Bibliografías temáticas / Unconventional water

Literatura académica sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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Publicado: 20 de julio de 2024

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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Guo, Hongcong, Yingna Sun, Yun Teng, He Dong, Hui Li, Liquan Wang, Ziyi Wang y Jianwu Yang. "Unconventional Water Use Allocation in Harbin, China". Water 15, n.º 17 (29 de agosto de 2023): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15173101.

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To lessen the strain on Harbin’s water resources and enhance the environment, it is crucial to analyze the key determining factors for the use of unconventional water resources in the city and to allocate unconventional water reasonably among various industries in the planning year. In this study, a back-propagation neural network (BP neural network) model is used to predict the potential for unconventional water resource utilization in the planning year (2025), a gray correlation analysis model is used to evaluate water-using industries, and finally, an unconventional water resource allocation scheme for the study is used to determine the main influencing factors and determine the weights of key indicators. The findings demonstrate a strong correlation between Harbin’s level of investment and construction, economic efficiency, cost, level of water demand, and social factors, as well as a low level of utilization of unconventional water resources throughout the city.
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Dunkel, Michael. "Unconventional Plays: Water Management’s Evolution and Forecast". Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, n.º 01 (1 de enero de 2023): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0123-0038-jpt.

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_ Prior to 2012, water management for unconventional oil and gas plays was in its infancy and was trying to keep up with operations. Questions about the scale of the unconventionals, water-sourcing limitations, economics of water reuse, infrastructure needs, and sustainability were already being considered. Industry volatility, seismicity, and regulatory challenges were major factors continuously during this evolution. Today, many of the initial challenges have been resolved but new challenges persist. Regional water management variations and challenges are apparent. What does the future hold for water in the US onshore unconventional plays? Water Management 10 Years Ago Water management for the US onshore unconventionals has come a long way in 10 years. In the 2011–2012 timeframe, it was still not clear which shale plays would be most viable. Some plays like the Barnett and Haynesville have come, gone, and come back again. In the Permian 10 years ago, operators were asking where they would get the water to complete thousands of wells. Produced water reuse was mostly being evaluated in pilot tests by producers such as Apache, Devon, and Pioneer, but was not considered viable due to the high cost of treatment and transportation by truck. Much of Texas and the West was experiencing a significant drought that also raised concerns about water sourcing for hydraulic fracturing. Despite these challenges, sustainability was considered a factor in these new development areas, but usually was not sufficient to override cost differences. Ten years ago, it was apparent that each basin had unique water management considerations. Some basins such as the Bakken and Marcellus had significant surface water sources available, whereas Texas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico were regularly quite dry. Most areas had good formations available for disposal, with Pennsylvania and West Virginia being the exceptions. A third area of difference was how much produced water flowed from the new wells. The wells in the Permian stood out as having the highest water/oil ratio seen in US onshore production. All of these differences impacted how each region was best able to manage its water challenges. In 2012, the water management strategy to build out water pipeline networks to move large volumes of water was not yet seriously considered by most operators. Earthquakes were not a significant factor in any of the US basins. However, some of the water management issues were changing. For example, the historically independent nature of producing companies began to change as water challenges became viewed as shared problems. Regional water groups were established as companies began to share ideas pertaining to water management. The Energy Water Initiative (EWI) was formed as a group of oil and gas companies trying to improve water practices. Their 2015 report on water management case studies broke new ground for industry collaboration. The EWI report documented seven trends including the ability to use non-freshwater sources and technology innovations making produced water reuse more feasible. Water Management 5 Years Ago Jumping ahead 5 years to around 2017, several macroeconomic events impacted water management for unconventionals. Perhaps most notable was the dramatic oil price collapse in late 2014 from roughly $100 to about $50/bbl. The increase in US onshore oil and gas production impacted global oil prices. The lower commodity pricing resulted in substantial pressure on costs, including water sourcing and disposal. At the same time, producers were increasing the length of horizontal wells and the volume of water required to complete the well.
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Pei, Liang, Chunhui Wang y Liying Sun. "Effects of Unconventional Water Agricultural Utilization on the Heavy Metals Accumulation in Typical Black Clay Soil around the Metallic Ore". Toxics 10, n.º 8 (16 de agosto de 2022): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10080476.

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Unconventional water is an important water resource for agricultural utilization in the drought and water shortage of Northeast China. Additionally, exploration in making full use of it is an important way to alleviate water shortage in China. This paper analyzed the effects of unconventional water through field trials on the accumulation of heavy metals in both cucumbers and the typical black clay soil (expressed as black soil) around the Anshan metallic ore. By exploring the effects of unconventional water after secondary treatment on the accumulation characteristics of heavy metals in cucumbers and the heavy metal balance in the soil–crop system under different conditions, the study shows that there are no significant differences in the heavy metal content when the quantity of unconventional water for irrigation varies. Unconventional water for short-term irrigation does not cause pollution to either the soil environment or the crops. Nor will it cause the accumulation of heavy metals, and the index for the heavy metal content is far below the critical value of the trade standard and national standard, which indicates that the crops irrigated with unconventional water during their growth turn out to be free of pollutants. Unconventional water brings less heavy metals into the black soil than crops. The input and output quantities have only small effects on the heavy metal balance in the black soil. This paper provides a reference for the safety control and evaluation of unconventional agricultural utilization.
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Fu, Lei, Junmin Wang, Shiwu Wang, Guojian Hu y Qiannan Jin. "Beneficial Evaluation of Residential Dual Water Supply System". E3S Web of Conferences 423 (2023): 01005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202342301005.

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The scientific development and utilization of regional unconventional water resources and the implementation of high-quality water supply at the county level is beneficial both in the water resources allocation and the water shortage alleviation. It is also important in improving the human society as well as protecting the ecological environment, which shows significant economic, social and environmental benefits. The beneficial evaluation analysis of the development and utilization of regional unconventional water resources and the potential of dual water supply are conducted in this study. The reasonable beneficial evaluation of the utilization of unconventional water resources and regional dual water supply system are of great significance to the regional effective water sources allocation and water supply method.
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Esterhuyse, Surina y Nola Redelinghuys. "Knowledge of unconventional gas mining among decision-makers in South Africa: exploring the requirements for fact-based water policy development". Water Policy 16, n.º 6 (19 de abril de 2014): 1155–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2014.034.

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Water policy and regulation are of vital importance for unconventional gas mining, which may have large impacts on water availability and water quality. However, various studies indicate that regulators have insufficient knowledge to make informed policy decisions on unconventional gas mining. Based on this observation we conducted a study on the availability of knowledge of unconventional gas mining of attendees at the 4th and 5th Orange River Basin symposiums that are held annually in South Africa. The study focused on knowledge and perceptions of unconventional gas mining over the 2-year period from 2012 to 2013 due to important developments with regard to unconventional gas mining that took place in South Africa over this period, which could affect decision-makers' policy decisions on unconventional gas mining. Our results indicate that knowledge of this mining technique among decision-makers is limited, primarily because fact-based research is not readily available. Reliable facts on unconventional gas mining are required in order to effectively regulate this activity in South Africa. This paper argues for fact-based regulation and adaptive management as the science and technology of shale gas mining evolves.
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Crisp, Gary, John Walsh, Mark Shaw y Chris Hertle. "The role of water management in unlocking unconventional resources". APPEA Journal 54, n.º 2 (2014): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj13054.

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Water management for unconventional resources is a complex, multidisciplinary subject that cannot be overlooked. Traditional oilfield development strategies view water as an afterthought that must be dealt with once the field matures and water cut begins to escalate. When this strategy is employed for shale gas developments, water usage is higher than necessary, trucking costs become high, and site remediation becomes time consuming and costly. For shale gas developments, the high-volume and high-quality requirements of water during the lifecycle of field development are a game changer. Water management for unconventional resources requires logistics planning, engagement of field services providers, and technology selection. Each of these issues need to be addressed in the early planning stages and must be tailored for the location and water types involved. This extended abstract takes a holistic view of water management for unconventional resource development across Australia. Management strategies are compared and contrasted for the different unconventional resource types, across different locations, considering all of the factors mentioned above, together with an understanding of regulatory differences, water source options, disposal options, and the different types of water involved. These factors are compared (in the context of North American developments) for CSG in Queensland, tight gas, and unconventional shale gas developments in the Cooper Basin and WA. As these different resources are developed, it is important to understand why the water management strategies are, and must be, different (as discussed in this extended abstract).
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Vines, Marcus y Bob Reed. "Low-cost unconventional sewerage". Waterlines 9, n.º 1 (julio de 1990): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/0262-8104.1990.028.

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Xu, Peiwen, Ziyi Jia, Huifeng Ning y Jinglei Wang. "Global Bibliometric Analysis of Research on the Application of Unconventional Water in Agricultural Irrigation". Water 16, n.º 12 (14 de junio de 2024): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16121698.

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The development and utilization of unconventional water resources has become a strategy to alleviate the agricultural water crisis in many countries and regions. To understand the research progress, hot spots, and future trends in the field of unconventional water agricultural irrigation (UWAI), this paper systematically analyzes 6738 publications based on the core database of Web of Science 1990–2023 using the scientific bibliometric analysis software CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and Scimago Graphica. The results showed that the research on UWAI is always rapidly developing. Soil science, crop science, and bioengineering are the main disciplines involved. Most research on WUAI has occurred in China and the United States. Countries with higher levels of development tend to have more influence. Collaboration among authors is fragmented, and collaboration between authors and states needs to be strengthened. Through keyword analysis, the research hotspots are summarized as follows: (1) The effects of traditional and emerging pollutants brought by unconventional water irrigation on soil physicochemical properties, crop growth, and groundwater quality; (2) the health threats caused by pollutants entering the food chain and groundwater; (3) unconventional water utilization technologies, including rainwater harvesting agriculture, precision agriculture, and urban agriculture. Future research hotspots will focus on the mechanisms of pollutant solute transport and transformation in the water–soil–crop system under non-conventional water irrigation conditions and crop physiological responses. We suggest that the research on traditional and emerging pollutants in unconventional water should be strengthened in the future, and the risk control system of unconventional water irrigation should be improved. International cooperation should be strengthened, especially with poor countries in arid regions, to promote the formation of unified international standards and guidelines for non-conventional water irrigation in agriculture.
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Karimidastenaei, Zahra, Tamara Avellán, Mojtaba Sadegh, Bjørn Kløve y Ali Torabi Haghighi. "Unconventional water resources: Global opportunities and challenges". Science of The Total Environment 827 (junio de 2022): 154429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154429.

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Roider, Emerald M., Trieu V. Le, Donald Dean Adrian y Thomas G. Sanders. "Water Quality Model Incorporates Unconventional Bod Reduction". Journal of Environmental Systems 30, n.º 4 (1 de junio de 2004): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/g764-h6tx-7178-q118.

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Tesis sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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BAUDINO, LUISA. "Sustainable Methods for Lithium Recovery from Water and Unconventional Resources". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2971671.

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Egejuru, P. C. "Low oil-water ratio invert emulsion mud for unconventional shale reservoirs". Thesis, University of Salford, 2017. http://usir.salford.ac.uk/43914/.

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Due to stringent environmental regulations on the disposal and management of the traditional diesel oil-based mud used for drilling difficult formations such as shale, there is the necessity to develop an environmentally friendly drilling mud. Vegetable oils such as Jatropha have proven to be a comparable alternative to diesel oil. However, there have been concerns of compatibility of the vegetable oils with the chemical additives and the ability to achieve a low oil-water ratio mud, which is beneficial to low fluid loss for enhanced wellbore stability. The focus of this study is to achieve a novel low oil-water ratio invert emulsion using Jatropha oil and egg yolk as an emulsifier. Shale-fluid interaction and the economic viability of the mud were also evaluated. The findings from this study show that the low oil-water ratio invert emulsion is beneficial to reducing fluid loss for enhanced wellbore stability and the reduction of oil retention on cuttings, thereby reducing cost of disposal and environmental impact. The mud was formulated without a fluid loss additive, wetting agent, secondary emulsifier and the need for high water content, thereby savings could also be made in material costs. The results from this experimental study demonstrated that the electrical stability of the mud emulsified by egg yolk at a test temperature of 48.9 and 120˚C for any variation, were 398 and 289V respectively. Comparatively, the mud emulsified with a standard emulsifier versacleanVB gave stability values of 201 and 188V thus indicating higher stability with the egg yolk. Moreover, the 50/50 oil-water ratio mud gave stability values of 353 and 258V hence, giving plastic viscosity of 36 cP, at the yield point of 17 Ib/100 ft2 and 30 minutes fluid loss of 6ml with filter cake of 1.7 mm. This resulted to 50% reduction in fluid loss over the conventional 70/30 oil-water ratio mud, which was emulsified with the standard emulsifier with stability values of 480 and 393V, plastic viscosity of 31cP, yield point of 17 Ib/100 ft2 and fluid loss of 12 ml with filter cake of 3.2 mm. Using the X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) Scanner, the shale-fluid interaction also showed a volume increase by 11 and 23% of the core sample when immersed into water based mud from one to 7 days respectively. The result indicates that a high interaction with the fluid are possible, thus leading to a non-stable condition compared to 0.88 and 2.53% obtained from diesel and jatropha oil based muds. There was negligible variation in the structure of the samples exposed to diesel and jatropha oil based muds, which further suggests the suitability of jatropha as diesel substitute. The economic analysis of 50/50 oil-water ratio invert emulsion equally showed a potential saving of 57.91% of the $65.31 of the cost of formulation and 47.5% of $60 of the cost of disposal of the conventional diesel oil-based mud. This has the potential to equate to saving of $37.82 per barrel of invert emulsion formulated and $28.50 per barrel disposed.
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Hasan, Md Rifat. "Influences of Subcritical Water in Porosity and Fracture Aperture of Unconventional Shale". Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1564504738833224.

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Niemeier, James J. "Radio in hydroscience: unconventional links and new sensor possibilities". Diss., University of Iowa, 2010. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/863.

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One can use unlicensed and often very inexpensive radios for unconventional communication (underwater- and underground) links. However, one can go further, and use these radios as sensors rather than communication links. Such communication links and sensors can have important application in hydroscience. While the attenuation of RF signals is high in these mediums, by using the wireless sensor network (WSN) paradigm of multi-hop and retransmission, reliable networks can be formed underwater and underground. One no longer needs to think of RF modules as only a source of data transmission. This revelation lends itself to thinking of these modules as inexpensive RF wave generators at prescribed unlicensed frequencies. Analyzing the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) of a link over time, one can infer changes in the medium from the changes in RSSI. In this thesis, I develop a simple mathematical model to relate changes in RSSI to changes in the medium. Additionally, five experimentally validated examples demonstrate the possibility of non-traditional uses for RF modules. Demonstrated sensor possibilities include soil moisture estimation, leaf wetness measurement, and vegetation water content estimation. This thesis served to validate the use of inexpensive unlicensed RF modules as more than just communication links through air, but as links in unconventional media, and more importantly as measurement instruments.
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Thiel, Gregory P. "Desalination systems for the treatment of hypersaline produced water from unconventional oil and gas processes". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/107078.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.
Numbering for pages 3-4 duplicated. Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 183-195).
conventional reserves has led to a boom in the use of hydraulic fracturing to recover oil and gas in North America. Among the most significant challenges associated with hydraulic fracturing is water resource management, as large quantities of water are both consumed and produced by the process. The management of produced water, the stream of water associated with a producing well, is particularly challenging as it can be hypersaline, with salinities as high as nine times seawater. Typical disposal strategies for produced water, such as deep well injection, can be unfeasible in many unconventional resource settings as a result of regulatory, environmental, and/or economic barriers. Consequently, on-site treatment and reuse-a part of which is desalination-has emerged as a strategy in many unconventional formations. However, although desalination systems are well understood in oceanographic and brackish groundwater contexts, their performance and design at significantly higher salinities is less well explored. In this thesis, this gap is addressed from the perspective of two major themes: energy consumption and scale formation, as these can be two of the most significant costs associated with operating high-salinity produced water desalination systems. Samples of produced water were obtained from three major formations, the Marcellus in Pennsylvania, the Permian in Texas, and the Maritimes in Nova Scotia, and abstracted to design-case samples for each location. A thermodynamic framework for analyzing high salinity desalination systems was developed, and traditional and emerging desalination technologies were modeled to assess the energetic performance of treating these high-salinity waters. A novel thermodynamic parameter, known as the equipartition factor, was developed and applied to several high-salinity desalination systems to understand the limits of energy efficiency under reasonable economic constraints. For emerging systems, novel hybridizations were analyzed which show the potential for improved performance. A model for predicting scale formation was developed and used to benchmark current pre-treatment practices. An improved pretreatment process was proposed that has the potential to cut chemical costs, significantly. Ultimately, the results of the thesis show that traditional seawater desalination rules of thumb do not apply: minimum and actual energy requirements of hypersaline desalination systems exceed their seawater counterparts by an order of magnitude, evaporative desalination systems are more efficient at high salinities than lower salinities, the scale-defined operating envelope can differ from formation to formation, and optimized, targeted pretreatment strategies have the potential to greatly reduce the cost of treatment. It is hoped that the results of this thesis will better inform future high-salinity desalination system development as well as current industrial practice.
by Gregory P. Thiel.
Ph. D.
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Karapataki, Christina. "Techno-economic analysis of water management options for unconventional natural gas developments in the Marcellus Shale". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72898.

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Thesis (S.M. in Technology and Policy)-- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, Technology and Policy Program, 2012.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 129-135).
The emergence of large-scale hydrocarbon production from shale reservoirs has revolutionized the oil and gas sector, and hydraulic fracturing has been the key enabler of this advancement. As a result, the need for water treatment has increased significantly and became a major cost driver for producers. What to do with the flowback water in light of scarce disposal facilities and substantial handling costs is a major impediment to the development of the natural gas resource, particularly in the Marcellus shale. This thesis explores the technical, economic and regulatory issues associated with water treatment in the shale plays and identifies best practice water management pathways based upon the Marcellus shale characteristics. The key factors that affect the choice of water treatment options and infrastructure investments are identified and investigated in detail. These include, among others, proximity to disposal facilities, transportation costs, potential for wastewater reuse and make-up water requirements. The study is supplemented by an analysis of the flowback water geochemistry and an examination of the chemical components, like barium and strontium hardness ions, that can restrict the potential of flowback water reuse. Important insights that will help inform the policy debate on how to best address both the environmental and operational water issues associated with hydraulic fracturing in the Marcellus region are derived through this study. Better reporting and monitoring of wastewater volumes is one of the main recommendations of this thesis. A wastewater management and reporting system that focuses on the optimization of water reuse among producers and facilitates information sharing could offer significant efficiencies in terms of reducing costs and minimizing negative environmental impacts. Furthermore, desalination technologies are currently cost prohibitive especially for onsite use. A governmental effort to identify and promote the development of desalination technologies that can effectively remove salts without being prohibitively expensive could help develop a sustainable water management solution.
by Christina Karapataki.
S.M.in Technology and Policy
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McAuliff, Kelsey Lane. "Water use metrics for the determination of environmental impacts : regional assessment of upstream unconventional oil and gas". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/60758.

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Technology and innovation have increased the economic viability of horizontal drilling and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing, leading to the rapid increase in unconventional resource development in North America over the past fifty years. The quick development of the unconventional industry has been met with debate and criticism regarding industry methods/standards, volumes of water used, and impacts on the environment. In parallel, the field of water use metrics has also experienced a surge in popularity, most notably with the application of the water footprinting concept to evaluate the water use of businesses and countries alike. However, water use metrics evaluating water use impact have not been applied in the context of evaluating water use in unconventional oil and gas (UOG), which have instead focused on completing water use inventories. In this thesis, water use practices during UOG have been critically reviewed and analyzed to identify water sources and volume patterns. The review of water use practices in UOG is then used to develop criteria for evaluating common water use metrics to determine their applicability for inventorying and assessing the impacts of water use in UOG. A decision tree has been proposed and developed to facilitate the selection of water use inventory and impact metrics. Finally, a case study implements the selected Water Stress Index (WSI) framework to complete a regional water use inventory and midpoint impact assessment within the Montney unconventional play trend in British Columbia, Canada. Uncertainty analysis is performed under present and future scenarios to evaluate inherent parameter, model, and scenario uncertainties. While water use metrics do not replace site-specific assessment, they are important components of effective water management and can inform decision making, data collection and prioritization, and existing and future regional water stress conditions.
Other UBC
Graduate
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Alvarez, Helder Ivan. "Chemistry of brine in an unconventional shale dominated source bed understanding water- organic material-mineral interactions during hydrocarbon generation". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/19079.

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Master of Science
Department of Geology
Sambhudas Chaudhuri
The exploration and development of unconventional shale plays provide an opportunity to study the hydrocarbon generation process. These unconventional plays allow one to investigate the interactions between the fluid, mineral, and organic material that occur in a hydrocarbon-generating source bed, before any changes in composition that may occur during secondary migration or post migration processes. Previous studies have determined the chemical constituents of formation waters collected from conventional reservoirs after secondary migration has occurred. This investigation targets formation waters collected from the Woodford shale that acts as both source and reservoir, therefore samples have yet to experience any changes in composition that occur during secondary migration. This investigation focuses on the major element and trace element chemistry of the formation water (Cl, Br, Na, K, Rb, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Rare Earth Elements), which has been compared to chemical constituents of the associated crude oil and kerogens. Analytical data for this investigation were determined by the following methods; Ion Chromatography, Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS), and Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The information is used to assess the presence of different sources of water that constitute the formation water, and also to investigate interaction between different minerals and formation waters within the source beds. The formation water data also yields new insights into compartmentalization of oil-gas rich zones within the source beds.
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Sharma, Shekar. "Evaluating Leachability of Residual Solids Generated from Unconventional Shale Gas Production Operations in Marcellus Shale". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50514.

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Hydraulic fracturing operations utilized for shale gas production result in the generation of a large volume of flowback and produced water that contain suspended material, salts, hydrocarbons, metals, chemical additives, and naturally-occurring radioactive material. The water is impounded at drilling sites or treated off-site, resulting in significant generation of residual solids. These are either buried on site or are disposed in lined landfills. The objective of this study was to determine the levels of heavy metals and other elements of concern that will leach from these residual solids when placed in typical disposal environments. For this purpose, laboratory leaching experiments were employed wherein representative samples were brought into contact with a liquid to determine the constituents that would be leached by the liquid and potentially released into the environment. The samples used included sludge resulting from the physicochemical treatment of process water (TS), sludge solidified with cement kiln dust (SS), raw solids obtained by gravity separation of process water (RS), and drilling mud (DM). The samples were subjected to both single extraction (i.e. Shake Extraction Test, SET) and multiple extraction (i.e. Immersion Test, IT) leaching tests. For the shake extraction test, samples were mixed with a specific amount of leaching solution without renewal over a short time period. In the immersion test, samples were immersed in a specific amount of leaching solution that was periodically renewed over a longer period of time. For both these tests, analyses were performed on the filtered eluate. The tests were performed as per standards with modifications. Distilled de-ionized water, synthetic acid rain (pH ~ 4.2), weak acetic acid (pH ~ 2.88), and synthetic landfill leachate were used as leaching solutions to mimic specific disposal environments. Alkali metals (Li, K, Na), alkaline earth metals (Ba, Ca, Mg, Sr) and a halide (Br), which are typically associated with Marcellus shale and produced waters, leached at high concentrations from most of the residual solids sample. The SS sample, due to its stabilization with CKD, had a lower extraction efficiency as compared to the unconsolidated TS and RS samples. In EF 2.9 and EF SLL, the leaching took place under acidic conditions, while for EF DDI and EF 4.2, the leaching occurred in alkaline conditions. EF 2.9 and EF SLL were determined to be the most aggressive leaching solutions, causing the maximum solubility of most inorganic elements. Thus, high amounts of most EOCs may leach from these residual solids in MSW landfills disposed under co-disposal conditions. Agitation, pH and composition of the leaching solution were determined to be important variables in evaluating the leaching potential of a sample. The results of this study should help with the design of further research experiments being undertaken to develop environmentally responsible management/disposal strategies for these residual solids and also prove useful for regulatory authorities in their efforts to develop specific guidelines for the disposal of residuals from shale gas production operations.
Master of Science
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Midrla, Zdeněk. "Řezání abrazivním vodním paprskem". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2013. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-230786.

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This master thesis is consisted of literature search and practise part with focusing on the theme of abrasive water jet cutting. Introductory chapters deal with various methods and principles water jet cutting. Following chapters deal with quality of cutting surface by abrasive water jet cutting. After these chapters is introduced machine equipment of water jet cutting technology. At the end of this theoretical part are listed advantages and comparison with other unconventional technologies. In the practical part is solved design of machinery with regard to manufacturing technology of component flange in series 630 000 pieces per year. Last chapter describes economic evaluation of production.
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Libros sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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Qadir, Manzoor, Vladimir Smakhtin, Sasha Koo-Oshima y Edeltraud Guenther, eds. Unconventional Water Resources. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2.

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Negm, Abdelazim M., ed. Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-95071-6.

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Buono, Regina M., Elena López Gunn, Jennifer McKay y Chad Staddon, eds. Regulating Water Security in Unconventional Oil and Gas. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18342-4.

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Gaber, Magdy M. A. Production of fresh water fish with unconventional ingredients in Egypt. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2009.

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Gaber, Magdy M. A. Production of fresh water fish with unconventional ingredients in Egypt. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science, 2009.

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C, Camy-Peyret y Vigasin Andrei A, eds. Weakly interacting molecular pairs: Unconventional absorbers of radiation in the atmosphere. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003.

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Crovellli, Robert A. Fractal lognormal percentage assessment of technically recoverable natural gas resources in continuous-type and coal-bed (unconventional) plays, onshore and state waters of the United States. Denver, Colo: U.S. Geological Survey, 1995.

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Qadir, Manzoor, Vladimir Smakhtin, Sasha Koo-Oshima y Edeltraud Guenther. Unconventional Water Resources. Springer International Publishing AG, 2022.

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Negm, Abdelazim M. Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt. Springer, 2019.

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Negm, Abdelazim M. Unconventional Water Resources and Agriculture in Egypt. Springer, 2018.

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Capítulos de libros sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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Voutchkov, Nikolay. "Desalinated Water". En Unconventional Water Resources, 233–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_11.

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De Souza, Marlos. "Ballast Water". En Unconventional Water Resources, 213–29. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_10.

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Qadir, Manzoor, Vladimir Smakhtin, Sasha Koo-Oshima y Edeltraud Guenther. "Global Water Scarcity and Unconventional Water Resources". En Unconventional Water Resources, 3–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_1.

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Hernández-Sancho, Francesc y Águeda Bellver-Domingo. "Economics and Innovative Financing Mechanisms in a Circular Economy". En Unconventional Water Resources, 281–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_13.

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Person, Mark A. y A. Micallef. "Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Shelf Environments". En Unconventional Water Resources, 97–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_5.

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Qadir, Manzoor y Nisal Siriwardana. "Water Transportation via Icebergs Towing". En Unconventional Water Resources, 199–212. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_9.

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Oweis, Theib Y. "Micro-catchment Rainwater Harvesting". En Unconventional Water Resources, 73–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_4.

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Person, Mark A. y Nafis Sazeed. "Continental Brackish Groundwater Resources". En Unconventional Water Resources, 111–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_6.

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Abshaev, Ali M., Andrea Flossmann, Steven T. Siems, Thara Prabhakaran, Zhanyu Yao y Sarah Tessendorf. "Rain Enhancement Through Cloud Seeding". En Unconventional Water Resources, 21–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_2.

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Qadir, Manzoor, Vladimir Smakhtin, Sasha Koo-Oshima y Edeltraud Guenther. "The Future of Unconventional Water Resources". En Unconventional Water Resources, 299–309. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-90146-2_14.

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Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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Farrell, J. W., T. Baudendistel y M. Kidder. "Water-Flexible Fracturing Systems". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178699-ms.

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Farrell, Jesse, Ted Baudendistel y Mark Kidder. "Water-Flexible Fracturing Systems". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2015-2173887.

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Shepstone, Alan, David Burnett y Keith McLeroy. "Produced Water Microbial Control". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2017-2667063.

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Hussey, Tyler F. y David Burnett. "Bridging the Gap Between Produced Water and Source Water: Modeling Water Management Economics to Identify Cost Saving Potential for Operators". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2017-2673999.

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Ding, Hongna, Srinivas Mettu, Raymond R. Dagastine y Sheik H. Rahman. "Ion Tuned Water Can Greatly Enhance Alteration of Carbonate Surface to Water-wet". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2018-2902143.

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Lane, Ann, Todd Beers y Rick Peterson. "Development and Validation of an Acid Mine Drainage Water Treatment Process for Source Water". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2014-1922547.

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Baudendistel, T. A., J. W. Farrell y M. F. Kidder. "To Treat or Not To Treat? Optimized Water Decisions Throughout the Produced-Water Management Cycle". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/178698-ms.

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Baudendistel, Ted y Jesse Farrell. "“To Treat or Not to Treat?”: Optimized Water Decisions Throughout the Produced Water Management Cycle". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2015-2173857.

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Deng, Lichi y Michael J. King. "Theoretical Investigation of Water Blocking in Unconventional Reservoirs Due to Spontaneous Imbibition and Water Adsorption". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2018-2875353.

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Duman, Ryan. "Permian Produced Water: Impact of Rising Handling Costs and Larger Water Cuts on Wolfcamp Growth". En Unconventional Resources Technology Conference. Tulsa, OK, USA: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.15530/urtec-2019-401.

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Informes sobre el tema "Unconventional water"

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Kingston, A. W., O. H. Ardakani, G. Scheffer, M. Nightingale, C. Hubert y B. Meyer. The subsurface sulfur system following hydraulic stimulation of unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs: assessing anthropogenic influences on microbial sulfate reduction in the deep subsurface, Alberta. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/330712.

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Hydraulic fracturing is a reservoir stimulation technique that involves the injection of high-pressure fluids to enhance recovery from unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. Often this involves the injection of surface waters (along with additives such as biocides) into formational fluids significantly different isotopic and geochemical compositions facilitating geochemical fingerprinting of these fluid sources. In some instances, the produced fluids experience an increase in hydrogen sulfide (H2S) concentration over the course of production resulting in an increased risk to health and safety, the environment, and infrastructure due to the toxic and corrosive nature of H2S. However, questions remain as to the origin and processes leading to H2S formation following hydraulic fracturing. In this study, we analyzed a series of produced waters following hydraulic fracturing of a horizontal well completed in the Montney Formation, Western Canada to evaluate variations in geochemical and microbiological composition over time and characterize potential sulfur species involved in the production of H2S. Initially, sulfur isotope ratios (d34S, VCDT) of dissolved sulfate in produced water had a baseline value of 27per mil similar to the d34S value of 25per mil for solid anhydrite derived from core material. Subsequently, d34S values of sulfate in produced fluids sequentially increased to 35per mil coincident with the appearance of sulfides in produced waters with a d34SH2S value of 18per mil. Oxygen isotope values of dissolved sulfate exhibited a synchronous increase from 13.2per mil to 15.8per mil VSMOW suggesting sulfate reduction commenced in the subsurface following hydraulic fracturing. Formation temperatures are <100°C precluding thermochemical sulfate reduction as a potential mechanism for H2S production. We suggest that microbial reduction of anhydrite-derived sulfate within the formation is likely responsible for the increase in H2S within produced waters despite the use of biocides within the hydraulic fracturing fluids. Initial assessments of microbial communities indicate a shift in community diversity over time and interactions between in situ communities and those introduced during the hydraulic fracturing process. This study indicates that biocides may not be fully effective in inhibiting microbial sulfate reduction and highlights the role anthropogenic influences such as hydraulic fracturing can have on the generation of H2S in the subsurface.
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Leece, A. y C. Jiang. A preliminary techno-economic assessment of lithium extraction from flowback and produced water from unconventional shale and tight hydrocarbon operations in Western Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331879.

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In the path towards decarbonization, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries are critical for the widespread adoption of electric vehicles and renewable energy storage systems. To meet the growing demand for this mineral, various sources of lithium are being explored. This study evaluated the technical and economic feasibility of direct lithium extraction (DLE) from flowback and produced waters (FPW) of the Duvernay shale reservoir development near Fox Creek, Alberta and the Montney tight reservoir development in Northeast British Columbia using ion-exchange sorbents. Results indicate that lithium extraction from FPW using DLE technology is a viable option, with fluid pH, temperature, total suspended solids, and organic carbon affecting extraction efficiencies. In the assessment of Duvernay-based FPW fluids processed at a selected centralized facility, approximately 93 tonnes of lithium carbonate, or 105 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate could be produced annually, based on an average lithium content of 45.1 mg/L and a capacity of approximately 475,000 m3 per year. A discounted cash flow analysis determined the after-tax and royalty internal rate of return of 22% in the production of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), and 38% in the production of lithium hydroxide monohydrate (LiOH·H2O) from the Duvernay development area. Comparatively, in the assessment of Montney brine fluids processed at a modelled centralized facility, approximately 117 tonnes of lithium carbonate or 134 tonnes of lithium hydroxide monohydrate could be produced annually, based on an average lithium content of 57.7 mg/L and a capacity of approximately 475,000 m3 per year. A discounted cash flow analysis determined the after-tax and royalty internal rate of return of 29% in the production of lithium carbonate and 48% in the production of lithium hydroxide monohydrate from the Dawson Creek Montney development area. These findings demonstrate the economic feasibility of extracting and refining lithium into battery-grade products from a novel source based on forecasted commodity prices and the development of a domestic battery supply chain system. Further investigation of DLE technology, a strategic resource sampling and analysis program, and investigation into the minimum scale of lithium extraction development are recommended.
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Kingston, A. W., C. Jiang, X. Wang y T. E. Hobbs. Chemical compositions of flowback and produced water from the Duvernay shale and Montney tight reservoir developments in Western Canada: potential for lithium resources from wastewater. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331878.

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Increasing global demand for lithium coupled with a need to characterize domestic resources necessitates an expanded assessment for lithium production from unconventional sources. Oilfield brines are known to host elevated lithium concentrations and represent a prime candidate for lithium extraction. The purpose of this report is to expand our knowledge of brine chemistry within the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin with a focus on the Montney and Duvernay formations. Specifically wells that are undergoing hydrocarbon production stimulated via hydraulic fracturing (HF) are sampled with the eventual goal of assessing the suitability of extracting lithium from flowback and produced wastewater. Two water chemistry datasets are presented, the first consisting of samples derived from numerous wells within the Montney and Duvernay formations, and the second dataset includes time series samples from several wells in the Montney and Duvernay formations illustrating temporal variations in water chemistry following the onset of well re-open and fluid production after HF operations. The maximum measured lithium concentration in the Montney Fm. is 76.8 mg/L with an average of 52.9 mg/L. Maximum measured lithium concentration in the Duvernay Fm. is 78.6 mg/L with an average of 44.9 mg/L. Comparison of Montney and Duvernay sodium-chloride-bromide system with seawater evaporation trends suggests halite dissolution likely played a role in the evolution of brine chemistry. Lithium concentration in brines is positively correlated with potassium concentration and inversely correlated with pH. Water chemistry time series reveal increasing lithium concentrations over time associated with increasing proportions of formation-derived water in produced fluids. Understanding spatial and temporal variations in lithium concentrations is essential for evaluating the resource potential of oilfield brines as well as informing appropriate extraction technologies.
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Liseroudi, M. H., O. H. Ardakani, P. K. Pedersen, R. A. Stern, J M Wood y H. Sanei. Diagenetic and geochemical controls on H2S distribution in the Montney Formation, Peace River region, western Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/329785.

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The Lower Triassic Montney Formation is a major siltstone dominated unconventional tight gas play in the Western Canadian Sedimentary Basin (WCSB). In the Peace River region, the Montney Formation contains a regionally variable amount of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in gas-producing wells with western Alberta's wells having the highest concentrations. Previous studies on the source and distribution of H2S in the Montney Formation mainly focused on variations of H2S concentration and its relationship with other hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon gases, sulfur isotope composition of H2S, as well as organo-sulfur compounds in the Montney Formation natural gas. None of those studies, however, focused on the role of diagenetic and geochemical processes in the formation of dissolved sulfate, one of the two major ingredients of H2S formation mechanisms, and pyrite within the Montney Formation. According to the results of this study, the Montney Formation consists of two different early and late generations of sulfate minerals (anhydrite and barite), mainly formed by the Montney Formation pore water and incursion of structurally-controlled Devonian-sourced hydrothermal sulfate-rich fluids. In addition, pyrite the dominate sulfide mineral, occurred in two distinct forms as framboidal and crystalline that formed during early to late stages of diagenesis in western Alberta (WAB) and northeast British Columbia (NEBC). The concurrence of the late-stage anhydrite and barite and various types of diagenetic pyrite with high H2S concentrations, particularly in WAB, their abundance, and spatial distribution, imply a correlation between the presence of these sulfate and sulfide species and the diagenetic evolution of sulfur in the Montney Formation. The sulfur isotope composition of anhydrite/barite, H2S, and pyrite demonstrates both microbial and thermochemical sulfate reduction (MSR and TSR) controlled the diagenetic sulfur cycle of the Montney Formation. The relationship between the delta-34S values of the present-day produced gas H2S and other sulfur-bearing species from the Montney and other neighboring formations verifies a dual native and migrated TSR-derived origin for the H2S gas with substantial contributions of in situ H2S in the Montney reservoir.
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