Tesis: "Ungulati"

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PUTZU, NICOLA. "Incidenti stradali con il coinvolgimento di ungulati selvatici in italia nord occidentale". Doctoral thesis, Università del Piemonte Orientale, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11579/115199.

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Pareja, Loayza Javier Ciprian. "El pastoreo como herramienta de prevención de incendios forestales en el bosque mediterráneo". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671286.

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La conca Mediterrània, presenta una vegetació adaptada a l'estacionalitat climàtica i a pertorbacions recurrents com el foc i l'herbivorismo. El recent canvi global, fenomen que inclou el canvi climàtic i els canvis en els usos de terra, han afavorit en la presència i intensitat dels incendis forestals. Durant les últimes dècades s'ha intentat promoure el pasturatge en els sotaboscos mediterranis com una estratègia per disminuir el risc d'incendis, en general amb resultats satisfactoris. No obstant això, la ramaderia extensiva és un sector en clar declivi, pel que és necessari assajar amb altres espècies ramaderes. En el primer capítol tracta d'un estudi realitzat amb bestiar boví (Bos taurus), de raça Bruna dels Pirineus, on es va avaluar l'efecte d'una càrrega ramadera elevada, sense suplementació i durant un període curt de temps. Els resultats van mostrar que el bestiar va adaptar els seus hàbits alimentaris a una dieta més llenyosa que inclou tàxons potencialment inflamables, però amb alguns efectes perjudicials sobre l'estat de salut dels animals. Concloent-se que el bestiar boví requereix alimentació suplementària per controlar la vegetació llenyosa durant llargs períodes de temps. El segon capítol aborda el paper que poden jugar les cabres assilvestrades (Capra hircus) en el manteniment de franges tallafoc. Els resultats van mostrar que les àrees tallafoc exerceixen de per si un efecte atraient pel que fa a el bosc adjacent i que les cabres aconsegueixen reduir la biomassa herbàcia. Aquest efecte es va potenciar amb la implementació d'atraients (aigua i sal), aconseguint reduir el fitovolumen de moltes espècies llenyoses sense afectar la biodiversitat a curt o mitjà termini. Es va concloure que una gestió estratègica dels animals assilvestrats, dirigida a àrees tallafocs, podria contribuir no només a reduir el risc d'incendis sinó també a distribuir aquests animals cap als boscos, evitant així la seva dispersió cap a llocs conflictius com carreteres, residències, camps agrícoles i jardins. En el tercer capítol es va comparar la tècnica microhistológica (CMA) i la molecular amb electroforesi capil·lar (PCR-CE). Totes dues tècniques aplicades a la composició de la dieta de vaques i cabres assilvestrades. Els resultats van mostrar que les dues tècniques van detectar un nombre similar de components vegetals en la femta de tots dos animals. Es va concloure que la PCR-CE és un mètode ràpid per detectar els diferents components vegetals en la femta d'herbívors. No obstant això, no pot considerar-se com una alternativa a l'CMA, sinó com un mètode complementari, ja que les dues tècniques poden detectar alguns tàxons que no són detectats per l'altra tècnica. A més, el CMA permet detectar la presència dels diferents tàxons, i alhora, permet obtenir dades quantitatives de la composició de la dieta vegetal.
La cuenca Mediterránea, presenta una vegetación adaptada a la estacionalidad climática y a perturbaciones recurrentes como el fuego y el herbivorismo. El reciente cambio global, fenómeno que incluye el cambio climático y los cambios en los usos del suelo, han favorecido en la presencia e intensidad de los incendios forestales. Durante las últimas décadas se ha intentado promover el pastoreo en los sotobosques mediterráneos como una estrategia para disminuir el riesgo de incendios, en general con resultados satisfactorios. Sin embargo, la ganadería extensiva es un sector en claro declive, por lo que es necesario ensayar con otras especies ganaderas. En el primer capítulo trata de un estudio realizado con ganado bovino (Bos taurus), de raza Bruna dels Pirineus, donde se evaluó el efecto de una carga ganadera elevada, sin suplementación y durante un periodo corto de tiempo. Los resultados mostraron que el ganado adaptó sus hábitos alimenticios a una dieta más leñosa que incluye taxones potencialmente inflamables, pero con algunos efectos perjudiciales sobre el estado de salud de los animales. Concluyéndose que el ganado bovino requiere alimentación suplementaria para controlar la vegetación leñosa durante largos períodos de tiempo. El segundo capítulo aborda el papel que pueden jugar las cabras asilvestradas (Capra hircus) en el mantenimiento de franjas cortafuego. Los resultados mostraron que las áreas cortafuego ejercen de por sí un efecto atrayente respecto al bosque colindante y que las cabras consiguen reducir la biomasa herbácea. Este efecto se potenció con la implementación de atrayentes (agua y sal), consiguiendo reducir el fitovolumen de muchas especies leñosas sin afectar la biodiversidad a corto o medio plazo. Se concluyó que una gestión estratégica de los animales asilvestrados, dirigida a áreas cortafuegos, podría contribuir no sólo a reducir el riesgo de incendios sino también a distribuir estos animales hacia los bosques, evitando así su dispersión hacia lugares conflictivos como carreteras, residencias, campos agrícolas y jardines. En el tercer capítulo se comparó la técnica microhistológica (CMA) y la molecular con electroforesis capilar (PCR-CE). Ambas técnicas aplicadas a la composición de la dieta de vacas y cabras asilvestradas. Los resultados mostraron que ambas técnicas detectaron un número similar de componentes vegetales en las heces de ambos animales. Se concluyó que la PCR-CE es un método rápido para detectar los diferentes componentes vegetales en las heces de herbívoros. Sin embargo, no puede considerarse como una alternativa al CMA, sino como un método complementario, ya que ambas técnicas pueden detectar algunos taxones que no son detectados por la otra técnica. Además, el CMA permite detectar la presencia de los diferentes taxones, y a la vez, permite obtener datos cuantitativos de la composición de la dieta vegetal.
The Mediterranean basin presents a vegetation adapted to climatic seasonality and recurrent disturbances such as fire and herbivory. Recent global change, a phenomenon that includes climate change and changes in land use, has favored the presence and intensity of forest fires. During the last decades, attempts have been made to promote grazing in Mediterranean undergrowths as a strategy to reduce the risk of fires, in general with satisfactory results. However, extensive livestock farming is a sector in clear decline, so it is necessary to try other livestock species. The first chapter deals with a study carried out with cattle (Bos taurus), of the Bruna dels Pirineus breed, where the effect of a high stocking load, without supplementation and for a short period of time, was evaluated. The results showed that cattle adapted their feeding habits to a more woody diet that includes potentially flammable taxa, but with some detrimental effects on the health status of the animals. Concluding that cattle require supplementary feeding to control woody vegetation for long periods of time. The second chapter addresses the role that feral goats (Capra hircus) can play in maintaining fire strips. The results showed that the firebreak areas in themselves exert an attractive effect with respect to the surrounding forest and that the goats manage to reduce the herbaceous biomass. This effect was enhanced with the implementation of attractants (water and salt), reducing the phytovolume of many woody species without affecting biodiversity in the short or medium term. It was concluded that a strategic management of feral animals, directed to firebreak areas, could contribute not only to reducing the risk of fires but also to distributing these animals towards the forests, thus avoiding their dispersal towards conflictive places such as roads, residences, agricultural fields. and gardens. In the third chapter, the microhistological technique (CMA) and the molecular technique with capillary electrophoresis (PCR-CE) were compared. Both techniques applied to the composition of the diet of feral cows and goats. The results showed that both techniques detected a similar number of plant components in the faeces of both animals. It was concluded that CE-PCR is a rapid method to detect different plant components in herbivore faeces. However, it cannot be considered as an alternative to CMA, but rather as a complementary method, since both techniques can detect some taxa that are not detected by the other technique. Furthermore, the CMA allows detecting the presence of the different taxa, and at the same time, it allows obtaining quantitative data on the composition of the plant diet.
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Producció Animal

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Salas, Coscollola Marina. "Assessment of welfare in captive wild ungulates". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/454899.

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És essencial assegurar alts estàndards de benestar en animals salvatges en captivitat, tant per motius ètics i legals, com per l’establiment i el manteniment de poblacions d’animals sanes i viables. L’objectiu general d’aquesta tesi fou l’estudi i l’avaluació del benestar en ungulats salvatges en captivitat, a partir de diferents estudis, en tres espècies d’ungulats: la gasela dorcas (Gazella dorcas), la daina (Dama dama) i la cabra salvatge (Capra pyrenaica). Els animals salvatges que es troben en captivitat afronten diferents situacions que els poden causar estrès crònic. La concentració de cortisol o de metabòlits de cortisol es considera un indicador per quantificar l’estrès en moltes espècies. En aquesta tesi, dos aspectes relacionats amb el benestar (l’estrès social i l’efecte dels visitants) s’han estudiat utilitzant indicadors de benestar basats en l’animal i relacionats amb el seu comportament i la seva fisiologia. Nivells elevats de comportaments agressius poden perjudicar el benestar causant dany físic i estrès crònic. Es va avaluar la sensibilitat del comportament social i de la concentració de cortisol en pèl en quatre grups de gaseles dorcas i es van trobar diferències significatives entre els grups pel que fa a la freqüència de comportaments socials negatius i a la concentració de cortisol en pèl. Això suggereix que els nivells de cortisol en pèl són sensibles a les diferències en l’estructura social de les gaseles dorcas. En ocasions, la presència dels visitants s’ha considerat causant d’un efecte negatiu en el benestar dels animals salvatges en captivitat. En un estudi sobre l’efecte dels visitants en daines i cabres salvatges, vam utilitzar com a indicadors de benestar l’expressió de comportaments de vigilància i les concentracions de metabòlits de cortisol en femta. Els resultats obtinguts a partir d’aquests indicadors eren contradictoris, suggerint que cal una aproximació multidimensional per tal d’assessorar el benestar correctament. Es va observar un augment en l’expressió de comportaments de vigilància quan hi havia més públic, però no es va veure un efecte negatiu en la concentració de metabòlits de cortisol en femta ni en cabra salvatge ni en daina. Finalment, es va desenvolupar i aplicar en cinc grups d’animals un protocol per l’avaluació del benestar en gaseles dorcas captives. El protocol incloïa 23 indicadors de benestar i va provar ser útil per detectar àrees de millora en tots els grups avaluats. El protocol presentat en aquesta tesi podria ser una eina pràctica per tots aquells centres que tenen gaseles dorcas i que volen controlar de manera rutinària el benestar dels animals sota el seu càrrec.
Es esencial asegurar altos estándares de bienestar en animales salvajes en cautividad, tanto por motivos éticos y legales, como por el establecimiento y mantenimiento de poblaciones de animales sanas y viables. El objetivo general de esta tesis fue el estudio y la evaluación del bienestar en ungulados salvajes en cautividad, a partir de diferentes estudios, en tres especies de ungulados: la gacela dorcas (Gazella dorcas), el gamo (Dama dama) y la cabra salvaje (Capra pyrenaica). Los animales salvajes en cautividad afrontan diferentes situaciones que les pueden causar estrés crónico. La concentración de cortisol o de metabolitos de cortisol se considera un indicador para cuantificar el estrés en muchas especies. En esta tesis, dos aspectos relacionados con el bienestar (el estrés social y el efecto de los visitantes) se han estudiado utilizando indicadores de bienestar basados en el animal y relacionados con su comportamiento y su fisiología. Niveles elevados de comportamientos agresivos pueden perjudicar el bienestar causando daño físico y estrés crónico. Se evaluó la sensibilidad del comportamiento social y de la concentración de cortisol en pelo en cuatro grupos de gacelas dorcas y se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en la frecuencia de comportamientos sociales negativos y en la concentración de cortisol en pelo. Esto sugiere que los niveles de cortisol en pelo son sensibles a las diferencias en la estructura social de las gacelas dorcas. En ocasiones, la presencia de los visitantes se ha considerado causante de un efecto negativo en el bienestar de los animales salvajes en cautividad. En un estudio sobre el efecto de los visitantes en gamos y cabras salvajes, utilizamos como indicadores de bienestar la expresión de los comportamientos de vigilancia y las concentraciones de los metabolitos de cortisol en heces. Los resultados obtenidos a partir de estos indicadores eran contradictorios, sugiriendo que es necesaria una aproximación multidimensional para poder asesorar correctamente el bienestar. Se observó un aumento en la expresión de comportamientos de vigilancia cuando había más público, pero no se observó un efecto negativo en la concentración de metabolitos de cortisol en heces ni en cabra salvaje ni en gamo. Finalmente, se desarrolló y aplicó en cinco grupos de animales un protocolo para la evaluación del bienestar en gacelas dorcas cautivas. El protocolo incluía 23 indicadores de bienestar y probó ser útil para detectar áreas de mejora en todos los grupos evaluados. El protocolo presentado en esta tesis podría ser una herramienta práctica para todos aquellos centros que tienen gacelas dorcas y que quieren controlar de manera rutinaria el bienestar de los animales bajo su cuidado.
Ensuring high standards of welfare in wild animals kept in captivity is essential for ethical and legal reasons, as well as for the establishment and maintenance of viable populations of animals in good health. The general aim of this thesis was the study and assessment of animal welfare in wild ungulates in captivity through the use of case studies in three different species of ungulates: dorcas gazelles (Gazella dorcas), fallow deer (Dama dama) and Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica). Wild animals kept in captivity face different situations that can cause chronic stress to the individuals. The concentration of cortisol or cortisol metabolites has been advanced as an indicator to quantify stress in many species. In this thesis, two different welfare issues (social stress and visitor effect) were studied using behavioural and physiological animal-based welfare indicators. High levels of aggressive behaviours can impair welfare by causing physical damage and chronic stress to the animals. The sensitivity of social behaviour and hair cortisol concentration was evaluated in four groups of dorcas gazelles. Significant differences between groups of gazelles were found in frequency of negative social behaviour and hair cortisol concentration, suggesting that hair cortisol levels are sensitive to differences in the social structure of dorcas gazelles. Visitor presence has been described on occasions as having a negative effect on the welfare of captive animals. Our study of the visitor effect in fallow deer and Spanish ibex used the expression of vigilance behaviours and the concentrations of faecal cortisol metabolites as welfare indicators. Conflicting results between these indicators suggested that a multidimensional approach is necessary in order to properly assess welfare. The visitor presence increased the expression of vigilance behaviours, but did not have a negative effect on the faecal cortisol metabolites concentration in Spanish ibex and fallow deer. Finally, a protocol for the assessment of welfare in captive dorcas gazelles was developed and applied to five different groups of this species. The protocol included 23 welfare indicators and it was found to be useful to detect areas for improvement in all groups assessed. The protocol presented in this thesis could be a useful tool for the centres that keep dorcas gazelles under their care and want to routinely check the welfare of the animals.

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Dean, Rebecca Marie 1973. "Ungulate ethoarchaeology: Interpreting Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene archaeological ungulate assemblages from southwest Asia". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/278641.

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Zooarchaeologists are beginning to produce more data on age profiles and sex ratios in archaeological faunal assemblages, but often lack the ecological basis to interpret these data. This thesis reviews the ethological literature on four main prey species found in southwest Asia faunal assemblages during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene: gazelle (Gazella sp.), Fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica), wild goat (Capra ibex) and wild sheep (Ovis sp.). This ethological review is used to develop models which predict the age and sex composition of archaeological faunal assemblages that were produced during different seasons and by different hunting techniques. Finally, a review of the archaeological record from the Pleistocene/Holocene transition in southwest Asia puts the age and sex ratios from archaeofaunas into the context of economic intensification and domestication.

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Bodmer, Richard Ernest. "Frugivory in Amazon ungulates". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.304093.

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Spear, Dian. "The extent, impact and management of ungulate translocations". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/4504.

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Thesis (PhD (Botany and Zoology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The worldwide movement of biota is of substantial concern for the conservation of biodiversity. The movement of species takes place at three different scales. These are translocations of indigenous species within their natural distribution ranges, the translocation of species outside their natural distribution ranges within geopolitical boundaries (i.e. extralimital introductions) and the translocation of species outside geopolitical boundaries and their natural distribution ranges (i.e. extraregional introductions). Ungulates are extensively translocated at each of these scales and each scale of translocation is expected to have different impacts on biodiversity. Ungulates are translocated for conservation purposes such as reintroducing species to places where they have previously gone extinct and to mitigate inbreeding in small, isolated populations. Ungulates are also extensively translocated for economic and recreational reasons, such as for sport hunting. Translocations for sport hunting include indigenous, extralimital and extraregional species. Concerns for translocations of indigenous species are largely for the loss of genetic diversity through the mixing of genetically distinct populations, and concerns for extralimital and extraregional translocations are for impacts on indigenous biodiversity such as through herbivory, competition, hybridization and disease transmission. This thesis investigates the extent of ungulate introductions globally and at a finer resolution in South Africa. It investigates the pathways, drivers and impacts of ungulate introductions and it also investigates the use of surrogates for genetic distinctiveness for advising the translocation of indigenous ungulates. The study finds that ungulate translocations have been extensive and have lead to the homogenization of ungulate assemblages in countries globally and at a quarter-degree grid-cell resolution in South Africa. Zoos were identified as a potential introduction pathway for extraregional ungulates globally and in South Africa extraregional introductions have made ungulate assemblages more different; whereas large numbers of extralimital introductions have made ungulate assemblages more similar. The homogenization of ungulate species in South Africa has increased with time, due to increased numbers of translocations, particularly of extralimital species. In South Africa translocations have most recently been made to high-income areas with high human population density and high livestock density; whereas in the 1960s ungulates were introduced to areas species poor for indigenous ungulates and marginal for livestock. In South Africa, long distance translocations of indigenous species extralimitally has resulted in extensive range expansions of a magnitude greater than predicted range changes as a result of predicted climate change. When the use of surrogates of genetic distinctiveness for advising translocations was investigated for Africa, the East African rift valley was found to be important in delineating genetic distinctiveness and translocations across this feature should be prevented. Major rivers in Africa also showed potential for delineating genetic distinctiveness in ungulates, but relevant phylogeographic data are needed to confirm this. Sufficient evidence for the impacts of non-indigenous ungulates on biodiversity both in South Africa and globally is lacking despite substantial concern for their impacts. It is suggested that to demonstrate the impacts of non-indigenous ungulates exclosure and enclosure experiments should be used and population declines in indigenous species should be shown.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskuiwing van plante en diere wêreldwyd lei tot groot kommer in gevolge die bewaring van biodiversiteit. Verskuiwings vind op drie skale plaas, naamlik, die verskuiwing van inheemse spesies binne hulle natuurlike verspreidingsgebied, die verskuiwing van spesies buite hul natuurlike verspreidingsgebied maar binne landsgrense (d.w.s. buite limiet verskuiwings), en die verskuiwing van spesies buite hul natuurlike verspreidingsgebied en buite landsgrense (d.w.s. buite grondgebied verskuiwings). Grootskaalse verskuiwing van hoefdiere vind op al drie skale plaas. Verskuiwing op elk van die skale sal na verwagting biodiversiteit verskillend beïnvloed. Hoefdiere word ook vir bewaringsdoeleindes verskuif, bv. die herbevolking van ‘n gebied waar die spesies uitgesterf het, asook om genetiese probleme wat gepaardgaan met klein bevolkingsgroottes te vermy. Hoefdiere word ook verskuif vir ekonomiese- en ontspannings redes, o.a. vir sportjag, en sluit verskuiwings op al drie skale in. Kommer oor verskuiwings binne ‘n spesies se verspreidingsgebied rus hoofsaaklik op die verlies van genetiese diversiteit a.g.v. die vermenging van vorig genetiese eiensoortige bevolkings, terwyl op die ander twee skale kommer hoofsaaklik gebaseer is op die impakte van kompetisie, interteling, predasie, herbivoor effek, en die verspreiding van parasiete op inheemse biodiversiteit. Hierdie proefskrif ondersoek die omvang van hoefdier verskuiwings globaal asook in Suid Afrika. Die verskuiwingsweë, oorsake en impakte van verskuiwings word hier ondersoek, asook die maatstawwe van genetiese eiensoortigheid om advies oor verskuiwings te verskaf. Die bevindings toon op ekstensiewe verskuiwing van hoefdiere wat eenvormigheid van hoefdier spesiesamestellings wêreldwyd bevorder het, sowel as op ‘n kwartgraad skaal in Suid Afrika. Dieretuine is geïdentifiseer as ‘n potensiële bron van buite grondgebied verskuiwings. In Suid Afrika het buite grondgebied verskuiwings hoefdier spesiesamestellings minder eenvormig gemaak, terwyl buite limiet verskuiwings hoefdier samestellings binne Suid Afrika meer eenvormig gemaak het. Eenvormigheid in hoefdier spesiesamestellings het met tyd in Suid Afrika toegeneem as gevolg van ‘n toename in veral buite limiet verskuiwings. In Suid Afrika is verskuiwings mees onlangs na hoë-inkomste gebiede met hoë menslike bevolkingsen veëdigthede gemaak. In die sestiger jare is hoefdiere egter verskuif na gebiede waar min inheemse hoefdiere voorgekom het en wat marginaal was vir veëboerdery. In Suid Afrika het langafstand buite limiet verskuiwings versoorsaak dat die verspreidingsgebiede van sekere hoefdier spesies groter is as wat die geval sal wees met voorspelde klimaatsveranderinge. Waneer surogaat inligting gebruik word om genetiese verskille tussen bevolkings te identifiseer om verskuiwings te adviseer, word die Oos Afrika Rift vallei geïdentifiseer as ‘n belangrike breuk tussen bevolkings. Verskuiwings oor die vallei moet verkieslik nie plaasvind nie. Groot riviere in Afrika speel ‘n soortgelyke rol, maar verdere genetiese inligting is nodig om dit te bevestig. Alhoewel kommer oor die impak van verskuiwings groot en teoreties verdedigbaar is, bestaan daar te min konkrete bewyse vir die impakte in Suid Afrika. Daar word voorgestel dat manipuleringseksperimente uitgevoer moet word om impakte te demonstreer, en dat aandag veral gegee moet word aan die demonstrasie van impakte op inheemse spesies.

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Nielson, Patrice Alexa. "Variable Palatability of Quaking Aspen for Large Ungulate Herbivores". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2010. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2589.

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Aspen is a key resource in the Rocky Mountain Region for wildlife forage and habitat, lumber products, scenery, and plays important roles in fire ecology and hydrological processes. There is evidence of aspen decline over much of the Intermountain West for approximately 100 years. In Dixie and Fishlake National Forests, UT, aspen distribution has decreased by nearly half. Causes of this decline are not well understood, although wildlife browsing by ungulates has been implicated as playing a major role. The objective of this research was to examine what soil or plant factors might be involved in wildlife browse choice in aspen. Twenty-two pairs of moderately and intensively browsed sites were studied to identify factors related to browse preferences over two field seasons. In the summer of 2008, sites were sampled in June, July, and August, and in the summer of 2009 sites were sampled in August only. Soils were analyzed for pH, EC, total nitrogen and carbon, and mineral nutrients. Leaf tissue samples were analyzed for defense chemical (tannin and phenolic glycoside) concentrations, mineral nutrients (via acid digestion), acid-detergent fiber, water content, carbon:nitrogen ratio, and non-structural carbohydrate (sugar) concentration. No significant difference in phenolic glycoside concentrations between moderately and intensively browsed sites was found. Tannins were highest in sites with intensive levels of browsing. Iron was significantly higher and zinc lower in intensively than moderately browsed sites. Leaf moisture was also significantly lower in intensively browsed sites. In the absence of differences in phenolic glycosides, ungulates may be selecting browse sites based on iron requirements. Seasonal changes in the studied factors could be identified in 2008. Over the course of the summer, we found significant decreases in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, zinc, iron, copper, phenolic glycosides, and moisture concentration. Seasonal increases in calcium, sodium, tannins, sugars, acid-detergent fiber, and carbon:nitrogen ratios were observed. The need for large ungulates to obtain specific nutrients may indicate that aspen is in higher demand as a forage at different times of the year, particularly in areas with forages low in these nutrients. Our data suggest that aspen high in iron may be at risk since other factors explaining browsing choice were not significantly different in our study. This information can help identify clones that are at risk and direct resources where and when they are needed most.

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Haney, Michael J. "Ungulate Damage to Safflower in San Juan County, Utah". DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1037.

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In Utah, farmers are concerned that ungulates are damaging safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) fields. I examined elk (Cervus elaphus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) damage to safflower production in San Juan County, Utah during 2009 and 2010. Data on damaged safflower plants were collected within 28 fields, totaling 1,581 ha (13 fields totaling 963 ha during 2009; 15 fields totaling 618 ha during 2010). I compared 3 methods to assess losses: ungulate-proof exclosures, adjacent plant compensation method, and counting the number of damaged plants in 50-m transects (safflower count method). Exclosures were of limited use because they could not be erected until farmers stopped using cultivating their fields. Hence, this method did not account for ungulate damage to young plants. The adjacent plant compensation method assessed yields within 1 m of a randomly-selected damaged plant to account for any compensatory growth of neighboring plants but this method proved inaccurate because ungulate herbivory was concentrated so that a browsed plant was often surrounded by other browsed plants so no compensatory growth by surrounding plants occurred. The most accurate method was the safflower count method which determined the number of damaged plants within a field and then multiplied this number by the decrease in yield from an average damaged plant. I used this method to examine 981,000 plants for damage. Deer and elk damaged or killed 7.2% of safflower plants during 2009 and 1.4% of plants during 2010. Overall yield reduction was 2.9% during 2009 and 0.6% in 2010. The total value of safflower loss within all surveyed fields in 2009 was $9,023 for a loss of $9.42 / ha. The loss of value within surveyed fields in 2010 was $2,330, or $3.77 / ha. The best model for predicting ungulate damage in 2009 included distance to canyon from field edge and the percent of a field bordered by a fallow field, while the best model for 2010 included distance to canyon from field edge and the percent of a field bordered by a wheat field. Safflower farmers were surveyed in the spring of 2010 to compare perceived losses in their fields during 2009 to those measured in this study. Farmers believed that damage by deer and elk reduced their yields by 20% with most damage caused by elk (x¯ =12% by elk, 7% by deer, 1% by other wildlife). On average, perceptions of damage were 5.2 times higher than the actual levels I measured during 2009. This was not surprising because farmers usually surveyed their field from the field’s edge and ungulate damage was concentrated along the edge of the fields.

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9

Reyna, Hurtado Rafael Angel. "Hunting effects on the ungulate species in Calakmul Forest, Mexico". [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2002. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE1001176.

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10

Kenyon, Marc Wayne Jr. "Evaluation of a web-based tool for ungulate harvest management". Thesis, Montana State University, 2006. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2006/kenyon/KenyonM0806.pdf.

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Hunting the female segment of a wild ungulate population is an effective wildlife management tool to control overpopulation. Most hunters prefer to harvest males however, limiting success in controlling overpopulation. Landowners attempting to manage wild ungulate overpopulation have expressed difficulty with finding hunters who wish to harvest female ungulates. Likewise, some hunters willing to harvest female ungulates have difficulty locating private landowners seeking hunters. The Montana State University Wildlife Extension Program created the DoeCowHunt website to help remedy this situation (www.DoeCowHunt.montana.edu). This website is a tool to facilitate contact between landowners and hunters for harvesting doe deer (Odocoileus spp.), doe pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) and cow elk (Cervus elaphus). The website has been available for the Montana 2003, 2004 and 2005 big-game hunting seasons, with over 40,000 visits and 2,500 registered users. The objectives of this study were to evaluate this website's effectiveness in providing an avenue for contact between landowners and hunters and to make any necessary improvements to the website. Measures of the website's effectiveness and improvements were identified from electronic mail questionnaires sent to the registered users of the website over three years. Surveys identified problems with the search and registration processes and low landowner use. After modifying the website, no differences in hunters' reported numbers of invitations to hunt, antlerless deer, elk and pronghorn harvested or the proportion of hunters planning to use the website the following year were detected. However, reported numbers of contacts by hunters differed across years (XÂ² = 7.578, 2 df), as well as the numbers of successful hunts (XÂ² = 7.107, 2 df) and the numbers of antlerless ungulates harvested (XÂ² = 14.115, 2 df). Therefore, the modifications of the search and registration processes appear to have increased the capacity of the website to achieve its objectives. Recommendations for other management agencies developing similar programs are provided.

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11

Bergman, Margareta. "Ungulate effects on their food plants : responses depending on scale /". Umeå : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-6306-8.pdf.

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12

Harrington, Justin L. "Characteristics of Ungulate Behavior and Mortality Associated with Wire Fences". DigitalCommons@USU, 2005. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6610.

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I studied the characteristics of fence mortality in pronghorn (Antilocapra americana), mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus), and elk (Cervus elaphus) along roads in Colorado and Utah from June 2004 to June 2005. I defined a direct-fence mortality as a carcass caught directly in a fence and an indirect-fence mortality as a carcass on the ground within 10 m of a fence. I estimated an average annual direct mortality occurrence of 0.25 mortalities/km (0.078 mule deer mortalities/km, 0.113 pronghorn mortalities/km, and 0.061 elk mortalities/km). The highest fence-mortality rates for ungulates occurred during August, which coincided with weaning of fawns on my study area. Mule deer and pronghorn both jumped fences in >81% of observed crossings and did not differ in their crossing methods (P = 0.37). Getting caught between the top 2 wires was the leading cause of death for fence mortalities. Mule deer suffered higher fence-mortality rates than elk or pronghorn because they crossed fences more frequently and fed in the right-of-way of the road more often (P < 0.001). Juveniles were 8 times more likely to die in fences than adults. Woven-wire fence types were more lethal to ungulates (especially juveniles) than other fence types (P < 0.001). Woven wire with a single strand of barbed wire above it was significantly more lethal to ungulates than woven wire with 2 strands of barbed wire above it, or 4-strand barbed-wire fence (P < 0.001). There was a direct relationship between the frequency of fence-mortalities and ungulate abundance (P < 0.001 ). Traffic volumes had an inverse relationship with fence mortality frequencies (P < 0.001) and ungulate densities along the right-of-way (P < 0.001). Indirect mortality (i.e., carcasses within 10 m of fences) composed 66% of fence-related mortality, whereas direct-fence mortality (i.e., carcasses in fences) composed a mere 33%. Additionally, indirect-fence mortality was found to be greater along woven-wire fences, when compared to barbed-wire fence types (P = 0.003).

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13

Hansen, C. P. B. "Inter-specific associations in African ungulates". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.603663.

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The tendency for African ungulates to form multi-species aggregations is well known and six hypotheses to explain these associations have been made: Inter-specific competition; Intra-specific competition; Autecological factors; Predators; Food facilitation and Random factors. Certain testable predictions follows from these hypotheses. The nature of the relationships in five African ungulates, was investigated over two years in the Katavi National Park, Tanzania. Data relevant to behaviour, group compositions and environmental factors were collected for all species encountered. Only data concerning zebra, topi, waterbuck, buffalo and elephant were considered for the subsequent analysis. The following calculations and tests were carried out in order to test the various hypotheses: 1) Habitat overlap, 2) Vigilance and herd size in the presence or absence of predators, 3) Coincidence of habitat visits, 4) Vigilance and herd size in the presence or absence of another species, 5) Effect of grazing by one species on that of another on the same day and over the following ten days and 6) Comparison between distances to nearest non-conspecific and nearest conspecific. The results showed a clear change in the nature of the relationships according to season. In extreme cases, such as the topi - zebra interaction, it changes from being a positive arrangement against predation, to competition for food. Predator detection or avoidance was not found between any of the three smaller species and either of the two larger species. Zebra, topi and buffalo were all found to be in competition for food. Food facilitation was an important factor in describing the relationship between zebra and other species. Due to only a few observations being possible on elephant, the interpretation of most of the associations involving elephant are provisional. In most of these associations, autecological factors were considered to be involved.

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14

Marshall, Tristan C. "Inbreeding and fitness in wild ungulates". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/12574.

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In this thesis I examine inbreeding and its fitness consequences in two species of wild ungulates, red deer (Cervus elaphus) and Arabian oryx (Oryx leucoryx). The long term study of red deer on the Isle of Rum has included profiling of individuals at polymorphic protein and microsatellite loci. I developed a likelihood- based method for large-scale paternity inference and implemented it via the computer program CERVUS. The system allowed genetic inference of paternity with 80% confidence for 536 red deer calves. I used these data to construct pedigrees and found that 11% of calves were the offspring of matings between paternal half sibs; however most inbreeding coefficients were zero. Microsatellite-based measures of inbreeding and outbreeding, individual heterozygosity and mean d², were calculated using data from nine microsatellite loci. Among stags born 1982-1986, neither individual heterozygosity nor mean d² influenced survival to reproductive age, while mean d² but not individual heterozygosity positively influenced stag lifetime mating success among males which reproduced. Arabian oryx went extinct in the wild in 1972 and were reintroduced to Oman and Saudi Arabia after several generations of breeding in captivity. In reintroduced Arabian oryx in Oman no relationship was found between inbreeding coefficient and juvenile survival. However individual heterozygosity was positively related to juvenile survival while mean d² was negatively related to juvenile survival, implying simultaneous inbreeding and outbreeding depression. Genetic, environmental and anthropogenic factors all influence the survival of reintroduced Arabian oryx, but despite the joint influence of these factors, the Omani population is growing rapidly.

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15

Green, Jonathan A. "Trophoblast-expressed genes within the ungulates /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1997. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9842531.

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16

Sims, S. Andrew. "Effects of Changing Environments on Survival of a Widely Distributed Ungulate". DigitalCommons@USU, 2017. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/5947.

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Widely distributed species are experiencing a continual pattern of range shifts due to anthropogenic expansion and climate change, forcing these species into novel environments and out of critical habitat. The ability to estimate current and forecasted states of demographic parameters of species distributed along a gradient of environments is becoming increasingly important in a time of large-scale environmental change. Consulting models that provide temporally relevant estimates of population dynamics based on the latest realizations of environmental conditions can allow for informed, quick and decisive conservation and management actions. Modelling the drivers of demography across a wide range of environmental conditions will provide a more comprehensive understanding of how species will respond to novel environments. In this study we provide an example of relating seasonal-environmental variables to survival in a widely distributed ungulate species. We used a mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) survival dataset collected in Utah with seven sites distributed across the multiple ecoregions of the state, allowing for the elucidation of relationships across a variety of environmental conditions. Multivariate analyses predicting survival of young and adult females were performed using geographic location, elevation, and seasonal satellite-derived primary productivity data and weather variables. We developed frameworks for estimating past and current states of survival and predicting short-term (sub-year) forecasts of survival. Furthermore, we investigated adaptive modelling techniques for increasing the certainty of the forecasted predictions of survival. We found that increased winter precipitation had a negative effect on survival across the state. Survival was lower in the northern region of the state and in higher elevations. Furthermore, measures of summer primary productivity had a positive relationship with survival. Lastly, our adaptive modelling demonstration shows that uncertainty of forecasted survival predictions can be reduced with the addition of data. This study provides a framework for developing models that will provide invaluable information to managers in a time of large-scale environmental change.

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17

Neto, MoisÃs Maia. "ContribuiÃÃo ao conhecimento quÃmico de plantas do nordeste do Brasil: Bauhinia ungulata L. (Leguminoseae)". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2006. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1565.

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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
O gÃnero Bauhinia, famÃlia Leguminosae, compreende mais de 300 espÃcies distribuÃdas nas Ãreas tropicais do planeta, onde sÃo utilizadas na medicina popular no tratamento do diabetes. Estudos farmacolÃgicos preliminares [1] indicaram aÃÃo hipoglicemiante de Bauhinia ungulata L., conhecida popularmente como âPata-devacaâ, porÃm nenhum estudo fitoquÃmico havia sido realizado para a espÃcie[2]. Desta forma, o presente estudo se propÃs ao isolamento e determinaÃÃo estrutural dos constituintes volÃteis e nÃo-volÃteis das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata, e a posterior realizaÃÃo de testes farmacolÃgicos com os compostos isolados para a comprovaÃÃo da sua atividade farmacolÃgica. O estudo dos constituintes volÃteis das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata (Figura I) foi realizado atravÃs de um acompanhamento da composiÃÃo quÃmica do Ãleo essencial. Os principais constituintes encontrados no Ãleo de B. ungulata foram: (E)- -Cariofileno (1), -Humuleno (2), Germacreno D (3), Ãxido de Cariofileno (4), - Copaeno (5), Germacreno B (6), -Cadineno (7) e Biciclogermacreno (8). Foram observadas alteraÃÃes no teor do Ãleo das 9:00 para Ãs 12:00 hs com aumento dos constituintes 4 e 8 e reduÃÃo de 2, 3, 5, 6 e 7 alÃm do surgimento de sesquiterpenos oxigenados exclusivamente Ãs 12:00 hs. Para o estudo dos constituintes nÃo-volÃteis (Figura II) foram utilizados os extratos hexÃnico (EHBU) e etanÃlico (EEBU) das folhas de B. ungulata. ApÃs sucessivos tratamentos cromatogrÃficos, o extrato EEBU forneceu 4 metabÃlitos secundÃrios identificados como os flavonÃides 3,5,7-tri-hidroxi-2-(3â,4â-dihidroxifenil)- 4H-cromen-4-ona (Quercetina) (BU-1), Quercetina-3-OarabinofuranosÃdio (BU-2) e Quercetina-3-O--RhamnopiranosÃdio (Quercitrina) (BU-3) alÃm do inositol metoxilado 3-O-metil-quiroinositol (D-pinitol) (BU-4). A partir da fraÃÃo alcaloÃdica do EEBU foram obtidos os alcalÃides -carbolÃnicos harmano (BU-5) e eleagnina (tetrahidroharmano) (BU-6). A identificaÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo dos constituintes quÃmicos volÃteis foram realizadas atravÃs de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG/EM). XVII A caracterizaÃÃo estrutural dos compostos nÃo-volÃteis foi realizada atravÃs de tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas, incluindo RMN-1D (ÂH, ÂÂC, DEPT), RMN-2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) e espectroscopia de infravermelho (IR).
The Bauhinia genus possess 300 species distributed in tropical area of the planet. Species of this genus have been used in popular medicine on the diabetes treatment. Preliminary pharmacological studies showed hypoglicemic action of Bauhinia ungulata L. [1], popularly known on the northeast of Brazil as âpata-de-vacaâ, however, no phytochemical study has been reported yet [2]. This work reports the isolation and structural charactherization of the volatile and non-volatile constituents from the leaves of Bauhinia ungulata, for the accomplishment of pharmacological tests with the isolated compounds. A circadian study of the chemical composition of the leaves of B. ungulata was carry out with its essential oil. The main constituents were: (E)--caryophyllene (1), - humulene (2), germacrene D (3), cariilene (4), -copaene (5), germacrene B (6), - cadimene (7) e byciclogermacrene (8). Changes were observed at 9:00 to 12:00 a.m. with the increase of contents of the constituents 4 and 8, and reduction of contents of compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, besides of appearance of oxygenated terpenes only at 12:00 a.m. The phytochemical study of the non-volatile constituents was accomplished by the investigation of the hexane (EHBU) and ethanol (EEBU) extracts. From the EHBU traicontanol was obtained in high contents. Sucessive chromatographies from the EEBU yielded 4 metabolites charactherized as the flavonoids quercetine, quercetine-3- O-arabinofuranoside and quercitrine, besides the methoxy inositol 3-O-metil- D-pinitol. The alkaloid fraction yielded the -carbolines harmane e eleagnine. XIX The identification of the volatile compounds was done by GLC/MS. Structure charactherization of the non-volatile was made by spectroscopic methods such as IR and two and one dimensional ÂH and ÂÂC NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC),

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18

Baird, David R. "Role of resource competition in ungulate diversity and community structure in Africa". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/10706.

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The major aim of this thesis is to develop, apply, and test resource competition theory in the ungulate communities of Africa. Ungulates were chosen because RCT requires a great deal of information about the foraging ecology of the species to be modelled, and foraging ecology in ungulates has probably been subjected to more detailed research than any other animal group. The first chapter reviews the literature on competition in ungulates. Chapter 2 then develops a description of ungulate resources within the RCT framework. This new description efficiently encapsulates many well known features of ungulate foraging ecology. Several ungulate foraging scenarios are then described within the RCT framework in a series of conceptual models. A strong prediction that stable co-existence is possible between species that are sufficiently, but not too much, different in body size, emerges. One of these models, describing competition between topi and wildebeest, is developed more fully and tested using data from the literature. The model predicts the resource supply conditions under which each species can be expected to exclude the other. Co-existence is shown to be promoted by environmental heterogeneity that is generated by the foraging activity of the animals themselves. The modelling approach is developed in chapter 3, with a generic model of resource competition between two species differing in body size. The effect of body size on energetic requirements, intake rate, digestive capacity, and selective ability are integrated within the model. Despite the large literature on ungulate foraging ecology, there remain areas of insufficient knowledge, in particular a quantitative description of the relationship between body size and selective ability. The model predicts that stable co-existence is possible between two species competing for resources.

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19

Beaver, Joseph Edward. "Paleolithic Ungulate Hunting: Simulation and Mathematical Modeling for Archaeological Inference and Explanation". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194175.

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Formal models, those which explicitly specify the postulates on which they are based, the development of their 'predictions' from those postulates, and the boundary conditions under which they apply, have the potential to be useful tools in archaeological inference and explanation. Detailed examination of one such model, the mathematical model commonly referred to as the diet breadth or prey choice model, shows that its archaeological application is severely complicated by two factors that are difficult or impossible to specify for prehistoric cases: 1) limits on the amount of meat consumable by a food-sharing group before spoilage or loss to scavengers and 2) hunting failure rates. The former introduce significant uncertainties into the food yield or energetic return term of resource rankings, while the latter affect both resource rankings and the resouce encounter rates leading to prey inclusion or exclusion from the diet. Together, these factors make rigorous diet breadth / prey choice model-based inferences from ungulate archaeofaunas impractical, especially in Paleolithic cases. Following success in recent years in making diet breadth model-based inferences about Paleolithic demography from small game analyses that involved computer simulation modeling of prey species' resilience to hunting pressure, the development and employment of a similar model applied to ungulate species reveals that, in general, the differences in the abilty of populations of different ungulate species to sustain harvest rates are not sufficient to allow the relative representation of ungulate remains in archaeological sites to be a viable basis for human demographic inferences. However, in cases where ungulate remains allow the determination of both prey age structure and sex ratio, it is possible to distinguish low exploitation rates, high exploitation rates, and overhunting. In some cases, the sex ratio data may also alter relative hunting resilience levels in such a way that it may be possible to infer that one species was capable of supporting a larger human population than another.

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20

Collinge, Sarah Elizabeth. "Body size and community structure in British Pleistocene mammals". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.249233.

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This study explores patterns of body size variation in the ungulates and large carnivores of the British Middle and Late Pleistocene (ca. 750-10 kyr B.P.) and examines how communities were organised in terms of the body sizes of their members. Body size analysis has been carried out using estimated body mass data, produced through the application of allometric scaling equations. A high degree of estimate consistency was achieved within and between skeletal elements, indicating that the methods produce accurate representations of mass. The biostratigraphic scheme applied relates terrestrial deposits to the Oxygen Isotope Record of climatic change. Body mass data generally supports the coherence of the stratigraphic divisions utilised. The majority of species underwent significant mass variation during the study period, with size differences identified at the 01 Stage and Sub-Stage level. Post-crania appear to be more suitable for mass estimation than teeth. Comparison of the mass records produced from dental and post-cranial remains indicates whether size change events had a genetic or ecophenotypic basis. The patterns of body size variation revealed have been related to palaeoenvironmental conditions. British Pleistocene ungulates generally underwent size change opposite to the predictions of Bergmann's rule, while carnivores maintained relatively constant body sizes across periods of temperature variation. Primary productivity and levels of seasonality appear to have been the major determinants of ungulate body size. Carnivore body sizes may be related to size variations in their prey and can also be influenced by vegetation conditions ifpredation levels are affected, although changes in dental proportions may also result. Analysis of community structure suggests that the body sizes of different guild members were not closely linked during the Pleistocene. Community body mass distributions predicted by competition theory have not been consistently identified. The mammal communities appear to be loose associations of species acting individualistically and responding in different ways to environmental challenges.

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21

Bergman, Carita Marie. "Behavioural responses to resource availability by northern ungulates". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0024/NQ51030.pdf.

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22

O'Donoghue, Paul. "Reproductive success and effective population size in ungulates". Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528893.

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23

Laubscher, Sarah-Jane. "A study of sex/age ratios in wild ungulate populations : an approach to designing an appropriate sampling strategy for estimating the structure of wild ungulate populations on Rooipoort Nature Reserve". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51627.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis investigates the population structure of a number of ungulate species occurring within Rooipoort private reserve. Specifically the study serves to make estimates of the ratio of males to females and calves to cows within each species population under observation, based on the data collected. Data were also analysed to ascertain the distribution patterns of the species in question, in relation to vegetation type and habitat. Distribution data were additionally compared to distribution data collected at an earlier period on Rooipoort, to determine whether any change has occurred in distribution patterns of the ungulates concerned. Through analysis of both sex/age data and distributional data, one of the main objectives of the study was to determine the most appropriate time of the year, length of time and managment costs involved to undertake sex/age counts on Rooipoort. Results of the study were also compared to existing population models of ungulates on the reserve. Results obtained from data concluded that a single monthly sex/age count or, in some cases, even three consecutive monthly counts, to determine age ratios, would be insufficient to deliver a reliable estimate of population structure. A number of counts would have to be carried out throughout the year in order to make reliable estimates. Distribution data revealed that all habitat/vegetation types on Rooipoort would have to be covered in order to effectively sample all of the species in question.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gegewens is ook ontleed om die verspreidingspatrone van hoefdiersoorte te bepaal met betrekking tot plantegroeitipe en habitat. Die verspreidingsdata is ook vergelyk met vorige ..studies wat op Rooipoort gedoen is om te. bepaal. of enige. veranderings in die verpreidingspatrone van die hoefdiere onder bespreking plaasgevind het. Een van die hoof doelwitte van die studie was om.. deur ontleding. van beide die geslags/ouderdom data en die verspreidingsdata, die mees geskikte tye van die jaar, die tydsduur en bestuurskoste te bepaal, om geslags/ouderdomstellings op Rooipoort uit te voer. Resultate van die studie is ook met vertroude populasiemodelle op die reservaat vergelyk. Die dataontledings het aangeduidat 'n enkele maandlikse geslags/ouderdoms telling, of, In sekere gevalle, selfs drie agtereenvolgende maandlikse tellings, om ouderdomsverhoudings te bepaal, nie voldoende sal wees om 'n vertroubare beraming van die bevolkings struktuur te maak. n' Aantal tellings moet gedurende die yaar uitgevoer word om vertroubare beramings te kan doen. Verspreidingsdata het bevestig dat alle habitate en plantegroeitipes op Rooipoort bemonster moet word om alle spesie effektief te bemonster.

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24

Painter, Rosario Lilian Elizabeth. "Gardeners of the forest : plant-animal interactions in a neotropical forest ungulate community". Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366366.

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25

von, Brandis RG y BK Reilly. "Spatial variation in trophy quality of popular hunted ungulate species in South Africa". Southern African Wildlife Management Association, 2008. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1000760.

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Adatabase of approximately 9000 trophy measurements of ungulates hunted in South Africa between 1993 and 2001 was analysed in order to detect species-specific, regional variation in mean trophy quality. Blesbok (Damaliscus dorcas), eland (Taurotragus oryx), impala (Aepyceros melampus), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros), mountain reedbuck (Redunca fulvorufula) and springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis) showed statistically significant variation in trophy quality. A number of other species including blue wildebeest (Connochaetus taurinus), black wildebeest (Connochaetus gnou), bushbuck (Tragelaphus angusticeps), common reedbuck (Redunca redunca), gemsbok (Oryx gazella), red hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), nyala (Tragelaphus angasii) and waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus) were insignificant. The manipulation of trophy quality on ranches is speculated to be the major cause of these significant regional variations. It is recommended that species-specific baselines of trophy quality and associated levels of ‘acceptable manipulation’be established and incorporated into a national trophy quality monitoring programme to provide some level of protection to an industry that contributes significantly to the South African economy.

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26

LEONE, SOPHIA JOSEPHINE. "FECAL NIRS TO DETERMINE UNGULATE DIET QUALITY FROM RANGE PLANTS IN THE SOUTHWEST". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/613244.

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In an attempt to make positive adjustments to Southern Arizona rangeland and grazing usage for livestock and wildlife species, a variety of mixed forages were fed to goat and sheep research models to determine optimal diet composition. The five goats and five sheep were broken up into pairs with one of each species, each animal kept individually in a pen, with pairs adjacent to each other. Each pair was fed a different diet every week over a period of two weeks. During the third and final week, all pairs were fed a rich finishing diet of alfalfa prior to sale or slaughter. Samples were collected from each diet for analysis of nutrient composition, and fecal samples were collected from each animal on designated collection days. The fecal samples were analyzed with Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy to identify their relative digestibility and nutrient content, and were predicted with existing calibrations developed for elk, sheep, and goats. The results show statistical significance through ANOVA, the P values for crude protein, digestible organic matter, and spectral similarity to previous calibration equations.

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27

Rhodes, Aaron C. "Impacts of a Mixed Ungulate Community on Aspen Forests: From Landscape to Leaf". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6615.

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This dissertation explores the differential effects of an ungulate community (cattle, mule deer, and American elk) on aspen (Populus tremuloides) regeneration pre- and post-fire disturbance. It's first chapter examines the differential effects of cattle, mule deer, and American elk on aspen regeneration across variable topography, climate and forest type; aspen dominant to conifer dominant subalpine forests. We found that each ungulate species, if sufficiently numerous, can cause aspen regeneration failure. Also, high elevation, southern aspect and high winter snow pack increase resilience to ungulate herbivory. Chapter two compares the efficacy of four methods of estimating ungulate impact on aspen. We found that direct methods of estimation (meristem removal, and defoliation) are better indicators of ungulate impact than indirect methods (fecal and camera counts). Therefore, we suggest to management that removal of apical meristems be an indicator for relative ungulate use. In chapters 3 and 4 we use differential ungulate exclosure fencing similar and camera traps to model the year to year and monthly use of aspen by ungulates. We model the per unit animal impact on aspen using photo counts. Our results show that ungulates on a per animal basis utilize aspen similarly. However, when adjusted for body size, native ungulates select aspen more often than cattle. Also, we found that while aspen is more palatable in June it is relative use, as measured by removal of apical meristems is significantly higher throughout July and August. We conclude that aspen is relatively more palatable than grass and forb species late season, and becomes and important forage species late season when forbs and grass species nutrient content drops. In chapter five, we quantify the physiological effects of ungulates on aspen regeneration after fire in order to elucidate the physiological mechanisms underlying plant:animal interactions. We show that ungulate herbivory induces high concentrations of defense chemistry (Phenolics), and reduces palatability through lower foliar nonstructural carbohydrates, and that this high investment in defense and lower growth potential related to low palatability causes severe reductions in aspen vertical growth leading to aspen regeneration failure. Together, we examine how biotic and abiotic factors at the landscape level, as well as defense and physiological function at the leaf chemistry level mediate how ungulates influence aspen regeneration and recruitment

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28

Perez, Herakles Antonio Garcia. "Diagnóstico, caracterização molecular e epidemiologia de Trypanosamas de ungulados". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/42/42135/tde-20092012-084016/.

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Trypanosamas de diversas espécies podem infectar mamíferos de interesse econômico em todo o mundo. Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. congolense, T. b. brucei e T. simiae geram importantes doenças em ungulados na África, Ásia e Américas Central e do Sul; enquanto T. theileri e espécies relacionadas são pouco patogênicas. Compreender a epidemiologia e as interações parasita-vector-hospedeiro requer estudos de estrutura populacional, filogeográficos e de diversidade e relações filogenéticas entre isolados. Sequências de microssatelites e dos genes SSUrRNA, gGAPDH, CatL, ITS, SL, 5S, Cytb e ESAG6 mostraram ampla diversidade biológica e diferenciaram genótipos com associação geográfica e restrição de hospedeiros em T. theileri e espécies relacionadas. T. evansi mostrou importante heterogeneidade de sequências no gene ESAG6, enquanto populações de T. vivax muito divergentes foram observadas em regiões preservadas e com transmissão cíclica quando comparadas com a microheterogeneidade biológica de áreas de transmissão mecânica.
Trypanosames can infect diverse species of mammals of economic interest worldwide. Trypanosoma vivax, T. evansi, T. equiperdum, T. congolense, T. brucei brucei and T. simiae cause important diseases in ungulates in Africa, Asia and Central and South America, while T. theileri and related species are of low pathogenicity. Understanding the epidemiology and host-parasite-vector interactions requires studies of population structure, phylogeography and diversity and phylogenetic relationships among isolates. Microsatellite loci and sequences from genes SSUrRNA, gGAPDH, CatL, ITS, SL, 5S, Cytb and ESAG6 revealed high biological diversity and allowed differentiation of genotypes with geographic structure and host-restriction event in T. theileri and related species. T. evansi showed significant heterogeneity in ESAG6 sequences, while populations of T. vivax widely divergent were observed in pristine regions and cyclical transmission compared to the microheterogeneity showed by isolates from mechanical transmission areas.

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29

Rosvold, Jørgen. "Ungulates in a dynamic and increasingly human dominated landscape". Doctoral thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-20401.

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30

Gordon, I. J. "The feeding strategies of ungulates on a Scottish moorland". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1986. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.377192.

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31

Mallon, David Paul. "Ecology and conservation of mountain ungulates in Ladakh, India". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267359.

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Research was carried out in a 15,000 km2 study area in central Ladakh, India. The study area is Transhimalayan in character with ecological affinities to Tibet and Central Asia. The main study species were Ladakh urial Ovis vignei, bharal Pseudois nayaur and Himalayan ibex Capra sibirica, with additional data collected on two species occurring marginally within the study area, argali Ovis ammon and kiang Equus klang. Distributions were mapped in detail. Distribution of urial was restricted to a band along the Indus valley and its tributaries. Bharal and ibex were widely distributed and apparently share the study area. Bharal occur in the eastern part of the Zanskar Range and across the eastern plateau of Ladakh. Ibex occur mainly in the western part of the Zanskar range, along the northern slopes of the Himalayan range and the southern slopes of the Ladakh range. Argali and kiang occur across eastern Ladakh and just reach the eastern edge of the study area; both have occasionally established a presence farther west. Current estimated numbers in the study area were: 500-700 urial; 6,000-10,000 bharal, 3150-6150 ibex, <50 kiang and c. 12 argali. Urial use even terrain between 3000-4250m and avoid areas with cliffs. Ibex and bharal both use altitudes up to 5000m and prefer broken, more rugged terrain which they use as escape cover. Discriminant function analysis showed a clear differentiation between urial habitat and that of ibex and bharal, but a substantial overlap in the habitat used by ibex and bharal. The habitat preferences recorded are similar to what is known of other Caprini species. The ungulate community consisted of three main species, each occupying separate parts of the study area. The abrupt boundary between the distributions of ibex and bharal was examined in the framework of parapatry theory. Conservation prospects for mountain ungulates in the study area are currently satisfactory.

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32

Ellis, Amanda Morgan. "An assessment of density estimation methods for forest ungulates". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007830.

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The development of conservation and management programs for an animal population relies on a knowledge of the number of individuals in an area. In order to achieve reliable estimates, precise and accurate techniques for estimating population densities are needed. This study compared the use of direct and indirect methods of estimating kudu (Trage/aphus strepsiceras), bush buck (Trage/aphus scriptus), common duiker (Sy/vicapra grimmia), and blue duiker (Philantamba manticala) densities on Shamwari Game Reserve in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. These species prefer habitats of dense forest and bush for concealment and are therefore not easily counted in open areas. Herein direct observation counts were compared to indirect sampling via pellet group counts (clearance plots, line transects, variable-width transects, and strip transects). Clearance plots were examined every 2 weeks, while all other methods were conducted seasonally, from August 2002 until August 2003. The strip transect method provided the lowest density estimates (animals per hal ranging from 0.001 for bushbuck to 0.025 for common duiker, while direct observations yielded the highest estimates, ranging from 0.804 for bush buck to 4.692 for kudu. Also, a validation of methods was performed against a known population of kudu during which the DISTANCE method yielded the most accurate results, with an estimated density of 0.261 that was within the actual density of 0.246 to 0.282. In addition, the DISTANCE method was compared to helicopter counts ofkudu and its estimates were found to be approximately 2.6 times greater than the helicopter count results. When the assessment of the methods was made, the cost, manpower and effort requirements, coefficient of variation, and performance against a known population for each method were taken into consideration. Overall, the DISTANCE method performed the best with low cost, minimal manpower and effort requirements, and low coefficient of variation. On Shamwari Game Reserve, the DISTANCE method estimated 0.300 kudu, 0.108 bushbuck, 0.387 common duiker, and 0.028 blue duiker per ha, which, when extrapolated to the total number of animals present within subtropical thicket habitat, estimated 1973 kudu, 710 bush buck, 2545 common duiker, and 184 blue duiker.

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33

Taylor, Jace C. "Using Remote Cameras to Estimate the Abundance of Ungulates". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2017. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/7230.

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Many wildlife populations globally are experiencing unprecedented declines, and without accurate and precise estimates of abundance, we will not be able to conserve these vulnerable species. Remote cameras have rapidly advanced as wildlife monitoring tools and may provide accurate and precise estimates of abundance that improve upon traditional methods. Using remote cameras to estimate abundance may be less expensive, less intrusive, less dangerous, and less time consuming than other methods. While it is apparent that remote cameras have a place in the future of wildlife monitoring, research, and management, many questions remain concerning the proper use of these tools. In an effort to answer some of these questions, we used remote cameras to study a population of Rocky Mountain bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) in Utah, USA from 2012 to 2014. In Chapter 1, we compared methods using remote cameras against 2 traditional methods of estimating abundance. In Chapter 2, we evaluated the relationship between deployment time of cameras and proportion of photos needed to be analyzed to obtain precise estimates of abundance. We found that methods using remote cameras compared favorably to traditional methods of estimating abundance, and provided a number of valuable advantages. In addition, we found that remote cameras can produce precise estimates of abundance in a relatively short sampling period. Finally, we identified the optimal sampling period to produce precise estimates of abundance for our study population. Our findings can help researchers better utilize the potential of remote cameras, making them a more suitable alternative to traditional wildlife monitoring.

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34

Pfeiler, Stephen S. "Monitoring Desert Ungulates via Fecal DNA-Based Capture Recapture". DigitalCommons@USU, 2019. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7505.

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Estimates of population abundance and survival are critical for effective wildlife management. Obtaining estimates of these kind using traditional wildlife monitoring techniques (i.e. ground and aerial surveys) has proven to be difficult, especially for species that are wide ranging and exist in small, patchily distributed populations. My objective was to implement fecal DNA-based capture-recapture surveys to estimate abundance and survival of two different ungulate populations that inhabit the deserts of southeastern California. I also compared fecal DNA-based capture-recapture techniques to traditional methods by evaluating the costs and precision associated with both methods. Using artificial water sources as focal sampling sites, I performed sampling during the summers of 2015, 2016, and 2017 in the Mojave and Sonoran Deserts of California. I was able to obtain reasonably precise estimates of abundance and survival for both species. To my knowledge, my study provides the first abundance and survival estimates of desert mule deer in California in over 13 years. Additionally, my study shows that when compared to traditional methods, fecal DNA-based capture recapture techniques can achieve much higher precision at a fraction of the cost.

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35

Espunyes, Nozières Johan. "Effects of global change on the diet of a mountain ungulate: the Pyrenean chamois". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/667370.

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Els herbívors tenen un paper fonamental en el manteniment de la salut i l'estructura dels ecosistemes a nivell mundial. No obstant, evidències recents indiquen que el canvi climàtic i el canvi en l'ús del sòl afecten els sistemes biològics en tot el món a un ritme alarmant, i de manera més intensa en els ecosistemes alpins. Així doncs, predir l'impacte d'aquests canvis en els herbívors s'ha convertit en un tema clau per a la conservació a llarg termini dels ecosistemes. En aquest tesi, el nostre principal objectiu era avaluar l'impacte del canvi climàtic i l'expansió de les plantes llenyoses en la dieta d'un gran herbívor alpí: l'isard (Rupicapra p. Pyrenaica). En primer lloc, hem comparat i ressaltat les limitacions de dos mètodes utilitzats en la determinació de la composició de la dieta dels herbívors (estudi 1). A continuació, s’ha combinat la informació de dues poblacions d’isards amb diverses bases de dades sobre la fenologia vegetal, les condicions climàtiques, l’abundància poblacional així com models d'evolució del hàbitat per entendre els efectes del canvi climàtic i l'expansió de les plantes llenyoses en la dieta d'aquest herbívor. Els nostres resultats indiquen que l'isard està ben adaptat a les variacions de la fitofenologia estacional en hàbitats alpins (estudi 2), però aquests patrons es poden veure afectats per les condicions ambientals. Per exemple, la presència temporal de bestiar domèstic pot afectar la dieta de l'isard durant el període de cohabitació (estudi 2). Al mateix temps, les variacions en la data d’inici del creixement vegetal i la competència intra-específica són factors reguladors de la qualitat i composició de la dieta durant la primavera (estudi 3). Finalment, hem observat que l'expansió de les plantes llenyoses en els prats alpins també afecta els herbívors salvatges i domèstics durant l'estiu i la tardor, però que la magnitud i direcció d'aquests efectes variaran en funció de les preferències dietètiques de cada espècie (estudi 4). En general, els canvis globals tenen un impacte en la dieta dels herbívors alpins i, per tant, podrien afectar el rendiment d'aquestes espècies. Per tant, reforcem la importància d'integrar els estudis de dietes a l'hora d'avaluar la resposta de les espècies als canvis globals. Tanmateix, es necessiten estudis addicionals per avaluar l'efecte d'aquests canvis alimentaris sobre el rendiment d’aquestes espècies.
Herbivores play a fundamental role in maintaining the health and structure of ecosystems worldwide. However, recent evidence indicates that climatic and land-use changes are affecting biological systems across the globe at alarming rates, and more acutely in alpine ecosystems. Thus, predicting the impact of these changes on herbivores has become a key issue for the long-term conservation of ecosystems. Here, our main goal was to assess the impact of climate change and woody plant encroachment on the diet of a large alpine herbivore: the Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra p. pyrenaica). We firstly compared and highlighted the limitations of two methodological approaches used in the determination of diet composition of herbivores (study 1). We then combined information from two monitored populations of Pyrenean chamois with multiple databases on seasonal phenology, climatic conditions, population abundance and models of habitat evolution to understand understand the effects of climate change and woody plant encroachment on the diet of this herbivore. Our results indicate that Pyrenean chamois is well adapted to the variations in the seasonal phenology of plants in alpine habitats (study 2), but that these patterns can be affected by environmental conditions. For instance, the seasonal presence of livestock may affect the diet of chamois during the co-habitation period (study 2). Concurrently, the variations in the vegetation onset and intra-specific competition are regulating factors of diet quality and composition during spring (study 3). Finally, we observed that woody plant expansion in unmanaged alpine grasslands will also affect wild and domestic herbivores during summer and autumn, but that the magnitudes and direction of these effects will vary depending of their dietary preferences (study 4). Overall, global changes are impacting the diet of alpine herbivores and could thus impact the performances of these species. We therefore reinforce the importance of integrating dietary studies when assessing species’ response to global changes. However, further studies would be necessary to assess the effect of these dietary adaptations on the species’ performance.

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36

Maia, Neto Moisés. "Contribuição ao conhecimento químico de plantas do nordeste do Brasil: Bauhinia ungulata L. (Leguminoseae)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2006. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/9737.

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MAIA NETO, M.; Contribuição ao conhecimento químico de plantas do nordeste do Brasil: Bauhinia ungulata L. (Leguminoseae). 2006. 169 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Química Orgânica) - Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2006.
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The Bauhinia genus possess 300 species distributed in tropical area of the planet. Species of this genus have been used in popular medicine on the diabetes treatment. Preliminary pharmacological studies showed hypoglicemic action of Bauhinia ungulata L. [1], popularly known on the northeast of Brazil as “pata-de-vaca”, however, no phytochemical study has been reported yet [2]. This work reports the isolation and structural charactherization of the volatile and non-volatile constituents from the leaves of Bauhinia ungulata, for the accomplishment of pharmacological tests with the isolated compounds. A circadian study of the chemical composition of the leaves of B. ungulata was carry out with its essential oil. The main constituents were: (E)- -caryophyllene (1), - humulene (2), germacrene D (3), cariilene (4), -copaene (5), germacrene B (6), - cadimene (7) e byciclogermacrene (8). Changes were observed at 9:00 to 12:00 a.m. with the increase of contents of the constituents 4 and 8, and reduction of contents of compounds 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, besides of appearance of oxygenated terpenes only at 12:00 a.m. The phytochemical study of the non-volatile constituents was accomplished by the investigation of the hexane (EHBU) and ethanol (EEBU) extracts. From the EHBU traicontanol was obtained in high contents. Sucessive chromatographies from the EEBU yielded 4 metabolites charactherized as the flavonoids quercetine, quercetine-3- O-arabinofuranoside and quercitrine, besides the methoxy inositol 3-O-metil- D-pinitol. The alkaloid fraction yielded the -carbolines harmane e eleagnine. XIX The identification of the volatile compounds was done by GLC/MS. Structure charactherization of the non-volatile was made by spectroscopic methods such as IR and two and one dimensional ¹H and ¹³C NMR (COSY, HMQC, HMBC),
O gênero Bauhinia, família Leguminosae, compreende mais de 300 espécies distribuídas nas áreas tropicais do planeta, onde são utilizadas na medicina popular no tratamento do diabetes. Estudos farmacológicos preliminares [1] indicaram ação hipoglicemiante de Bauhinia ungulata L., conhecida popularmente como “Pata-devaca”, porém nenhum estudo fitoquímico havia sido realizado para a espécie[2]. Desta forma, o presente estudo se propôs ao isolamento e determinação estrutural dos constituintes voláteis e não-voláteis das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata, e a posterior realização de testes farmacológicos com os compostos isolados para a comprovação da sua atividade farmacológica. O estudo dos constituintes voláteis das folhas de Bauhinia ungulata (Figura I) foi realizado através de um acompanhamento da composição química do óleo essencial. Os principais constituintes encontrados no óleo de B. ungulata foram: (E)- -Cariofileno (1), -Humuleno (2), Germacreno D (3), Óxido de Cariofileno (4), - Copaeno (5), Germacreno B (6), -Cadineno (7) e Biciclogermacreno (8). Foram observadas alterações no teor do óleo das 9:00 para às 12:00 hs com aumento dos constituintes 4 e 8 e redução de 2, 3, 5, 6 e 7 além do surgimento de sesquiterpenos oxigenados exclusivamente às 12:00 hs. Para o estudo dos constituintes não-voláteis (Figura II) foram utilizados os extratos hexânico (EHBU) e etanólico (EEBU) das folhas de B. ungulata. Após sucessivos tratamentos cromatográficos, o extrato EEBU forneceu 4 metabólitos secundários identificados como os flavonóides 3,5,7-tri-hidroxi-2-(3’,4’-dihidroxifenil)- 4H-cromen-4-ona (Quercetina) (BU-1), Quercetina-3-Oarabinofuranosídio (BU-2) e Quercetina-3-O- -Rhamnopiranosídio (Quercitrina) (BU-3) além do inositol metoxilado 3-O-metil-quiroinositol (D-pinitol) (BU-4). A partir da fração alcaloídica do EEBU foram obtidos os alcalóides -carbolínicos harmano (BU-5) e eleagnina (tetrahidroharmano) (BU-6). A identificação e quantificação dos constituintes químicos voláteis foram realizadas através de cromatografia gasosa acoplada a espectrometria de massa (CG/EM). XVII A caracterização estrutural dos compostos não-voláteis foi realizada através de técnicas espectroscópicas, incluindo RMN-1D (¹H, ¹³C, DEPT), RMN-2D (COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY) e espectroscopia de infravermelho (IR).

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37

Torres, Rita Maria Tinoco da Silva. "Ecogeography of roe deer: relation with other ungulates in sympatry". Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/7349.

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Doutoramento em Biologia
Understanding the spatial distribution of organisms is a central topic in ecology. The European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) population is in Portugal and Norway at the southwestern and northern edge of its distribution, respectively. Understanding the factors that act on these populations enlightens both local aspects concerning their conservation and wider scale aspects of the species bioclimatic envelope, which is crucial for being better able to predict the impacts of environmental change. The main aim of this thesis was to evaluate roe deer distribution in Portugal and Norway, two countries with contrasting landscapes, seasonality and with different anthropogenic pressure. The interspecific relationship with sympatric ungulates was also analysed. By using pellet group counts, we investigated habitat use of roe deer, identifying the major environmental descriptors, to understand the importance of forest structure, vegetation characteristics, landscape structure and human disturbance on their distribution. The analyses were based on presence – absence data and were carried out at two spatial scales. The results showed that habitat use of roe deer was different across countries. In Portugal, at the local scale, roe deer distribution was positively associated with high density of shrubs, especially heather and brambles, while the presence of red deer had a negative effect on their distribution. At a broad scale, roe deer was negatively associated with spatial heterogeneity, namely mean shape index and made less use of areas close to agricultural fields. In Norway, at the local scale, roe deer made more use of areas with high cover of deciduous trees and patches containing juniper and Vaccinium sp.. At a broad scale, roe deer use patches near edges between fields and forest. In both countries, roe deer make use of areas further away from roads. While in Norway roe deer in both summer and winter are always close to houses, in Portugal they are either far (summer) or indifferent (winter). Anthropogenic disturbance is better tolerated in Norway, where the importance of the critical season seems to be higher. Human disturbance may contribute to roe deer habitat loss in Portugal, while roe deer are able to persist close to humans in managed landscapes in Norway. In fact, some of the differences observed could be more due to the indirect impacts of human exploitation (e.g. presence of free-ranging dogs and hunting regulation) rather than the actual human presence or land-use per se. I conclude that the methodology and tools developed here are readily expandable to address similar questions in different contexts. Wildlife management would benefit greatly from a more holistic/integrative approach and that should include human aspects, as human disturbance is expected to continue increasing.
O conhecimento da distribuição das espécies é um tema central em Ecologia. O corço Europeu (Capreolus capreolus) encontra em Portugal e na Noruega os limites geográficos da sua ampla distribuição. A identificação de um envelope bioclimático, através de técnicas que correlacionem a ocorrência de uma espécie com factores ambientais, torna-se cada vez mais crucial para prever os impactos das mudanças ambientais. Adicionalmente, fornece um conhecimento essencial para a conservação e gestão da espécie e dos ecossistemas que esta integra. Esta tese teve como objectivo investigar os principais factores que afectam a distribuição do corço em ecossistemas contrastantes, em Portugal e na Noruega. Usando o método de contagem de excrementos, correlacionaramse os dados de presença – ausência desta espécie com uma série de factores que potencialmente afectam a sua distribuição (estrutura da floresta, características da vegetação, estrutura da paisagem e perturbação humana), em diferentes escalas espaciais. Analisaram-se também as relações interespecíficas com outras espécies de ungulados que partilham o mesmo habitat (o veado em Portugal e o alce na Noruega). Os resultados mostram que o uso do habitat do corço não é semelhante nos dois países. Em Portugal, a sua distribuição está positivamente associada a zonas de grande densidade de arbustos, especialmente urzes e arbustos espinhosos. A presença do veado tem um efeito negativo sobre a sua distribuição. A uma escala mais ampla, a distribuição do corço está negativamente associada com a heterogeneidade espacial e positivamente associada com a distância a campos agrícolas. Na Noruega, o corço usa preferencialmente áreas com elevada cobertura de Juniperus sp. e Vaccinium sp. e também de árvores caducifólias. A uma escala mais abrangente, o corço usa zonas de ecótono entre campos agrícolas e florestas. Em ambos os países, o corço usa sempre áreas distantes das estradas. Os factores antrópicos são percepcionados diferentemente pelo corço nos dois países: enquanto usa áreas próximas de habitações na Noruega (no Verão e Inverno), em Portugal encontra-se afastado (Verão) ou indiferente (Inverno) a essas mesmas áreas. Os resultados sugerem que, na Noruega, o corço parece ser mais tolerante à actividade humana do que em Portugal. De facto, algumas das diferenças observadas podem dever-se maioritariamente aos impactos indirectos induzidos pela acção humana (i.e. presença de cães assilvestrados, regulamento de caça), e não à real presença humana ou uso da terra per si. Este estudo sublinha a elevada plasticidade ecológica do corço e a sua capacidade para responder a diferentes cenários ecológicos ao longo da sua distribuição. Conclui-se que a metodologia e ferramentas desenvolvidas neste trabalho são facilmente expansíveis para responder a questões semelhantes em diferentes contextos. A gestão da vida selvagem certamente beneficiará de uma abordagem mais holística e que deve incluir uma dimensão humana, pois a perturbação humana certamente continuará a aumentar.

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38

Fornara, Dario Arturo. "Ungulate browsing as an ecosystem process browser-plant-soil interactions in a southern African savanna /". Thesis, Connect to this title online, 2005. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02172006-090829.

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39

Joomun, Sarah C. "Diets of ungulate mammals and their implications for palaeoenvironmental change across the eocene-oligocene transition". Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531293.

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Davis, Miranda Lynn. "Projecting the impact of climate change on ungulate population dynamics : the importance of trophic interactions". Thesis, Durham University, 2013. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/8513/.

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Many projections of climate change impacts on ecological communities do not consider population dynamics or trophic interactions in species responses to climate. Therefore, they do not produce the estimates of population growth needed by wildlife managers. As herbivores, roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) are clearly affected by climate and by interactions with other trophic levels. They are dependent on vegetation for food and subject to predation by multiple species. Consequently, long-term datasets on this ungulate provide the opportunity to explore the importance of trophic interactions while estimating how population dynamics respond to changing climatic conditions. I used the relationship between temporal variation in climate and an index of net primary productivity to project increases in vegetation production for three study sites under future climate scenarios. Analyses of annual variation in the survival and reproductive rates of roe deer at two sites in Sweden demonstrated the importance of indirect effects of climate via changes in vegetation, in addition to the effects of predation and harvest on roe deer demography. Roe deer population growth in response to climate change was estimated using models incorporating both vegetation changes and vital rates into mechanistic simulations. These simulations highlighted the potential for climate change to increase deer population growth and for an increase in harvest and predation to reduce that growth. However, the uncertainty surrounding each level of these analyses was high. Additionally, an investigation of the factors affecting predation of roe deer by the wolf (Canis lupus) identified additional ecological complexities and sources of uncertainty that warrant consideration. This pervasive uncertainty indicates a need for cautious interpretation of results in this thesis, but also provides insight into priorities for future research. Collectively, these analyses demonstrate the theoretical and management value of taking a holistic and demographically explicit approach to estimating species responses to climate change.

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Sousa, Lôncio Mesquita de. "Estudo químico e avaliação biológica de Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz & Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABACEAE)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/21448.

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SOUSA, Leôncio Mesquita de. Estudo químico e avaliação biológica de Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz & Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABACEAE). 2016. 263 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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This paper describes the chemical and biological study of species Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz and Bauhinia ungulata L. The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of B. ungulata, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Twenty-two constituents were identified representing 85.90% of the total composition: Caryophyllene oxide (22.99%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.53%) and α-copaene (7.17%) were the major constituents. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of B. ungulata essential oil showed LC50 value of 75.12 ± 2.82 µg/mL. The cytotoxic effect against four human tumor cell lines HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 and HEP-2 was evaluated, showing IC50 values of 10.57; 22.25; 23.11 and 26.56 µg/ mL, respectively. The study of the non-volatile constituents was initiated with the preparation of the hexane and ethanol extracts from stems of P. glabra. The chromatographic fractionation of these extracts allowed the isolation of lupenone (PG–1), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (PG–2), 4'-hydroxy-7- methoxyflavone (PG–3), 3',7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (PG–4) and 5,5'- dihydroxy-2',3,7-trimethoxyflavone (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), betulinic acid (BU–2), taraxerone (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (BU–5), pacharin (BU–6), naringenin (BU–7) and eriodictyol (BU–8), liquiritigenin (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) and fisetinidol (BU–11) were obtained from the extracts from stems of B. ungulata; while 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–12) and 3,5-dimethoxy-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–13) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparison with previously reported data in the literature. It's worth noting that BU–12 is unprecedented in the literature and the 13C NMR data of BU–13 are reported for the first time in this work. The cytotoxicity of BU–12 has been evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, showing IC50 values of 4.3 and 6.5 µg/mL against pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP-2) cell lines, respectively.
O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico e biológico das espécies Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz e Bauhinia ungulata L. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de B. ungulata, obtido por hidrodestilação, foi determinada e quantificada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionização por chama (CG-DIC), sendo, portanto, identificado 85,90% dos seus constituintes: Óxido de cariofileno (22,99%), (E)-cariofileno (14,53%) e α-copaeno (7,17%) foram os constituintes majoritários. O óleo essencial teve sua atividade larvicida avaliada sobre Aedes aegypti, sendo obtido um valor de CL50 igual a 75,12 µg/mL. A atividade citotóxica do OEBU foi realizada sobre quatro linhagens tumorais humanas HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 e HEP-2, através do método do MTT. O estudo dos componentes não voláteis foi iniciado com a preparação dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos caules de P. glabra. O fracionamento cromatográfico destes extratos permitiu o isolamento de lupenona (PG–1), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (PG–2), 4’-hidroxi-7-metoxiflavana (PG–3), 3’,7-dimetoxi-4’-hidroxiflavana (PG–4) e 5,5'-dihidroxi-2',3,7-trimetoxiflavona (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), ácido betulínico (BU– 2), taraxerona (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (BU–5), pacharina (BU–6), naringenina (BU–7), eriodictiol (BU–8), liquiritigenina (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) e fisetinidol (BU–11) foram isolados a partir dos extratos dos caules de B. ungulata; enquanto do extrato etanólico das raízes de B. ungulata foram isolados 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–12), substância inédita na literatura, e 3,5-dimetoxi-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–13) cujos dados de RMN 13C são descritos pela primeira vez neste trabalho. As estruturas dos compostos foram elucidadas através de técnicas espectroscópicas tais como IV, EM, RMN 1D e 2D, e por comparação com dados descritos na literatura. O bibenzil 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’- hidroxibibenzil mostrou atividade citotóxica significativa contra as linhagens celulares humanas HL-60 e HEP-2 com valores de IC50 de 4,3 e 6,5 µg/mL, respectivamente.

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42

Sousa, Leôncio Mesquita de. "Estudo químico e avaliação biológica de Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz & Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABACEAE)". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2016. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/21821.

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SOUSA, Leôncio Mesquita de. Estudo Químico e Avaliação Biológica de Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz & Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABACEAE). 2016. 263 f. Tese (Doutorado em Química)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2016.
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This paper describes the chemical and biological study of species Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz and Bauhinia ungulata L. The chemical composition of essential oil from leaves of B. ungulata, obtained by hydrodistillation, was analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector. Twenty-two constituents were identified representing 85.90% of the total composition: Caryophyllene oxide (22.99%), (E)-caryophyllene (14.53%) and α-copaene (7.17%) were the major constituents. Larval bioassay against Aedes aegypti of B. ungulata essential oil showed LC50 value of 75.12 ± 2.82 g/mL. The cytotoxic effect against four human tumor cell lines HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 and HEP-2 was evaluated, showing IC50 values of 10.57; 22.25; 23.11 and 26.56 g/ mL, respectively. The study of the non-volatile constituents was initiated with the preparation of the hexane and ethanol extracts from stems of P. glabra. The chromatographic fractionation of these extracts allowed the isolation of lupenone (PG–1), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (PG–2), 4'-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (PG–3), 3',7-dimethoxy-4'-hydroxyflavone (PG–4) and 5,5'-dihydroxy-2',3,7-trimethoxyflavone (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), betulinic acid (BU–2), taraxerone (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), the mixture of sitosterol and stigmasterol (BU–5), pacharin (BU–6), naringenin (BU–7) and eriodictyol (BU–8), liquiritigenin (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) and fisetinidol (BU–11) were obtained from the extracts from stems of B. ungulata; while 3,5-dimethoxy-4-methyl-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–12) and 3,5-dimethoxy-2’-hydroxybibenzyl (BU–13) were isolated from the ethanol extract of the roots. The structures of the compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as IR, MS, 1D and 2D NMR, and by comparison with previously reported data in the literature. It's worth noting that BU–12 is unprecedented in the literature and the 13C NMR data of BU–13 are reported for the first time in this work. The cytotoxicity of BU–12 has been evaluated against four human cancer cell lines, showing IC50 values of 4.3 and 6.5 g/mL against pro-myelocytic leukemia (HL-60) and cervical adenocarcinoma (HEP-2) cell lines, respectively.
O presente trabalho relata o estudo químico e biológico das espécies Phanera glabra (Jacq.) Vaz e Bauhinia ungulata L. A composição química do óleo essencial das folhas de B. ungulata, obtido por hidrodestilação, foi determinada e quantificada por cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CG-EM) e detector de ionização por chama (CG-DIC), sendo, portanto, identificado 85,90% dos seus constituintes: Óxido de cariofileno (22,99%), (E)-cariofileno (14,53%) e α-copaeno (7,17%) foram os constituintes majoritários. O óleo essencial teve sua atividade larvicida avaliada sobre Aedes aegypti, sendo obtido um valor de CL50 igual a 75,12 μg/mL. A atividade citotóxica do OEBU foi realizada sobre quatro linhagens tumorais humanas HL-60, MCF-7, NCI-H292 e HEP-2, através do método do MTT. O estudo dos componentes não voláteis foi iniciado com a preparação dos extratos hexânico e etanólico dos caules de P. glabra. O fracionamento cromatográfico destes extratos permitiu o isolamento de lupenona (PG–1), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (PG–2), 4’-hidroxi-7-metoxiflavana (PG–3), 3’,7-dimetoxi-4’-hidroxiflavana (PG–4) e 5,5'-dihidroxi-2',3,7-trimetoxiflavona (PG–5). Taraxerol (BU–1), ácido betulínico (BU–2), taraxerona (BU–3), glutinol (BU–4), mistura de sitosterol e estigmasterol (BU–5), pacharina (BU–6), naringenina (BU–7), eriodictiol (BU–8), liquiritigenina (BU–9), guibourtinidol (BU–10) e fisetinidol (BU–11) foram isolados a partir dos extratos dos caules de B. ungulata; enquanto do extrato etanólico das raízes de B. ungulata foram isolados 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–12), substância inédita na literatura, e 3,5-dimetoxi-2’-hidroxibibenzil (BU–13) cujos dados de RMN 13C são descritos pela primeira vez neste trabalho. As estruturas dos compostos foram elucidadas através de técnicas espectroscópicas tais como IV, EM, RMN 1D e 2D, e por comparação com dados descritos na literatura. O bibenzil 3,5-dimetoxi-4-metil-2’-hidroxibibenzil mostrou atividade citotóxica significativa contra as linhagens celulares humanas HL-60 e HEP-2 com valores de IC50 de 4,3 e 6,5 μg/mL, respectivamente.

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43

Lybbert, Andrew Hollis. "Fire and Ungulate Herbivory Differentially Affect the Sexual Reproduction of Generalist and Specialist Pollinated Plants". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4323.

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Currently the size and frequency of wildfires are increasing at a global scale, including arid ecosystems that exhibit great sensitivity to disturbance. Fire effects on plant pollination and reproductive success in deserts are largely unknown. Plant dependence on animal pollinators for reproduction can increase the risk of reproductive failure if pollination services are hindered or lost. Species that depend on few taxonomically related pollinator species are expected to be most negatively affected by disturbances that disrupt pollination interactions. To assess fire and isolation effects on reproductive success in desert plant communities, and how wildfire influences the pollination success of generalist and specialist pollinated plants, the number of flowers, fruits, and viable seeds produced by plants surviving in burned and unburned desert landscapes were compared. Fire increased flower production for wind and generalist pollinated plants, and did not affect specialist plant flower production. Increases may be associated with positive physiological responses exhibited by plants surviving in burned areas. Fire did not affect pollination services. Wildfire effects on fruit production were neutral or positive, and overall seed:ovule ratios varied by 3% or less in burned and unburned areas for each pollination strategy. Increasing isolation within burned areas did not affect fruit production for generalist or specialist pollinated plants, suggesting that pollination services are functional across expansive burned desert landscapes. Annual reproductive output varied between years in burned and unburned areas, and shifts likely resulted from variation in annual precipitation patterns. Reductions in landscape reproductive output may be partially compensated by increased per plant fruit and seed production and maintaining pollinator services across burned landscapes, providing native shrub communities the possibility to naturally recover from fire disturbances. Habitat disturbances can influence plant interactions with herbivores, in addition to pollinators. To understand how fire and ungulate herbivory affect reproductive success of specialist pollinated desert plants, reproductive effort, floral herbivory, and pollinator visitation and success, were compared for Yucca baccata, and Yucca brevifolia in burned and unburned areas of the Mojave Desert. Fire increased Y. baccata flowering from 12% to 22% of plants in burned areas, but had no effect on the number of flowers or fruits produced per plant. Fruit set and pollinator collection failed at all sampled Y. baccata individuals, while fire and herbivory had no effect on Y. brevifolia flower, fruit, and pollinator collection. Herbivores consumed 50% and 67% of floral stalks produced by Y. baccata in unburned and burned areas. Herbivores pose a clear threat to successful sexual reproduction for Y. baccata. Removal of ungulate herbivores during important flowering periods may still result in failed fruit and seed production if local pollinator reserves have been drastically reduced or lost.

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44

Wan, Ho Yi. "Fire Severity and Size Alter Quaking Aspen (Populus tremuloides) Regeneration and Defense Against Ungulate Herbivory". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2014. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/4381.

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Human activities and rapid global climate change are altering fire regimes with potential threat to the stability of aspen ecosystems in North America. Aspen is an early successional species that plays an important role in post-fire forest reestablishment, but chronic browsing on juvenile aspen by large ungulate herbivores after fire can be detrimental and lead to regeneration failure. Although larger and more severe fires are expected to become more prominent, whether and how this may influence aspen and ungulate communities remains unclear. The objective of this research was to examine how the relationship between aspen and ungulate communities might be influenced by variation in fire severity and size. In 2012, we examined browse patterns, growth responses and defense chemistry (phenolic glycoside and condensed tannins) concentrations of regenerating aspen that experienced variable burn severity in the 2010 Twitchell Canyon Fire, Utah, USA. We found that greater light availability in higher severity burn environments enhanced aspen tolerance and resistance against herbivory by increasing growth potential and defense chemistry concentrations of aspen. These results suggest that burn severity influences plant-herbivore interactions through bottom-up and top-down forces, and that higher fire severity increases post-disturbance vegetation recruitment potential by increasing resilience to herbivory. In 2013, we characterized aspen and ungulate patterns of 25 fires that spread across five National Forests (Uinta-Wasatch-Cache NF, Ashley NF, Fishlake NF, Dixie NF, and Manti-La Sal NF) in the state of Utah. We identified interaction effects between fire size and severity that strongly influenced aspen and ungulate densities. Fire size and severity are important ecological filters that can interact to affect forest reestablishment and community response. This information is useful in developing decision-making tools for wildfire and ungulate management that can more effectively increase the long-term resilience of forests systems.

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45

Plantan, Tiffany Brooke. "Feeding Behavior of Wild and Captive Oxpeckers (Buphagus spp.): A Case of Conditional Mutualism". Scholarly Repository, 2009. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/239.

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Mutualisms are delicately balanced partnerships and are increasingly recognized as being fundamental to patterns and processes within ecological systems. Changes to the ecological setting in which such interactions operate can disrupt this balance. By understanding the context-dependent nature of such associations, researchers can begin to understand how changes in the environment can have cascading effects on the entire community within which they occur. Oxpeckers (Buphagus spp.) feed on the ectoparasites of ungulates in sub-Saharan Africa and from the blood of ungulate wounds. Because of this dichotomy in feeding behavior, the role of oxpeckers as consistently beneficial partners of their hosts has been questioned, and it has been suggested that the concept of conditional mutualism be applied to this interaction. I combined observational studies of oxpeckers in Kruger National Park, South Africa, with experiments on oxpeckers in captivity at the Mokopane Biodiversity Conservation Centre, South Africa, to test the hypothesis that the ectoparasite cleaning service provided by oxpeckers to their hosts is context-dependent. The results of my dissertation research demonstrate that the oxpecker-ungulate association has conditional outcomes. Under certain conditions, the oxpecker-ungulate relationship is a nutritional mutualism where ungulates provide food (ticks) for oxpeckers in exchange for a cleaning service. Under other conditions, oxpeckers exploit their hosts to feed from their blood. My findings suggest that a high abundance of the tick species and tick stages oxpeckers prefer is necessary to maintaining an alignment of interests between oxpeckers and ungulates. When ungulates host few ticks of the species oxpeckers prefer, these birds will wound-feed to meet their nutritional demands. Such wound-feeding threatens the balance of the oxpecker-ungulate mutualism. Although oxpeckers frequently wound-fed in captivity, the frequency of wound-feeding events on wild host species was only 3.1% of feeding events. Whether the relationship between oxpeckers and domesticated hosts differs from that between oxpeckers and wild hosts, or if this observed difference is actually a result of researcher constraints in the wild, needs further exploration.

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46

Daujat, Julie. "Ungulate invasion on a Mediterranean island : the Cypriot Mesopotamian fallow deer over the past 10,000 years". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2013. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=203404.

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Matusse, Gilberto. "A construção da imagem de moçambicanidade em José Craveirinha, Mia Couto e Ungulani Ba Ka Khosa /". Maputo : Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, 1998. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40174285t.

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48

Dias, Diana Patrícia Pires. "Presence of pathogenic bacteria and antimicrobial resistance in Portuguese wild ungulates". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/14979.

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Mestrado em Microbiologia
Antimicrobial resistance is as an emerging global problem in both human and veterinary medicine. In theory, wild animals are rarely exposed to antimicrobial agents and therefore low levels of AMR are to be expected. However, the growing interaction of these animals with anthropogenic activities can have a huge impact in their bacterial flora. Escherichia coli is commonly found in the intestinal tract of a wide variety of animals and humans. This intestinal bacterium can be easily disseminated in different ecosystems. Therefore, it can be an useful indicator of the selective pressure exerted by the use of antimicrobials. Salmonella is a pathogenic bacterium, commonly found in the intestine of healthy birds and mammals that can cause salmonellosis in humans. In the European Union, over 90,000 salmonellosis cases are reported every year to EFSA. This study was conducted in wild ungulates from three distinct geographical areas in Portugal (Montesinho, Idanha-a-Nova and Lousã) and aimed to: i) access the levels of antibacterial resistance occurring in E. coli strains ii) determine the occurrence levels of Salmonella spp. and iii) determine the occurrence levels of shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC). To that purpose, a total of 67 faecal samples from red deer (n=41), wild boar (n=21) and roe deer (n=4) were collected. Before antibacterial susceptibility testing (according to the EUCAST guidelines), the E. coli isolates obtained were typed by BOX-PCR to select for genetically different strains for each sample (n=152). The detection of Salmonella was performed according to ISO 6579:2002 Annex D. Results revealed that in E. coli resistance was observed to ampicillin (10%), tetracycline (9%), streptomycin (5%), co-trimoxazole (4%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2%) and cefoxitin (1%). A total of 3.3% of the isolates exhibited a multiresistant phenotype, all from Lousã. The results were also analyzed according to ECOFFs. Non-wildtype phenotypes were obtained to ampicillin (10%), ceftazidime (6%), co-trimoxazole (4%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (2%), aztreonam (1%) and cefotxitin (1%). A low incidence of Salmonella spp. (1.5%) was observed and it was only identified in wild boar from Lousã. The isolate was susceptible to all the tested antimicrobials. Regarding the presence of STEC, it was possible to establish that red and roe deer from the three sampling sites carry this bacterium. The stx variants detected in the STEC isolates included stx1c, stx2d and stx2g. Moreover, the hemolysin gene ehxA was identified in a strain possessing the stx2g variant. Overall, our results reveal that these populations of wild ungulates are reservoirs of antibiotic resistant and potential pathogenic bacteria. Therefore, these animals can act as dissemination vehicles between wildlife-livestock-human interfaces.
A resistência antimicrobiana é um problema emergente e global, tanto a nível clínico como veterinário. Em teoria, os animais selvagens raramente estão expostos a agentes antimicrobianos, e deste modo espera-se que a sua flora bacteriana apresente baixos níveis de resistência. Contudo, a crescente interação destes animais com atividades antropogénicas pode influenciar a aquisição de uma flora bacteriana resistente. Escherichia coli faz parte do trato intestinal de uma grande variedade de animais, incluindo o Homem. Esta bactéria pode disseminar-se facilmente em diferentes ecossistemas, sendo também um importante indicador da pressão seletiva exercida pela utilização de antimicrobianos. Salmonella spp. é uma bactéria patogénica, normalmente encontrada no intestino de diversos animais. Anualmente, na União Europeia são reportados à EFSA mais de 90,000 casos de salmoneloses. O presente estudo foi realizado em três espécies de ungulados selvagens que habitam três localizações geográficas distintas em Portugal (Montesinho, Idanha-a-Nova e Lousã) e teve como objetivos: i) avaliar os níveis de resistência de isolados de E. coli ii) determinar o nível de ocorrência de Salmonella spp. e iii) determinar o nível de ocorrência de E. coli produtora da toxina shiga (STEC). Para tal foram recolhidas 67 amostras fecais de veado (n=41), javali (n=21) e corço (n=4). Numa primeira fase os isolados recolhidos foram tipados por BOX-PCR para selecionar estirpes geneticamente diferentes em cada amostra (n=152). Posteriormente realizou-se o teste de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos (de acordo com o EUCAST). A deteção de Salmonella foi realizada de acordo com a norma ISO 6579:2002 Anexo D. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que para E. coli se verificou resistência aos antibióticos ampicilina (10%), tetraciclina (9%), streptomicina (5%), cotrimoxazol (4%), amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (2%) e cofoxitina (1%). Um fenótipo de multirresistência foi encontrado em 3.3% dos isolados, todos provenientes da região da Lousã. Os resultados foram também analisados de acordo com os valores de ECOFFs, tendo sido encontrados fenótipos do tipo não-selvagem para a ampicilina (10%), ceftazidima (6%), cotrimoxazol (4%), amoxicilina/ácido clavulânico (2%), aztreonam (1%) e cefoxitina (1%). No que se refere à pesquisa de Salmonella, os resultados revelaram uma baixa incidência na população estudada (1.5%). Esta estirpe revelou-se suscetível a todos os antimicrobianos testados. Relativamente à presença de STEC, foi possível determinar que veados e corços dos três locais estudados são portadores deste tipo de estirpes. Detetaram-se três variantes do gene stx nos isolados STEC, incluindo stx1c, stx2d e stx2g. Foi ainda identificado o gene ehxA, que codifica para uma hemolisina, num isolado contendo a variante stx2g. No seu conjunto, os resultados obtidos mostram que as populações de ungulados selvagens estudados são reservatórios de bactérias resistentes, assim como de bactérias potencialmente patogénicas e podem, por isso, atuar como veículo de transmissão entre a vida selvagem, o gado e o Homem.

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49

Hauptfleisch, Morgan Lindo. "Vegetation studies in the management of ungulates on the Bynespoort Game Park, Cullinan". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 1999. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-06202008-095150.

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50

Dorsey, Benjamin Paul. "Factors affecting bear and ungulate mortalities along the Canadian Pacific Railroad through Banff and Yoho national parks". Thesis, Montana State University, 2011. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2011/dorsey/DorseyB1211.pdf.

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Railroads, roads and associated traffic have been shown to adversely affect ecosystems by killing wildlife and altering the landscape. Relatively little research has been conducted along railroads. Given the probable growth of railroads, it is imperative that we understand the impacts railroads exhibit on wildlife. In this thesis, I reviewed the documented impacts of railroads on wildlife then conducted analyses on data collected along the Canadian Pacific Railroad (CPR) through Banff and Yoho National Parks (~134 km). In the study area, over 1000 train strikes with 26 mammal species have been recorded between 1990 and 2010, which included 579 elk (Cervus elaphus), 185 deer (Odocoileus spp.) and 79 bears (Ursus spp.). The goal of this research was to provide an initial assessment of the factors affecting strikes with ungulates and bears along the CPR. To accomplish these goals, I studied four general factors that have been hypothesized to affect the rate and spatial distribution of strikes. These are: wildlife abundance, anthropogenic foods, and railroad design. I compared strike rates along three mile long rail segments to train spilled grain, train and railroad design variables. I developed an estimate of risk using line transect data so that I could determine if there was evidence for nonconstant strike risk. Statistical models were used to identify which factors best explained strike rates. I detected correlations between the density of train-spilled grain and bear foraging rates but not with bear strikes. I identified locations where corrective measures or mitigation solutions may be needed and identified railroad designs and landscape variables associated with those locations. Hotspots were identified for elk and deer but not bears. Relative abundance was generally correlated with strike rates. High risk locations, where more strikes occurred than were expected, were identified. Train speed limit and right-of-way width was positively associated with strikes for elk and/or deer. For bears, the number of structures (e.g. highway overpasses) and bridges were positively associated with strikes. These results were used to suggest management recommendations including train speed reductions, habitat modifications and railroad design alterations to reduce the risk of strikes.

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