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Matray, James I. "“Potsdam Revisited: Prelude to a Divided Korea”". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 24, n.º 2-3 (12 de septiembre de 2017): 259–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02402012.
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Scholarly debate about the reasons for Korea’s division at the 38th parallel in August 1945 has not been particularly intense. Early historical accounts accepted the u.s. government’s claim that the United States and the Soviet Union made a hasty decision to partition the country as a matter of military convenience to coordinate the acceptance of the surrender of Japanese forces at the end of World War ii. By the early 1980s, however, new research had established that President Harry S. Truman planned to occupy all of Korea after using the atomic bomb, which was designed to force Japan’s surrender before the Soviet Union entered the Pacific War. But when Premier Joseph Stalin sent the Red Army into Korea, Truman proposed dividing Korea to prevent the Soviets from imposing Communist rule on the entire nation. Recently, some South Korean scholars have challenged this interpretation. Relying on new research, they contend that during the Potsdam Conference, u.s. and Soviet officials negotiated a secret agreement to divide Korea at the 38th parallel. This research note examines Won Bom Lee’s article making this argument, showing how it lacks evidentiary support to overturn the standard explanation for Korea’s division.
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Magoon, Orville T., Donald D. Treadwell y Paul S. Atwood. "JETTIES AT BODEGA HARBOR". Coastal Engineering Proceedings 1, n.º 32 (1 de febrero de 2011): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v32.structures.52.
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To create and maintain a navigable entrance for small craft between the Pacific Ocean and the natural lagoon now referred to as Bodega Harbor, the construction of two rubble-mound jetties and the associated dredging of interior channels were authorized by the United States Congress in the late 1930s. The jetties were built by the United States Army Corps of Engineers in the early 1940s. Elements of the planning, design, construction, monitoring, and maintenance of the jetties are discussed herein.
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Gonzalez, BSc, Anthony R. y Samuel H. Amber, PhD. "Recent field experiments with commercial satellite imagery direct downlink". Journal of Emergency Management 15, n.º 1 (1 de enero de 2017): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5055/jem.2017.0313.
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US Pacific Command's strategy includes assistance to United States government relief agencies and nongovernment organizations during humanitarian aid and disaster relief operations in the Asia-Pacific region. Situational awareness during these operations is enhanced by broad interagency access to unclassified commercial satellite imagery. The Remote Ground Terminal—a mobile satellite downlink ground station—has undergone several technology demonstrations and participated in an overseas deployment exercise focused on a natural disaster scenario. This ground station has received new commercial imagery within 20 minutes, hastening a normally days-long process. The Army Geospatial Center continues to manage technology development and product improvement for the Remote Ground Terminal. Furthermore, this ground station is now on a technology transition path into the Distributed Common Ground System-Army program of record.
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Sarantakes, Nicholas Evan. "Warriors of Word and Sword". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 23, n.º 4 (21 de noviembre de 2016): 334–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02303001.
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The Battle of Okinawa was the last major ground battle of World War ii. The Tenth u.s. Army that invaded this small piece of Japan was a unique force composed of units from the u.s. Army and others from the u.s. Marine Corps. Much historical literature has focused on the different approaches to ground combat of the two armed services, but they also employed very different policies towards support of the news media. The u.s. Marines were much more supportive than the u.s. Army. The two different policies and styles of news coverage that reporters employed led to coverage favoring the u.s. Marines. Reporting suggested that u.s. Marine procedures were less costly in lives and created enormous concern in the United States about casualty rates, motivating President Harry S. Truman to hold an Oval Office meeting to re-think strategy in the Pacific theater. It would be wrong, though, to argue that the media altered the course of the war. Truman asked hard probing questions about the direction of the war, but General of the Army George C. Marshall acted to ensure that the United States stayed on its current strategic path.
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Whiting, Daniel. "MEXUSPAC: MEXICO/U.S. PACIFIC REGIONAL RESPONSE COORDINATION TEAM1". International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings 1995, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 1995): 959–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7901/2169-3358-1995-1-959.
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ABSTRACT The Agreement of Cooperation Between the United States of America and the United Mexican States Regarding Pollution of the Marine Environment by Discharges of Hydrocarbons and other Hazardous Substances, signed in Mexico City in 1980, provides a framework for cooperation in response to pollution incidents that pose a threat to the waters of both countries. Under this agreement, MEXUSPAC organizes Mexican and U.S. response agencies to plan for and respond to pollution emergencies in the marine environment. The MEXUSPAC contingency plan designates the commandant of the Mexican Second Naval Zone and the chief of the U.S. Coast Guard 11th District Marine Safety Division as the MEXUSPAC Cochairmen, and defines on-scene commanders, joint operations centers, and communications protocols that would be needed to coordinate the response to pollution incidents affecting both countries.
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Beaver, Daniel R. "The United States Army Second Division Northwest of Chateau Thierry in World War One (review)". Journal of Military History 71, n.º 1 (2007): 249–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jmh.2007.0003.
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Popov, Grigorij. "Japan vs the United States (1941—1945). People and Machines". ISTORIYA 12, n.º 12-2 (110) (2021): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840015908-7.
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The authors study the military potential of the Japanese Empire and its changes during the Pacific War in order to understand the role of the Pacific Theater of Operations in World War II. In this regard, the authors basing on the losses suffered by Japan on various fronts define the role of the USSR in the defeat of militaristic Japan. They argue that the contribution of the USSR to the victory of the Anti-Hitler coalition in Asia consists mainly in shackling significant forces of the Japanese army in Manchuria and Korea until the end of the summer of 1945, which did not allow the Japanese military to win to a large extent in the southwestern provinces of China, thereby ensuring direct communication with Burma. As for the defeat of the Japanese Air Force, which was the main striking force of Japanese militarism, there was a decisive contribution of the United States, whose Air Force also caused significant damage to Japanese industry by the summer of 1945 with strategic bombing. In this regard, the authors question the need for atomic bombing, which accelerated the surrender of Japan, but did not make it, as the authors prove, inevitable. The authors see the main reason for Japan's defeat in the strategy of its High command, putting the economy in second place. The Japanese admirals exaggerated the capabilities of carrier-based aircraft too much, which became a fatal factor for Japan in the Pacific war. The authors also claim that the actions of the Allied troops in Burma played a significant role in the defeat of Japan.
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Wu, Yanbin. "Implementation of Indo-Pacific military policy in North-East Asia and China's response". Problemy dalnego vostoka, n.º 3 (2022): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s013128120019371-9.
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This article examines the current structure of US military forces in Japan and South Korea and the implementation of the Indo-Pacific military policy of the United States in Northeast Asia, and briefly describes China's response to the Indo-Pacific military policy of the United States. Since the Second World War, the US has had huge national interests in Northeast Asia, and the region is one of the main areas in which the US promotes its democratic values and concentrates its military and strategic planning. In recent years, as China's military modernization has accelerated, the People's Liberation Army of China (PLA) has become increasingly active in East Asia and the Western Pacific. The rapid rise of mainland China is being felt by the US and is one of the main reasons why the US has shifted its attention to the Asia-Pacific region in the second half of the Obama administration's presidential term. The Indo-Pacific strategy is an important component of the US security strategy formally proposed by the Trump administration, and its effectiveness in Northeast Asia will largely determine the continuity and success of US strategy in the Indo-Pacific. The concrete implementation of US military policy in the Indo-Pacific region will inevitably affect the security situation in the region, change relations between countries in the region, and will also have an important impact on the future political landscape of the world.
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Cole, George F. y I. Ridgway Davis. "Fred Kort". PS: Political Science & Politics 37, n.º 4 (octubre de 2004): 891. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096504045354.
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Fred Kort, professor emeritus at the University of Connecticut, passed away at the age of 85 on July 17, 2004, after a long battle with cancer. Born in Vienna, Fred witnessed the rise of the Nazis and was a student of law at the University of Vienna until 1938 when Jewish students were expelled. As a result, Fred emigrated to the United States in 1939. In 1942 he volunteered for the U.S. Army and returned to Europe with the 11th Armored Division, fought in the Battle of the Bulge and other engagements, and eventually was stationed in Vienna. Upon his return to the United States, Fred enrolled at Northwestern University in 1946, earning his B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. in four years. He joined the department of political science at the University of Connecticut in 1950 and taught for 40 years, retiring in 1990.
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Maclellan, Nic. "From Fiji to Fallujah: The war on Iraq and the privatisation of Pacific security". Pacific Journalism Review : Te Koakoa 12, n.º 2 (1 de septiembre de 2006): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/pjr.v12i2.862.
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Since the invasion of Iraq in 2003, private security companies from the United Kingdom and United States have been seeking personnel for their operations in the Middle East, and many hundreds of Fijians have signed up. The privatisation of security, a growing trend in the Middle East and Africa, has reached the shores of the South Pacific and governments have little control over former army personnel employed by private military contractors. This article documents the recruitment of Fijian military personnel for service in Iraq and Kuwait, and the casualties that they have faced. The engagement of former military personnel as private military contractors has spilt over into the Pacific as well—from the 1997 Sandline crisis to current events in Bougainville. Since November 2005, the governments of Fiji, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands have tried to resolve a crisis caused by the presence of former Fijian soldiers in Bougainville.
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Isenberg, Andrew C. y Thomas Richards. "Alternative Wests". Pacific Historical Review 86, n.º 1 (1 de febrero de 2017): 4–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2017.86.1.4.
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The mid-nineteenth century territorial growth of the United States was complex and contradictory. Not only did Mexico, Britain, and Native Americans contest U.S. territorial objectives; so, too, did many within the United States and in some cases American western settlers themselves. The notion of manifest destiny reflects few of these complexities. The authors argue that manifest destiny was a partisan idea that emerged in a context of division and uncertainty intended to overawe opponents of expansion. Only in the early twentieth century, as the United States had consolidated its hold on the North American West and was extending its power into the Caribbean and Pacific, did historians begin to describe manifest destiny as something that it never was in the nineteenth century: a consensus. To a significant extent, historians continue to rely on the idea to explain U.S. expansion. The authors argue for returning a sense of context and contingency to the understanding of mid-nineteenth-century U.S. expansion.
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Mauch, Peter. "Documentary Discovery: Japan’s Armed Services’ Revisions to the Draft Understanding between Japan and the United States, April 1941". Journal of American-East Asian Relations 20, n.º 1 (2013): 79–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765610-02001008.
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This essay reproduces in its entirety a translated version of a hitherto neglected document from 1941, entitled “Armed Services’ and Foreign Ministry’s Revised Draft, April 21.” The revisions pertain to the so-called “Draft Understanding between Japan and the United States,” a plan for peace in the Pacific which Ambassador Nomura Kichisaburō submitted to U.S. Secretary of State Cordell Hull on 14 April, and then to Japanese Prime Minister Konoe Fumimaro on 17 April. The revisions – or, to be more exact, the scarcity of revisions – suggest that even the Imperial Japanese Army viewed the Draft Understanding with an equanimity that has escaped previous scholarship. In so doing, the reproduced document raises important questions about the gulf separating Japan’s armed services and hardline Foreign Minister Matsuoka Yōsuke.
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CAO, Tianci. "On Mishima Yukio’s <i>Tōka no Kiku</i> ：The Images of Imperial Japanese Soldiers". Border Crossings: The Journal of Japanese-Language Literature Studies 16, n.º 1 (28 de junio de 2023): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.22628/bcjjl.2023.16.1.97.
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<i>Tōka no Kiku</i>, published by MishimaYukio in 1961, is considered the second play of his “Trilogy on the February 26 Incident”. It is loosely based on a specific element of the assassination of Makino Nobuaki, and highlights the non-violent instincts of the young Imperial Japanese Army officers who organized the attack. On the other hand, the image of the surviving soldier in this play, created by Mishima, who attempted to represent the historical continuity of the Shôwa era, is a device that expresses the twin, contradictory aspects of the Asia– Pacific War. The image accentuates the resistance against the imperialism that was led by Europe and the United States, while concealing the aggressiveness of the war against Asian colonies, and it ultimately dissolves The Empire of Japan’s responsibility for the Asia–Pacific War.
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Marcum, Deanna B. "United States Library of Congress: Expanding in Three Directions". Alexandria: The Journal of National and International Library and Information Issues 19, n.º 2 (agosto de 2007): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095574900701900202.
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Visitors to the United States Library of Congress will find it in the midst of major expansions of three kinds – expansions to preserve what otherwise might be lost, to protect what it already has, and to make what it has more readily and widely accessible. One current kind of expansion takes the form of constructing a new complex of four buildings in the side of a mountain near the city of Culpeper in the state of Virginia, about an hour's drive from the library's main facilities in Washington, DC. This complex, named the Library of Congress Packard Center for Audio-Visual Conservation, will provide safe storage and new preservation and access systems for the film, video, and sound collections – 5.7 million items – administered by the library's Motion Picture, Broadcasting, and Recorded Sound Division. The library's second major current expansion consists of constructing off-site storage modules for other collections on the site of Fort Meade, a US Army installation in the state of Maryland, less than an hour's drive from Washington, DC. On this site, the library and its partners are finishing the third and fourth of a projected 13, high-density storage modules, designed to extend the life of parts of the library's holdings by a factor of six. The third major current expansion of the Library of Congress is on the Internet, where the library's website now offers some 10 million digitized items. Through financial and other partnerships, the library will continue to add to its online resources, and is working with UNESCO on a project to create a World Digital Library. This will be a collaborative virtual repository through which libraries worldwide provide access to rare, primary source materials, illustrating cultures in all parts of the globe, for the potential benefit of people everywhere.
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Hickey, Donald R. y John C. Fredriksen. "Officers of the War of 1812 with Portraits and Anecdotes: The United States Army Left Division Gallery of Honor". Journal of the Early Republic 10, n.º 2 (1990): 279. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3123576.
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Reznick, Jeffrey S. "Perspectives from the History of Medicine Division of the United States National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health". Medical History 55, n.º 3 (julio de 2011): 413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025727300005494.
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2011 marks the 175th anniversary of the United States National Library of Medicine (NLM) that traces its origins to 1836 and the commitment of the second US Army Surgeon General, Thomas Lawson (1789–1861), to purchase books and journals for active-duty medical officers. The occasion affords an opportunity to focus on the contributions of the NLM to the history of medicine and public health, and to look forward into the digital world of the twenty-first century as the NLM joins with like-minded institutions, scholars, educators, writers, students, and others to expand knowledge of medical and public health history for the advancement of scholarship across the disciplines and for the education of the general public. As more audiences become interested in medical and public health history, opportunities abound to broaden and deepen understanding of the past, present, and future of medicine and public health in order to help refine critical thinking about medicine and science, promote deeper understanding of medical and scientific concepts, and generally humanise medicine and public health by revealing the implications of disease and healthcare for individuals and communities in the United States and around the world.
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Opalak, Charles F., Rafael A. Vega, Jodi L. Koste, R. Scott Graham y Alex B. Valadka. "One hundred years of neurosurgery at the Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University (1919–2019)". Journal of Neurosurgery 133, n.º 6 (diciembre de 2020): 1873–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2019.8.jns183464.
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The Department of Neurosurgery at the Medical College of Virginia/Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU) celebrates its 100th anniversary in 2019. It was founded by C. C. Coleman, who directed the US Army School of Brain Surgery during World War I and was one of the original members of the Society of Neurological Surgeons. Coleman began a residency program that was among the first four such programs in the United States and that produced such prominent graduates as Frank Mayfield, Gayle Crutchfield, and John Meredith. Neurosurgery at VCU later became a division under the medical school’s surgery department. Division chairs included William Collins and Donald Becker. It was during the Becker years that VCU became a leading National Institutes of Health–funded neurotrauma research center. Harold Young oversaw the transition from division to department and expanded the practice base of the program. In 2015, Alex Valadka assumed leadership and established international collaborations for research and education. In its first 100 years, VCU Neurosurgery has distinguished itself as an innovator in clinical research and an incubator of compassionate and service-oriented physicians.
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Albi, Syahroni, Umi Oktyari Retnaningsih y Yusnarida Eka Nizmi. "STRATEGI ASEAN MENGHADAPI PERSAINGAN KEKUATAN AMERIKA SERIKAT DAN CHINA DI KAWASAN INDO-PASIFIK". Journal Publicuho 4, n.º 1 (22 de enero de 2021): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.35817/jpu.v4i1.16116.
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ASEAN is an international organization in Southeast Asia that holds up the principle non-interference and non-alignment, but this principle cannot be maintained in the face of the power competition that occurs between the United States and China in the Indo-Pacific Region. The ten ASEAN member countries have different national interests. Some ASEAN member countries support the United States while some others support China. Having different national interests causes ASEAN member countries to have different views on the power competition that occurs between the United States and China. ASEAN has an interest in safeguarding its region so that's it remains in a stable, safe, and prosperous condition. So that prevents the division of unity among these member countries, ASEAN must have a strategy to maintain regional stability. The theory used in this research is Clive Archer's theory of international organization and the theory of interdependence from Keohane and Joseph S. Nye. The research method used is qualitative, and the data collection technique used in this research is a literature study. The results of this study indicate that ASEAN uses the ASEAN Outlook on the Indo-Pacific (AOIP) strategy which was agreed upon by all member countries at the 34th ASEAN Summit in Bangkok. ASEAN does not take side with one of the major power countries but to the prioritize cooperation in the fields of maritime, connectivity, SDGs, and the economy.
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Gramer, Jennifer. "“Monuments of German Baseness”? Confiscated Nazi war art and American occupation in the United States and postwar Germany". International Journal of Cultural Property 28, n.º 3 (agosto de 2021): 425–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s094073912100031x.
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AbstractUnder the postwar American occupation of Germany, art produced by the Staffel der bildenden Künstler (German Combat Artist Unit) of Nazi Germany was sent to US military sites for storage under the direction of Captain Gordon Gilkey. Gilkey was head of the German War Art Project, the arm of the Historical Division of the US army tasked with confiscating German “propaganda and war art.” This art, considered a dangerous instrument of Nazi revival, was not protected by laws prohibiting art looting. Yet American officers were sympathetic to many of the paintings created by combat artists, and the German combat artists themselves were torn about their roles in Nazism, perceiving themselves as either victims or survivors merely attempting to make a living. This article traces the history of this artwork from its seizure in postwar Germany through its internment in the United States up to later attempts in the 1950s and 1980s to restitute the works to their creators.
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Wilkinson, D. Andrew, Kyle Johnson, Hugh J. L. Garton, Karin M. Muraszko y Cormac O. Maher. "Trends in surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I in the United States". Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 19, n.º 2 (febrero de 2017): 208–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/2016.8.peds16273.
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OBJECTIVE The goal of this analysis was to define temporal and geographic trends in the surgical treatment of Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) in a large, privately insured health care network. METHODS The authors examined de-identified insurance claims data from a large, privately insured health care network of over 58 million beneficiaries throughout the United States for the period between 2001 and 2014 for all patients undergoing surgical treatment of CM-I. Using a combination of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) diagnosis codes and Current Procedural Terminology (CPT) codes, the authors identified CM-I and associated diagnoses and procedures over a 14-year period, highlighting temporal and geographic trends in the performance of CM-I decompression (CMD) surgery as well as commonly associated procedures. RESULTS There were 2434 surgical procedures performed for CMD among the beneficiaries during the 14-year interval; 34% were performed in patients younger than 20 years of age. The rate of CMD increased 51% from the first half to the second half of the study period among younger patients (p < 0.001) and increased 28% among adult patients between 20 and 65 years of age (p < 0.001). A large sex difference was noted among adult patients; 78% of adult patients undergoing CMD were female compared with only 53% of the children. Pediatric patients undergoing CMD were more likely to be white with a higher household net worth. Regional variability was identified among rates of CMD as well. The average annual rate of surgery ranged from 0.8 surgeries per 100,000 insured person-years in the Pacific census division to 2.0 surgeries per 100,000 insured person-years in the East South Central census division. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of a large nationwide health care network showed recently increasing rates of CMD in children and adults over the past 14 years.
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Carpenter, Mel. "The MBAssociates M1 Silent Pistol & Javette Projectiles: Chemical & Biological Warfare at the Individual Level". Armax: The Journal of Contemporary Arms VII, n.º 1 (2021): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.52357/armax91225.
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Small arms delivering chemical or biological payloads have been developed by a number of states in the modern era. As the war in Vietnam was intensifying in the mid-1960s, the U. S. Army became aware of one such weapon system being developed by MBAssociates of San Ramon, California. This could silently and covertly deliver non-lethal tranquilisers to military guard dogs or lethal toxins to enemy personnel by projecting a tiny, dartlike ‘Javette’—capable of striking a target unnoticed. The Army’s Special Operations Division, Army Biological Warfare Laboratories, and the CIA subsequently acquired the new weapon, operationalising it by treating Javettes with deadly toxins such as saxitoxin. When, in 1969–1970, President Richard Nixon renounced the United States’ use of toxins and ordered stockpiles destroyed, the MBAssociates weapon was catapulted into the limelight through the actions of an unscrupulous CIA employee. This article traces the full arc of Javette development, from the predecessor experiments conducted by Robert Mainhardt and his colleagues beginning in 1960, through the Senate hearings conducted by the Church Committee in 1975, to Mainhardt’s final attempts to generate government sales in the 1990s. The author focuses on the little-known Javette projectiles themselves, but also addresses delivery devices (handguns), toxins, and the broader historical context.
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Mauget, Steven A. y Eugene C. Cordero. "Optimal Ranking Regime Analysis of Intra- to Multidecadal U.S. Climate Variability. Part I: Temperature*". Journal of Climate 27, n.º 24 (10 de diciembre de 2014): 9006–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00040.1.
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Abstract The optimal ranking regime (ORR) method was used to identify intradecadal to multidecadal (IMD) time windows containing significant ranking sequences in U.S. climate division temperature data. The simplicity of the ORR procedure’s output—a time series’ most significant nonoverlapping periods of high or low rankings—makes it possible to graphically identify common temporal breakpoints and spatial patterns of IMD variability in the analyses of 102 climate division temperature series. This approach is also applied to annual Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO) and Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO) climate indices, a Northern Hemisphere annual temperature (NHT) series, and divisional annual and seasonal temperature data during 1896–2012. In addition, Pearson correlations are calculated between PDO, AMO, and NHT series and the divisional temperature series. Although PDO phase seems to be an important influence on spring temperatures in the northwestern United States, eastern temperature regimes in annual, winter, summer, and fall temperatures are more coincident with cool and warm phase AMO regimes. Annual AMO values also correlate significantly with summer temperatures along the Eastern Seaboard and fall temperatures in the U.S. Southwest. Given evidence of the abrupt onset of cold winter temperatures in the eastern United States during 1957/58, possible climate mechanisms associated with the cause and duration of the eastern U.S. warming hole period—identified here as a cool temperature regime occurring between the late 1950s and late 1980s—are discussed.
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Zirinsky, Michael P. "Blood, Power, and Hypocrisy: The Murder of Robert Imbrie and American Relations with Pehlavi Iran, 1924". International Journal of Middle East Studies 18, n.º 3 (agosto de 1986): 275–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743800030488.
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On Friday, July 18, 1924, Robert W. Imbrie, United States Consul in Tehran— and personal friend and special agent of Allen W. Dulles, Chief of the State Department's Near Eastern Affairs Division—was brutally killed. Imbrie was beaten to death by a mob led by members of the Muslim clergy and including many members of the Iranian Army. In the weeks preceding July 18, there had been several outbreaks of anti-Bahai violence. Imbrie and Melvin Seymour had gone that morning to investigate a miraculous watering place in central Tehran that figured in the anti-Bahai excitement. According to contemporary accounts, a Bahai had been struck blind after drinking from the source when he refused to make an offering in the name of the Shi'i saints; his sight miraculously had been restored after he had repented and made the donation.
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Rao, Chalapati y Matthew Kelly. "Empiricism in non-communicable disease mortality measurement for the Asia-Pacific: lost in translation". BMJ Global Health 5, n.º 11 (noviembre de 2020): e003626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-003626.
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Control of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) is a key target for the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for 2030. Available information indicates that countries in the Asia-Pacific Region accounted for 63% of the global NCD mortality burden in 2016. The United Nations Economic and Social Commission for the Asia Pacific (UNESCAP) Regional SDG progress report for 2020 included estimates of trends in NCD mortality rates from 2000 to 2016, which showed considerable variation in national NCD mortality by sex and location.However, while the UNESCAP report states that there was sufficient primary data to derive these NCD mortality estimates for all countries, the critical gaps in availability of national data on causes of death in the Asia-Pacific region are well known. A closer review identified that the UNESCAP obtained these estimates from the United Nations Statistics Division, which in turn obtained the same estimates from WHO. Further analysis revealed that these organisations used varying and often inconsistent terms to describe estimation methodology as well as primary data availability for different countries, with substantial potential for misinterpretation.The analysis also found that for countries without primary data, WHO reported NCD mortality estimates were based on complex epidemiological models developed for the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study, and this contradicts the UNESCAP rating of primary data sufficiency. The GBD Study also derives modelled cause of death estimates for countries with national data, but these were different from WHO estimates for these countries. This article discusses prevailing international practices in using modelled estimates as a substitute for empirical data, and the implications of these practices for health policy. In conclusion, a strategic approach to strengthen national mortality statistics programmes in data deficient countries is presented, to improve NCD mortality measurement in the Asia-Pacific Region.
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Pittman, Alex. "The Reserve Army of Affectivity: Unemployed Labor in William Greaves's Psychodramatic Cinéma Vérité". Camera Obscura: Feminism, Culture, and Media Studies 37, n.º 1 (1 de mayo de 2022): 31–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/02705346-9561409.
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Abstract This article offers a political reading of In the Company of Men (dir. William Greaves, US, 1969), an industrial human relations and training film that Newsweek magazine commissioned the renowned black American filmmaker William Greaves to make. Tasked by his sponsors with repairing communication between white factory foremen and black men who were labeled the hard-core unemployed, Greaves combines the documentary style of cinéma vérité with psychodrama, a group therapy method that uses theatrical techniques of role-play and reenactment to both reveal and treat social conflict. Situating psychodrama as both a gendered strategy of racial governance and a model of workplace training tied to the emerging social conditions of the deindustrializing United States, this article focuses on the labor performed by the unemployed black men within the therapeutic division of labor that Greaves's film indexes and reproduces. In doing so, it argues that Greaves's film not only documents contradictions of inclusion and recognition in the late 1960s, when the postwar ideology of racial liberalism was in decline, but it also anticipates the extractive racial politics of capitalism in the early twenty-first century, as people who have been consigned to the status of social and industrial excess are put into service for the emotional training of capital's managers.
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Crecelius, Elena M., Michael B. Lustik, Timothy S. Horseman y Milissa U. Jones. "The prevalence of M. tuberculosis among acid fast bacilli cultures from military health system and veterans affairs beneficiaries in Hawaii and the Pacific Islands from 2002 to 2019". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 7 (9 de julio de 2021): e0254312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254312.
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The prevalence of tuberculosis among military health system (MHS) and Veterans Affairs (VA) beneficiaries in Hawaii and the Pacific Islands has not been previously reported. Our analysis evaluates the prevalence of M. tuberculosis (MTB) among acid fast bacilli culture(s) (AFB) tested at Tripler Army Medical Center (TAMC) on Oahu, HI and describes demographic factors associated with positive samples. We analyzed 9,768 AFBs from 4,129 individuals with AFB specimens processed at TAMC from January 2002 to November 2019: of those who were tested 3,178 were MHS beneficiaries and 951 were VA beneficiaries. There were a total of 40 individuals with MTB-positive cultures over the period of study: 31 MHS beneficiaries and 9 VA beneficiaries. Of the MTB-positive specimens, 93% were from pulmonary samples while the remainder were from lymph node aspirates (5%) and peritoneal samples (2%). Cumulative incidence rates of MTB-isolation were 1.8 per 100,000 MHS beneficiaries and 1.2 per 100,000 VA beneficiaries, both of which were lower than reported incidence rates in Hawaii, the U.S.-affiliated Pacific Islands and the United States for the study period. MHS beneficiaries of Asian-Pacific Islander race or ethnicity had nearly 20 times higher odds of positive AFB than white MHS beneficiaries (OR = 19.56, 95% CI 5.52, 69.29, p = < 0.001). This study demonstrated a higher odds of MTB-positivity associated with Asian-Pacific Islander race or ethnicity and low incidence rates of TB among MHS and VA beneficiaries in Hawaii and the Pacific Islands when compared with the civilian population.
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Ahn, Jae-Ik. "The Beginning of the Sino-Japanese War and International Politics in East Asia in the 1930s: Focusing on the Protracted Course of the War". Korean Association For Japanese History 61 (31 de agosto de 2023): 157–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.24939/kjh.2023.8.61.157.
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When examining the outbreak and protracted course of the Sino-Japanese War, it is important to note the attitudes of neighboring countries such as the United States and the Soviet Union toward the Sino-Japanese issue, which arose as a result of Japan's aggressive continental policy, and how these attitudes influenced the outbreak of the war. Given that the Sino-Japanese War was a protracted eight-year war fought by the Chinese government with the support of the Soviet Union, the United States, and the United Kingdom, and that it was an international event that directly influenced the outbreak of the Asia-Pacific War, it is necessary to understand the diplomatic process surrounding the war, not just the decision to escalate the war within the Japanese leadership and the decision to wage a protracted global war.
After the Manchurian Incident, Japan's East Asian policy included an aggressive expansion of its influence on the Chinese mainland, which was embodied in aggressive public policies such as the army-led campaign to separate Hwaseong from North Korea. In response to these Japanese public policies, the Chinese government actively sought internal and diplomatic means to resist, while the Soviet Union and the United States, both of which were paying attention to East Asian affairs, gradually shifted their policies toward supporting China in the Sino-Japanese conflict and deterring Japanese aggression. The fact that 1935 was the year when Japan's public policy became overtly aggressive, as symbolized by the separation of Hwaseong, and that Sino-Japanese relations began to trend in a friendly direction from this year shows that the attitude of neighboring countries toward the Sino-Japanese dispute had already shifted in a direction favorable to China before the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War.
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Siekiera, Joanna. "Development of the law of the sea historical outline and contemporary attempts to respond to climate change". Kwartalnik Prawa Międzynarodowego II, n.º II (30 de junio de 2023): 37–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.6678.
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The law of the sea as one of the most important domains of public international law is developing dynamically. The process of establishing maritime law norms is made of many centuries of struggle for the interests of individual maritime powers and decades of negotiations on an international agreement. Unfortunately, in the face of the threat to the statehood of many states and the existence of many dependent territories, being climate change, the UNCLOS is not enough. Hence, international custom appears so important and brings fast and satisfactory international legal effects. The process started by island states in the Pacific Ocean is unprecedented. They deposit satellite coordinates of their maritime borders at the United Nations Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf at the Division for Ocean Affairs and Law of the Sea. In this way, they confirm the rights of territorial integrity and the rights stemming from UNCLOS in relation to their zones - primarily the continental shelf.
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Mauget, Steven A. "Intra- to Multidecadal Climate Variability over the Continental United States: 1932–99". Journal of Climate 16, n.º 13 (1 de julio de 2003): 2215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2751.1.
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Abstract Trend analysis is used frequently in climate studies, but it is vulnerable to a number of conceptual shortcomings. This analysis of U.S. climate division data uses an alternate approach. The method used here subjects time series of annual average temperature and total precipitation to tests of Mann–Whitney U statistics over moving sampling windows of intra- to multidecadal (IMD) duration. In applying this method to time series of nationally averaged annual rainfall, a highly significant incidence of wet years is found after the early 1970s. When applied to individual climate divisions this test provides the basis for a climate survey method that is more robust than linear trend analysis, and capable of objectively isolating the timing and location of major IMD climate events over the United States. From this survey, four such periods emerge between 1932 and 1999: the droughts of the 1930s and 1950s, a cool 1964–79 period, and wet–warm time windows at the end of the century. More circumstantial consideration was also given here to the state of ENSO, the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the winter state of the North Atlantic Oscillation, and mean annual Northern Hemisphere surface temperature during those periods. Anecdotal evidence presented here suggests that wet years associated with warm-phase ENSO conditions and the positive phase of the PDO may have played a role in ending the drought periods of the 1930s and 1950s. Conversely, the La Niña–like climate impacts found here during the late 1940s to mid-1950s, and the increased incidence of cold phase ENSO and negative phase PDO conditions during that time, suggests connections between that ocean state and severe drought. Significant late-century warmth was found mainly in the western United States after the mid-1980s, but no evidence of a cooling trend was evident in the southeast, as reported elsewhere. The late-century wet regime appears to have occurred in two phases, with wetness confined to the east during 1972–79, and more concentrated in the southwest and central United States during 1982–99.
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Yungblyud, V. y D. Sadakov. "US Coalition Diplomacy on the Korean Issue: Record of the Geneva Conference of 1954". International Trends / Mezhdunarodnye protsessy 18, n.º 4 (2020): 81–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.17994/it.2020.18.4.63.7.
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The negotiation of parameters for the settlement of an armed conflict is always a complex process in which the interests of all its immediate participants and other concerned parties collide. One of the most striking examples of such confrontations is the settlement process at the end of the Korean War of 1950–1953, which culminated in the Geneva Conference of 1954. The purpose of the article is to specify the role of the United States as the leader of the UN coalition in the negotiations, as a result of which, after three years of war involving about two dozen countries, the situation returned to its original state – the pre-war border between North and South Korea was restored, and the most active and influential members of the opposing alliances agreed to a truce. The archival documents that have become available in recent years allow us to significantly supplement the ideas formed in domestic and foreign historiography about the reasons for the incompleteness of the peace settlement process in Korea after the end of the war of 1950– 1953. The article examines the contribution of the US diplomacy to creating of the Korean agenda at the conference, and shows that the UN coalition had been functioning in the "double deterrence" mode by the start of the negotiations in Geneva. The role of the United States as the leader of the military-political alliance in the development of plans for the peninsula unification is clarified. The conclusion is justified that already in the second half of May 1954, the United States, when making decisions, primarily proceeded from the motives of propaganda and considered seriously the conclusion to negotiations. As a result, the chance to resolve the Korean issue was ignored and the Geneva Conference turned into a means of fundamentalizing the American strategy in the Northeast Pacific region. It is shown that the results of the conference were in line with the immediate expectations of Washington and its long-term strategy in the Asia-Pacific region. The results of the Korean phase of the Geneva Conference consolidated the division of Korea into two hostile states and for a long time closed the question of possible union of the country.
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Strassle, Paula D., Anita L. Stewart, Stephanie M. Quintero, Jackie Bonilla, Alia Alhomsi, Verónica Santana-Ufret, Ana I. Maldonado, Allana T. Forde y Anna María Nápoles. "COVID-19–Related Discrimination Among Racial/Ethnic Minorities and Other Marginalized Communities in the United States". American Journal of Public Health 112, n.º 3 (marzo de 2022): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306594.
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Objectives. To determine the prevalence of COVID-19–related discrimination among major US racial/ethnic groups and estimate associations between discrimination, race/ethnicity, and other sociodemographic characteristics. Methods. We conducted a nationally representative online survey of 5500 American Indian/Alaska Native, Asian, Black/African American, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, Latino (English and Spanish speaking), White, and multiracial adults from December 2020 to February 2021. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and COVID-19–related discrimination were estimated via multinomial logistic regression. Results. A total of 22.1% of the participants reported experiencing discriminatory behaviors, and 42.7% reported that people acted afraid of them. All racial/ethnic minorities were more likely than White adults to experience COVID-19–related discrimination, with Asian and American Indian/Alaska Native adults being most likely to experience such discrimination (discriminatory behaviors: adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 2.59; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.73, 3.89; and AOR = 2.67; 95% CI = 1.76, 4.04; people acting afraid: AOR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.15, 2.07; and AOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.34, 2.51). Limited English proficiency, lower education, lower income, and residing in a big city or the East South Central census division also increased the prevalence of discrimination. Conclusions. COVID-19–related discrimination is common, and it appears that the pandemic has exacerbated preexisting resentment against racial/ethnic minorities and marginalized communities. Efforts are needed to minimize and discredit racially driven language and discrimination around COVID-19 and future epidemics. (Am J Public Health. 2022;112(3):453–466. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2021.306594 )
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THOMPSON, DREW. "The Rise of Xi Jinping and China’s New Era: Implications for the United States and Taiwan". Issues & Studies 56, n.º 01 (marzo de 2020): 2040004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1013251120400044.
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Xi Jinping’s rise to power has heralded a new foreign policy that is more assertive and uncompromising toward China’s neighbors, the United States, and the rest of the world. This change presents challenges for the United States and Taiwan in particular which must be addressed with a sense of urgency due to Xi Jinping’s ambitious objectives and his firm grip on the levers of power which increase the likelihood that the Communist Party and government of China will seek to achieve them without delay. This paper reviews changes to Chinese foreign policy in the Xi Jinping era and argues how the modernization of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) over time has increased the threat to Taiwan, with concurrent risks for the United States. Taiwan and the US can address the challenge presented by China by strengthening their relationship to adapt to the new era under Xi Jinping’s leadership. According to CIA (2018), China’s economy now stands at approximately US$12 trillion, second only to the United States (CIA [2018]. World fact book). Unlike in 1978, China’s economy today is dependent on access to globally sourced raw materials, and access to overseas consumer markets for its industrial and consumer goods. This dependency on overseas markets has increased China’s global presence and interests, driving the need to protect them. The Chinese Government’s now ample resources have been allocated to both hard and soft power means toward this purpose. The PLA has greatly benefitted from economic development and the expansion of the Chinese economy, transforming from a backward institution focused on private-sector moneymaking into the sharpest tool of China’s power and influence. Since Xi Jinping came to power in 2012, China’s foreign policy and strategy have undergone a dramatic shift away from Deng Xiaoping’s focus on increasing domestic productivity and avoiding potentially costly overseas entanglements. The confluence of accumulated national wealth, diplomatic, economic, and military power, and the will to use those levers of power, has dramatic implications for the United States and China’s neighbors. A more assertive China, confident in its wealth, power, and international status, is increasingly unafraid of overt competition with its neighbors and the United States, unwilling to back down or compromise in the face of disputes. This dynamic has resulted in a new paradigm in the Indo-Pacific region that is unlike previous challenges of the past 40 years. The shift in China’s foreign policy and the PLA’s modernization threaten to challenge the credibility of US security assurances and alliances in the region, making the cultivation and strengthening of the US–Taiwan relationship, and the network of US bilateral alliances in the region an urgent imperative.
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Nguyen, Nha. "The Vietnam sovereignty on Truong Sa (Spratly islands) and Hoang Sa ( Paracel islands) through analysis of related documents in English". Science and Technology Development Journal 17, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2014): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdj.v17i1.1246.
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A 500-pages collection of documents in English showing the sovereignty of Vietnam on Hoang Sa (Paracel islands) & Truong Sa (Spratly islands) was introduced at Harvard University on 16/6/2012 after having been sent to the U.S. National Geographic Society and two Senators John McCain and Jim Webb office and the The Center For Strategic & Internatinonal Studies in 2011. This document is being proofread and completed in English in order to bring to overseas libraries especially in the United States at the addresses where the documents used to be distributed by the U.S. Army in the Pacific in 1960s over the sovereignty of Vietnam on disputing territory. It has 11 pages of summary and the full text is nearly 500 pages, including Part I that consists of textual analysis in the sovereignty dispute over the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa by U.S. Army in the Pacific in 1960. The 37 quotations from geography books , Journey of the Western countries from the 19th century and before had clearly stated from 1816 Hoang Sa has belonged to Vietnam. Part II consists of three presentations at the conferences in Hanoi and Philadelphia, USA in 2010. Part III includes the full text of a history dissertation entitled “Establishment of Vietnam’s sovereignty on Hoang Sa and Truong Sa” and the annexes of the thesis updated by the author. There are no other countries like Vietnam where the official history, codified policy books, geography books of Vietnam especial texts of the state, the local commanding sheets, clearly state the establishment of Vietnam’s sovereignty on Hoang Sa and Truong Sa. The most valuable document is the codified policy book of Nguyen dynasty (the nineteenth century reports from high-ranked officers of the Government, and other agencies or the king announcement about the establishment of Vietnam's sovereignty over Hoang Sa archipelago under the Nguyen Dynasty as the current expedition, measuring, sketching Hoang Sa, plug milestone...
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Wright, James R. y Leland B. Baskin. "Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Support for the American Expeditionary Forces by the US Army Medical Corps During World War I". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 139, n.º 9 (1 de septiembre de 2015): 1161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/arpa.2014-0528-hp.
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Context Historical research on pathology and laboratory medicine services in World War I has been limited. In the Spanish American War, these efforts were primarily focused on tropical diseases. World War I problems that could be addressed by pathology and laboratory medicine were strikingly different because of the new field of clinical pathology. Geographic differences, changing war tactics, and trench warfare created new issues. Objectives To describe the scope of pathology and laboratory medicine services in World War I and the value these services brought to the war effort. Methods Available primary and secondary sources related to American Expeditionary Forces' laboratory services were analyzed and contrasted with the British and German approaches. Results The United States entered the war in April 1917. Colonel Joseph Siler, MD, a career medical officer, was the director, and Colonel Louis B. Wilson, MD, head of pathology at the Mayo Clinic, was appointed assistant director of the US Army Medical Corps Division of Laboratories and Infectious Disease, based in Dijon, France. During the next year, they organized 300 efficient laboratories to support the American Expeditionary Forces. Autopsies were performed to better understand treatment of battlefield injuries, effects of chemical warfare agents, and the influenza pandemic; autopsies also generated teaching specimens for the US Army Medical Museum. Bacteriology services focused on communicable diseases. Laboratory testing for social diseases was very aggressive. Significant advances in blood transfusion techniques, which allowed brief blood storage, occurred during the war but were not primarily overseen by laboratory services. Conclusions Both Siler and Wilson received Distinguished Service Medals. Wilson's vision for military pathology services helped transform American civilian laboratory services in the 1920s.
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Potočnik, Nataša. "The South Pacific in the works of Robert Dean Frisbie". Acta Neophilologica 34, n.º 1-2 (1 de diciembre de 2001): 59–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/an.34.1-2.59-71.
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Robert Dean Frisbie (1896-1948) was one of the American writers who came to live in the South Pacific and wrote about his life among the natives. He published six books between 1929 and his death in 1948. Frisbie was horn in Cleveland, Ohio, on 16 April1896. He attended the Raja Yoga Academy at Point Loma in California. Later he enlisted in the U. S. army and was medically discharged from the army in 1918 with a monthly pension. After his work as a newspaper columnist and reporter for an army newspaper in Texas, and later for the Fresno Morning Republican, he left for Tahiti in 1920. In Tahiti he had ambitious writing plans but after four years of living in Tahiti, he left his plantation and sailed to the Cook Islands. He spent the rest of his life in the Cook Islands and married a local girl Ngatokorua. His new happiness gave him the inspiration to write. 29 sketches appeared in the United States in 1929, collected by The Century Company under the title of The Book of Puka-Puka. His second book My Tahiti, a book of memories, was published in 1937. After the death of Ropati 's beloved wife his goals were to bring up his children. But by this time Frisbie was seriously ill. The family left Puka-Puka and settled down on the uninhabited atoll of Suwarrow. Later on they lived on Rarotonga and Samoa where Frisbie was medically treated. Robert Dean Frisbie died of tetanus in Rarotonga on November 18, 1948. Frisbie wrote in a vivid, graceful style. His characters and particularly the atoll of Puka-Puka are memorably depicted. Gifted with a feeling for language and a sense of humor, he was able to capture on paper the charm, beauty, and serenity of life of the small islands in the South Pacific without exaggerating the stereotypical idyllic context and as such Frisbie's contribution to South Pacific literature went far deeper than that of many writers who have passed through the Pacific and wrote about their experiences. Frisbie's first book The Book of Puka-Puka was published in New York in 1929. It is the most endearing and the most original of his works. It was written during his lifetime on the atoll Puka-Puka in the Cook Islands. It is a collection of 29 short stories, episodic and expressively narrative in style. This is an account of life on Puka-Puka that criticizes European and American commercialism and aggressiveness, and presents the themes of the praise of isolation, the castigation of missionaries, and the commendation of Polynesian economic collectivism and sexual freedom. At the same time, the book presents a portrait of Frisbie himself, a journal of his day-to-day experiences and observations and avivid description of the natives on the island. Frisbie's unique knowledge of the natives and their daily lives enabled him to create in The Book of Puka-Puka an impressive gallery of vi vid, amusing, yet very real and plausible Polynesians. The second book of Robert Dean Frisbie to appear in print was My Tahiti (1937), a book of -memoirs, published in Boston. My Tahiti is a book of 30 short stories about the author and his living among Tahitians. Again, Robert Dean Frisbie is the main hero in the book and as such the book is autobiographical in a sense as well. This book is a personal record which has charm and distinction as it has sincerity, which is in the men, women and children of Tahiti, and which brings an effortless and unpretentious humor to depict a South Seas idyll and a quiet poise to withstand the insidious romance of the tropical islands, too.
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Gordanic, Jelica. "Impact of the -19 pandemic on the global role of the us". Medjunarodni problemi 74, n.º 2 (2022): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp2202233g.
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Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, Trump?s politics of unilateralism had cast a shadow on the global role and leadership of the US. The COVID-19 pandemic is the first global crisis since the Cold War in which the US has not led the global response. On the other hand, global actors, like China and Russia, have been using the pandemic as a strategic opportunity. Medical supply donations and vaccine diplomacy have become very important tools for China and Russia to improve their global role and influence. These states have enlarged their influence in the Balkans, Latin America, Africa, Asia, and the Pacific region and improved their position as global actors. The paper examines why the US lost its global role during the pandemic and what the Biden administration can do to regain global leadership. The author considers that Trump?s handling of the pandemic has created division and confusion rather than an effective strategy on a national and global level. The author concludes that embracing the multilateralism of the Biden administration is a necessary step forward. Rejoining the WHO, cooperating with COVAX and Gavi, and forming the Quad Vaccine Partnership may be the best strategies for the United States to reclaim its global role and leadership in the face of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Popov, Grigorij. "The first year of the Pacific War. Prospects of the Belligerents". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n.º 5 (2023): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080025257-9.
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The article provides a military-historical analysis of the development of events at the initial stage of the War in the Pacific and in East Asia from Japan's attack on the United States to the Battle of Guadalcanal inclusive. The authors aim to answer the question whether the US victory was an accident caused by strategic mistakes of the Japanese command, or whether it was an inevitable pattern. In the work, the authors also try to find out what was the role of the mobilizations in USA and Japan in the first year of the Pacific War in the development of relevant events. The article discusses strategies, in connection with which the authors come to the conclusion that there was no unity among the representatives of the highest military leadership of the Japanese Empire in matters of the directions of the offensives carried out by the imperial armed forces. The authors show the connection between the peculiarities of the mobilization of the armed forces of Japan, USA and Great Britain and the development of events at the initial stage of the War in the Pacific. It is emphasized that the Soviet factor and the resulting expenditure of resources on building up the offensive potential of the Kwantung Army, which absorbed the most prepared ground units, had a negative impact on the long-term plans of the Japanese armed forces. The authors assign great importance to the Battle for Guadalcanal, which due to the diversion of Japan's transport tonnage had a serious impact on the course of the entire Second World War in Asia. The authors pay much attention to the issue of the offensive of Japanese troops in Burma in early 1942 and the prospects of the Japanese invasion of India, they believe that the Japanese high command made a major strategic mistake by refusing to further advance in the western direction. On the other hand, the authors consider the defeat of the British in Burma as a result of the mistakes of the British War Cabinet and the peculiarities of the mobilization of human potential in the British Empire. The authors conclude that the Japanese Empire had a chance of winning the War in the Pacific in 1942.
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Davis, Joel D., Robin Orr, Joseph J. Knapik y Danny Harris. "Functional Movement Screen (FMS™) Scores and Demographics of US Army Pre-Ranger Candidates". Military Medicine 185, n.º 5-6 (9 de diciembre de 2019): e788-e794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/usz373.
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Abstract Introduction The United States Army Rangers are a unique population whose training requirements are intensive, and physically and mentally demanding. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is a movement screening tool designed to assess movement quality and asymmetries in movement with the potential to identify injury risk. This study was a descriptive, cross-sectional investigation examining associations between FMS scores and the various measures of health and performance of active duty soldiers in light infantry units who were involved in the U.S. Army Pre-Ranger Course (PRC). Materials and Methods Before the PRC, 491 male soldiers (mean age = 24.0 ± 3.8 years; mean height = 176.6 ± 7.2 cm; mean body mass = 80.2 ± 9.8 kg) completed a questionnaire which included items on self-assessed physical fitness, last Army physical fitness test (APFT) score, tobacco use, and injury history. The soldiers then completed the FMS, which consisted of seven movements and three clearing tests. From the FMS results, a determination of asymmetries (i.e., differences in FMS scores between the right and left side of the body) was made. Differences between groups were analyzed via an independent sample t-test, a one-way analysis of variance, or a chi-square as appropriate. Significance was set at 0.05 a priori. Results The average composite FMS score was 16.4 (±1.9) points. Soldiers reporting ≥290 APFT points achieved a higher FMS score than those reporting lower APFT scores (16.5 ± 2.0 vs 16.1 ± 2.0 points, P = 0.03). Soldiers reporting either tobacco use or a previous musculoskeletal injury had lower FMS scores than those not reporting these (tobacco: 16.1 ± 2.1 vs 16.5 ± 1.8 points, P = 0.02; injury: 16.0 ± 2.2 vs 16.6 ± 1.8 points, P < 0.01). FMS asymmetries were not related to APFT scores, tobacco use, or self-rated fitness. As self-rated fitness increased so did APFT scores. Conclusions Active duty soldiers of a light infantry division achieved FMS scores similar to other military populations tested, and the composite FMS score was related to higher APFT scores, absence of tobacco use, and absence of previous musculoskeletal injuries. Improving PRC candidate healthy habits through highlighting the negative associations between poorer fitness, cigarette tobacco use and movement quality, may reduce injury risk and increase PRC completion potential.
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Malik, Elena Nikolaevna y Mariya Vladimirovna Shediy. "Influence of geopolitical and informational confrontations on Russian state policy". Social'naja politika i social'noe partnerstvo (Social Policy and Social Partnership), n.º 3 (15 de marzo de 2023): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pol-01-2303-05.
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The geopolitical confrontation between Russia and the United States has always taken place, but now it has become particularly acute, given the transformation of the structure of international relations. Our country, which occupies one-eighth of the globe's landmass and has the second-strongest army in the world, is embroiled in a number of information and hybrid conflicts. The «collective West» has launched an open economic, sanction, technological, and information war against Russia. Combining the capabilities of electronic and cyber warfare, information operations and electronic intelligence, both for offensive and defensive purposes, is a new trend in the industry. It is important to emphasize that global sales of electronic warfare systems will grow by an average of 4.5 % per year by 2027 and reach $ 24 billion. It is expected that as a result of the wider use of cyber technologies, the tactics of warfare will change. Certainly, it is important to try to find a balance between security and proactive foreign policy of the state in the information space. In the new geopolitical conditions, various methods of information warfare, in particular fake news, represent a real ideological danger, and the development of social networks and the emergence of artificial technologies are increasingly reinforcing this phenomenon. The explosion of disinformation regarding the policy of the Russian state, which is flowing into the world media space thanks to Western political technologists, has begun to lead to concerns about the destabilization of democracy and ideological division in the country. However, Russia managed to resist and now needs to develop countermeasures. The influence of virtual space on the regional, national, and international political processes determines the desire of modern states to develop and use new technological resources. The analysis of political research on the problems of information and ideological confrontation led to the conclusion that the information war is aimed at destabilizing society, destroying its mental foundations and traditional guidelines. The main strategic goal of the information war is to lead society to an ideological split and cause an increase in citizens' distrust of the institutions of state power and the army. The authors of this article have identified the key mechanisms of information confrontation and ways of media provocations against Russia in the new geopolitical conditions.
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Mauget, Steven A. y Eugene C. Cordero. "Optimal Ranking Regime Analysis of Intra- to Multidecadal U.S. Climate Variability. Part II: Precipitation and Streamflow*". Journal of Climate 27, n.º 24 (10 de diciembre de 2014): 9027–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-14-00041.1.
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Abstract In Part I of this paper, the optimal ranking regime (ORR) method was used to identify intradecadal to multidecadal (IMD) regimes in U.S. climate division temperature data during 1896–2012. Here, the method is used to test for annual and seasonal precipitation regimes during that same period. Water-year mean streamflow rankings at 125 U.S. Hydro-Climatic Data Network gauge stations are also evaluated during 1939–2011. The precipitation and streamflow regimes identified are compared with ORR-derived regimes in the Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), the Atlantic multidecadal oscillation (AMO), and indices derived from gridded SST anomaly (SSTA) analysis data. Using a graphic display approach that allows for the comparison of IMD climate regimes in multiple time series, an interdecadal cycle in western precipitation is apparent after 1980, as is a similar cycle in northwestern streamflow. Before 1980, IMD regimes in northwestern streamflow and annual precipitation are in approximate antiphase with the PDO. One of the clearest IMD climate signals found in this analysis are post-1970 wet regimes in eastern U.S streamflow and annual precipitation, as well as in fall [September–November (SON)] precipitation. Pearson correlations between time series of annual and seasonal precipitation averaged over the eastern United States and SSTA analysis data show relatively extensive positive correlations between warming tropical SSTA and increasing fall precipitation. The possible Pacific and northern Atlantic roots of the recent eastern U.S. wet regime, as well as the general characteristics of U.S. climate variability in recent decades that emerge from this analysis and that of Part I, are discussed.
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Collins, Brandon M., Philip N. Omi y Phillip L. Chapman. "Regional relationships between climate and wildfire-burned area in the Interior West, USA". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 36, n.º 3 (1 de marzo de 2006): 699–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x05-264.
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Recent studies have linked the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) with drought occurrence in the interior United States. This study evaluates the influence of AMO and PDO phases on interannual relationships between climate and wildfire-burned area during the 20th century. Palmer's Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is strongly related to burned area at both regional and subregional scales. In the southern Interior West, PDSI is most strongly related to yearly burned area during warm-phase AMO, while for the same period no significant relationships exist between PDSI and burned area in the central Interior West. During cool-phase PDO, interannual climate has little influence on burned area in either the northern or the central Interior West. The opposite is true for the southern Interior West and the eastern slope of the Colorado Rockies using the Southern Oscillation Index and PDSI, respectively. The western slope of the Colorado Rockies is the only climate division or region in which burned area is not related to preceding PDSI. During warm-phase PDO, current PDSI explains 67% of the interannual variance in burned area on the western slope. These regional and temporal differences are most likely governed by variations in fuel dynamics associated with dominant regional and subregional vegetation types.
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Alfaro, Eric J., Alexander Gershunov y Daniel Cayan. "Prediction of Summer Maximum and Minimum Temperature over the Central and Western United States: The Roles of Soil Moisture and Sea Surface Temperature". Journal of Climate 19, n.º 8 (15 de abril de 2006): 1407–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli3665.1.
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Abstract A statistical model based on canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to explore climatic associations and predictability of June–August (JJA) maximum and minimum surface air temperatures (Tmax and Tmin) as well as the frequency of Tmax daily extremes (Tmax90) in the central and western United States (west of 90°W). Explanatory variables are monthly and seasonal Pacific Ocean SST (PSST) and the Climate Division Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) during 1950–2001. Although there is a positive correlation between Tmax and Tmin, the two variables exhibit somewhat different patterns and dynamics. Both exhibit their lowest levels of variability in summer, but that of Tmax is greater than Tmin. The predictability of Tmax is mainly associated with local effects related to previous soil moisture conditions at short range (one month to one season), with PSST providing a secondary influence. Predictability of Tmin is more strongly influenced by large-scale (PSST) patterns, with PDSI acting as a short-range predictive influence. For both predictand variables (Tmax and Tmin), the PDSI influence falls off markedly at time leads beyond a few months, but a PSST influence remains for at least two seasons. The maximum predictive skill for JJA Tmin, Tmax, and Tmax90 is from May PSST and PDSI. Importantly, skills evaluated for various seasons and time leads undergo a seasonal cycle that has maximum levels in summer. At the seasonal time frame, summer Tmax prediction skills are greatest in the Midwest, northern and central California, Arizona, and Utah. Similar results were found for Tmax90. In contrast, Tmin skill is spread over most of the western region, except for clusters of low skill in the northern Midwest and southern Montana, Idaho, and northern Arizona.
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Paszak, Paweł. "The security strategy of the People’s Republic of China in light of the 2019 Defence White Paper". Kwartalnik "Bellona" 700, n.º 1 (4 de marzo de 2020): 49–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0215.
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This article aims to outline main directions of the security strategy of the People’s Republic of China basing on the analysis of the Defence White Paper of July 2019, the political practice of the Beijing authorities as well as internal and international situation. Having analysed the above mentioned areas, the author concludes that the contemporary strategy of the PRC is internally subordinated to maintaining territorial, political and social integrity, including primarily legitimization of the power of the Communist Party of China. Externally, the strategy is oriented at reversing the unfavourable balance of forces in the Asia-Pacific region and weakening of the US military advantage. Those two directions determine the activities of the Chinese state in such specific areas as: modernization of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA), the relations with Taiwan and claims concerning South China Sea. The Defence White Paper is aimed at contrasting the unilateral and hegemonic policy of the United States (as the authors of the document see it) with the defensive and moderate activities of China. The narration serves to convince international players to remain neutral or engage in collaboration with China in the face of intensifying military, economic and political pressure on the part of the USA. China has entered a “critical moment” of its development and the response of the Beijing authorities to the challenges of internal development and external pressures will determine whether in the 21st century it will become a superpower.
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HONG, Jun-seok. "Chung Woonsoo’s Life and Independence Movement before the Liberation of Korea from Japan". Association for Korean Modern and Contemporary History 106 (30 de septiembre de 2023): 147–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29004/jkmch.2023.09.106.147.
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The primary focus of this paper is to illuminate the life and contributions of Chung Woonsoo(鄭雲樹) to the Korean independence movement and explore its significance. The period that this study focuses on is from 1903, when he was born, to right after the liberation of Korea in 1945. Chung was educated predominantly at Protestant schools during the Japanese colonial era and further pursued theological studies in the United States.
His activism gained prominence during the Asia-Pacific War. Chung discerned the intricate link between the culmination of World War II and the restoration of Korean sovereignty. As a response, he fervently engaged in independence efforts in both America and China.
In Washington, D.C., Chung played various roles in the Korean Commission, aiding Syngman Rhee. He embarked on campaigns to secure support and empathy from Americans for the Korean independence cause and spearheaded initiatives to highlight Korea’s quest for autonomy within the American public sphere.
In 1944, Chung was commissioned as an officer in the U.S. Army. Subsequently, he was dispatched to China via Burma and assigned to the U.S.
14th Air Force in 1945. During this tenure, he took part in ‘The Eagle Project’, a collaborative endeavor between the Korean Independence Army(KIA) and the U.S. Office of Strategic Services(OSS). His responsibilities fostering KIA-OSS military collaborations, training communications for KIA’s Second Detachment members, and orchestrating advance operations into Korea.
Chung’s dedication to the independence movement was unwavering. Heemployed a gamut of strategies(from diplomacy and propaganda to direct armed resistance) in his relentless pursuit to end Japanese oppression and reinstate Korea’s sovereignty. Even though the anticipated advance operation into Korea did not materialize, Chung’s instrumental role in bolstering the collaboration between the KIA and OSS undeniably elevated the stature of both the Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea and the KIA.
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Crecelius, Elena M., Michael Lustik, Timothy Horseman y Milissa Jones. "1662. The Prevalence of M. tuberculosis among Acid Fast Cultures from Military Health System Beneficiaries from Hawaii and Pacific Islands from January 2002 to November 2019". Open Forum Infectious Diseases 7, Supplement_1 (1 de octubre de 2020): S819. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1840.
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Abstract Background Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), is the leading infectious cause of death worldwide and the state of Hawaii (HI) has the second highest case rate of TB in the United States. The prevalence of TB among military health system (MHS) beneficiaries (active duty service members, retirees, dependents, civilians and eligible Pacific Island civilians) in HI has not been previously reported. Our analysis evaluates the prevalence of MTB among acid fast cultures (AFCs) tested at Tripler Army Medical Center (TAMC) on Oahu, HI and describes demographic factors associated with positive samples. Methods We analyzed AFC results from TAMC clinical diagnostic microbiology laboratory from January 2002 to November 2019. Demographic data were recorded for each individual with an AFC sample during the study period. Prevalence was calculated based on the number of MTB-positive AFCs per all AFCs over the study period. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between demographic factors and MTB-positive AFC results. Results From January 2002 to November 2019 there were 4768 AFCs resulted at TAMC with 49 MTB-positive AFC, leading to a cumulative prevalence of 1.03 percent (Figure 1). After controlling for other factors, Asian-Pacific Islanders had nearly 15 times higher odds of having a positive AFC than whites (OR=14.96, 95% CI 5.03, 44.55, p=< 0.001) and active duty personnel had 2.6 times the odds of having a positive AFC than dependents, civilians and retirees (OR=2.6, 95% CI 0.94, 7.22, p=0.067). Figure 1. The Prevalence of M. tuberculosis (MTB) among Acid Fast Cultures (AFC) from Military Health System Beneficiaries from Hawaii and Pacific Islands from January 2002 to November 2019. Conclusion The low prevalence of MTB among AFCs performed at our institution over nearly 16 years suggests that living in the state of HI does not appear to confer high rates of TB to MHS beneficiaries. Persons with Asian-Pacific Islander ethnicity have higher odds of positive AFC which corroborates prior studies regarding risk factors for MTB. Further analysis is needed to further define risk factors associated with positive AFC among MHS beneficiaries in HI. Follow-up analysis is underway to describe the clinical course of the persons with MTB-positive AFC from this study. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures
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Ryujin, Darin, Jared Spackman, Trenton J. Honda, Virginia Valentin, Doris Dalton, Mauricio Laguan, Wendy L. Hobson y José E. Rodríguez. "Increasing Racial and Ethnic Diversity at the University of Utah Physician Assistant Program". Family Medicine 53, n.º 5 (5 de mayo de 2021): 372–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.22454/fammed.2021.923340.
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Background and Objectives: Among the oldest in the nation, the University of Utah Physician Assistant Program (UPAP) serves the state of Utah and surrounding areas and is a division of the Department of Family and Preventive Medicine. Recognizing the need to produce health care providers from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, UPAP instituted structural changes to improve student compositional diversity. This paper is a presentation and evaluation of the changes made to determine their relationship with compositional diversity, ultimate practice setting, and national rankings. Methods: UPAP changed diversity messaging, curriculum, efforts in admissions, recruitment, and retention to improve the representation of Black, Latinx, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian/Other Pacific Islander students, as well as those from educationally and economically disadvantaged backgrounds. Results: UPAP tripled the number of underrepresented minority matriculated students over the course of five admitted classes, while simultaneously increasing the proportion of students from educationally or economically disadvantaged backgrounds. UPAP maintains both high boards pass rate and top national rankings, (number two ranking in public physician assistant program and number four overall program in the United States). Conclusions: The UPAP experience demonstrates that intentional diversity efforts are associated with improvement in racial/ethnic diversity and national rankings. Other medical school graduate programs, specifically the medical doctor (MD), public health, and basic science programs can use this model to improve their compositional diversity.
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Cha, Hyeonji. "An International Background of Collaborations Between the Office of Strategic Services of the United States and the Korean Independence Army During the Pacific War - The Future Task of Korean High School History Education -". Social Studies Education 59, n.º 1 (31 de marzo de 2020): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.37561/sse.2020.03.59.1.39.
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Seekins, Donald M. "Japan's Development Ambitions for Myanmar: The Problem of “Economics before Politics”". Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs 34, n.º 2 (agosto de 2015): 113–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810341503400205.
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Myanmar and Japan have had an important shared history since the Pacific War, when Japan occupied the British colony of Burma and established the country's first postcolonial state and army. The period from 1941 to 1945 also witnessed the “militarization” of Myanmar as the country was turned into a battlefield by the Japanese, the Allies and indigenous insurgents. After independence from Britain in 1948, the Union of Burma continued to suffer insurgency and became a deeply conflicted society, especially under the isolationist socialist regime of General Ne Win (1962–1988). However, Japan played a major role in Myanmar's economic development through its allocation of war reparations and official development assistance (ODA), especially yen loans. During the period of martial law from 1988 to 2011, Tokyo exercised some self-restraint in giving aid due to pressure from its major ally, the United States, with its human rights agenda. However, with the transition from junta rule to constitutional government in 2011 came a dramatic increase in Japanese ODA, as Tokyo forgave large amounts of debt and invested in ambitious new special economic zones (SEZ). Japan will no doubt benefit from Myanmar as close ties are expanded: Not only will Japanese companies profit, but Japan will have access to Myanmar's raw materials and gain ability to compete more effectively with an economically expansive China. On Myanmar's side, though, it is unlikely that anyone other than the military and crony capitalist elites will benefit from the flood of new yen loans and infrastructure projects. This paper argues that without a political resolution of Myanmar's many conflicts, including the establishment of genuinely open political institutions, the aid of Japan (and other countries) is likely to make these deep-rooted social and ethnic conflicts even worse.
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Koliastruk, Olha. "Re-Ukrainization of Avant-Garde Art as a Process of Identification of Ukrainian Cultural Heritage". Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, n.º 40 (junio de 2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-51-58.
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The aim of the article is to study the development of the Polish national movement in Galicia during World War I.Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, problem-chronological, historical-systemic.Scientific novelty: for the first time in the national historiography the genesis of the Galicia Polish national idea in 1914-1918 and the activity of local Polish politicians for its realization were comprehensively researched. Conclusions: Due to the liberal political regime of Austria-Hungary, the Polish national movement of Galicia achieved significant results in the end of nineteenth - beginning of twentieth century. Therefore, the Polish political elite saw at the beginning of World War I a chance to liberate Polish lands from the Russian Empire and restore its national state. According to most members of the Polish national movement, the achievement of this aim should have been based on support and close union with the Habsburg monarchy. As a result, all Polish parties in Galicia and their representatives of the Vienna Parliament solemnly sided with Austria and the Fourth Union in the world conflict. During the first stage of World War, the Polish society of the region supported Austria-Hungary enthusiastically and helped to form national subdivision within the Austrian army - the Polish Legions. The situation sustained a radical change after the signed an agreement of the Fourth Union with the Ukrainian National's Republic. A covert addition to this document provided for the division of Galicia on national feature. This undermined the trust of Polish politicum and society to Vienna. However, American president Wilson in his "14 theses" guaranteed the restoration of the Polish state with access to the sea in January 1918. Besides, with the entry of the United States into the war on the side of the Entente, the Fourth Union practically lost its chances of military victory. Therefore, in the end of 1918, the Galicia’s Polish political elite realized the necessity of unification to rebuild the Polish state within the borders of 1772 without the Fourth Union’s support.
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Klok, Vasyl. "Polish National Movement in Galicia During World War I". Scientific Papers of the Vinnytsia Mykhailo Kotsiubynskyi State Pedagogical University. Series: History, n.º 40 (junio de 2022): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31652/2411-2143-2022-40-43-50.
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The aim of the article is to study the development of the Polish national movement in Galicia during World War I. Research methods: analysis, synthesis, generalization, problem-chronological, historical-systemic. Scientific novelty: for the first time in the national historiography the genesis of the Galicia Polish national idea in 1914-1918 and the activity of local Polish politicians for its realization were comprehensively researched. Conclusions: Due to the liberal political regime of Austria-Hungary, the Polish national movement of Galicia achieved significant results in the end of nineteenth - beginning of twentieth century. Therefore, the Polish political elite saw at the beginning of World War I a chance to liberate Polish lands from the Russian Empire and restore its national state. According to most members of the Polish national movement, the achievement of this aim should have been based on support and close union with the Habsburg monarchy. As a result, all Polish parties in Galicia and their representatives of the Vienna Parliament solemnly sided with Austria and the Fourth Union in the world conflict. During the first stage of World War, the Polish society of the region supported Austria-Hungary enthusiastically and helped to form national subdivision within the Austrian army - the Polish Legions. The situation sustained a radical change after the signed an agreement of the Fourth Union with the Ukrainian National's Republic. A covert addition to this document provided for the division of Galicia on national feature. This undermined the trust of Polish politicum and society to Vienna. However, American president Wilson in his "14 theses" guaranteed the restoration of the Polish state with access to the sea in January 1918. Besides, with the entry of the United States into the war on the side of the Entente, the Fourth Union practically lost its chances of military victory. Therefore, in the end of 1918, the Galicia’s Polish political elite realized the necessity of unification to rebuild the Polish state within the borders of 1772 without the Fourth Union’s support.