Tesis sobre el tema "Unit IV"

Com o passar do tempo, nota-se um aumento gradativo da demanda por veículos mais econômicos e que disponham de itens capazes de aumentar o conforto e a segurança. Citase, como exemplo, o controle de cruzeiro (Cruise Control) que, atualmente presente em diversos veículos, é responsável por controlar a velocidade do veículo de maneira autônoma, sem a necessidade de intervenção do condutor no pedal de aceleração, resultando em um aumento de conforto ao reduzir o esforço para dirigir, além de prover efetividade para manter a velocidade do veículo em torno de um valor desejado. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um controlador de cruzeiro para operar em um veículo modelo Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.0L 2004, o qual não possui este recurso em seu estado de fábrica. Para a implementação deste recurso, o trabalho faz uso de uma unidade de gerenciamento eletrônico (conhecida também por Electronic Control Unit - ECU) desenvolvida em 2013, no âmbito do projeto Otto II (PEREIRA, 2013), para controle do motor presente no respectivo veículo, viabilizando, desta forma, a validação do controle de cruzeiro por meio de testes utilizando o veículo em um dinamômetro inercial. Entretanto, previamente ao projeto do controlador de cruzeiro, o presente trabalho teve como foco o aperfeiçoamento do funcionamento desta ECU, visando a sua evolução no que diz respeito ao estado da arte de unidades de gerenciamento eletrônico de motores. Para isto, em sua primeira fase, o trabalho realizou diversas melhorias nas malhas de controle já existentes no firmware de 2013, tais como controle de marcha lenta, controle da borboleta eletrônica e controle de partida. Ao mesmo tempo, novos recursos foram implementados em firmware: controle de torque, controle da mistura ar/combustível em malha fechada (sonda lambda), segurança na comunicação entre blocos da ECU, identificação de marcha, suporte para diagnóstico via OBD-II, dentre outros. Além destas atividades envolvendo desenvolvimento de firmware, o trabalho, ainda em sua primeira fase, promoveu o desenvolvimento de uma nova ferramenta de software que, além de ser capaz de monitorar diversos parâmetros da ECU em tempo real, integra diversas funções, tais como função de computador de bordo alternativo, opção para controle do motor através da simulação do pedal de aceleração, opção para alteração da rotação de marcha lenta e função para automatização do ensaio de identificação do veículo (tarefa necessária para o projeto do controlador de cruzeiro).
Over time, there is a gradual increase of the demand for economical vehicles equipped with items capable of increasing the comfort and safety. As an example, the Cruise Control, which is already available in several vehicles, is responsible to control the vehicle speed in an autonomous manner, without the driver intervention on the throttle pedal. As a result, a greater comfort is achieved by reducing the effort to drive, besides providing effectiveness to keep the vehicle speed around a desired value. In this context, this project aims the development of a Cruise Control applied to a vehicle Volkswagen Polo Sedan 2.0L 2004, in which such resource is not available. To implement this resource, the project uses an electronic engine management unit (also known as Electronic Control Unit - ECU) developed in 2013 by the Otto II project (PEREIRA, 2013). This ECU is responsible to control the engine of the respective vehicle, which allows the Cruise Control validation through a set of tests performed with the vehicle on an inertial dynamometer. However, prior to the Cruise Control design, this project focused on the ECU operation enhancement, in order to achieve the state of the art in electronic engine management units. For this goal, the project, during its first phase, performed several improvements on the control algorithms already existing in the firmware developed in 2013, such as idle speed control, electronic throttle valve control and engine starting control. At the same time, new features were fully implemented in firmware: torque control, closed loop air/fuel ratio control (lambda control), safety for the communication among ECU blocks, gear identification, support to OBD-II diagnostic, among others. In addition to the firmware development activities, the project, still in its first phase, developed a new software tool capable of monitoring several ECU parameters in real time, besides providing many functions, such as alternative board computer, an option to control the engine by simulating the throttle pedal, an option to change the idle speed and a function to automate the system identification test (task required for the Cruise Control design).

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the levels of interdependency (simultaneity) between the performances of two direct opponents in professional football. More specifically, interdependency between performances is investigated at three different levels. Firstly, empirical analyses are conducted in order to assess the levels of interdependency between the performances of two teams in direct competition using team-game observations. Secondly, data on team formations and player starting positions within these formations is utilised in order to uniquely match individual players to a sole opponent on the field of play. Further empirical analyses are then conducted in order to investigate the levels of interdependency at this more isolated individual player level using player-game observations. Finally, an empirical investigation into the levels of interdependency between the performances of a positional unit (defence or attack) and their opposing team (as a collective) is conducted using positional unit-game observations. An exclusive and detailed data set ranging from the 2007-08 season to the 2010-11 season is utilised in order to estimate several production functions for teams, individual players and positional units competing in the German Bundesliga. The results in all empirical analyses confirm that the performance of the opponent is significant. At a team and positional unit level, no evidence is found to suggest that the performances of two direct opponents(s) are interdependent, however the results reveal that the recent past performances of the opponent(s) have a significant linear impact upon the performance of the subject. In particular, relative team form going in to a match is revealed to have a significant impact upon the performance of their opponent. At an individual player level, evidence is found to confirm that the performances of players in direct competition are interdependent thus supporting the sports economics theory of joint production. Specifically, the results reveal that the performances of defenders have a significant and negative impact upon the performances of their opposing attackers.

Comprendre comment se construit une juridiction à la cour des Habsbourg, par la lecture des oeuvres de pratique judiciaire et de théologie, de sources encore inconnues (les procès de la junte du Bureau ou les "porcones") ou peu consultées (les demandes de pardon du Vendredi saint) est l'objectif de ce travail. Une analyse de la multiplicité juridictionnelle de la cour insiste sur le rôle de la junte du Bureau, du conseil de Castille, des alcades de cour et du corrégidor, des juridictions ecclésiastique, inquisitoriale, militaire et diplomatique à Madrid. Cette superposition de juridictions s'accroît sous le règne de Philippe IV et place leurs procédures pénales en concurrence. La deuxième partie de la thèse est fondée sur des cas concrets qui mettent en opposition les différents tribunaux de la cour ainsi que sur l'explicitation de la procédure pénale. La troisième partie insiste sur l'exercice territorial et symbolique de la police qui conduit au développement du conflit de juridiction. La publicité de la loi et l'action des organes de la négociation sociale et judiciaire sont examinées : le recours à la force, les différentes juntes de compétence, le rôle du conseil de la Chambre de Castille dans l'économie de la grâce du monarque
The objective of this work was to understand how a jurisdiction was built at the Habsburg's court thanks to the reading of documents of judicial practice and theology, of sources which are still unknown (the trials by the junta of the Bureau or "porcones") or barely used (for example, the petitions for pardon on Good Friday). Next comes an analysis of the jurisdictional multiplicity of the court, which insists on the roles of the junta of the Bureau, the Council of Castile, the alcades of the court and the corregidor, and the ecclesiastic, military and diplomatic jurisdictions in Madrid. This accumulation of jurisdictions grew during Philip IV's reign and created competing criminal proceedings. The second part of this work is based on concrete cases which confront the different tribunals of the court and on the clarification of the criminal proceeding. The third part insists more particularly on the place and the role of the police, which led to a growing conflict between the jurisdictions. The law being progressively made public and the actions of the organs of social and judicial negociations -i. E. The appeals, the different juntas, the role of the Chamber of Castile in the King's mercy- are finally examined

Ce projet se place dans le cadre de la préparation de nouveaux composés antitumoraux, analogues de la fagaronine et de la nitidine, alcaloïdes naturels inhibiteurs de la topoisomérase I. Les nouvelles structures envisagées sont de type pyridopyrroloisoquinolones et pyridopyrroloquinolones. Les stratégies de synthèse mises en oeuvre ont conduit à la formation de nouveaux produits possédant une structure tétracyclique ou tricyclique inattendues. Afin de comprendre la réactivité du motif orthobromobenzamide en pallado-catalyse, la formation des dérivés tricycliques a fait l'objet d'une étude mécanistique (RMN, Masse et DFT). Pour la première fois une corrélation directe entre la base carbonatée et le solvant a été observée. Les résultats de cette étude ont permis de proposer un cycle catalytique faisant intervenir une espèce Pd(IV). Ce travail a également conduit à la préparation d'une petite chimiothèque d'une trentaine de composés
Topoisomerase I constitutes a validated target for the research of new anticancer agents. Two new series of aza-analogues of natural benzophenanthridine alkaloids nitidine and fagaronine were envisaged: pyridopyrroloisoquinolones and pyridopyrroloquinolones. During the synthesis of theses compounds, new tricyclic and tetracyclic heterocycles were unexpectidly obtained. Mechanistical investigations (NMR, mass and DFT) were carried out to understand the formation of the tricyclic compounds starting from orthobromobenzamide unit. The results of this study permitted to present a catalytic cycle including the passage through a transient Pd(IV) species. A small library of thirty compounds has been prepared

La Déclaration christologique commune signée à Rome en 1994 entre l’Église catholique et l’Église assyrienne témoigne d’une volonté réelle de retour à la foi une et commune entre les deux Églises. Elle met un terme à une séparation datant du Ve siècle, lors des querelles christologiques entre les deux patriarches Nestorius et Cyrille d’Alexandrie. L’Église de l’Orient vit, depuis toujours, un double isolement : l’un géographique, politique et culturel car située jadis en dehors des frontières de l’Empire romain, et l’autre dogmatique et ecclésiologique dû à sa défense de maîtres œcuméniques condamnés tels Nestorius et Théodore de Mopsueste. Elle exploite des termes anthropologiques kyana (nature), qnoma et parsopa (personne), de la langue syriaque, à la base des controverses et des incompréhensions sur la personne une du Christ. Dans ce débat, le rôle de Mar Babaï le Grand, au VIIe siècle, est capital, car il donne, dans son livre Liber de Unione, une définition précise de ces termes et systématise la théologie syro-orientale. Il est à l’origine de la confession christologique : deux natures, deux qnomé en une personne. La Déclaration christologique de 1994, révèle au monde ce qui unit les deux Églises : la personne du Christ. Elle est le fruit d’un travail concerté du Conseil pontifical pour la promotion de l’unité des chrétiens et de l’Église de l’Orient. Le désir de Mar Denkha IV, de signer un accord christologique avec Rome a rencontré celui d’André de Halleux, du côté catholique et de Mar Bawai Soro, du côté assyrien. Le Comité mixte assyro-catholique poursuit cette tâche en vue de l’unité, de 1995 à 2004, épaulé par la Fondation « Pro Oriente ». En 2005, le dialogue est suspendu avec le refus de la signature de l’accord sur les sacrements par les Assyriens. L’année 2007, laisse entrevoir une reprise possible du dialogue entre les deux partis
The Common Christological Declaration signed in Rome in 1994 between the Catholic Church and the Assyrian Church testifies to a genuine desire for a return to the common faith between the two Churches. It puts an end to a separation dating from the 5th century, due to the Christological quarrels between the two patriarchs Nestorius and Cyril of Alexandria.The Church of the East has always had a double isolation: one geographical, political and cultural since it was formerly outside the borders of the Roman Empire, and the other dogmatic and ecclesiological due to its defense of ecumenical masters condemned such as Nestorius and Theodore de Mopsueste. It exploits the anthropological terms kyana (nature), qnoma and parsopa (person), of the Syriac language, at the basis of the controversies and misunderstandings on the one person in Christ. In this debate, the role of Mar Baba the Great in the seventh century is crucial, for in his book Liber de Unione he gives a precise definition of these terms and systematizes Syro-Oriental theology. He is at the origin of the Christological confession: two natures, two qnome in one person. The Christological Declaration of 1994 reveals to the world what unites the two Churches: the person of Christ. It is the result of a concerted effort by the Pontifical Council for the Promotion of the Unity of Christians and the Church of the East. The desire of Mar Denkha IV to sign achristological agreement with Rome met that of André de Halleux on the Catholic side and Mar Bawai Soro on the Assyrian side. The Assyro-Catholic Joint Committee continued this task with a view to unity, from 1995 to 2004, supported by the "Pro Oriente" Foundation. In 2005, the dialogue was suspended with the refusal of the Assyrians to sign the agreement on the sacraments. The year 2007, aims at resuming the dialogue between the two parties

S tím, jak se neustále vyvíjejí nové technologie pro energeticky náročná průmyslová odvětví, stávající zařízení postupně zaostávají v efektivitě a produktivitě. Tvrdá konkurence na trhu a legislativa v oblasti životního prostředí nutí tato tradiční zařízení k ukončení provozu a k odstavení. Zlepšování procesu a projekty modernizace jsou zásadní v udržování provozních výkonů těchto zařízení. Současné přístupy pro zlepšování procesů jsou hlavně: integrace procesů, optimalizace procesů a intenzifikace procesů. Obecně se v těchto oblastech využívá matematické optimalizace, zkušeností řešitele a provozní heuristiky. Tyto přístupy slouží jako základ pro zlepšování procesů. Avšak, jejich výkon lze dále zlepšit pomocí moderní výpočtové inteligence. Účelem této práce je tudíž aplikace pokročilých technik umělé inteligence a strojového učení za účelem zlepšování procesů v energeticky náročných průmyslových procesech. V této práci je využit přístup, který řeší tento problém simulací průmyslových systémů a přispívá následujícím: (i)Aplikace techniky strojového učení, která zahrnuje jednorázové učení a neuro-evoluci pro modelování a optimalizaci jednotlivých jednotek na základě dat. (ii) Aplikace redukce dimenze (např. Analýza hlavních komponent, autoendkodér) pro vícekriteriální optimalizaci procesu s více jednotkami. (iii) Návrh nového nástroje pro analýzu problematických částí systému za účelem jejich odstranění (bottleneck tree analysis – BOTA). Bylo také navrženo rozšíření nástroje, které umožňuje řešit vícerozměrné problémy pomocí přístupu založeného na datech. (iv) Prokázání účinnosti simulací Monte-Carlo, neuronové sítě a rozhodovacích stromů pro rozhodování při integraci nové technologie procesu do stávajících procesů. (v) Porovnání techniky HTM (Hierarchical Temporal Memory) a duální optimalizace s několika prediktivními nástroji pro podporu managementu provozu v reálném čase. (vi) Implementace umělé neuronové sítě v rámci rozhraní pro konvenční procesní graf (P-graf). (vii) Zdůraznění budoucnosti umělé inteligence a procesního inženýrství v biosystémech prostřednictvím komerčně založeného paradigmatu multi-omics.

The aim of this study was to determine motor unit firing patterns during ischemic versus non-ischemic sustained submaximal isometric contractions of the tibialis anterior muscle. 10 healthy adults attended two experimental sessions approximately 48 hours apart. Both sessions were identical except that the fatigue task in one was performed with a pressure cuff placed above the knee and inflated to 180 mm Hg. Three 5s maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) were performed prior to and after the fatigue task. Each participant held a target force of 20% MVC until endurance time (peak-to-peak tremor amplitude exceeded 5% MVC). Single motor unit firing rates (11 non ischemic, 9 ischemic) were recorded with intramuscular fine wire electrodes. Mean interspike intervals over 5s time bins were calculated at every 5% endurance time. The endurance time for the ischemic (3.7 ± 0.58 min) fatigue task was significantly (p<0.001) shorter than the non-ischemic (9.5 ± 0.57 min) task. There was no significant difference in mean motor unit firing rates between the two conditions (p=0.883). Within both tests, there was a significant decline in firing rate (ischemic initial: 12.95 ± 0.71 Hz, minimum: 11.41 ± 0.81 Hz, p=0.023; non-ischemic initial: 13.13 ± 0.87 Hz, minimum: 11.15 ± 0.48 Hz, p=0.012). The time to minimum firing rate was significantly (p<0.001) less in the ischemic (1.29 ± 0.2 min) compared to non-ischemic (3.14 ± 0.23 min) condition. Muscle ischemia significantly reduced endurance time and the time to minimum firing rate. However, there were no differences in average motor unit firing rates between the two conditions across the relative phases of endurance time.
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RESUMO: O presente relatório foi realizado no contexto do estágio curricular do Mestrado em Gestão da Investigação Clínica e descreve e analisa as atividades efetuadas. O estágio, em Coordenação de Estudos Clínicos, teve uma duração total de 6 meses, em que foram contabilizadas 586 horas de contacto. Este estágio decorreu primeiro no Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, E.P.E. (CHULC) de Outubro a Dezembro sob orientação do Professor Luís Pereira da Silva e da Doutora Ana Cunha; e depois no Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, E.P.E. (CHLO), sob orientação da Doutora Sara Maia e da Prof. Doutora Nélia Gouveia, onde foi possível começar a exercer funções de Coordenadora Responsável pelos estudos do Hospital de São Francisco Xavier. Este relatório encontra-se dividido em quarto secções em que a primeira se foca numa pesquisa bibliográfica sobre estudos de fase IV. A segunda descreve os objetivos do estágio curricular no MEGIC. A terceira e quarta secções descrevem todas as atividades realizadas no CHULC e no CHLO, respetivamente. Nestas duas secções, encontram-se tabelas que descrevem em detalhe todas as atividades realizadas e como estas se interligam entre si. Finalmente, é também abordado na parte final do relatório o impacto da pandemia no estágio no MEGIC. O estágio curricular permitiu a aprendizagem dos conceitos chave da Investigação Clínica na prática e a realização de atividades relacionadas com a Coordenação de Estudos, desde resolução de questionários de exequibilidade com investigadores, submissão de estudos, acompanhamento de equipas de investigação nas visitas dos participantes e participação transversal nos serviços envolvidos nos estudos clínicos.

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Arquitectura, Universidade Lusíada de Lisboa, 2014
Exame público realizado em 27 de Janeiro de 2015
A utilização da figura cúbica ganha, com o passar do tempo, uma utilização notória depois da Segunda Grande Guerra com o Movimento Moderno e as suas vanguardas; o De Stijl e o Estilo Internacional. Assim, a presente dissertação desenvolve-se a partir de uma contextualização a nível de pensamento, abordando Juan de Herrera e Platão como base, passando para a prática da figura cúbica na arquitectura tanto a nível temporal como cronológico – desde a Ka’aba à Caja General de Ahorros de Granada – na escolha de projectos destacados pelo evidente uso da figura cúbica. De modo a ilustrar diferentes tipos de pensamento e de aplicação da figura cúbica são apresentadas três obras distintas, consideradas através dos diferentes conceitos; Unity Temple, que se caracteriza pela adição de duas figuras cúbicas; Turégano House, que se apresenta como uma figura cúbica única e singular e a House IV, que mantém o pensamento de figura cúbica até esta ser descontruída. A presente dissertação pretende reunir as principais referências na aplicação da figura cúbica como prática na arquitectura.