also argues that passive detection is used to detect the identity of cryptocurrency users through a centralised service. However, several cryptocurrency developers have responded to the increase in pseudonymity tracking methods by developing cryptocurrencies with greater secrecy change.
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Charmatz, Marc. "Students and colleges should demand ED update Section 504". Disability Compliance for Higher Education 29, n.º 12 (10 de junio de 2024): 5–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/dhe.31769.
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On May 4, 1977, the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare promulgated regulations implementing Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act (45 C.F.R. Part 84 (Effective date June 3, 1977)). When HEW was split in two, the United States Department of Education reissued the 504 regulations (34 C.F.R. Part 104). Last summer, the ED announced that it would update the Section 504 regulations. Yet, regrettably, the ED has not done so.
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Liang, Wanying. "Financial Sustainability Among Higher Education Institutions in the United States". Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 7, n.º 12 (25 de diciembre de 2023): 277–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v7i12.5822.
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This article explores the challenges of financial sustainability faced by higher education institutions in the United States. Against a backdrop of stringent state and federal regulations coupled with a decline in financial support, institutions are grappling with a shifting landscape. The paper delves into the intricacies of state regulations and funding policies, highlighting their impact on educational establishments. Furthermore, strategies for financial sustainability, including student attraction and retention, are discussed. The article concludes by underscoring the duality of regulations as both challenges and essential resources, suggesting a potential shift towards greater autonomy and a reshaping of the educational landscape in response to modern challenges.
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Jamison, Mark A. "Net Neutrality Policies and Regulation in the United States". Review of Network Economics 17, n.º 3 (25 de septiembre de 2018): 151–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rne-2018-0041.
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Abstract The US debate about net neutrality has been unusually contentious for a telecommunications regulatory issue, most recently culminating in a 2017 reversal of a 2015 decision to apply traditional telephone regulations, written for a monopoly era, to internet service providers. This article reviews this history, beginning 1956 when the government first imposed an industry boundary between transmission of information on the one hand, and the creation and processing of information on the other. This regulatory legacy remains embedded in US law and has led to some of the muddle. This article also examines the academic literature relating to net neutrality. On this, the answers found in the literature vary depending on assumptions made about technology, industry structure, and industry practices. When the answer to the question of whether regulations are beneficial is “it depends,” and the scenarios that give different answers are realistic, it would seem that the policy approach should favor applying competition and consumer protection laws that address problems when they occur rather than ex ante regulations, which would be certain to harm at least in some situations.
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Vogel, David. "When Consumers Oppose Consumer Protection: The Politics of Regulatory Backlash". Journal of Public Policy 10, n.º 4 (octubre de 1990): 449–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00006085.
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ABSTRACTThis article examines a neglected phenomenon in the existing literature on social regulation, namely political opposition to regulation that comes not from business but from consumers. It examines four cases of successful grass-roots consumer opposition to government health and safety regulations in the United States. Two involve rules issued by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a 1974 requirement that all new automobiles be equipped with an engine-interlock system, and a 1967 rule that denied federal highway funds to states that did not require motorcyclists to wear a helmet. In 1977, Congress overturned the Food and Drug Administration's ban on the artificial sweetener, saccharin. Beginning in 1987, the FDA began to yield to pressures from the gay community by agreeing to streamline its procedures for the testing and approval of new drugs designed to fight AIDS and other fatal diseases. The article identifies what these regulations have in common and examines their significance for our understanding the politics of social regulation in the United States and other industrial nations.
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Montague, Lauren E., Juliana M. Marcotrigiano, Niamh E. Keane, Hannah E. Marquardt, Jennifer A. Sevin y Nancy E. Karraker. "Online sale of small turtles circumvents public health regulations in the United States". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 12 (21 de diciembre de 2022): e0278443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0278443.
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In the United States (U.S.), pet turtles have been associated with outbreaks of salmonellosis, a serious and sometimes-fatal intestinal illness caused by Salmonella bacteria, with nearly 300,000 people being infected in some years. Children are particularly susceptible because of their propensity to put items, including small turtles, in their mouths. In 1975, a U.S. federal regulation prohibited the sale of turtles <4 inches (101.6 mm) in size, except for the purposes of export, scientific, or educational purposes. This regulation was established to reduce the incidence of salmonellosis, particularly in small children. Previous research has not evaluated the availability of turtles <4 inches in size on websites selling wildlife. We monitored 16 websites in 2021 and quantified listings of small turtles. We determined whether information on Salmonella, the 1975 federal regulation, or related state regulations were provided on the websites and determined legality of sales of small turtles by state regulations. We found that all 16 websites openly advertised and sold turtles <4 inches in size, but only half of these websites provided information about Salmonella and/or the federal regulation. These websites required buyers to confirm that they were not purchasing a turtle as a pet, thereby putting the onus on the consumer to adhere to the regulation. We documented 515 listings of turtles <4 inches in size, including 47 species and one hybrid. Our study has demonstrated that internet sales of small turtles currently represent part of the thriving online pet trade in the U.S. Enforcement of the federal regulation faces jurisdictional challenges in most states. Therefore, we recommend continued public education campaigns by public health agencies in the U.S. to help reduce the risk that pet turtle ownership presents.
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Stolls, Amy M. "OIL SPILL LEGISLATION IN THE COASTAL UNITED STATES SINCE THE OIL POLLUTION ACT OF 1990". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1993, n.º 1 (1 de marzo de 1993): 643–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1993-1-643.
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ABSTRACT Because the federal Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 90) allows state preemption, vessel and facility owners that operate in the United States know that simply complying with federal laws and regulations is not enough. Though some states have enacted legislation similar to OPA 90 and have taken a wait-and-see approach to the promulgation of regulations, many others did not wait for federal agencies to resolve certain issues. This paper reviews new state oil spill laws and regulations in the coastal United States and compares their approaches to contingency planning, prevention, responder immunity, financial responsibility, liability, and other key issues.
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Reinhardt, Uwe E. "Managed Competition in Health Care Reform: Just Another American Dream, or the Perfect Solution?" Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 22, n.º 2 (1994): 106–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1994.tb01283.x.
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Throughout the post-World War II decades, the United States has wrestled in its own unique style with a problem that is shared by all modern societies: how to achieve a reasonably equitable distribution of health care, without losing control of total spending on health care, and without suffocating the delivery system with controls and regulations that inhibit technical progress.Because an equitable distribution of health care inevitably requires at least some government regulation, and because government regulations tend to impose rigidity on any system, it is widely believed in the United States (and elsewhere) that a trade-off actually exists between fairness in the distribution of care and the health system’s ability to innovate. This troublesome trade-off bedevils American policy makers to this day.
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Kremyanskaya, E. A. "Legal Aspects of Regulating Lobbying in the United States of America and Canada". MGIMO Review of International Relations, n.º 2(35) (28 de abril de 2014): 161–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2014-2-35-161-168.
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The author reviews history and peculiarities of the legal regulations of lobbying in USA and Canada, points out the tendencies of the legislation development. USA and Canada are among the first countries, which included legal regulations on the lobbying relations in the state government. The author explores the evolution of development of the lobbying legislation in the USA, and in particular reviews the Foreign Agents Registration Act of 1938, Federal Regulation of Lobbying Act of 1976, Lobbying Disclosure Act of 1995, as well as evolution of the Canadian legislation, where the Act on Lobbying of 1989 is in force, which had substantial changes during the last ten years. Taking into consideration the territorial form of state, the author reviews not only the federal legislation, but also laws on the level of states and provinces of these federations. Besides, the author covers the activity of the control bodies, order of registration and reporting by lobbyists of their professional activity, reveals pro and cons of the legal regulations of such institution as lobbying. In the article there is the list of information, which should be provided by lobbyists to the control bodies and the author correctly mentions that this list in USA is much wider, comparing to Canadian regulations. In the article the author reviews the liability for violations of lobbying legislation. In particular, in the USA the criminal liability is applied up to 5 years of imprisonment and financial penalties up to 200 thousand US dollars. Based on the USA and Canada experience the author reveals the key issues, which should be fixed by the legal regulations in the country and in particular: the clear definition of the lobbying and lobbyist, necessity of disclosure on the information about client and amounts paid, fixing in the control mechanisms and liability.
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Gunawan, Berry y Ariawan Gunadi. "Doctrin Business Judgment Rule Analysis as an Effort to Protect the Law of Directors of Limited Liability Companies in Indonesia and the United States". Edunity Kajian Ilmu Sosial dan Pendidikan 2, n.º 10 (25 de octubre de 2023): 1198–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.57096/edunity.v2i10.160.
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The provisions and implementation of BJR in Indonesia and the United States need to be studied because the latest Company Laws of both countries have codified the principles of BJR generated by court practice so far where BJR elements are regulated imitatively in the Company Law and accompanied by an explanation of the concept of the core elements of BJR. The formulation of the problems in writing this journal are 1) How are the regulations governing the application of the business judgment rule in Indonesia and the United States? 2) how is the application of the business judgment rule principle as a legal protection effort against directors in Indonesia and the United States? The research method used in this journal is normative juridical research with qualitative data analysis. The results showed that 1) regulations governing the application of the business judgment rule in Indonesia are regulated in Law Number 40 of 2007 concerning limited liability companies and OJK Regulation Number 33 / PJOK.04 / 2014 related to BJR which provides protection for directors and commissioners in carrying out their duties are sufficient. Meanwhile, regulations governing the application of the business judgment rule in the United States are regulated in the MBCA 2016. 2) The application of the business judgment rule principle as an effort to protect the law against directors in Indonesia can be applied to protect directors from legal liability as long as there are no elements of fraud, conflict of interest, unlawful acts and intentional misconduct as in the case of Decision Number 121 K/Pid.Sus/2020. Meanwhile, the application of the business judgment rule principle as an effort to protect the law against directors in the United States in accordance with the scope of the directors' responsibilities as in the Disney dispute case, Delaware Supreme Court.
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Savenkova, Elena V., Adel V. Lebedeva, Anna I. Kurbatova, Daria P. Karpova, Alena N. Basamykina y Irina A. Adarchenko. "Conformity assessment for organic products in the European Union". RUDN Journal of Ecology and Life Safety 29, n.º 3 (30 de diciembre de 2021): 233–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2310-2021-29-3-233-239.
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The adoption of organic agriculture has acquired particular significance as one of the effective means of high-quality and safe products recovery. A brief conformity assessment of requirements for organic products and their regulation in the European Union is provides. The EU legislative acts are confirmed to EU market features raised for organic products. EU regulatory legal acts for imports of organic products from third countries, food quality and labeling of organic production, organic aquaculture animal and seaweed production, organic wine are considered. All food manufacturers must comply with general EU foodstuff laws and regulations, which include labeling regulations. Regulation is complemented by several legislative acts on the production, distribution and marketing of organic products, which are the legal framework for determining rules for their implementation in the EU. The United States permits the sale of European products that produced and certified under the EU organic program as organic in the United States are considered. Legislative acts EU Regulation 1235/2008, EU Regulation 2020/25, EU Regulation 889/2008, EU Regulation 710/2009, EU Regulation 203/2012 are discussed.
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Frankel, Arthur J. "Family Day Care in the United States". Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 75, n.º 9 (noviembre de 1994): 550–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104438949407500903.
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The author discusses the current status of family day care, including its demographics, organization, regulations, quality-control issues, and relevant research on its effects on children, families, and child-care workers. Family day care is a pervasive underground child-care system that merits far more attention by the social work profession in state and national child-care policy considerations. Social workers are in a unique position to help family-day-care providers enter mainstream child care in the United States.
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A. Shah, Radhika, Kalpana G. Patel y Purvi Shah. "Comprehensive review and enhancing approaches for Pediatric investigation plan in USA, EU and India". International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 10, n.º 1 (16 de marzo de 2022): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v10i1.507.
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Several various regulations connected to paediatric clinical investigations characterise the regulatory framework in the United States, EU and INDIA. Regulations that govern the requirements for conducting paediatric studies or provide incentives for sponsors to perform such studies have been implemented in these countries. The Food and Drug Administration in the United States has a comprehensive set of paediatric rules. It has established a distinct department for paediatric medication regulations, known as the Pediatric Therapeutics Offices. The FDA Modernization Statute was passed in the United States of America as the first act for paediatric population clinical trials (1997). These laws govern the incentives for drug developers to do paediatric research (after receiving a written request from the FDA) as well as the standards for conducting paediatric clinical trials. In Europe, the 'Pediatric Regulation (EC) No 1901/2006' was adopted in January 2007 to improve the protection of children in research, while India has no special standards for pediatric investigation. In order to promote better medicines for children, regulatory bodies in the United States and Europe have done a terrific job. There is presently no specific rule for paediatric clinical trials in India, however some provisions are included in Schedule Y. For the safety of children, the Indian health authorities must enact separate legislation for clinical trials. Enhancing approaches are needed for all conceivable indications will be assessed based on the product's mechanism of action, data from other development programmes, proof of concept studies, and so on. Pediatric experts will be consulted to examine each indication.
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Smith, Bryant Walker. "Automated Vehicles Are Probably Legal in the United States". Texas A&M Law Review 1, n.º 3 (enero de 2014): 411–521. http://dx.doi.org/10.37419/lr.v1.i3.1.
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This article provides the most comprehensive discussion to date of whether so-called automated, autonomous, self-driving, or driverless vehicles can be lawfully sold and used on public roads in the United States. The short answer is that the computer direction of a motor vehicle’s steering, braking, and accelerating without real-time human input is probably legal. The long answer, which follows, provides a foundation for tailoring regulations and understanding liability issues related to these vehicles. The article’s largely descriptive analysis, which begins with the principle that everything is permitted unless prohibited, covers three key legal regimes: the 1949 Geneva Convention on Road Traffic, regulations enacted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), and the vehicle codes of all fifty U.S. states.
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Pentz, Ronald y He (Herman) Tang. "An Analysis of Unmanned Aircraft Registration Effectiveness". International Journal of Aviation Systems, Operations and Training 4, n.º 1 (enero de 2017): 54–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijasot.2017010104.
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This article describes how small unmanned aircraft systems (sUAS) are growing at a rapid pace. They are inexpensive and widely available for both hobbyist and commercial use. However, with this rapid growth, regulations are having a difficult time keeping pace to safely incorporate them into the United States National Airspace. Recent regulations requiring the registration of all sUAS have been overturned by the United States Courts of Appeals. This research provides a statistical analysis of the effectiveness of the registration regulation in the reduction of unauthorized and careless sUAS operation prior to being overturned by the courts. Statistical analysis including descriptive statistics and chi square hypothesis tests were used to analyze more than 3,000 reported unauthorized and careless events. The findings show a significant difference in events pre-registration and post registration.
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Kunnan, Antony John. "POLITICS AND LEGISLATION IN CITIZENSHIP TESTING IN THE UNITED STATES". Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 29 (marzo de 2009): 37–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190509090047.
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Politics and legislation have been entangled in language planning and policy in the United States since 1776. Regulations for immigration and citizenship (naturalization) have been in place since the Naturalization Act of 1790. This article examines the history of immigration and citizenship legislation that started with this act up to the more recent act of 1952, which included regulations requiring ability in English language and knowledge of history and government. It concludes with brief examinations of the old and redesigned Naturalization Tests.
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Bryner, Gary C. "La protection du consommateur aux États-Unis : naissance et déclin de l’approche réglementaire". Revue française d'administration publique 56, n.º 1 (1990): 591–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1990.2402.
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The Rise and Retreat of Consumer Regulation in the United States. The development of consumer regulation in the United States in the 1970s was due to the economic context and the rise of «policy entrepreneurs» in Congress, able to draw public attention and transform it into legislative action. Organized consumer groups also played a significant role. By the late 1970s the Reagan administration relayed by Congress sought to restrain regulation, critized as being too aggressive by business, while the competitive position of the US economy was declining. At present, the lull in consumer protection has, to some extent, been filled by the States and the courts. But the fear of having to meet 50 different requirements has generated a new-found industry support for national legislation that would preempt State regulations.
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Rudik, Oleksandr. "Better regulation in the EU and its member states: experience for Ukraine". Public administration and local government, n.º 4(43) (25 de diciembre de 2019): 20–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33287/101903.
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The article examines the experience of better regulation in the EU and its member states. The European Union and the 28 EU member states show a strong political commitment towards regulatory reform. In the European Union, regulatory policy has progressed under the better regulation agenda and played a crucial role in shaping the current regulatory processes. At the same time, all EU member states have adopted an explicit policy to promote the quality of regulations. To this end, the author analyses the key findings of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) 2019 report «Better Regulation Practices across the European Union». In the report the OECD has analysed the application of all 28 EU member states’ regulatory management tools to EU-made laws and regulations. The article also gives examples of the best regulatory practices of the EU member states such as Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Slovakia, Sweden, the United Kingdom. The article concludes that the experience of the EU and its member states in developing and implementing a better regulation policy, in particular the better regulation agenda, is beneficial for Ukraine. In this regard, the article highlights the following legislative and institutional components of this experience: stakeholder engagement in the process of policymaking and regulatory policy implementation by automatically publishing of draft regulatory acts and accompanying impact assessments on the specially designed interactive government portal; highlighting the preliminary and final stages of regulatory impact assessment of all regulations, except for deregulatory and low-cost measures, thereby taking into account stakeholder comments; regular and systematic conduct of ex ante and ex-post evaluation of laws and regulations on the basis of a specially developed sound evidence-based methodology; conducting of regulatory impact assessment and stakeholder engagement during the process of EU directives transposition into member states’ national legislation; introduction of systematic regulatory oversight and quality control of regulatory management tools, which should cover not only regulatory impact assessment practice but also stakeholder engagement.
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Kislalioglu, M. Serpil. "Cosmetic Regulations of the United States, European Union, and Japan". Clinical Research and Regulatory Affairs 13, n.º 3-4 (enero de 1996): 211–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10601339609035953.
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Eicher, John P. "Large trucks in the United States: size and weight regulations". Transportation Planning and Technology 14, n.º 2 (julio de 1989): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03081068908717419.
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