Tesis sobre el tema "Unified protection of the intellectual property rights"

Intellectual products, scientific knowledge, information, professional, scientific, spiritual and cultural potential of the society today are the driving force behind economic growth, determine the competitiveness of production. This sets a strengthening of the role of intellectual property. The crucial role of intellectual assets in the global economy growth determined the choice of innovative strategy by Ukraine in the 21 stcentury. The important part of that strategy is the development of the national legal framework that includes adoption of the national laws and accession to international agreements that become part of the national legislation. The solution of the problem of forming an effective system of protection of intellectual property is a prerequisite for building a strong background for an innovative model of Ukraine’s development, its modernization, and the raising of its competitiveness in a global social-economic system, and consequently - creating jobs in new industries that could shape a 21st century global economy - an economy based on knowledge. The following thesis is a qualitative study about intellectual property protection and intended for Ukrainian companies and for students as information paper because there is differences between the old system in former Soviet and the European/US systems that has to be understood and business in Ukraine as well as researchers/inventors has to adjust to this different situations in order for companies to exploit the full potential of their innovations, part of this is by IP protection.

L’idée selon laquelle l’uniformisation du droit de la propriété intellectuelle écarte le problème des conflits de lois semble profondément ancrée dans l’opinion des observateurs qui se sont intéressés au droit de l’OAPI. Du moins, les études qui se rapportent à la propriété intellectuelle dans cet espace n’abordent pas spécifiquement la question du conflit de lois. Lorsqu’elles l’évoquent ponctuellement, elles se limitent essentiellement à constater que ses rapports avec le droit uniforme se résument à sa disparition pure et simple. Ce constat commun méritait néanmoins d’être vérifié. C’est donc à une telle vérification, opérée au moyen d’une confrontation des effets de l’uniformisation du droit de propriété intellectuelle et des causes du problème des conflits de lois, qu’est consacrée la première partie de la présente thèse. Les résultats de cette confrontation conduisent à constater la persistance du problème des conflits de lois au sein de l’espace OAPI, même si le droit uniforme ne manque pas d’en influencer la configuration. Ainsi, la seconde partie de la thèse est consacrée à la recherche de solutions adaptées à la configuration particulière du problème dans l’OAPI. Cette recherche des solutions prend en compte les objectifs de l’entreprise d’uniformisation du droit de propriété intellectuelle, les engagements internationaux des États membres ainsi que les intérêts spécifiques que l’identification de la loi applicable cherche à servir. Elle aboutit, d’une part, à la proposition de solutions positive concernant la coordination institutionnelle nécessaire à une réalisation uniforme des droits de propriété intellectuelle ; d’autre part, à l’élaboration de règles destinées à l’identification de la loi applicable aux différents aspects de la propriété intellectuelle
The idea that the uniformization of intellectual property law eliminates the problem of conflict of laws seems to be deeply rooted in the opinion of observers who have taken an interest in OAPI law. At least, the studies that relate to intellectual property in this space do not specifically address the issue of conflict of laws. When they mention it occasionally, they essentially limit themselves to asserting that the uniform law eliminates the problem of conflicts of laws. This common observation nevertheless deserved to be verified. The first part of this thesis is devoted to such a verification. This verification was carried out by means of a comparison between the effects of the uniform intellectual property law and the causes of the problem of conflicts of laws. The results of this confrontation show the persistence of the problem of conflicts of laws within the OAPI area, even if uniform law does not fail to influence its configuration. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the search for solutions adapted to the configuration of the problem within the OAPI area. This search for solutions considers the objectives of the uniformization of intellectual property law, the international commitments of the member states as well as the specific interests that the identification of the applicable law seeks to serve. It leads, on the one hand, to the proposal of positive solutions concerning the jurisdictional coordination necessary for a uniform realization of intellectual property rights; on the other hand, to the development of rules intended to identify the law applicable to different aspects of intellectual property

Thesis (MComm)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study analyses the extent to which the current intellectual property system is suited to the protection of traditional knowledge in the Western Cape. Employing a multidisciplinary approach that incorporates economic and legal theory as well as legal philosophy, this study argues that although advances in the fields of biotechnology has brought with it the need for greater intellectual property rights protection, the protection of traditional knowledge has largely been ignored. Traditional ethnobotanical knowledge holds immense economic value for both commercial entities seeking to develop products based on traditional knowledge as well as for the communities that possess such knowledge. Protecting traditional knowledge is necessary to ensure that the communities contributing their knowledge are recognized and compensated for such contributions. In order for a system to provide adequate protection for traditional knowledge it has to be consistent with and suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. This study therefore evaluates the prevailing system of knowledge protection as embodied in the intellectual property rights regime as a means of protecting traditional knowledge. The analysis reveals that the dominant justification for the existence ofIPRs is based on utilitarian considerations that promote IPRs as a necessary incentive encouraging innovative activity. This utilitarian justification also provides the basis for an economic justification for the existence of IPRs that suggests that the conferring of exclusive rights (in the form of IPRs) to innovators ensure that such innovators are able to recover their research costs and realize profits from their inventions. The IPR system as it exists is underpinned by these considerations and embedded in principles of individualism and private property. The WTO reinforces and promotes this approach to intellectual property in the TRIPs agreement by recognizing intellectual property as a 'trade related' issue. The inclusion of IPRs as a 'trade related' issue in the multilateral framework of the WTO reflects the interests of multinational corporations and developed nations who rely extensively on these mechanisms to maintain their power and wealth in an increasingly knowledge driven global economy. The exclusion of traditional knowledge within the TRIPs, coupled with the desire to extend patents to cover life forms is also indicative of this bias inherent in the system. South African intellectual property legislation is then applied to the traditional knowledge of an indigenous medicinal plant to test whether IPRs are able to provide adequate protection to traditional knowledge. In this regard it is found that patent protection, which could potentially provide the greatest form of protection for traditional knowledge is. not suited to the needs of traditional knowledge holders. Problems of identifying owners, determining inventors and novelty, time limited rights and costs all limits the potential of patents as a tool for protecting traditional knowledge. Similar constraints limit the potential of other categories of IPRs to provide protection for traditional knowledge. However, it was found that IPRs do provide a certain measure of defensive protection. The study therefore concludes that the IPR system as it exists, both in the international trade environment as well as at the national level, fails to adequately address the threat of appropriation and the concerns of traditional knowledge holders. Amending the IPR system and/or developing sui generis systems of protection are therefore necessary to ensure that the knowledge of communities are protected and such communities are able to benefit from the exploitation oftheir knowledge and resources.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om vas te stel in hoe 'n mate die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom geskik is vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis in die Wes-Kaap. 'n Multidissiplinêre benadering, wat uit elemente van ekonomiese- en regsteorie sowel as regsfilosofie haal, is gevolg om te wys dat die beskerming van tradisionele kennis grootliks geïgnoreer is, alhoewel nuwe deurbrake in biotegnologie die behoefte skep vir groter bekerming van intellektuele eiendom. Tradisionele etnobotaniese kennis het geweldige ekonomiese waarde vir beide die kommersiële entiteite wat produkte uit sodanige kennis wil produseer sowel as vir tradisionele gemeenskappe aan wie die kennis behoort. Dus, indien sulke gemeenskappe voordeel wil trek uit hierdie kennis, is dit nodig dat hul bydraes erken moet word, en dat hulle daarvoor vergoed moet word. Sulke beskerming sal net doeltreffend wees indien dit aangepas is by die behoeftes van hierdie gemeenskappe. Dus word die huidige sisteem vir die beskerming van tradisionele kennis geevalueer in hierdie studie. Die ondersoek wys dat die sisteem vir die beskerming van intellektuele eiendom berus op die teoretiese basis van nutsmaksimering, waar die hoofdoel te vinde is in die bydrae wat dit kan maak tot ekonomiese welvaart deur middel van innovasie. In hierdie opsig word beskerming van intellektuele eiendom beskou as 'n manier waardeur die innoveerder sy navorsings- en ontwikkelingskostes kan delg en wins kan maak. Hierdie benadering word onderskryf deur die WTO in die TRIPS Ooreenkoms. In hierdie opsig word die belange van veral die ryk lande en die multinasionale maatskappye bevorder, 'n sleutelvoordeel in 'n wêreld waar kennis gepaardgaan met mag in die mark. Hierdie verskynsel word versterk deur die uitsluiting van tradisionele kennis van die TRIPS Ooreenkoms en die behoefte daaraan om patentregte uit te brei. Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing oor intellektuele eiendom word vervolgens toegepas op die geval van tradisionele kennis oor 'n inheemse medisinale plant om te toets of intellektuele eiendomsreg genoegsame beskerming aan tradisionele kennis bied. Daar is gevind dat patentregte, wat potensieël die grootste mate van beskerming sou kon bied, nie gepas is in die geval van houers van tradisionele kennis nie. Probleme wat voorkom sluit in die identifisering van eienaars, innoveerders en innoverings, die tydsbeperking op regte, asook kosteoorwegings. Ander vorms van beskerming is aan soortgelyke kritiek onderhewig, alhoewel bevind is dat intellektuele eiendomsreg wel 'n mate van defensiewe beskerming bied. Die gevolgtrekking word dus gemaak dat die huidige vorms van beskerming vir intellektuele eiendomsreg, beide internasionaal sowel as in Suid-Afrika, nie die belange van die houers van tradisionele kennis beskerm nie. Dit is dus nodig om die huidige vorms aan te spreek, of om sui generis beskerming te ontwikkel om hiervoor te sorg.

This thesis aimed to explore the influence of intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection reform gained from WTO accession on technology diffusion in China. China’s entrance to the WTO in 2001 brought and will continue to bring significant impacts on China’s economic, political and social development. Under pressure from the developed countries, China reformed its IPRs protection in order to accede to the WTO. There was heated debate on whether stronger IPRs protection was beneficial for developing countries’ technological progress. This research investigated the impact of IPRs protection reform arising from WTO accession on technology diffusion in China. Fieldwork was the main method of this research. Semi-structured interview, self-completion questionnaire, official statistics and other sources such as television programs, interviews with government officials were used to collect data. The research found that its entrance to the WTO urged China to reform its IPRs protection. IPRs reform had both positive and negative impacts on technology diffusion. The impact of IPRs reform on technology diffusion in China varied in different industries, sizes and legal status of firms. Other relevant policies, such as the “Open Door” policy, economic development policies, research and development (R&D) policies, foreign investment policies, China’s big market and industry development policies also influenced the impact of IPRs on technology diffusion. The importance of this research was based on the fact that it was the first research on the impact of IPRs reform on technology diffusion in China which disseminated unique and original information. Currently most Chinese policy-makers intend to implement stronger IPRs policy, without a comprehensive knowledge of the disadvantages of IPRs in technology diffusion. This research will help future policy making as it provided information on the limitations of the current IPRs system, which has not been a matter of concern to the Chinese policy-makers so far.

Partendo dal contesto internazionale attuale, verranno analizzati gli strumenti utili al fine di proteggere il patrimonio culturale delle comunità indigene, il loro riconoscimento come tali, i relativi diritti di proprietà intellettuale e il ruolo che queste hanno all’interno della comunità internazionale. Successivamente ci si concentrerà sulla popolazione Maori della Nuova Zelanda, introducendone la storia insieme ad esempi di come la loro cultura venga spesso utilizzata in modo inappropriato a scopi commerciali. A partire dal trattato di Waitangi, al Waitangi Tribunal, si intende analizzare la situazione odierna e le misure adottate nel Paese per salvaguardare i diritti nell’ambito della proprietà intellettuale dei Māori. Infine, verrà preso come caso studio il celebre Wai 262 Fauna and Flora Claim, il più complesso presentatosi al Waitangi Tribunal, coinvolgendo il lavoro di più di 20 dipartimenti e agenzie del governo neozelandese. Sei furono le tribù che si unirono per reclamare il loro diritto di essere “guardiani” della loro cultura, e di tutto ciò che loro considerano prezioso per la sopravvivenza di questa, tra cui rientrano le loro tradizioni, la flora e la fauna. Con questo elaborato si intende dimostrare che i diritti di proprietà intellettuale delle popolazioni indigene spesso vengono confuse con la salvaguardia delle loro culture, quando queste, per quanto diverse, sono due sfere coesistenti e che si possono supportare l'un l'altra, ma la materia si dimostra spesso vaga e non precisa, risultando in legislazioni obsolete.

Infringement in fields of Intellectual Property Rights is a global problem causing repeated and sustained attention at national and international levels. A number of different organizations and commissions are constantly control and counteract the growth of these infringements, but despite the taken measures counterfeit and piracy goods continue to be manufactured and sold around the world. The Russian Federation (RF) is a country that has close commercial ties with many foreign states, including Sweden. However the RF is one of the countries, included on the Special 301 Priority Watch List due to the continuing and large - scale of Property Rights and Intellectual Property Rights violations. In this connection, a study was conducted with the participation of collaborating Swedish - Russian enterprises, whose activities could be subjected to counterfeiting and IP piracy. The aim of the study is to determine how collaborating Swedish – Russian enterprises with branches in the Russian Federation perceive the situation in the country and assess the activities of Russian institutions that play an important role in controlling and combating violations against counterfeiting and IP piracy. Moreover the aim includes identifying the most vulnerable class of actors in the general mechanism of counterfeiting and IP piracy. The research based on elements of the New Institutional Economics Theory and conducted by using a combination of a literature review and semi- structured interview with representatives of Swedish - Russian enterprises. The study found that organizations are the most vulnerable class of actors in general mechanism of counterfeiting and IP piracy. International firms and companies are in a more difficult situation because they provide own activities simultaneously in several legal and political systems. Representatives of interviewed companies argue that activities of analyzed Russian institutions are insufficiently effective and the state should take a set of measures so the foreign collaborative organizations could feel confident in territory of the RF and Russian market would become more attractive for foreign business.

This dissertation explores the protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs) as they relate to publicly financed research and development (R&D) outcomes. Kenya has the opportunity to learn from the experience of the United States of America (US) and South Africa (SA). The US enacted the Bayh-Dole Act (BDA) in 1980 while SA enacted the Intellectual Property Rights from Publicly Financed Research and Development Act (IPR-PFRD Act) in 2008. The main research question is whether Kenya ought to enact similar legislation. In addition to the main research question, there are six other secondary questions. The first and second research questions are explored in chapter two which discuss the enactment of the BDA and its impacts in the US. The dissertation uses literature to look at the legislative journey of the BDA which upon its enactment created a uniform approach towards the protection of federally funded R&D outcomes. Literature also points to the fact that years later, the BDA still invokes debates across the US and beyond. There is no consensus on the impact of the BDA. Despite the lack of a clear stand point on its exact effect, several countries have emulated the US and still continue to do so. The third and fourth research questions discussed in chapter three adopts a similar approach but focuses on SA, the first African country to emulate the BDA. The IPR-PFRD Act has been operational since 2010. The limited period of its existence means that the literature available is work in progress. Despite that, SA has had some impacts experienced so far across its leading universities in the form of; realignment of IP policies to comply with the provisions of the IPR-PFRD Act as well as discussions among researchers, innovators and the National Intellectual Property Management Office (NIPMO). There is evidence that Universities, industries and NIPMO are trying to implement the spirit as well as the letter of the IPR-PFRD Act. The fifth and sixth questions discussed in chapter four turn to Kenya. The dissertation tries to establish whether there is a demand in Kenya for legislation that regulates publicly financed R&D outcomes. It proposes that the time is not yet ripe for Kenya to have a BDA model, but that Kenya needs to first develop sustainable capacity and infrastructure to support the protection, management and ownership of IP. Chapter five concludes that Kenya can learn invaluable lessons from the US and SA when it considers regulating publicly-financed R&D outcomes.

This research work addresses the problem being faced by developing countries in the commercial exploitation of their traditional cultural expressions (TCEs) by third parties without giving due attribution to nor sharing benefits with the communities from which these TCEs originate. This problem stems from the inability of customary law systems which regulates life in such communities to adequately cater for the protection of these TCEs. The legal systems of the developing countries have also proven to be ineffective in the protection of TCEs from such misappropriation and unauthorized commercial exploitation. This mini-thesis examines how TCEs have been protected domestically through national legislation and internationally through treaties and proposes means by which they can be protected in a manner that would preserve them, while promoting the dissemination of those which can be shared without destroying their inherent nature. This mini-thesis thus explores avenues through which the protection of TCEs would contribute to economic and human development in developing countries.

Thesis (M.A.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2007.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on Sept. 7, 2007) "A dissertation submitted in conformity with the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in arbitration and dispute resolution." Includes bibliographical references.

Over the past few decades, the protection of Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCEs) has generated lively debates within the international community and the questions of whether TCEs should be protected by Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs) and if so how, have been of increasing practical concern for TCEs holders and national policyrnakers in various countries. To date, however, work on the protection of TCEs has progressed slowly, and little has emerged in the way of concrete, binding law. Moreover, those instruments proposed as solutions appear unable to meet the range of concerns raised by TCEs holders and culturally-rich developing countries. Concerns raised by TCEs holders can be classified into four main categories. Firstly, they stress the difficulties they encounter in preventing and/or controlling the commercial use of their TCEs by third parties and in benefiting from this commercial isation themselves. Secondly, they express concerns about the inappropriate and offensive use of their TCEs. Thirdly, they wish to be attributed for their TCEs as well as have the possibility to object to any false attribution. Finally, they emphasise the need to ensure the identification and preservation of existing TCEs as well as their promotion, dissemination and continued evolution. The protection of TCEs was initially envisaged on a copyright model, because of the similarity of subject matter between copyright law and TCEs. However, although copyright law seems well suited to meet some of the needs and objectives of TCEs holders, it is limited in its potential for protecting TCEs. This thesis argues that "origin related intellectual property rights", such as trade marks, certification and collective marks and geographical indications, as well as passing off and laws against misrepresentation appear to be conceptually best suited for the protection of TCEs, because of their specific nature and characteristics. Such characteristics include the fact that they are usually produced within a community, which is often linked to a specific place, and according to traditional methods and know how transmitted from generation to generation, often using raw material from sustainable resources. In addition, this method of protection also seems to accommodate the fact that TCEs are usually already in the public 2 Abstract domain and to take into consideration some of the aims of TCEs holders such as the fact that they would like a protection that is unlimited in time. A system of protection based on origin related IPRs could offer practical advantages for TCEs holders since such category of rights used as such or with minor adaptations would enable them to obtain quick, practical and effective protection. In addition, there would be no need for the creation of a new sui generis IP or IP related system, which would take a long time to establish and may not be politically feasible anyway. The proposed approach will admittedly not address all the concerns of TCEs holders, but it will provide a balanced and workable compromise solution that could satisfy most of their concerns and policy objectives.

The thesis is an exploration of how indigenous knowledge has emerged as a subject within Australian intellectual property law. It uses the context of copyright law to illustrate this development. The work presents an analysis of the political, social and cultural intersections that influence legal possibilities and effect practical expectations of the law in this area. The dilemma of protecting indigenous knowledge resonates with tensions that characterise intellectual property as a whole. The metaphysical dimensions of intellectual property have always been insecure but these difficulties come to the fore with the identification of boundaries and markers that establish property in indigenous subject matter. While intellectual property law is always managing difference, the politics of law are more transparent when managing indigenous concerns. Rather than assume the naturalness of the category of indigenous knowledge within law, this work interrogates the politics of its construction precisely as a ???special??? category. Employing a multidisciplinary methodology, engaging theories of governmental rationality that draws upon the scholarship of Michel Foucault to appreciate strategies of managing and directing knowledge, the thesis considers how the politics of law is infused by cultural, political, bureaucratic and individual factors. Key elements in Australia that have pushed the law to consider expressions of indigenous knowledge in intellectual property can be located in changing political environments, governmental intervention through strategic reports, cultural sensitivity articulated in case law and innovative instances of individual agency. The intersection of these elements reveals a dynamic that exerts influence in the shape the law takes.

This thesis represents a critical examination of the intellectual property protection over biogenetic resources in Sri Lanka. While Sri Lanka is obliged to comply with international obligations, consideration needs to be given to the maintenance of a sustainable agricultural framework. The extension of intellectual property rights to agriculture is a significant issue that confronts Sri Lanka. The challenge for Sri Lanka is to ensure that these rights are implemented in the domestic context in an appropriate manner.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Law School
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

This thesis was written in the contemplation of the idea that, it is only through protection of the traditional knowledge in African local societies where these societies can rip the benefit of its commercialization and non-commercialization. It was thus centered on the emphasis that, while the African countries are still insisting on the need to have amendments done to the TRIPS Agreement, they should also establish regulations in their domestic laws to protect traditional knowledge from being pirated. This emphasis was mainly raised at this time due to the wide spread of bio-piracy in African local societies by the Western Multinational Pharmaceutical Corporations.

This thesis aims to examine the intellectual property regimes in the Gulf Co-operation Council (GCC) states and assess the relationships between legislation, enforcement mechanisms and sharia law. The GCC states, currently Bahrain, Oman, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, UAE and Qatar, all have varied mechanisms in place for both the implementation and enforcement of intellectual property rights. The thesis pays close attention to the evolution of intellectual property laws and regulations in the GCC states with particular interest directed towards the development of national intellectual property laws within the GCC states from the 1970’s onwards1. Intellectual property protection in the GCC states is considered from two perspectives. The first perspective addresses the international demand for higher standards of intellectual property protection in the GCC states. The second perspective defines intellectual property within the laws of Islam and explores the relationship between Islam and intellectual property. The latter part analyses religious influence, societal and cultural norms, economic reality and the developmental stage of each GCC state. It is an important area of study as developing Muslim countries are struggling with meeting international standards and a successful integrated framework will impact not only on GCC states but other Islamic states and as a result could potentially lead to more informed negotiation in trade agreements with developed states. The research argues there are systematic flaws in the GCC states adopting intellectual property laws which are in essence a procrustean modification of foreign laws which have developed from colonial occupation or laws taken from donor countries. The GCC legal systems of the states have evolved utilising different sets of legal principles and therefore it could be argued the foreign laws that have been adopted are somewhat unsuitable for the GCC states. The research has focused on the implications of the national and international legislative regimes on the protection of intellectual property rights on the GCC states. Consideration is given to compliance, mainly how compliant the GCC is to its World Trade Organisation (WTO) membership and Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIP’s) Agreement and to what extent the European Union (EU) and the United States (US) influence the intellectual property protection regimes in the GCC. The research has examined the development of the GCC in three distinct stages; pre-TRIPS, TRIPS compliance stage and TRIPS plus. Furthermore, the thesis argues that the somewhat simplistic formula of the GCC states passing a large number of intellectual property laws to appease the EU and US does not have the significant economic impact on the GCC economy as the international agreements would suggest. Not all trade is intellectual property related and not all foreign direct investment is contingent upon intellectual property protection. However, as the GCC states are largely oil dependent, they do need to diversify their trade and as such an intellectual property protection model that accounts for international intellectual property law and the bespoke cultural and religious views amongst GCC citizens can produce tangible results for both the GCC and its trading partners. What sets the research apart from previous research is two-fold. Firstly, the research is qualitative and has scratched beneath the surface of intellectual property law in the GCC and examined in detail the Islamic law principles that have been used to justify sharia compliance, the western perspective on international intellectual property and the impact of multilateral trade agreements. Secondly, the analysis of Islamic finance and the application of successful sharia compliant models in Islamic finance to intellectual property is innovative as it acts as a springboard to creating a modified sharia compliant intellectual property protection model. Finally, the thesis will conclude by making a series of recommendations to develop an integrated approach to intellectual property rights which takes into account; the structure of the GCC states, international agreements and pressures, the international institutions, Islamic finance and both societal and religious views.

Magister Legum - LLM
Traditional Knowledge (TK) is the long standing wisdom, teachings and practices of indigenous communities which have been passed on orally, in the majority of cases, from generation to generation. TK is expressed in the form, medicine, agriculture, understanding of the ecology, music, dance, stories, folklore, poetry, spiritual, cultural and artistic expressions, and knowledge relating to bio-diversity. This thesis focuses on plant bio-diversity, as part of TK, and the problem of bio-piracy. We attempt a definition of TK; its characteristics; possible measures that can be taken to ensure its protection; and challenges that are likely to be faced in seeking to ensure its protection, first at the global level, then with particular attention to South Africa. Some of the suggested measures include the enactment of sui generis laws to protect plant biodiversity, rather that the adaptation of the existing IP regime. Some of the challenges include unwillingness of some countries to participate in international initiatives, like the US, which is not even a signatory of the CBD, and the difficulty of identifying the persons in whom ownership of the TK should be vested when it is possessed by many communities. This issue is a very sensitive one because there have been numerous cases of bio-piracy in developing countries perpetrated by corporations from industrialised countries. Some of the notable examples of bio-piracy include; The Neem tree from India whose products are used in medicine, toiletries and cosmetics; the Ayahuasca a vine used in India for religious and healing ceremonies; the Asian Turmeric plant used in cooking, cosmetics and medicine, the Hoodia Cactus plant in the Kalahari Desert of southern Africa used by the San people to stave off hunger. These instances have given rise to increased talks about the necessity of a law on the protection of TK relating to bio-diversity in general at the international, regional and national levels. The World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) is working on enacting measures to ensure the protection and conservation of TK at the international level; in 2002 it created nine fact finding commissions on TK in general. These fact finding missions on TK innovation and creativity were undertaken with the intention of seeking possibilities of protecting the intellectual property rights of TK holders. In 2002, The WIPO Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC) was created to continue with this task. The 1993 Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) encourages States to enact measures to implement its provisions on the protection of knowledge, innovations and practices of indigenous and local communities. This trend in protection of TK relating to biological resources has been followed by the Nagoya Protocol of October 2010. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) also makes mention of protecting plant varieties. The research suggests that one could use both Intellectual Property Rights and Sui Generis measures to address and secure protection of TK, and provide compensation to holders for the use of the intellectual property.
South Africa

The use of indigenous knowledge (IK) and indigenous bio-resources by pharmaceutical and herbal industries has led to concerns about the need to protect IK in order to prevent biopiracy and the misappropriation of indigenous knowledge and resources. While some commentators believe that intellectual property rights (IPR) law can effectively protect IK, others are more sceptical. In order to contribute to the growing debate on this issue, this study uses the relatively new and as yet largely critically unanalysed Masakhane Pelargonium case to address the question of whether or not IPR law can be used to effectively protect IK. It is argued here that discussion about the protection of IK is a matter that must be located within broader discussions about North-South relations and the continued struggle for economic and political freedom by indigenous people and their states. The Masakhane case suggests that IPR law in its current form cannot provide sufficient protection of IK on its own. Incompatibilities between IPR law and IK necessitate that certain factors, most important of which are land, organised representation, and what are referred as 'confidence and network resources', be present in order for IPR law to be used with any degree of success. The study also reveals various factors that undermine the possibility of using IPR law to protect IK. In particular, the study highlights the way in which local political tensions can undermine the ability of communities to effectively use IPR law to protect their knowledge. The thesis concludes with several recommendations that will enable indigenous communities and their states to benefit more substantially from the commercialisation of their bio-resources and associated IK.

Для того щоб з‘ясувати сутність будь-якого явища слід розпочинати його вивчення з історичного розвитку його існування. Історія правового регулювання людьми відносин, пов‘язаних з інтелектуальною власністю, нараховує десятки тисячоліть, а правові норми, які охороняли ці відносини, чи не найдавніші серед інших юридичних правил поведінки. Джерела правового регулювання охорони інтелектуальної власності сягають з глибокої давнини. Наприклад, ще в період первісного ладу ретельно зберігалися і передавалися у спадок секрети добування вогню, створення зброї тощо. Слід зазначити, що у цей період регулятором відносин був формально незакріплений звичай [1]. Також у минулому існували дуже суворі методи запобігання копіювання творів мистецтва та архітектури. Відомі жорстокі осліплювання і навіть вбивства творців, щоб вони ніде і ніколи більше не змогли повторити свої творіння . Серед писаних канонів, які в різні часи врегульовували питання охорони інтелектуальної власності, на сьогоднішній день залишилися лише релігійні норми. Прикладом древньої і нині значущої християнської настанови є біблейська заповідь "Не вкради", яка поширюється як на матеріальні речі, так і на речі нематеріального світу, до яких належить інтелектуальна власність [2].

The aim of this Master's Thesis is to explore, analyze and discuss of the role and position of the innovation policies' ecosystems, the role of incentives in general and particularly within the sphere of intellectual property rights (IPR). The paper consists of two key parts. Firstly, it discuss the role of innovation, justification of incentives and purpose of the IPR protection as the means of addressing market failures, which hinder the innovation process, especially for the small and medium enterprises. Secondly, analysis was conducted within the series of case studies, including Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, United States, China and India. The divergence of the list of countries should provide representative list of measures and incentives employed and utilized in various systems of Innovation governance. Overall findings are compared with the system in the Czech Republic in order to provide prospects for the potential adjustments.

Magister Legum - LLM
Access to medicines is an essential component of the basic human right to health and a key determinant of the importance attached to the health care system of a country. It essentially entails the availability and acceptability of the essential medicines on the market and the ability of patients to afford such medicines when needed. Globally, countries face access to medicine challenges partly because of patents which undoubtedly accounts for excessive pricing of medicine. As such, efforts have been made to ensure the accessibility of medicines through the Trade-Related Aspect of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) flexibilities of the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Beyond these interventions, it is incumbent on Members of the WTO to domesticate the flexibilities of the TRIPS Agreement before their utilisation because by their very nature, they cannot be self-executed. With an estimated population of 29.6 million, about 310 000 people in Ghana are living with HIV. The country’s health facilities record 40 per cent of outpatient visits each year and about 14 550 per 100 000 of the population are infected with tuberculosis with cancer on the rise. These diseases require medicines which are mostly patented yet Ghana has access to medicine problems despite the existence of a national health insurance system. Ghana has however not fully incorporated the TRIPS flexibilities in its national legislations and therefore unable to fully utilise the flexibilities as an option to access essential medicines. Questions therefore remain as to why and how Ghana can utilise the flexibilities to improve access to medicines. Based on an examination of the WTO’s patent system and legislations of Ghana, this mini- thesis contends that, the extent of incorporation of the flexibilities are inadequate due to the existence of lacunas in the Ghanaian legislations. Furthermore, a comparative assessment with South Africa supports an understanding that conditions are not ripe for full utilisation of all the flexibilities. It further argues that the utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities by Ghana has been rendered ineffective due to administrative, political, economic and social challenges which adversely affects the full utilisation of the flexibilities incorporated and those yet to be incorporated. It is therefore important that Ghana adopts holistic approaches taking into consideration best practices if the TRIPS flexibilities must be effectively utilised. This mini-thesis concludes that, the TRIPS flexibilities are necessary for accessing essential medicines in Ghana to promote the right to health and that a review of Ghana’s current legislations to fully incorporate the TRIPS flexibilities and addressing other non-legal challenges are the required linchpin for effective utilisation of the TRIPS flexibilities.

This thesis aims at answering two questions under the topic of Harmonisation of Industrial Property Rights Protection Procedures in the European Union. The questions researched are: &ldquo
What are the current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in the European Union and Turkey?&rdquo
and &ldquo
Is there a way for Turkey to be included within the EU Industrial Property protection system in the future while still being under the relation of Customs Union?&rdquo
. To answer these questions current systems of Industrial Property Rights protection in the world, in European Union and Turkey is briefly analyzed and following this analysis, a proposal for a closer cooperation in Industrial Property protection system of Turkey with the European Union is given backed up with a comparison of statistical data of EU, Turkey and candidate countries.

Por meio deste trabalho são analisados os limites do direito de propriedade industrial de plantas. Os limites jurídicos são verificados pela análise da teoria da propriedade industrial, teoria da função social da propriedade, dos acordos internacionais pertinentes e da legislação e dos bancos de dados referentes à propriedade industrial dos Estados Unidos da América, da União Européia e do Brasil. O objetivo é verificar que tratativas a legislação e a jurisprudência brasileiras apresentam para os limites da propriedade industrial de plantas em suas duas formas de proteção – a proteção de cultivares e a patente de invenção. No apoio deste estudo se procura verificar como o setor vitivinícola do Rio Grande do Sul percebe a existência desta proteção e os seus limites aplicados à videira. O método utilizado neste estudo é o dedutivo e sua implementação se faz mediante estudo de caso, por meio do uso da ferramenta mesoanalítica da teoria do campo organizacional. Como resultados verifica-se que: 1) os limites à propriedade industrial de plantas são temporais, territoriais, legais, compulsórios e de esgotamento de direitos; 2) há insipiente jurisprudência brasileira, que aborda o tema de modo não uniforme; 3) os atores do setor vitivinícola do Rio Grande do Sul reconhecem a existência de direitos à propriedade industrial, identificando a forma de proteção desta propriedade e entendendo a existência desta proteção como importante para o Brasil. O seu desconhecimento e o desrespeito a esta proteção, bem como a falta de fiscalização, podem se constituir em fontes de dificuldades para a aplicação desse direito. Em regra, os atores conhecem muito pouco sobre os limites desta proteção, vêem uma relação positiva entre a propriedade industrial e a inovação tecnológica e esperam que a propriedade industrial de plantas seja efetivamente praticada no Brasil. É apresentado um modelo de abrangência do direito de propriedade industrial sobre o objeto planta, que pretende ajudar a orientar o reconhecimento dos respectivos direitos do inventor e dos usuários das plantas e seus limites.
In this dissertation the limits of the industrial, intellectual property rights as applied to plants are analyzed. The limits of the legal rights are unfold by the analysis of the theory of industrial property, the related, the theory of the social function of the property, international treaties, and by present laws, and available data bank on industrial property in the United States of America, European Union, and Brazil. The aim of this work is to point out how Brazilian laws and jurisprudence deal with the limits of the intellectual property rights of plants in the two used protection systems, the variety protection and the patent ones. To embody this study with a field work we proceeded a search on how people of the grape and wine industry of the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil perceive the existence and the enforcement of this kind of right protection, and its limits when applied to vines. The method of analysis used in this study is the deductive one, its application by the way of a study case using the mesoanalysis of the organizational field theory. The principal points of the results of this study are: 1) the limits of the intellectual, industrial property rights are related to time, territory, legal and mandatory matters, and to exhaustion of rights; 2) there are indeed an incipient Brazilian jurisprudence, which deals with the subject in a non-uniform way; 3) representatives from the grape and wine industry of the State of Rio Grande do Sul do recognize the existence of the intellectual, industrial property rights applied to vines in Brazil, and understand them as an important form of property protection for the country. The lack of knowledge, and the eventual disregard for this kind of legal protection, and the lack of the corresponding law enforcement as well, might become significant sources of difficulties for fully implementing the intellectual, industrial property rights in the country. As a rule, people involved in the grape and wine business know very little about the limits of these legal rights, but do recognize a positive relationship between the intellectual, industrial property rights and the process of technology innovation, and hope that these rights will soon be widely enforced in Brazil. As a conclusion, a framework is proposed for application of the intellectual, industrial property rights related to protected plants, aiming orienting the recognition of the rights of the inventor, and of the users of these plants, and the corresponding limits of the rights called upon.

Розширення суб’єктів та сфери господарських відносин, що зумовлено розвитком ринкової економіки в Україні, викликало нагальну потребу індивідуалізувати не лише товари та послуги, а й осіб, які їх виробляють та надають. Розвиток ринкових відносин зумовлює необхідність захисту прав інтелектуальної власності від їх злочинного порушення. Актуальність даної проблеми для України полягає в тому, що порушення прав інтеліктуальної власності завдають великої шкоди не лише їх власникам, але й споживачам, які вводяться в оману стосовно виробника товарів і послуг, а відповідно й щодо якості цих товарів та послуг. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/34096

La thèse traite de la protection de la propriété privée, d’une part dans le droit et la pratique de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme, et d’autre part dans le droit constitutionnel et la pratique des systèmes tchèque et français. Elle fournit une enquête comparative sur la portée des clauses respectives de protection de la propriété et de leur interprétation juridique dans le but de faire ressortir les éléments aussi bien convergents que divergents des approches normatives et jurisprudentielles de la protection de la propriété en tant que droit de l’Homme. L’objectif principal de cette enquête a été d’examiner et de comparer le traitement de la propriété dans la la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme et dans les Constitutions de la France et de la République tchèque. Le sujet de la recherche est traité sous la forme d’une recherche dans plusieurs domaines spécifiques: les fondements théoriques et philosophiques, le sens et la portée des garanties assorties à la propriété et leur interprétation juridique, les limites et les privations de propriété, et les approches constitutionnelles quant à leur mise en oeuvre dans le droit et la pratique de la Convention
The thesis deals with the protection of private property in the law and practice of the European Convention on Human Rights and in the Czech and French constitutional law and practice. It provides a comparative inquiry into the scope of the respective property protection clauses and their judicial interpretation with a view to extracting convergent and divergent elements of the normative and jurisprudential approaches to the protection of private property as a human right. The main focus of the inquiry is to examine and compare the treatment of property in the European Convention on Human Rights and in constitutional law of France and the Czech Republic. The topic is analysed by virtue of research into several specific areas: the philosophical and theoretical foundations; the meaning and scope of the property guarantees and their judicial interpretation, limitations and deprivations of property; and the constitutional approaches to the implementation of the law and practice of the Convention

Les négociations internationales concernant la protection des indications géographiques connaissent, depuis près de deux décennies, un blocage au sein de l’Organisation Mondiale du Commerce opposant des pays défenseurs des indications géographiques, à des pays plus sceptiques. Résultant d’un compromis entre l’approche des pays de l’Union Européenne et celle des Etats-Unis, les standards minimum de protection des indications géographiques de l’ADPIC ont mis en lumière la diversité des approches juridiques en la matière et fait émerger un débat quasi-passionnel sur les moyens appropriés que l’Etat doit mettre en œuvre pour protéger les noms géographiques. L’histoire renseigne sur le fait que le plaidoyer pour ou le réquisitoire contre l’un ou l’autre camp ont toujours tourné autour des philosophies de la protection des indications géographiques : d’une part, les pays défenseurs des indications géographiques prônent à travers leur mise en œuvre, la protection d’industries plus vulnérables à la concurrence ; d’autre part, les pays sceptiques privilégient le plus possible, la liberté du commerce et de l’industrie et par ricochet, la libre exploitation des signes. Pour ces derniers, seule la reconnaissance par le consommateur d’une association qualité-origine du produit justifie une réservation du nom. Le régime multilatéral des IG issu de l’Accord sur les aspects de la propriété intellectuelle qui touchent au commerce résulte donc d’un compromis entre ces deux philosophies de la protection. D’aucuns ont souligné le caractère insatisfaisant d’un tel compromis qui ne rend pas nécessairement compte de la nature réelle de ces signes géographiques. Ce travail tente de le transcender. Il est fondé sur le pari que, dans une perspective juridique, tout n’a peut-être pas été essayé. Dans un effort pour trouver un dénominateur commun et pour proposer une solution à l’impasse actuelle, cette recherche repose sur le rapprochement du régime de protection des indications géographiques, au régime de protection des droits de l’Homme. Non pas dans une perspective moralisatrice mais bien dans un effort pour déduire des solutions concrètes quant à la portée de la protection internationale des IG et du rôle des Etats dans la mise en œuvre de ces outils de propriété intellectuelle. L’article 15.1 c) du Pacte sur les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels prévoit : « Chacun a droit à la protection de ses intérêts moraux et matériels découlant de toute production scientifique, littéraire ou artistique dont il est l’auteur ». L’activation de cet article pourrait permettre de voir en les détenteurs d’IG non pas seulement les sujets bénéficiaires de la protection mais les sujets destinataires de politiques publiques. Il y aurait un donc un « droit de » bénéficier d’une certaine protection des IG et un « droit à » certaines prestations publiques. Au-delà de ce cadre en apparence rigide, le recours au droit international des droits de l’Homme rend la recherche d’un équilibre entre les droits de détenteurs IG et les droits du public plus intégratrice d’enjeux multiples et indispensable à la légitimité du régime multilatéral de protection des IG
Since two decades, the international protection of geographical indications is characterized by a “blockage” in the negotiations at the World Trade Organization opposing the countries favorable to the protection of geographical indications to countries more skeptical in this regard. Deriving from a compromise between the European conception of the protection of GIs and the American one, the minimum standards of TRIPS have revealed the different legal options in this field and have resulted in a passionate debate over the appropriate role of the State. History shows that the advocacy for, or indictment against one or the other way of protecting GIs focuses essentially on the philosophy of protection in one or the other territories. As a reminder, the European Union “culture” is to protect industries far too exposed to competition while the American “culture” is to preserve economic freedom of operators and to grant monopoly on a geographical name only where such name has been tested on the market and is recognized by the “public” as having a geographical anchorage. Equally compelling, neither of these philosophies has allowed reaching the most acceptable balance for GI regime. This work seeks to transcend them. It bets that everything has not been tried yet, at least from a legal perspective. In order to find a common solution and a way forward to multilateral protection of geographical indications, the paper relies on the culture of “human rights”, not really with a view to “moralize” the field of study but more to deduct practical answers deriving from the international human rights law. As a matter of fact, article 15.1 c) of the Convention on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights provides that “The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone […] to benefit from the protection of the moral and material interests resulting from any scientific, literary or artistic production of which he is the author”. The activation of this article could allow approaching geographical indications operators, not only as beneficiaries of certain rights but also as beneficiaries of public policies. By virtue of article 15.1 c), there shall be a right to benefit from the GI protection (“right-liberty”) but also, a right to claim certain public policies (“right-debt”) in this regard. Beyond this seemingly strict framework for GIs, the reference to international human rights law proves to beneficial to the necessary balance between the rights of GI operators and the rights of the public. Incidentally, this balance is inclusive of multiple issues which is essential to the legitimacy of the multilateral regime of protection of GIs

Не викликає сумніву та теза, що результати інтелектуальної, творчої діяльності давно стали важливою й визначальною силою у розвитку, як суспільства так і держави в цілому. Збільшення кількості правопорушень за цим напрямом – одна з гострих проблем, яка залишається об‘єктом наукових дискусій вітчизняних та зарубіжних фахівців і науковців. Адже нинішні політико-правові умови тільки сприяють розвитку злочинності в окресленій сфері. Так, для прикладу, середній рівень інтернет-піратства на даний час у світі становить 42 %, тільки за кілька останніх років воно нанесло чималих збитків, при чому до відповідальності були притягнуті одиниці. Головна проблема, яка зазначається в дослідженнях Міжнародного альянсу інтелектуальної власності, спостерігається у країнах, що розвиваються, оскільки жителі не бачать різниці між ліцензійними та неліцензійними продуктами, тощо. Для порівняння наводяться дані – рівень піратства у Китаї становить 71 %, в Росії – 65 %, в Польщі – 54 %, в Угорщині – 41 %. Рівень же комп‘ютерного піратства в Україні становить близько 86 % [1]. Безумовно таке становище потребує оперативного та адекватного реагування від сучасної міжнародної спільноти з метою формування дієвої системи протидії цим правопорушенням. Одним із таких напрямів є систематичний розвиток міжнародного співробітництва, направлений на розробку міжнародних стандартів щодо протидії таким правопорушенням.

Els sistemes de gestió de drets digitals controlen l'ús del contingut multimèdia a través de tota la cadena de valor digital. Aquesta tesis contribueix als diferents aspectes de la gestió dels drets digitals i de la protecció de la propietat intel·lectual.

La contribució d'aquest tesi és la definició de formats i mecanismes estàndards que permetin la gestió del contingut a través de la cadena de valor digital. Els formats i els mecanismes seran estàndards, de forma que permetran la interoperabilitat entre sistemes de DRM que segueixin l'estàndard MPEG-21.

També s'han dissenyat mecanismes estàndards per governar continguts digitals, protegir la propietat intel·lectual i per a la gestió i protecció de les notificacions d'esdeveniments dins dels sistemes de gestió de drets digitals.
Los sistemas de gestión de derechos digitales controlan el uso del contenido multimedia a través de toda la cadena de valor digital. Esta tesis contribuye a diferentes aspectos de la gestión de los derechos digitales y de la protección de la propiedad intelectual.
La contribución de esta tesis es la definición formatos y mecanismos estándares que permitan la gestión del contenido a través de la cadena de valor digital. Los formatos y mecanismos serán estándares, de forma que permitirán la interoperabilidad entre sistemas de DRM que sigan el estándar MPEG-21.
También se han diseñado mecanismos estándares para gobernar contenidos digitales, proteger la propiedad intelectual y para la gestión y protección de las notificaciones de eventos dentro de los sistemas de gestión de derechos digitales.
Digital rights management systems control the use of multimedia content through the complete digital value chain. This thesis contributes in different aspects of the digital rights management and of the protection of the intellectual property.

Main contribution of this thesis is the definition of standardised formats and mechanisms that enable the management of governed multimedia content through the digital value chain. The formats and mechanisms will be standard in order to enable interoperability between DRM systems compliant to the MPEG-21 standard.

Different mechanisms have also been defined to govern digital content, protect the intellectual property and for the management and protection of the event reports within digital rights management systems.

Darbe detaliai apžvelgiamos intelektinės nuosavybės techninės apsaugos formos, įvairios jų klasifikacijos, iš kurių šiame kontekste svarbiausias yra skirstymas į aktyvias ir pasyvias techninės apsaugos priemones. Darbe išsamiai analizuoti apsaugos mechanizmai, skirti intelektinę nuosavybę saugančių techninių apsaugos priemonių teisinei apsaugai, pradedant 1996 m. PINO autorių teisių, fonogramų gamintojų ir transliuotojų sutartimis, 2001 m. ES direktyva dėl autorių teisių ir gretutinių teisių informacinėje visuomenėje tam tikrų aspektų suderinimo, baigiant įvairių valstybių (įskaitant ir Lietuvos) nacionaliniu teisiniu reguliavimu. Atliktos teisinės informacijos analizės pagrindu atskleidžiamos intelektinės nuosavybės teisinių ir techninių apsaugos priemonių suderintos ir nesuderintos sritys ir daroma išvada, jog teisinės apsaugos mechanizmas, pasirinktas sureguliuoti techninių apsaugos priemonių naudojimą ir kitus susijusius veiksmus, buvo netikslus ir nepasiteisino, kadangi daugelis valstybių nacionaliniu lygiu skirtingai ir neatsižvelgiant į pirminius tikslus interpretavo ir įgyvendino techninių apsaugos priemonių teisinės apsaugos nuostatas. Praktinis situacijos tyrimas atskleidžia neigiamą visuomenės ir teisių gynimo institucijų požiūrį į pasirinktą teisinės apsaugos modelį ir į techninių apsaugos priemonių naudojimą apskritai, kadangi techninės apsaugos priemonės sukelia daug problemų teisėtiems intelektinės nuosavybės objektų naudotojams ir nedaro poveikio asmenims... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]
Master Paperwork thoroughly overviews technical protection measures of intellectual property and various classifications of them and determines the main differentiation in this work context – i.e. classification to active and passive technical protection measures. This paperwork also deeply analyses legal protection mechanisms of technical protection measures, starting WIPO Copyright, Phonogram producers and broadcasters treaties of year 1996, continuing to European Union directive on the harmonization of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society of year 2001 and finishing the analysis of the national legal regulations of different world countries, including Lithuania. Under the basis of the analysis of the legal information, the author reveals harmonized and incompatible areas between legal protection of intellectual property and technological protection measures and concludes that the legal protection mechanism, which was chosen to regulate the usage and other related actions of technological protection measures, was not correct and did not serve the purpose, because many countries diversely and without seeking primary goals of WIPO treaties interpreted and implemented the provisions of the legal protection of technological protection measures. The practical survey of the situation reveals negative opinion of society, scholars and justice institutions concerning the chosen legal protection model and concerning the usage of technological... [to full text]

Дослідження зосереджене на адміністративно-правових концептуальних засадах утворення та діяльності Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності в Україні, визначено стратегічні напрямки подальшого розвитку інституту судового захисту прав інтелектуальної власності в нашій державі. Ґенеза становлення інституту судового захисту прав інтелектуальної власності на теренах незалежної України містить відбиток радянської тоталітарної правової спадщини і пройшла складні етапи напрацювання демократичних принципів розвитку інституту інтелектуальної власності, й досі на етапі розбудови правової культури та правової свідомості громадян відносно прав інтелектуальної власності, але при цьому, на етапі впровадження провідних європейських та міжнародних принципів, положень, практики щодо охорони та захисту інтелектуальної власності в нашій державі. Попри відсутність міжнародних зобов’язань щодо створення окремої судової спеціалізації з питань інтелектуальної власності, світові тенденції до її виокремлення чи централізації у певних видах спорів з питань інтелектуальної власності збільшується. Однак, стратегічний план створення спеціалізованого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності потребує ретельного аналізу ситуації, що загалом відбувається в державі, з урахуванням особливостей її правової та судової системи та внутрішніх реальних потреб. Обґрунтовуються позитивні аспекти, які очікуються від створення Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності, зокрема мова йде про: високий темп зростання суддівської експертності в питаннях захисту інтелектуальної власності, саме за рахунок вузької спеціалізація суддів, що дозволяє їм ефективніше стежити за інноваціями та змінами як в міжнародному, так і в національному законодавстві з питань захисту інтелектуальної власності; підвищення попиту на експертизу в галузі інтелектуальної власності, а відповідно і зростає попит на фахівців даної галузі, що підвищує попит на навчання та правову обізнаність у зазначеній сфері; високий рівень ефективності та своєчасність прийнятих рішень спеціалізованим судом, що сприяє об’єктивному рівню витрат на судовий процес; узгодженість результатів розгляду справ, через обмежену кількість суддів, їх вузьку спеціалізацію, створення прецедентної практики, що допомагає загалом покращити стан захисту прав інтелектуальної власності в державі, оскільки через успішну судову практику вітчизняні юристи отримують якісні рекомендації і в подальшому можуть запобігати подібним судовим спорам; спеціалізація суду з питань інтелектуальної власності сигналізує суспільству, що урядом держави посилено увагу до прав інтелектуальної власності, що посилює правову та соціальну цінність вказаних прав, створює соціальний тиск на правопорушників та зменшує ймовірність вчинення правопорушень проти прав інтелектуальної власності. Визначено, що при утворенні Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності було неоднозначно застосовано такі основоположні засади як спеціалізація, інстанційність та територіальність, що власне і створює перешкоди у його практичному впровадженні. Внесено пропозиції щодо територіального розширення юрисдикції новоствореного суду (зокрема, в кожному обласному центрі, або шляхом використання приміщень місцевих господарських судів, у разі потреби), з урахуванням фактичного навантаження суду. Визначається місце та роль кожного із суб’єктів інституційного впливу при утворенні Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності та при забезпеченні його діяльності (організаційного забезпечення, кадрового, інформаційного, фінансового, матеріально-технічного). Розкривається необхідність розробки та прийняття Закону України «Про Вищий суд з питань інтелектуальної власності», яким остаточно визначити юрисдикцію цього суду, доповнивши її справами про адміністративні правопорушення, митними справами у сфері інтелектуальної власності, та передбачити у Господарському процесуальному кодексі України положень, які враховують спеціальні способи захисту прав інтелектуальної власності, передбачені правовим актами Європейського Союзу. Узагальнюється зарубіжний досвід в питання форм впровадження спеціалізованих судів з питань інтелектуальної власності, їх позитивного впливу на стан розвитку сфери інтелектуальної власності та основні застереження, які випливають із досвіду утворення таких судів, зокрема їх надмірна заполітизованість, корупційні ризики, затратність утримання та функціонування такого суду. Встановлено, що головним ризиком низької ефективності діяльності запровадженого суду в Україні може стати дорого вартісний характер спорів з питань інтелектуальної власності, недостатність державного фінансування цієї сфери, спричинить фінансовий тягар на сторін спору, що створює ризик недоступності правосуддя за економічним показником. Наступним ризиком, що характерний для українського суспільства є корупційні ризики, що випливають з того, що за рахунок вузької спеціалізації Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності в розгляді справ приймають вузька кількість суддів, як правило адвокатів, які спеціалізуються на даних спорах та залучення одних і тих експертів, що породжує загрозу встановлення тісних зв’язків між вказаними особами, встановлення корумпованих зв’язків між ними. Пропонується посилення організаційних заходів для запуску роботи новоствореного суду та завершення конкурсу на заняття посади судді Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності; внесення змін і доповнень до Господарського процесуального кодексу України, Кодексу адміністративного судочинства України та Цивільного процесуального кодексу України з метою вирішення проблем стосовно юрисдикції новостворюваного суду, процесуального механізму розгляду справ за участю державних органів та про визнання торговельної марки загальновідомою, участі спеціалістів у судовому процесі, та інших зазначених проблем у процесуальній сфері; включення на рівні процесуального законодавства до юрисдикції Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності розгляд у першій інстанції усіх справ у спорах, що виникають у відповідній сфері, в тому числі й спорів з публічно-правовою складовою за участю державних органів і органів місцевого самоврядування, а також фізичних осіб, які не мають статусу суб’єкта підприємницької діяльності, зокрема: справи щодо наявності права інтелектуальної власності; справи про порушення такого права; справи у спорах щодо недобросовісної конкуренції, пов’язаної з використанням прав інтелектуальної власності; бажаним є прийняття спеціального закону про Вищий суд з питань інтелектуальної власності, як це вирішено стосовно Вищого антикорупційного суду, із визначенням засад організації та особливостей забезпечення діяльності Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності, у тому числі Апеляційної палати цього Суду; закріплення на законодавчому рівні норм, спрямованих на забезпечення незалежності та неупередженості Апеляційної палати (визначення видатків на утримання Апеляційної палати окремим рядком в Державному бюджеті України, розміщення Апеляційної палати в будівлі окремо від палат Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності, які здійснюють правосуддя в першій інстанції). Наукова новизна одержаних результатів полягає у тому, що дисертація є першим в Україні комплексним дослідженням проблеми адміністративно-правових засад утворення та діяльності Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності, його адміністративно-правового статусу, на підставі чого розроблено основні положення концепції судового захисту прав інтелектуальної власності в Україні. У результаті проведеного дослідження сформовано нові авторські висновки і положення, сформовані та запропоновані особисто здобувачем. Практичне значення одержаних результатів полягає в тому, що викладені в дисертації висновки і пропозиції можуть бути використані: в науково-дослідницькій сфері – для подальшого розроблення теоретичних і практичних проблем адміністративно-правових концептуальних засад створення та діяльності Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності; у правотворчості – для подальшого вдосконалення системи адміністративно-правових норм, господарських-процесуальних норм, що передбачають умови створення та діяльності Вищого суду з питань інтелектуальної власності, його компетенцію та юрисдикцію; в навчальному процесі – під час викладання дисциплін адміністративно-правового циклу, підготовці підручників, навчальних посібників, коментарів адміністративного, господарсько-процесуального законодавства України; у науково-дослідницькій роботі студентів. Положення дисертації можуть бути використані у процесі підготовки підручників, навчальних посібників, під час викладання курсу «Адміністративне право», «Судові та правоохоронні органи», «Право інтелектуальної власності» та спецкурсу «Теоретичні проблеми адміністративного права» тощо; у практичній правозастосовній діяльності – запропоновані рекомендації можуть бути застосовані при подальшому впроваджені започаткованої судової реформи як законодавчими органами, так і органами судової системи, зокрема в діяльності Державної судової адміністрації України, Вищої кваліфікаційної комісії суддів України тощо.
The study focuses on the administrative and legal conceptual foundations of the establishment and operation of the High Court of Intellectual Property in Ukraine, identifies strategic directions for further development of the institute of judicial protection of intellectual property rights in our country. The genesis of the institute of judicial protection of intellectual property rights in independent Ukraine contains the imprint of the Soviet totalitarian legal heritage and has gone through difficult stages of developing democratic principles of intellectual property, and still at the stage of building legal culture and legal awareness of citizens on intellectual property rights. at the stage of implementation of leading European and international principles, regulations, practices on the protection and enforcement of intellectual property in our country. Despite the lack of international obligations to establish a separate judicial specialization in intellectual property, global trends towards its separation or centralization in certain types of intellectual property disputes are increasing. However, the strategic plan to establish a specialized intellectual property court requires a careful analysis of the situation in the country as a whole, taking into account the peculiarities of its legal and judicial system and domestic real needs. The positive aspects expected from the establishment of the High Court of Intellectual Property are substantiated, in particular: the high rate of growth of judicial expertise in intellectual property protection, due to the narrow specialization of judges, which allows them to more effectively monitor innovation and change internationally. , and in the national legislation on protection of intellectual property; increasing the demand for expertise in the field of intellectual property, and, accordingly, increasing demand for specialists in this field, which increases the demand for training and legal awareness in this area; high level of efficiency and timeliness of decisions made by a specialized court, which contributes to the objective level of costs of litigation; consistency of case results, due to the limited number of judges, their narrow specialization, creation of case law, which helps to improve the overall state of protection of intellectual property rights in the state, because through successful case law domestic lawyers receive quality advice and can further prevent such litigation; The specialization of the court on intellectual property signals to society that the state government has increased attention to intellectual property rights, which increases the legal and social value of these rights, creates social pressure on offenders and reduces the likelihood of infringements against intellectual property rights. It is determined that during the establishment of the High Court of Intellectual Property such fundamental principles as specialization, instance and territoriality were ambiguously applied, which actually creates obstacles in its practical implementation. Proposals have been made to expand the jurisdiction of the newly established court (in particular, in each regional center, or by using the premises of local commercial courts, if necessary), taking into account the actual workload of the court. The place and role of each of the subjects of institutional influence in the formation of the High Court of Intellectual Property and in ensuring its activities (organizational support, personnel, information, financial, logistical) is determined. It is necessary to develop and adopt the Law of Ukraine "On the High Court of Intellectual Property", which will finally determine the jurisdiction of this court, supplementing it with cases of administrative offenses, customs in the field of intellectual property, and provide in the Commercial Procedural Code of Ukraine methods of protection of intellectual property rights provided by legal acts of the European Union. Foreign experience on the forms of implementation of specialized courts on intellectual property, their positive impact on the state of development of intellectual property and the main reservations arising from the experience of such courts, including their excessive politicization, corruption risks, cost of maintaining and operating such a court. It is established that the main risk of low efficiency of the established court in Ukraine may be the costly nature of intellectual property disputes, lack of public funding in this area, cause financial burden on the parties to the dispute, which creates the risk of inaccessibility of justice in economic terms. Another risk that characterizes Ukrainian society is the risk of corruption arising from the fact that due to the narrow specialization of the High Court of Intellectual Property in cases, a narrow number of judges are accepted, usually lawyers who specialize in these disputes and involve the same experts, which threatens to establish close ties between these persons, the establishment of corrupt ties between them. It is proposed to strengthen organizational measures to launch the newly created court and complete the competition for the position of a judge of the High Court of Intellectual Property; amendments to the Commercial Procedural Code of Ukraine, the Code of Administrative Procedure of Ukraine and the Civil Procedure Code of Ukraine in order to resolve problems regarding the jurisdiction of the newly created court, the procedural mechanism for reviewing cases involving state bodies and recognizing the trademark well-known, participation in litigation, and other mentioned problems in the procedural sphere; inclusion at the level of procedural law in the jurisdiction of the High Court of Intellectual Property consideration in the first instance of all cases in disputes arising in the relevant field, including disputes with public law component involving state and local governments, as well as physical persons who do not have the status of a business entity, in particular: cases concerning the existence of intellectual property rights; cases of violation of such a right; cases in disputes over unfair competition related to the use of intellectual property rights; it is desirable to adopt a special law on the High Court of Intellectual Property, as decided in relation to the High Anti-Corruption Court, defining the principles of organization and features of ensuring the activities of the High Court of Intellectual Property, including the Court of Appeal; enshrining at the legislative level norms aimed at ensuring the independence and impartiality of the Appeals Chamber (determining the costs of maintaining the Appeals Chamber on a separate line in the State Budget of Ukraine, placing the Appeals Chamber in a building separate from the Supreme Court chambers of intellectual property that administer justice in the first instance). The scientific novelty of the obtained results lies in the fact that the dissertation is the first in Ukraine comprehensive study of the problem of administrative and legal bases of formation and activity of the High Court on intellectual property, its administrative and legal status, on the basis of which the main provisions of the concept of judicial protection Ukraine. As a result of the research, new author's conclusions and provisions were formed, formed and proposed personally by the applicant. The practical significance of the obtained results is that the conclusions and proposals presented in the dissertation can be used: in the research sphere - for further development of theoretical and practical problems of administrative and legal conceptual bases of creation and activity of the High Court on intellectual property; in law-making - for further improvement of the system of administrative-legal norms, economic-procedural norms, which provide for the conditions of establishment and activity of the Supreme Court on intellectual property issues, its competence and jurisdiction; in the educational process - during the teaching of disciplines of the administrative and legal cycle, preparation of textbooks, manuals, comments on administrative, economic and procedural legislation of Ukraine; in research work of students. The provisions of the dissertation can be used in the process of preparing textbooks, manuals, during the teaching of the course "Administrative Law", "Judicial and Law Enforcement", "Intellectual Property Law" and a special course "Theoretical Problems of Administrative Law", etc .; in practical law enforcement - the proposed recommendations can be applied in the further implementation of the initiated judicial reform by both the legislature and the judiciary, in particular in the activities of the State Judicial Administration of Ukraine, the High Qualifications Commission of Judges of Ukraine, etc.

O presente trabalho faz uma análise, sob o aspecto do direito internacional e do direito brasileiro, do instituto do contributo mínimo em direito de autor, a qual pouquíssima atenção foi dada pela doutrina e jurisprudência brasileiras. Trata-se da análise do mínimo grau criativo que uma criação deve possuir para ensejar proteção por direito de autor esse é o sentido que damos à expressão contributo mínimo.Devido ao caráter internacional do direito de autor, fazemos a análise sob esse aspecto, passando por um pouco da história em âmbito global e tratando de que modo esse instituto é previsto e assegurado através do direito internacional público e do direito internacional privado. Como o tema é ainda novo no Brasil, fazemos observações de ordem terminológica, diferenciando o instituto do contributo mínimo de demais institutos do direito de autor. Durante todo o trabalho são feitas diversas menções e citações a doutrina, jurisprudência e normas estrangeiras, com objetivo de analisar da forma mais ampla possível o modo como tem sido tratado e discutido esse instituto.Por fim, são apresentados problemas clássicos e muitos práticos em matéria de direito de autor, tais como (i) definição de obra protegida, (ii) delineamento de requisitos para proteção aquisição de proteção por direito de autor, (iii) questões envolvendo plágio e obras derivadas e (iv) balanceamento justificador entre o exclusivo do direito de autor e os todas as formas de direito de acesso às criações. Em todas essas questões, são apresentadas as formas em que o contributo mínimo está presente e como é dada sua influência e contribuição para resolução das mesmas.
In the present work we make an international analysis of international law and Brazilian law about the minimum contribute, a requirement for copyright and authors rights protection that almost all the time has the same meaning as the originality requirement. Since the word originality not always mean the minimum degree of creativity that a creation must to bear in order to gain copyright or authors right protection, we preferred to use here, with this connotation, the expression minimum contribute. This subject still has not received much attention from Brazilian commentators and case law, in spite of its importance.The analysis focuses on the international dimension of this subject in attention to the copyrights / authors rights international character. We start with a little bit of history on the global dimension and then present the way the minimum contribute is found and guaranteed on public international law and on private international law. Thus, since the minimum contribute study is still new on Brazil, we make some terminology distinction between this expression and its meaning from other often apparent similar meaning terms and expressions on copyright. During all the work we present a lot of information and make quotation on foreign commentators, case laws and laws, in pursue of analyzing, in the broadest way possible, how the minimum contribute has been treated and discussed.Finally, we present typical and practical matters on copyright, like (i) definition of protected work, (ii) delineation of copyright requirements, (iii) plagiarism, (iv) derivative works and (v) copyright central balance. When we talk about each one of these matters, we also analyze how the minimum contribute appears and how it can influence and make contribution in finding solutions to them.

La question de la protection et de la valorisation des données de santé fait l’objet d’un renouvellement permanent car elle est tiraillée pas des intérêts contradictoires. Les logiques juridiques, sanitaires et économiques s’affrontent et s’expriment au travers d’une règlementation particulièrement fournie et disparate des données de santé. Le droit de propriété semble à même de concilier ces enjeux d’apparence antinomiques. Au regard de la place de ce droit dans notre ordonnancement juridique et de la singularité des données de santé, l’étude de leur rapprochement mérite une étude d’une certaine ampleur. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de s’assurer de la compatibilité de ce droit avec les données de santé. La réponse impose une vision de la propriété simplifiée pour finalement constater que les droits existants sur ces données sont en fait déjà des droits de propriétés mais qui, du fait de la particularité des données de santé, sont largement limités. Dans un second temps, se pose donc la question de la pertinence de l’application d’un droit de propriété plus « complet » aux données de santé. Or, on remarque que la spécificité de ces données est telle que cette solution n’est pas la plus efficace pour parvenir à un juste équilibre entre patients et collecteurs de données. Pour autant, d’autres solutions sont possibles
The question of the protection and enhancement of health data is subject to a permanent renewal because it appears to be in the middle of some conflicting interests. Legal, health and economic logics confront and express themselves through a particularly heterogenous set of regulations on health data. Property rights here seem able to reconcile these issues that first look contradictory appearance issues. Given the place of this right in our legal system and uniqueness of health data, the study of their reconciliation deserves a study of some magnitude. This is a first step to ensure the compatibility of this law with health data. The answer requires a vision of simplified property only to find that the existing rights of the data is already in the property rights but which, because of the particularity of health data, are largely limited. Secondly, therefore the question of the relevance of the application of "more complete" property rights applies to health data. However, we note that the specificity of health data implies that such a the solution is not the most effective for achieving a fair balance between patients and data collectors. Nevertheless, other solutions are possible

Основними ознаками адміністративно-правової охорони наукових творів, як об’єкта права інтелектуальної власності, є: 1) це елемент державного управління правових відносин, які виникають в процесі реалізації суб’єктами інтелектуальної власності своїх прав у сфері наукової діяльності; 2) здійснюється за допомогою адміністративно-правових засобів; 3) суб’єктом виступають органи публічного управління: державні органи загальної і спеціальної компетенції; установи, організації (правоохоронні органи, Верховна Рада України (Комітет з питань науки і освіти), Кабінет Міністрів України, Департамент розвитку сфери інтелектуальної власності при Міністерстві розвиткуекономіки, торгівлі та сільського господарства, організації колективного управління, Всесвітня організація інтелектуальної власності, тощо); 4) об’єктом адміністративно-правової охорони є авторські права на наукові дослідження і висновки, які викладені у наукових статтях, монографіях, тощо; 5) представлена системою правових заходів, які спрямовані на забезпечення прав автора на наукові твори.

Ce travail s’attache à étudier le droit des artistes interprètes à la protection de leur travail à l’ère numérique. La première partie de ce travail s’intéresse à la théorie des droits d’auteur, l’histoire des droits moraux, et à l’application de la théorie des droits moraux aux procès qui impliquent les artistes interprètes aux Etats-Unis, au Royaume-Uni, et en France. De plus, ce travail présente le droit international en la matière, y compris la Convention de Berne et le Traite de Beijing. La deuxième partie de ce travail examine l’histoire de l’industrie du cinéma. Plus spécifiquement, il se concentre sur l’histoire de l’industrie du cinéma aux Etats-Unis, au Royaume-Uni et en France, en observant comment les progrès des technologies cinématographiques ont affecté les droits des acteurs de cinéma dans le domaine du droit national et international. La troisième partie de ce travail propose un Protocole au Traité de Beijing afin que créer un mécanisme pour diminuer les obstacles à l'accès à la justice qui empêchent les artistes interprètes de faire valoir leurs droits. La thèse se termine par uneréflexion sur les leçons qui peuvent être tirées de l'histoire et des pratiques actuelles des États-Unis, du Royaume-Uni et de la France en ce qui concerne les droits moraux des artistes interprètes, en recommandant que les trois pays fournissent à l'avenir des protections plus significatives aux artistes interprètes
This work provides a broad study of the right of performing artists to protect their performances in the Internet era. The first part of this work explores the theoretical foundation of copyright law, the history of moral rights, and the application of the theory of moral rights to cases affecting performing artists in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France. In addition, this work discusses relevant international law, including the Berne Convention and the Beijing Treaty. The second part of this work addresses the history of the movie industry. More specifically, it concentrates on the history of the film industry in the United States, the United Kingdom, and France, observing how technological progress in filmmaking techniques have affected the rights of movie actors under both national and international law. The third part of this work proposes a Protocol to the Beijing Treaty that would create a mechanism to lower the barriers to justice that currently prevent performing artists from vindicating their rights. This work concludes with a reflection on the lessons that can be drawn from both the history and the current practices of the United States, the United Kingdom, and France with respect to the moral rights of performing artists, recommending that the three countries provide more significant protections to performing artists going forward