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Crow, J. E., D. M. Parkin, H. J. Schneider-Muntau, and N. S. Sullivan. "The United States National High Magnetic Field Laboratory: Facilities, science and technology." Physica B: Condensed Matter 216, no. 3-4 (1996): 146–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(95)00460-2.
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Steindel, Steven J., and Marianne K. Simon. "Characterization of Microorganism Identification in the United States in 1996." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 125, no. 7 (2001): 913–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2001-125-0913-comiit.
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Abstract Context.—The National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS) was designed to give an unbiased estimate of all patient testing performed by laboratories registered under the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments in 1996. Objective.—Survey data were used to develop a profile of laboratory testing primarily intended to identify microorganisms or antibodies to these microorganisms. Design.—Estimates of the extent of microorganism identification were derived from the NICLTS database by identifying associated tests and methods. The volumes for tests performed at locations that primarily prepared blood components for distribution were excluded. Organisms of public health importance were identified from the National Notifiable Disease list maintained by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Participants.—Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing in 1996. Outcome Measure.—Estimated volumes and associated confidence limits by test, method, specimen type, public health importance, and testing location. Results.—Excluding testing of the blood supply, 315 million tests (95% confidence limits, 280–354 million tests) were performed in the United States for microorganism identification. Those tests for which public health consensus requires national reporting represented 38% of this total. Although hospitals performed 46% of all microorganism identification, they only performed 33% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Independent and specialty laboratories performed 38% of all testing but 65% of the testing for microorganisms of public health importance. Direct methods (methods not involving culture) were used in 77% of the tests for microorganisms of public health importance and in 42% of all identification tests. Conclusions.—The distribution of microorganism identification testing found using NICLTS data is consistent with plans to modernize the public health surveillance system in the United States.
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Thomas, Nelson A. "Use of Biomonitoring to Control Toxics in the United States." Water Science and Technology 20, no. 10 (1988): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1988.0129.
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A biomonitoring program has been developed in support of the National Policy for the Development of Water Quality-Based Permit Limitations for Toxic Pollutants. The program focuses on the use of laboratory toxicity tests on aquatic plants and animals to predict ecosystem impact caused by toxic pollutants. Both acute and chronic toxicity tests were developed to test effluents and ambient waters. Laboratory and biological field studies were conducted at nine sites. Single species laboratory toxicity tests were found to be good predictors of impacts on the ecosystem when two or more species were used. Biomonitoring can be undertaken either on effluents and/or on the receiving waters. In that toxicity related to seeps, leachates and storm sewers has often been found upstream from dischargers, it is beneficial to conduct both effluent and ambient biomonitoring.
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BOWLES, THOMAS J. "A NATIONAL UNDERGROUND SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LABORATORY." International Journal of Modern Physics A 18, no. 22 (2003): 4129–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x03017415.
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Dramatic progress has been made in the last several years in our understanding of the properties of neutrinos with evidence for neutrino flavor transformation coming from measurements of atmospheric neutrinos by SuperKamiokande, of solar neutrinos by the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory (SNO), and of reactor neutrinos by KamLAND. These results are a step in the ongoing program of science that is carried out in underground laboratories. The potential for additional significant discoveries with new capabilities in underground laboratories exists and should be exploited. Discoveries are likely to be made not only in nuclear and particle physics, but also in astrophysics, geophysics, and geobiology. A concerted effort is now underway in the United States to create a National Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory (NUSEL) that would provide the facilities and infrastructure necessary to capitalize on the opportunities presented by underground science.
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Ryczek, Marek, Edyta Kruk, Magdalena Malec, and Sławomir Klatka. "Comparison of pedotransfer functions for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 28, no. 1 (2017): 25–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2017-0005.
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Abstract On one hand, direct methods of measurement of saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient are time consuming, and on the other hand, laboratory methods are cost consuming. That is why the popularity of empirical methods has increased. Their main advantages are speed of calculations and low costs. Comparison of various empirical methods (pedotransfer functions) for the determination of saturated hydraulic conductivity coefficient was the purpose of this work. The methods used were Shepard’s, Hazen’s, USBR (United States Bureau of Reclamation), Saxton et al.’s, Kozeny–Carman’s, Krüger’s, Terzaghi’s, Chapuis’s, Sheelheim’s, Chapuis’, and NAVFAC (Naval Facilities Engineering Command) methods. Calculations were carried out for the soil samples of differential texture. The obtained results shows the methods used for the determination of permeability coefficient differ considerably. Mean values obtained by analysed methods fluctuated between 0.0006 and 12.0 m·day−1. The results of calculations by the chosen methods were compared with the results of the laboratory method. The best compatibility with laboratory method was obtained by using the Terzaghi method.
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Steindel, Steven J., William J. Rauch, Marianne K. Simon, and James Handsfield. "National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services (NICLTS)." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 124, no. 8 (2000): 1201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2000-124-1201-nioclt.
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Abstract Context.—A statistically valid inventory of the distribution, both geographic and by laboratory type, of clinical and anatomical laboratory testing in the United States is needed to assess the impact of the Clinical Laboratory Improvements Amendments of 1988 and to provide information for other health care and public health policy decisions. Objective.—To present initial US laboratory testing volume data compiled by the National Inventory of Clinical Laboratory Testing Services. Design.—Stratified random sample of laboratories performing testing in 1996 with data on the number of laboratory tests performed, identified by method and analyte. Data were collected by field tabulators (moderate- or high-complexity laboratories) or through a mail/telephone survey (waived or provider-performed microscopy laboratories) for each site. Participants.—Laboratories that were enrolled in the 1996 Online Certification Survey and Reporting System, maintained by the US Health Care Finance Administration, and that performed laboratory testing during 1996. Main Outcome Measure.—Laboratory testing distribution for 1996 in the United States by analyte, method, and specimen type. Results.—An overall response rate of 79% provided data from 757 moderate- or high-complexity laboratories and 1322 waived or provider-performed microscopy laboratories. The estimated total US testing volume for 1996 was 7.25 ± 1.09 billion tests. Laboratories performing complex testing, defined as greater than 16 method/analyte/specimen type combinations, comprised 16% of the US laboratories by survey site, but performed 80% (95% confidence limits, 43% to 100%) of the testing volume. Glucose analysis was the most frequently performed test. Automated hematology and chemistry analyzers were the most frequently used methods. Conclusions.—A statistically valid, consistent survey of the distribution of US laboratory testing was obtained. Simple analysis of these data by laboratory type and geographic region can provide insights into where laboratory testing is performed. The study design allows extensions that will facilitate collection of additional data of importance to public health and medical care delivery.
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Hwang, Bohyun, Joonghyeok Heo, Chungwan Lim, and Joonkyu Park. "Environmental Implications of Shale Gas Hydraulic Fracturing: A Comprehensive Review on Water Contamination and Seismic Activity in the United States." Water 15, no. 19 (2023): 3334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15193334.
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Recent scholarship has highlighted the significant environmental impact of the rapidly expanding hydraulic fracturing industry, which is projected to grow from USD 15.31 billion in 2021 to USD 28.93 billion in 2028 at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 9.5%. Recognizing the need for comprehensive, national-scale evaluations, this review of the literature investigates contamination and induced seismicity associated with shale gas hydraulic fracturing in the United States. Employing systematic reviews of the literature and federal reports up until July 2023, this study reveals multiple areas of concern, including water and soil contamination, seismic activity, and air pollution. A notable finding is the average use of 2.4 million gallons of water per well in hydraulic fracturing, of which only 15–35% is typically retrieved. However, ongoing studies are actively exploring remediation strategies, including advancements in monitoring and treatment technologies, as well as the potential of reusing wastewater for hydraulic fracturing, as exemplified by the Garfield County region in Colorado; they utilized 100% wastewater to mitigate the impact of contamination. These findings underscore the need for stringent regulations, sustained research, and effective management practices. This work emphasizes the importance of a collaborative approach that leverages field studies, experimental investigations, and computational advancements to ensure the responsible development of shale gas resources.
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Blair, Benjamin, Tanya Heikkila, and Christopher M. Weible. "National Media Coverage of Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States: Evaluation Using Human and Automated Coding Techniques." Risk, Hazards & Crisis in Public Policy 7, no. 3 (2016): 114–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/rhc3.12097.
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Staśto, Anna. "The physics of the EIC." EPJ Web of Conferences 296 (2024): 01032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202429601032.
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In this presentation I will give brief overview of the main physics topics which will be explored at the new Deep Inelastic Scattering facility, the Electron Ion Collider (EIC), planned for the construction at Brookhaven National Laboratory in the United States.
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Robinson, A. "Rationale for cost-effective laboratory medicine." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 7, no. 2 (1994): 185–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.7.2.185.
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There is virtually universal consensus that the health care system in the United States is too expensive and that costs need to be limited. Similar to health care costs in general, clinical laboratory expenditures have increased rapidly as a result of increased utilization and inflationary trends within the national economy. Economic constraints require that a compromise be reached between individual welfare and limited societal resources. Public pressure and changing health care needs have precipitated both subtle and radical laboratory changes to more effectively use allocated resources. Responsibility for excessive laboratory use can be assigned primarily to the following four groups: practicing physicians, physicians in training, patients, and the clinical laboratory. The strategies to contain escalating health care costs have ranged from individualized physician education programs to government intervention. Laboratories have responded to the fiscal restraints imposed by prospective payment systems by attempting to reduce operational costs without adversely impacting quality. Although cost containment directed at misutilization and overutilization of existing services has conserved resources, to date, an effective cost control mechanism has yet to be identified and successfully implemented on a grand enough scale to significantly impact health care expenditures in the United States.
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Kain, John S., Steve Willington, Adam J. Clark, et al. "Collaborative Efforts between the United States and United Kingdom to Advance Prediction of High-Impact Weather." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 98, no. 5 (2017): 937–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-15-00199.1.
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Abstract In recent years, a growing partnership has emerged between the Met Office and the designated U.S. national centers for expertise in severe weather research and forecasting, that is, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL) and the NOAA Storm Prediction Center (SPC). The driving force behind this partnership is a compelling set of mutual interests related to predicting and understanding high-impact weather and using high-resolution numerical weather prediction models as foundational tools to explore these interests. The forum for this collaborative activity is the NOAA Hazardous Weather Testbed, where annual Spring Forecasting Experiments (SFEs) are conducted by NSSL and SPC. For the last decade, NSSL and SPC have used these experiments to find ways that high-resolution models can help achieve greater success in the prediction of tornadoes, large hail, and damaging winds. Beginning in 2012, the Met Office became a contributing partner in annual SFEs, bringing complementary expertise in the use of convection-allowing models, derived in their case from a parallel decadelong effort to use these models to advance prediction of flash floods associated with heavy thunderstorms. The collaboration between NSSL, SPC, and the Met Office has been enthusiastic and productive, driven by strong mutual interests at a grassroots level and generous institutional support from the parent government agencies. In this article, a historical background is provided, motivations for collaborative activities are emphasized, and preliminary results are highlighted.
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Doern, Gary V., Angela B. Brueggemann, Michael A. Pfaller, and Ronald N. Jones. "Assessment of Laboratory Performance With Streptococcus pneumoniae Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing in the United States." Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 123, no. 4 (1999): 285–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/1999-123-0285-aolpws.
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Abstract Objective.—To assess the performance of clinical microbiology laboratories in the United States when conducting in vitro susceptibility tests with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Methods.—The results of a nationwide College of American Pathologists Proficiency Survey test sample, in which susceptibility testing of an isolate of S pneumoniae was performed, were assessed with respect to precision and accuracy. Results.—Wide variability was noted among participating laboratories with both minimum inhibitory concentration procedures and disk diffusion susceptibility tests when both methods were applied to S pneumoniae. Despite this high degree of variation, categorical interpretive errors were uncommon. Numerous laboratories reported results for antimicrobial agents that are not recommended by the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards for tests with S pneumoniae. Conclusions.—Current susceptibility testing practices with S pneumoniae in the United States indicate limited precision and a tendency for laboratories to test and report results obtained with antimicrobial agents of questionable therapeutic value against this organism. Continued efforts to standardize susceptibility testing of S pneumoniae in the United States are warranted. In addition, modifications of existing interpretive criteria may be necessary.
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KUO, E. Y. "VEHICLE HIGH MILEAGE POWERTRAIN MOUNT DEGRADATION ANALYSIS." International Journal of Reliability, Quality and Safety Engineering 09, no. 04 (2002): 341–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218539302000883.
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Vehicle high mileage warranty issues associated with powertrain mounts are one of the major concerns in vehicle design for long-term customer satisfaction. The present paper is concerned with a root cause understanding of high mileage degradation mechanisms of hydraulic engine mounts. Engine mount stiffness degradation characteristics are studied using laboratory test data. The correlation between the number of powertrain mount related warranty claims and mean temperatures of different geographic areas in the United States is presented. The effects of underhood thermal management design on mount temperature and strategies for improving high mileage mount degradation are discussed.
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Siegler, Aaron, and Patrick Sullivan. "The PrEP Laboratory Service Gap: Applying Implementation Science Strategies to Bring PrEP Coverage to Scale in the United States." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 50, S1 (2022): 40–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jme.2022.34.
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AbstractUsing an implementation science framework, we detail how a national system for covering both standard and telemedicine laboratory testing would support a national PrEP program. Implementation strategies that will facilitate success include minimizing provider burden through uncomplicated billing systems and minimizing patient burden through centralized, online access systems. We anticipate that providing telemedicine and in-person laboratory testing options will optimize PrEP care by making it less burdensome, leading to cost-effective healthcare and improved population health.
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Cintineo, John L., Travis M. Smith, Valliappa Lakshmanan, Harold E. Brooks, and Kiel L. Ortega. "An Objective High-Resolution Hail Climatology of the Contiguous United States." Weather and Forecasting 27, no. 5 (2012): 1235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/waf-d-11-00151.1.
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Abstract The threat of damaging hail from severe thunderstorms affects many communities and industries on a yearly basis, with annual economic losses in excess of $1 billion (U.S. dollars). Past hail climatology has typically relied on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/National Climatic Data Center’s (NOAA/NCDC) Storm Data publication, which has numerous reporting biases and nonmeteorological artifacts. This research seeks to quantify the spatial and temporal characteristics of contiguous United States (CONUS) hail fall, derived from multiradar multisensor (MRMS) algorithms for several years during the Next-Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) era, leveraging the Multiyear Reanalysis of Remotely Sensed Storms (MYRORSS) dataset at NOAA’s National Severe Storms Laboratory (NSSL). The primary MRMS product used in this study is the maximum expected size of hail (MESH). The preliminary climatology includes 42 months of quality controlled and reprocessed MESH grids, which spans the warm seasons for four years (2007–10), covering 98% of all Storm Data hail reports during that time. The dataset has 0.01° latitude × 0.01° longitude × 31 vertical levels spatial resolution, and 5-min temporal resolution. Radar-based and reports-based methods of hail climatology are compared. MRMS MESH demonstrates superior coverage and resolution over Storm Data hail reports, and is largely unbiased. The results reveal a broad maximum of annual hail fall in the Great Plains and a diminished secondary maximum in the Southeast United States. Potential explanations for the differences in the two methods of hail climatology are also discussed.
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Losinger, W. C., E. J. Bush, M. A. Smith, and B. A. Corso. "Mortality on grower/finisher-only swine operations in the United States." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 51, no. 2 (1999): 141–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-09351999000200003.
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For 53 grower/finisher-only swine operations that participated in the United States National Animal Health Monitoring System 1995 National Swine Study, mortality among finisher pigs ranged from 0 to 12.0% over a 6-month period. Twenty-six (49.1%) had <2% mortality, and 27 (50.9%) had >2% mortality. Nine (17.0%) operations experienced >4% mortality. Fisher's exact test revealed that operations with all-in all-out management were significantly more likely to have <2% mortality than operations with continuous management, and that operations where all finisher pigs came from farrowing units belonging to the operation (either on-site or off-site) were significantly more likely to have <2% mortality than operations where >1 grower/finisher pig came from another source. Larger operations (where >900 pigs entered the grower/finisher phase) practiced all-in, all-out management more frequently than smaller operations, and had a lower mean percent mortality than smaller operations. Diagnosis of Salmonella in finisher pigs performed at a laboratory or by a veterinarian in the 12 months prior to interview was associated with both increased percent mortality and increased percent mortality per day.
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BICHLER, LOIS A., KAKAMBI V. NAGARAJA, and BENJAMIN S. POMEROY. "Plasmid Diversity in Salmonella enteritidis of Animal, Poultry, and Human Origin." Journal of Food Protection 57, no. 1 (1994): 4–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-57.1.4.
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One hundred thirty-eight isolates of Salmonella enteritidis from human, animal, and avian species were analyzed for the presence of plasmid DNA. Plasmid DNA from S. enteritidis isolates were extracted by a modification of a high alkaline extraction procedure. Comparisons were made between samples based on the number of plasmids present and their molecular weights. There were seven different profiles seen among the 15 human isolates from the Centers for Disease Control. These seven profiles were recognized with the animal isolates from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory, the chicken isolates from the northeastem (NE) region of the United States, and the turkey isolates from Minnesota (MN). There were no shared profdes between the human isolates and the chicken isolates from MN. The greatest relationship existed between the human isolates and the chicken isolates from the NE region of the United States, sharing four common profiles. Every Centers for Disease Control isolate shared a plasmid profile with chicken isolates from the NE region of the United States. The chicken isolates from MN had no profiles in common with any isolates from any other groups. The majority of animal isolates from National Veterinary Services Laboratory and the turkey isolates from MN possessed the virulence-associated 54 kb plasmid alone. This paper describes how plasmid profiles can be used as a tool in epidemiological investigations.
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Borton, Mikayla A., David W. Hoyt, Simon Roux, et al. "Coupled laboratory and field investigations resolve microbial interactions that underpin persistence in hydraulically fractured shales." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 28 (2018): E6585—E6594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1800155115.
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Hydraulic fracturing is one of the industrial processes behind the surging natural gas output in the United States. This technology inadvertently creates an engineered microbial ecosystem thousands of meters below Earth’s surface. Here, we used laboratory reactors to perform manipulations of persisting shale microbial communities that are currently not feasible in field scenarios. Metaproteomic and metabolite findings from the laboratory were then corroborated using regression-based modeling performed on metagenomic and metabolite data from more than 40 produced fluids from five hydraulically fractured shale wells. Collectively, our findings show thatHalanaerobium,Geotoga, andMethanohalophilusstrain abundances predict a significant fraction of nitrogen and carbon metabolites in the field. Our laboratory findings also exposed cryptic predatory, cooperative, and competitive interactions that impact microorganisms across fractured shales. Scaling these results from the laboratory to the field identified mechanisms underpinning biogeochemical reactions, yielding knowledge that can be harnessed to potentially increase energy yields and inform management practices in hydraulically fractured shales.
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Kalish, Brian T., Charlotte A. Gaydos, Yu-Hsiang Hsieh, et al. "National Survey of Laboratory Response Network Sentinel Laboratory Preparedness." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3, S1 (2009): S17—S23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/dmp.0b013e31819e09b4.
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ABSTRACTObjective: The Laboratory Response Network (LRN) is the United States’ laboratory system for detecting, confirming, and reporting potential bioterrorism agents. The first tier—sentinel laboratories—is composed principally of hospital-based laboratories and is tasked with ruling out potential biological threat agents in clinical specimens or the identification of suspicious specimens for further testing in higher tiers of the LRN system. The aim of the present study was to broadly describe preparedness of the first tier of the hospital LRN, the sentinel laboratories, with a specific focus on training, personnel, and communications.Methods: A semistructured cross-sectional survey of US sentinel laboratories was designed and conducted. Hospitals with greater than 250 beds and an emergency department were considered eligible for inclusion. A geographically weighted sample of 201 hospitals was selected for inclusion. The survey was administered by telephone to the microbiology managers (or designees) at the selected hospitals. The survey contained questions related to drill frequency, proficiency survey participation, personnel training, personnel responsibilities, procedures for biological threat response, and overall confidence in preparedness.Results: Overall, 179 hospitals (89.1%) identified themselves as sentinel laboratories and participated in the survey; 11.7% reported that they had had an emergency alert within the last 2 years. Although rates of internal drills were low (20.7%), participation in some form of bioterrorism proficiency evaluation was high (79.9%). In all, 83.8% of laboratories reported that they had personnel designated to coordinate response to acts of bioterrorism. More than 73% of respondents indicated that they had sufficient personnel, equipment, and training to respond to a biological terrorism event. By multivariate analysis, sentinel laboratories were 3.4 times more likely to feel confident that they had sufficient personnel, equipment, and training to respond to a biological terrorism event if they had designated personnel for bioterrorism roles.Conclusions: This pilot study of sentinel laboratory bioterrorism preparedness demonstrated that hospital laboratory personnel, training, and communication preparedness were not universal, despite designation as sentinel laboratories. A need for unified monitoring of sentinel laboratories exists, and efforts should be made to develop standardized metrics for sentinel laboratory preparedness. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2009;3(Suppl 1):S17–S23)
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Aczel, Miriam R., and Karen E. Makuch. "Environmental Impact Assessments and Hydraulic Fracturing: Lessons from Two U.S. States." Case Studies in the Environment 2, no. 1 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.000638.
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Although the United States has been stimulating well production with hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”)1 since the 1940s [1], high-volume hydraulic fracturing (HVHF) combined with horizontal drilling is a relatively recent [2, 3] development with potential to adversely impact human health [4], environment [5], and water resources [6], with uncertainty about impacts and gaps in the data on HVHF compared to conventional drilling techniques [7]. Part of protecting environmental and public health is identifying potential risks before licenses are issued and drilling operations proceed. To this end, two case studies, focusing on the environmental impact assessment (EIA) procedures of California and New York, are analyzed in this paper. Both states have histories of strong environmental protection law and policy [8–10] and legally require an EIA to be conducted before development of HVHF sites [11, 12], an outgrowth of the 1969 federal National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). New York State conducted what appears to be a thorough EIA [13] and concluded that as there were too many gaps in the data on HVHF, fracking could not proceed. California’s EIA, which was less extensive, and did not consider health impacts [14], concluded that HVHF could proceed, relatively unabated. A comparison of these cases illustrates that the processes designed to ensure adequate identification, monitoring, and assessment of environmental impacts are prone to differences [15]—an outcome of the fact that laws governing HVHF in the US are not consistent across, nor controlled at, the federal level [16, 17].
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Shishkoff, N., S. Aker, R. T. Olsen, and M. L. Daughtrey. "LABORATORY ASSESSMENT OF BOXWOOD BLIGHT SUSCEPTIBILITY OF BUXUS ACCESSIONS FROM THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL ARBORETUM©." Acta Horticulturae, no. 1085 (June 2015): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2015.1085.41.
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Schillig, J., H. Boenig, M. Gordon, et al. "Operating experience of the United States National High Magnetic Field Laboratory 60 T Long Pulse Magnet." IEEE Transactions on Appiled Superconductivity 10, no. 1 (2000): 526–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/77.828288.
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Hallowell, Benjamin D., Umesh D. Parashar, Aaron Curns, Nicholas DeGroote, and Jacqueline Tate. "93. Trends in the Laboratory Detection of Rotavirus Before and After Implementation of Routine Rotavirus Vaccination: the United States, 2000–2018." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 6, Supplement_2 (2019): S8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz359.017.
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Abstract Background Before the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in the United States in 2006, rotavirus infection was the leading cause of severe gastroenteritis among US children. Methods To evaluate the long-term impact of rotavirus vaccination on disease burden in the United States, CDC analyzed national laboratory testing data for rotavirus from laboratories participating in CDC’s National Respiratory and Enteric Viruses Surveillance System (NREVSS) during the pre- (2000–2006) and post-vaccine (2007–2018) periods. Results Nationally, the median annual percentage of positive rotavirus tests declined from 25.6% (range: 25.2–29.4%) in the pre-vaccine era to 6.1% (range: 2.6–11.1%) in the post-vaccine period. When comparing the pre- and post-vaccine era, the annual peak in rotavirus positivity declined from a median of 43.1% (range: 43.8–56.3%) to a median 14.0% (range: 4.8–27.3%) while the season duration was reduced from a median of 26 weeks (range: 23–27 weeks) to 9 weeks (range: 0–18 weeks). In the post-vaccine period, a biennial pattern emerged with alternating years of low and high rotavirus activity. Conclusion The implementation of rotavirus vaccine has dramatically reduced the disease burden and altered seasonal patterns of rotavirus in the United States; these changes have been sustained over 11 post-vaccine introduction seasons. Disclosures All Authors: No reported Disclosures.
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Gunturu, U. B., and C. A. Schlosser. "Characterization of wind power resource in the United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, no. 3 (2012): 7305–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-7305-2012.
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Abstract. Wind resource in the continental and offshore United States has been reconstructed and characterized using metrics that describe, apart from abundance, its availability, persistence and intermittency. The Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) boundary layer flux data has been used to construct wind profile at 50 m, 80 m, 100 m, 120 m turbine hub heights. The wind power density (WPD) estimates at 50 m are qualitatively similar to those in the US wind atlas developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), but quantitatively a class less in some regions, but are within the limits of uncertainty. The wind speeds at 80 m were quantitatively and qualitatively close to the NREL wind map. The possible reasons for overestimation by NREL have been discussed. For long tailed distributions like those of the WPD, the mean is an overestimation and median is suggested for summary representation of the wind resource. The impact of raising the wind turbine hub height on metrics of abundance, persistence, variability and intermittency is analyzed. There is a general increase in availability and abundance of wind resource but there is an increase in intermittency in terms of level crossing rate in low resource regions.
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Gunturu, U. B., and C. A. Schlosser. "Characterization of wind power resource in the United States." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, no. 20 (2012): 9687–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9687-2012.
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Abstract. Wind resource in the continental and offshore United States has been reconstructed and characterized using metrics that describe, apart from abundance, its availability, persistence and intermittency. The Modern Era Retrospective-Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) boundary layer flux data has been used to construct wind profile at 50 m, 80 m, 100 m, 120 m turbine hub heights. The wind power density (WPD) estimates at 50 m are qualitatively similar to those in the US wind atlas developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), but quantitatively a class less in some regions, but are within the limits of uncertainty. The wind speeds at 80 m were quantitatively and qualitatively close to the NREL wind map. The possible reasons for overestimation by NREL have been discussed. For long tailed distributions like those of the WPD, the mean is an overestimation and median is suggested for summary representation of the wind resource. The impact of raising the wind turbine hub height on metrics of abundance, persistence, variability and intermittency is analyzed. There is a general increase in availability and abundance of wind resource but there is an increase in intermittency in terms of level crossing rate in low resource regions.
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Linder, Ann, and Dale Jamieson. "Blind spots in biodefense." Science 379, no. 6633 (2023): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.adg9237.
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In October, the Biden administration released its National Biodefense Strategy (NBS-22), the first update since the COVID-19 pandemic began. Although the document notes that one of the lessons of the pandemic is that threats originating anywhere are threats everywhere, it frames threats as largely external to the United States. NBS-22 focuses primarily on bioterrorism and laboratory accidents, neglecting threats posed by routine practices of animal use and production inside the United States. NBS-22 references zoonotic disease but assures readers that no new legal authorities or institutional innovations are needed. Although the US is not alone in failing to confront these risks, its failure to comprehensively address them echoes across the globe.
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Bragg-Gresham, Jennifer L., Linda Fraunhofer, Jennifer L. Ennis, Yun Han, and Rajiv Saran. "Identifying Hotspots of CKD in the United States with Data from a Large National Clinical Laboratory Network." Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 32, no. 10S (2021): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1681/asn.20213210s1718d.
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OLIVER, AuthAngela, and ET AL. "Bridging the gap: strengthening testing capabilities of national medicines quality control laboratories in West Africa." International Journal of Pharmaceutical, Physico-chemical and Nutritional Analysis 1, no. 2 (2023): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.61585/ucad-ijppna-v1i207.
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Laboratory testing to assure the quality and safety of medicines is a critical component of public health. Across Africa, national regulatory authorities are challenged by a lack of sufficient capabilities within their national quality control laboratories (NQCLs) to perform analyses in a consistent, reliable, and accurate manner. The United States Agency for International Development founded-program, Promoting the Quality of Medicines and its successor Promoting the Quality of Medicines Plus, both implemented by United States Pharmacopeia, have worked to strengthen the testing capabilities of NQCLs in African countries. Their technical assistance aligned NQCLs’ operational practices and testing services with international standards and best practices and resulted in third-party recognition of capabilities and competence. This commentary provides a retrospective of key achievements of NQCLs in three West African countries, Ghana, Mali, and Nigeria, and illustrates success in addressing challenges through a complex multiyear venture. The commitment and dedication of NQCLs and their NRAs has resulted in international levels of compliance and competency.
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Hanlon, Cathleen A., James G. Olson, Cathy J. Clark, and _. _. "Article I: Prevention and education regarding rabies in human beings." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 215, no. 9 (1999): 1276–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1999.215.09.1276.
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Summary Substantial changes in the epizootic characteristics of rabies have transpired in the United States during the past 50 years. Traditional veterinary practices and public health recommendations have effectively controlled rabies in dogs and prevented associated human fatalities; however, they have been unable to adequately address the problem of rabies in wildlife. Attributable in part to a renewed focus on emerging infectious diseases, a conference was held at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in 1993 to begin discussion focused on the reemergence of rabies and to formulate new suggestions for prevention and control of rabies in the United States. Three major working groups were formed from a national committee of professionals representing a broad array of biomedical disciplines. These groups concentrated on prevention of rabies in human beings, education, laboratory diagnosis of rabies, and rabies control in animals. The groups described the perceived minimum requirements to promote prevention and control of rabies in the United States into the next century. The following article describes the needs and recommendations identified by the prevention and education working group. Two other articles, scheduled for the Nov 15 and Dec 1, 1999 issues of JAVMA, will relay the needs and recommendations of the working groups on laboratory diagnosis of rabies and rabies in wildlife.
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Kozdrój-Miller, Karolina, and Krzysztof Klemczak. ""Mapping of friction skin ridges impessions" (part I) - genesis." Issues of Forensic Science 306 (2019): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.34836/pk.2019.306.1.
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Since the publication of the National Research Council Report titled: Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward for the United States Department of Justice, there has been an international discussion on scientific character of fingerprint examination, and Poland has not been excluded from it. The approaches to fingerprint identification in the United States of America and Poland are completely different. In the first case, the holistic standard is used basing exclusively on the experience and conviction of the expert, and in the other one, numerical standard precisely determining the minimum number of consistent individual characteristics (minutiae) required for identification. Both standards have both advantages and significant drawbacks. A good way out of this situation would be finding a solution combing the holistic and numerical approaches and the project “Mapping of friction skin ridges impressions” implemented by the forensic experts of Fingerprint Examination Department in the Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police makes constitutes contribution to that.
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Beckman, Peter H. "Building the TeraGrid." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 363, no. 1833 (2005): 1715–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2005.1602.
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On 1 October 2004, the most ambitious high-performance Grid project in the United States—the TeraGrid—became fully operational. Resources at nine sites—the San Diego Supercomputer Center, the California Institute of Technology, the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, the University of Chicago/Argonne National Laboratory, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Texas Advanced Computing Center, Purdue University, Indiana University and Oak Ridge National Laboratory—were joined via an ultra-fast optical network, unified policies and security procedures and a sophisticated distributed computing software environment. Funded by the National Science Foundation, the TeraGrid enables scientists and engineers to combine distributed, multiple data sources with computation at any of the sites or link massively parallel computer simulations to extreme-resolution visualizations at remote sites. A single shared utility lets multiple resources be easily leveraged and provides improved access to advanced computational capabilities. One of the demonstrations of this new model for using distributed resources, Teragyroid, linked the infrastructure of the TeraGrid with computing resources in the United Kingdom via a transatlantic data fibre link. Once connected, the software framework of the RealityGrid project was used to successfully explore lattice-Boltzmann simulations involving lattices of over one billion sites.
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Loue, Sana, David Okello, and Medi Kawuma. "Research Bioethics in the Ugandan Context: A Program Summary." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 1 (1996): 47–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01832.x.
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Researchers, scientists, and physicians in Uganda have become increasingly aware of the need to develop a systematic approach to reviewing bio-medical research conducted in their country. Much of this awareness and their concern stems from Uganda's high seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the consequent large influx of research monies and HIV researchers from developed countries, including the United States and Great Britain.We report on the proceedings of a five-day symposium on bioethical principles governing clinical trials, which convened in Jinja, Uganda in September 1994. The thirteen male and female workshop participants included representatives from the Uganda Ministry of Health, Makerere University, the Uganda AIDS Commission, Uganda's National Council of Science and Technology, and the National Chemotherapeutic Laboratory. These representatives included ethicists, physicians, researchers, and pharmacists, all of whom have conducted research themselves. Initial workshop sessions focused on the history of human experimentation and the development of protections for human participants in medical research, both in the United States and internationally.
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D’Attoma, John. "More bang for your buck: tax compliance in the United States and Italy." Journal of Public Policy 40, no. 1 (2018): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x18000302.
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AbstractI investigate the relationship between perception of public institutions and tax compliance using a large tax compliance laboratory experiment conducted in Italy and the United States. In the first test, I conduct a simple tax compliance game to uncover that given the exact same decisions, contributions to the public good do not differ between Italy and the United States. Second, I ask participants to pay taxes to their national government, pension fund and fire department. In these rounds, behaviours diverge with Italian participants complying significantly less than Americans. Theoretically, I provide evidence demonstrating that how individuals perceive their institutions is a crucial component of the tax compliance decision. Methodologically, I provide a unique experiment, which can help us to better explain crosscountry variation in tax compliance, by asking subjects to make country-specific tax decisions.
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Aslan, Ozge Metin. "From an Academician's Preschool Diary: Emergent Curriculum and Its Practices in a Qualified Example of Laboratory Preschool." Journal of Curriculum and Teaching 7, no. 1 (2018): 97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jct.v7n1p97.
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The purpose of this research; a laboratory preschool located in one of the northern states of the United States ofAmerica and operating under the Child Development Institute, explains the practices about the Emergent Curriculumand builds a bridge between theory and practice in preschool education. It is thought that bringing good examples ofa laboratory school in the United States with a long history in the field of education to the national domain literaturewill be especially useful for teachers, researchers and specialists working on this field. The method of the study wascarried out by the observational case study which is one of the qualitative research designs. In addition, the documentanalysis method was used to support the information obtained from the observations over time. Obtained dataconsisted of observations made by the researcher in the preschool, unstructured teacher interviews, and informationobtained from the handbook of the kindergarten. The findings are discussed in the headings on the basis of theEmergent Program: Beginning of the day: Arrival in preschool exploration time and gym, large group time/classmeeting, activity time and free play, large and small group activities, use of learning centers, outdoor, role of teacherin practice and role of family and parent involvement practices.
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Pritychenko, B. "75 Years of Experimental Nuclear Reaction Data Compilations." EPJ Web of Conferences 284 (2023): 14002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328414002.
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The comprehensive experimental nuclear reaction data compilations were pioneered at the Metallurgical Laboratory, University of Chicago, and Los Alamos National Laboratory [1, 2] for the Manhattan Project needs. In 1947 many Manhattan Project alumni moved to a newly created Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to work on nuclear physics research and data compilations [3–6] in support of nuclear science and reactor research activities. Since the beginning, the data project has relied heavily on computer technologies available at the time, and Brookhaven compilations have been stored in the Sigma Center Information Storage and Retrieval System (SCISRS) that predated the Exchange Format (EXFOR) database. In the following years, the reaction compilations evolved and gained an international component. Currently, the compilation efforts are coordinated by the Nuclear Reaction Data Centers network (NRDC) worldwide, which was founded in 1979 and operates under the auspices of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The data compilations in the USA are coordinated by the National Nuclear Data Center (NNDC), Brookhaven National Laboratory for the United States Nuclear Data Program (USNDP). The database compilations represent one of the oldest continuously-operated scientific collaborations that continue to archive and disseminate nuclear data for nuclear science and technology.
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Shah, Melisa, Amber K. Haynes, Rebecca M. Dahl, Krista Kniss, Benjamin Silk, and Marie E. Killerby. "1331. Seasonality of Common Human Coronaviruses in the United States, 2014-2021." Open Forum Infectious Diseases 8, Supplement_1 (2021): S753—S754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab466.1523.
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Abstract Background The four common human coronavirus (HCoV) types, including two alpha (NL63 and 229E) and two beta (HKU1 and OC43) coronaviruses, generally cause mild, upper respiratory illness. Common HCoV seroprevalence increases rapidly during the first five years of life and remains high throughout adulthood. HCoVs are known to have seasonal patterns, with variation in predominant types each year, but more defined measures of seasonality are needed. Methods We describe laboratory detection, percent positivity, and seasonality of the four common HCoVs during July 2014 to May 2021 in the United States reported to the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). We also describe age, sex, and co-detection with other respiratory viruses for a subset of specimens available through the Public Health Laboratory Interoperability Project (PHLIP). We used a method previously validated for respiratory syncytial virus, characterized by a centered 5-week moving average and normalization to peak, to define seasonal inflections, including season onset, peak, and offset. Results Any HCoV type was detected in 96,336 (3.4%) of 2,487,736 specimens. Predominant common HCoV types fluctuated by surveillance year (Figure 1) and were generally consistent across geographic regions. In a subset of 4,576 specimens with a common HCoV detection, those with type 229E had a higher median age compared to other HCoV types (30.8 versus 24.8 years, p&lt; 0.001), but there were no differences by sex. Influenza was the most commonly co-detected virus. In the last six complete HCoV seasons, onsets ranged from October to November, peaks from January to February, and offsets from April to June; &gt;95% of all HCoV detections occurred within these ranges. The 2020-2021 common HCoV season onset, dominated by types NL63 and OC43, was delayed by approximately two months compared to prior seasons. Figure 1. The top panel represents total specimens tested and the bottom panel shows percent positivity of the four common human coronavirus (HCoV) types by week starting July 5, 2014 through May 8, 2021. Data are from the National Respiratory and Enteric Virus Surveillance System (NREVSS). Conclusion Common HCoVs demonstrate relatively consistent seasonal patterns. The delayed onset of the 2020-2021 season may be attributable to mitigation measures implemented across the US including masking, improved hand hygiene, and social distancing. Better defining HCoV seasonality can inform clinical preparedness and testing practices and may provide insights into the behavior of emerging coronaviruses. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Hogan, Patricia A., та Daniel J. Sheehan. "Macrolide Susceptibility and β-Lactamase Production among Haemophilus influenzae Isolates in the United States, 1996–1997". Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 42, № 12 (1998): 3313–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.42.12.3313.
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ABSTRACT In 1996 and 1997, 68 hospital laboratories throughout the United States determined the β-lactamase production and susceptibility to macrolides of 1,998 isolates of Haemophilus influenzaeobtained from patients with community-acquired respiratory tract infections. The MICs at which 90% of the isolates are inhibited of azithromycin, erythromycin, and clarithromycin were 4, 8, and 16 μg/ml, respectively. By National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards interpretive criteria, 99 and 78% of the isolates were susceptible to azithromycin and clarithromycin, respectively. The prevalence of β-lactamase production was 32%.
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Young, Eric H., Kelsey A. Strey, Grace C. Lee, Travis J. Carlson, Jim M. Koeller, and Kelly R. Reveles. "Clostridioides difficile Infection Treatment and Outcome Disparities in a National Sample of United States Hospitals." Antibiotics 11, no. 9 (2022): 1203. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11091203.
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Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) disproportionately affects certain populations, but few studies have investigated health outcome disparities among patients with CDI. This study aimed to characterize CDI treatment and health outcomes among patients by age group, sex, race, and ethnicity. This was a nationally representative, retrospective cohort study of patients with laboratory-confirmed CDI within the Premier Healthcare Database from January 2018 to March 2021. CDI therapies received and health outcomes were compared between patients by age group, sex, race, and Hispanic ethnicity using bivariable and multivariable statistical analyses. A total of 45,331 CDI encounters were included for analysis: 38,764 index encounters and 6567 recurrent encounters. CDI treatment patterns, especially oral vancomycin use, varied predominantly by age group. Older adult (65+ years), male, Black, and Hispanic patients incurred the highest treatment-related costs and were at greatest risk for severe CDI. Male sex was an independent predictor of in-hospital mortality (aOR 1.17, 95% CI 1.05–1.31). Male sex (aOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.18–1.32) and Black race (aOR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19–1.41) were independent predictors of hospital length of stay >7 days in index encounters. In this nationally representative study, CDI treatment and outcome disparities were noted by age group, sex, and race.
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Weisbin, C., and D. Perillard. "R & D Profile Jet Propulsion Laboratory Robotic Facilities and Associated Research." Robotica 9, no. 1 (1991): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574700015526.
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SUMMARYThis paper describes the robotics facilities and associated research program of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, lead center in telerobotics for the United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Emphasis is placed on evolution from teleoperation to remote System automation. Research is described in manipulator modelling and control, real-time planning and monitoring, navigation in outdoor terrain, real-time sensing and perception, human-machine interface, and overall System architectures. Applications to NASA missions emphasize robotic spacecraft for solar System exploration, satellite servicing and retrieval, assembly of structures, and surveillance. Applications to military missions include battlefield navigation, surveillance, logistics, command and control.
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Ranieri, Vittorio, Pasquale Colonna, John J. Sansalone, and Alessio Sciddurlo. "Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity in Porous Mixes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2295, no. 1 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2295-01.
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In the past two decades, runoff-permeable porous pavement and porous friction courses of pavement systems have been implemented more frequently, first in Europe and subsequently in the United States. Consequently, research and case studies are increasing, with a commensurate increase in the knowledge base for these drainable pavement matrices and systems. The main distinguishing parameter of these porous matrices is the hydraulic conductivity (k), as compared with traditional impervious pavements. Equipment and standards for measuring k vary widely. This variability includes laboratory and field permeameters, constant-head and falling-head permeameters, and methods based on differing equipment and differing protocols. In many cases, such variability generates results that are either difficult to compare or not comparable. As a result, the value of k that is generated from different methods and different equipment is uncertain. The disparate methods and measurement of k as a parameter challenge the researcher and the practitioner. During the development and specifying phase, the researcher and the designer require a representative value of k to ensure proper predictive models and design. During and after construction, the engineer and the practitioner require k for quality control. This paper illustrates and summarizes the available methods for measuring the k of pavement porous mixes. Some case studies are examined to verify the differences between methods and equipment used for determination of k. The European Standard UNI EN 12697-19 is examined through an experimental study. Theoretical and practical results help explain the measurement of k for pavements as a primary parameter of porous runoff-permeable mixes.
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Germer, J. J., J. N. Mandrekar, J. L. Bendel, P. S. Mitchell, and J. D. C. Yao. "Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes in Clinical Specimens Tested at a National Reference Testing Laboratory in the United States." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 49, no. 8 (2011): 3040–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.00457-11.
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Musial, Walt. "Offshore Wind Electricity: A Viable Energy Option for the Coastal United States." Marine Technology Society Journal 41, no. 3 (2007): 32–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533207787442088.
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U.S. offshore wind energy resources are abundant, indigenous, and broadly dispersed among the most expensive and highly constrained electricity load centers. Economic capacity expansion models developed at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory show that offshore wind energy can compete in future U.S. electric energy markets without major changes in the market variables or revolutionary technological breakthroughs. However, significant research, development, and deployment will be needed to bring the current technology through a course of cost reductions. To maximize the resource potential, these reductions need to be made along parallel technology paths that will expand the available resource by allowing wind turbines to be installed in deep water. Analysis shows that incremental technology improvements leading to moderate cost reductions, and reasonable increases in the cost of conventional energy will help offshore wind achieve cost competitiveness by 2030 and become a major contributor to the energy supply of the United States. This paper describes a wide range of technical research and development that can reduce costs and improve technology for deep water deployment.
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Schuh, Amy J., Jackson Kyondo, James Graziano, et al. "Rapid establishment of a frontline field laboratory in response to an imported outbreak of Ebola virus disease in western Uganda, June 2019." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 12 (2021): e0009967. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009967.
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The Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) declared an Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreak in North Kivu in August 2018. By June 2019, the outbreak had spread to 26 health zones in northeastern DRC, causing >2,000 reported cases and >1,000 deaths. On June 10, 2019, three members of a Congolese family with EVD-like symptoms traveled to western Uganda’s Kasese District to seek medical care. Shortly thereafter, the Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Surveillance and Laboratory Program (VHF program) at the Uganda Virus Research Institute (UVRI) confirmed that all three patients had EVD. The Ugandan Ministry of Health declared an outbreak of EVD in Uganda’s Kasese District, notified the World Health Organization, and initiated a rapid response to contain the outbreak. As part of this response, UVRI and the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with the support of Uganda’s Public Health Emergency Operations Center, the Kasese District Health Team, the Superintendent of Bwera General Hospital, the United States Department of Defense’s Makerere University Walter Reed Project, and the United States Mission to Kampala’s Global Health Security Technical Working Group, jointly established an Ebola Field Laboratory in Kasese District at Bwera General Hospital, proximal to an Ebola Treatment Unit (ETU). The laboratory consisted of a rapid containment kit for viral inactivation of patient specimens and a GeneXpert Instrument for performing Xpert Ebola assays. Laboratory staff tested 76 specimens from alert and suspect cases of EVD; the majority were admitted to the ETU (89.3%) and reported recent travel to the DRC (58.9%). Although no EVD cases were detected by the field laboratory, it played an important role in patient management and epidemiological surveillance by providing diagnostic results in <3 hours. The integration of the field laboratory into Uganda’s National VHF Program also enabled patient specimens to be referred to Entebbe for confirmatory EBOV testing and testing for other hemorrhagic fever viruses that circulate in Uganda.
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Kost, Gerald J. "Critical Limits for Emergency Clinician Notification at United States Children's Hospitals." Pediatrics 88, no. 3 (1991): 597–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.88.3.597.
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Critical results demand rapid patient evaluation, possibly followed by life-saving intervention. A national survey of children's hospitals determined the critical limits used for emergency notification of critical laboratory results. Mean low and high critical limits for children for the tests listed most frequently were as follows (millimoles per liter): glucose, 2.6 and 24.7; potassium, 2.8 and 6.4; calcium, 1.62 and 3.17; and sodium, 121 and 156. For newborns, significantly different (P &lt; .01) critical limits were glucose, 1.8 and 18.2; and potassium, 7.8. Hematology mean critical limits for children included hemoglobin, 69 and 208 g/L; platelets, 53 and 916 x 1O9/L; hematocrit, 0.20 and 0.62 L/L; and white blood cell counts, 2.1 and 42.9 x 109/L. Critical limits for pH were 7.21 and 7.59; for Pco2, 21 and 66 mm Hg; and for Po2, 45 and 124 mm Hg. Important qualitative critical results included blasts on the blood smear and abnormal cerebrospinal fluid findings. In comparison with other medical centers, children's hospitals maintained tighter critical limits for surveillance of renal function, hemostasis dysfunction, and newborn hypokalemia. Use of these results to eliminate outliers can help reduce unnecessary statim notification and improve resource utilization for the acute diagnosis and treatment of critically ill newborns and children.
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Cobaner, Murat, Galip Seckin, and Ozgur Kisi. "Initial assessment of bridge backwater using an artificial neural network approach." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 35, no. 5 (2008): 500–510. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l07-142.
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The assessment of backwater resulting from extra energy losses on flood flows caused by bridge constrictions is of vital interest in hydraulic engineering due to its importance in the design of waterways and management of flooding. Although many detailed methods for estimating bridge backwater have been developed, an initial estimate of the magnitude of bridge backwater using a practical model, such as the multiple linear regression (MLR) technique, has a crucial importance for rapid evaluation of flood damages upstream of the bridge structure. In the current study, first, two artificial neural network (ANN) models using the same amount of input data as that of an MLR approach were developed, and then the ability of these ANN models versus the MLR models was investigated for the initial assessment of bridge backwater, both models having been based on the comprehensive laboratory data of the Hydraulic Research Wallingford in UK. The comparison of the results by the MLR and the ANN approaches revealed that the ANN model gave better predictions than those of the MLR model when applied to these laboratory data. United States Geological Survey (USGS) field data were also used for the validation and comparison of these methods. The results showed that ANN approaches yielded more accurate results than those of the MLR models when applied to these field data including actual flood profiles through many bridges.
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Lee, Benjamin C., Matt Hall, Ladan Agharokh, Andrew G. Yu, Kavita Parikh, and Samir S. Shah. "National cross-sectional study on cost consciousness, cost accuracy, and national medical waste reduction initiative knowledge among pediatric hospitalists in the United States." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0284912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0284912.
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Background/objective Despite initiatives to reduce waste and spending, there is a gap in physician knowledge regarding the cost of commonly ordered items. We examined the relationship between pediatric hospitalists’ knowledge of national medical waste reduction initiatives, self-reported level of cost-consciousness (the degree in which cost affects practice), and cost accuracy (how close an estimate is to its hospital cost) at a national level. Methods This cross-sectional study used a national, online survey sent to hospitalists at 49 children’s hospitals to assess their knowledge of national medical waste reduction initiatives, self-reported cost consciousness, and cost estimates for commonly ordered laboratory studies, medications, and imaging studies. Actual unit costs for each hospital were obtained from the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS). Cost accuracy was calculated as the percent difference between each respondent’s estimate and unit costs, using cost-charge ratios (CCR). Results The hospitalist response rate was 17.7% (327/1850), representing 40 hospitals. Overall, 33.1% of respondents had no knowledge of national medical waste reduction initiatives and 24.3% had no knowledge of local hospital costs. There was no significant relationship between cost accuracy and knowledge of national medical waste reduction initiatives or high self-reported cost consciousness. Hospitalists with the highest self-reported cost consciousness were the least accurate in estimating costs for commonly ordered laboratory studies, medications, or imaging studies. Respondents overestimated the cost of all items with the largest percent difference with medications. Hospitalists practicing over 15 years had the highest cost accuracy. Conclusions A large proportion of pediatric hospitalists lack knowledge on national waste reduction initiatives. Improving the cost-accuracy of pediatric hospitalists may not reduce health care costs as they overestimated many hospital costs. Median unit cost lists could be a resource for educating medical students and residents about health care costs.
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Schneider, Marilyn J., Wendy C. Andersen, H. An, et al. "Determination of Triphenylmethane Dyes and Their Metabolites in Salmon, Catfish, and Shrimp by LC-MS/MS Using AOAC First Action Method 2012.25: Collaborative Study." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 98, no. 3 (2015): 658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.14-263.
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Abstract A collaborative study was conducted to evaluate the AOAC First Action 2012.25 LC-MS/MS analytical method for the determination of residues of three triphenylmethane dyes (malachite green, crystal violet, and brilliant green) and their metabolites (leucomalachite green and leucocrystal violet) in seafood. Fourteen laboratories from the United States, Canada, and the European Union member states participated in the study including national and state regulatory laboratories, university and national research laboratories, and private analytical testing laboratories. A variety of LC-MS/MS instruments were used for the analysis. Each participating laboratory received blinded test samples in duplicate of salmon, catfish, and shrimp consisting of negative control matrix; matrix fortified with residues at 0.42, 0.90, and 1.75 μg/kg; and samples of incurred matrix. The analytical results from each participating laboratory were evaluated for both quantitative residue determination and qualitative identification of targeted analytes. Results from statistical analysis showed that this method provided excellent trueness (generally ≥90% recovery) and precision (RSDr generally ≤10%, HorRat &lt;1). The Study Directors recommend Method 2012.25 for Final Action status.
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Bennett, Charles, Masanori Matsumoto, Peter Georgantopoulos, et al. "Deficient ADAMTS13 Activity in Ticlopidine-Associated Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP) in Populations From Japan in 2012: Validation of Findings Initially Reported in the United States in 1998 and 2000." Blood 120, no. 21 (2012): 2203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v120.21.2203.2203.
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Abstract Abstract 2203 Background: Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is frequently characterized by severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, the cause of which is unknown. An important exception is ticlopidine-associated TTP (tc-TTP), the most common drug-induced TTP syndrome. In 1998, a possible association of TTP with ticlopidine was reported. In 1999, two additional series reported this association. In 2000, a fourth study reported severe A DAMTS13 deficiency among six of seven tc-TTP persons- suggesting a causal pathway. All of these reports were from the United States. Recently, we reported characteristics of 186 acquired idiopathic (ai)- TTP patients in Japan with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, noting that clinical and laboratory findings for ai-TTP patients in Japan differed from those for cohorts of ai-TTP patients in Europe and North America- raising concern that TTP findings vary by region of the world. (PLOS One 2011) We now on report clinical and laboratory characteristics of a cohort of TTP patients from Japan with tc-TTP, and compare these findings to three cohorts of tc-TTP in the United States and one cohort of ai-TTP patients from Japan. Methods: We queried a database of thrombotic microangiopathy patients identified from a national TTP referral laboratory in Japan of cases identified between 1998 and 2008. Severe ADAMTS13 deficiency was characterized by activity levels < 5%. All tc-TTP patients and 186 of 911 ai-TTP patients in the database had severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and first onset of TTP. Comparisons were made to tc-TTP patients reported previously from the United States. Results: Characteristics of ai- TTP with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency in Japan and tc-TTP in Japan and US Conclusions: These data from Japan validate insights about tc-TTP initially proposed in 1998, 1999, and 2000 in the United States. Ticlopidine is a likely cause of TTP, the mechanism is via a cross-reactive antibody to ADAMTS13:AC resulting in formation of an ADAMTS13:INH, and therapeutic plasma exchange is necessary for treatment. Disclosures: Ortel: Eisai: Research Funding; Glaxo SmithKline: Research Funding; Pfizer: Research Funding; Instrumentation Laboratory, Inc: Consultancy, Research Funding; Boehringer Ingelheim: Consultancy. Fujimura:Baxter BioScience: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees; Alexion Pharma: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.
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Doern, G. V., A. B. Brueggemann, G. Pierce, T. Hogan, H. P. Holley, and A. Rauch. "Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among 723 outpatient clinical isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis in the United States in 1994 and 1995: results of a 30-center national surveillance study." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 12 (1996): 2884–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.12.2884.
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Seven hundred twenty-three isolates of Moraxella catarrhalis obtained from outpatients with a variety of infections in 30 medical centers in the United States between 1 November 1994 and 30 April 1995 were characterized in a central laboratory. The overall rate of beta-lactamase production was 95.3%. When the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards MIC interpretive breakpoints for Haemophilus influenzae were applied, percentages of strains found to be susceptible to selected oral antimicrobial agents were as follows: azithromycin, clarithromycin, and erythromycin, 100%; tetracycline and chloramphenicol, 100%; amoxicillin-clavulanate, 100%; cefixime, 99.3%; cefpodoxime, 99.0%; cefaclor, 99.4%; loracarbef, 99.0%; cefuroxime, 98.5%; cefprozil, 94.3%; and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 93.5%.
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Dargatz, David A., Matthew M. Erdman, and Beth Harris. "A survey of methods used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing in veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 29, no. 5 (2017): 669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638717714505.
Texto completoResumen
Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to animal and human health worldwide, requiring a collaborative, holistic approach. The U.S. Government has developed a national strategy to address antimicrobial resistance, with one component being to monitor antimicrobial resistance in agricultural settings. We developed a survey to collect information about antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) from the veterinary diagnostic laboratory community in the United States, assessing current practices and technologies and determining how AST information is shared. Of the 132 surveys administered, 52 (39%) were returned. Overall, responding laboratories conducted susceptibility tests on 98,788 bacterial isolates in 2014, with Escherichia coli being the most common pathogen tested across all animal species. The 2 most common AST methods employed were the disk diffusion method (71%) and the Sensititre platform broth microdilution system (59%). Laboratories primarily used the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) VET-01 standard (69%) and the automatically calculated interpretations provided by the commercial AST systems (61%) for interpreting their AST data. Only 22% of laboratories published AST data on a periodic basis, usually via annual reports published on the laboratory’s website or through peer-reviewed journals for specific pathogens. Our results confirm that disk diffusion and broth microdilution remain the standard AST methods employed by U.S. veterinary diagnostic laboratories, and that CLSI standards are commonly used for interpreting AST results. This information will help determine the most efficient standardized methodology for future surveillance. Furthermore, the current infrastructure within laboratories, once harmonized, will help provide a mechanism for conducting national surveillance programs.