Tesis sobre el tema "Typologie des langues des signes"
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Martinod, Emmanuella. "Approche typologique des composants minimaux porteurs de sens dans plusieurs langues des signes (LS) se situant à divers degrés de communautarisation : implications pour une typologie des LS et apports d'un premier examen phylogénétique des LS du Marajó". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080082.
The thesis examines the variation among sign languages (SLs), which was initially viewed as more limited than the range available in spoken languages (SpLs). This view is changing in light of recent studies in sign language typology that take into account non-institutional SLs, which have been rarely studied in the past. The theoretical framework adopted in this study, the Semiological Approach, argues that all SLs are rooted in iconicisation of perceptual-practical experience, and share highly-iconic constructions, termed Transfer Structures. We assume that the invariant aspect in SLs starts from the minimal meaning-bearing components, some of which are shared by lexical units. This study compares one of these iconic components, the handshape, through inventories from nine SLs from various geographical areas and with varying degrees of communitisation. The analysis of these inventories confirms the existence of a common nucleus of form-meaning units, following the same processes of iconicisation. Parallel results are found in the main study of the SL of Soure (Marajó, Brazil), a SL in the process of communitisation. The study is based on corpus data, collected on site in Soure. Taking a phylogenetic perspective, the proposed analysis highlights a shared lexicon and a frequency hierarchy of transfer structures similar to that identified in institutional SLs. Finally, we discuss the contribution of our theoretical approach to the study of cross-SL invariance
Santoro, Mirko. "Compounds in sign languages : the case of Italian and French Sign Language". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH204.
In this dissertation, I investigate the domain of compounds in sign languages. Compounding has been documented as a key strategy to enrich the lexicon of sign languages even in situations of emergent sign languages. I address this topic with three main angles: typological/empirical, theoretical and experimental. In the typological/empirical part, I offer a thorough description of compounds in two sign languages: Italian and French Sign Language (LIS and LSF). I offer a refined and more comprehensive typology of compounds, in which classifiers and simultaneous forms are also taken into account.In the theoretical part, I provide a formal account of how to derive the whole typology of compounds found in LIS and LSF. I show i) that compounds can be derived in multiple ways depending on their morphosyntactic properties and ii) that morphosyntactic derivation is not the only process that affects the combinatorial options of compounding. Post-syntactic processes, especially linearization, have to have access to at least partial representations in order to distinguish between forms that have to be spelled out either sequentially or simultaneously.In the experimental part, I investigate whether phonological reduction is a sufficient condition to identify compounds in SL. I show that importing criteria from one SL to another can be done, but with extreme caution
Fusellier-Souza, Ivani. "Sémiogenèse des langues des signes : étude de langues des signes primaires (LSP) pratiquées par des sourds brésiliens". Paris 8, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA082477.
This thesis focuses on a descriptive linguistic study of Primary Signed Languages (PSL) practiced by deaf individuals with no contact with conventional sign languages and living integrated in hearing environment. Our analysis, based on a semiogentic model in which iconicity is the central paradigm (Cuxac, on 2000), includes two levels : morpho-phonetics and morpho-semantics on one hand and strategies participating in the linguistic functioning of PSL on formal, functional and discursive means. The video corpus we have studied is composed of forty-four sequences from spontaneous discourses produced by three Brazilian deaf adults in interaction with one (or two/three) hearing interlocutor(s). We propose a data processing in both qualitative and quantitative analysis. The findings of this study show how elaborated and sophisticated these languages are organised on both cognitive and linguistic aspects. Thereby, the revealed structuring of PSL provides new insights about a range of issues relating to : the semiogenesis of signed languages, the emergence and the dynamic development of human language, the relation between language and cognition as well as the relation between gestuality and language
Filhol, Michael. "Modèle descriptif des signes pour un traitement automatique des langues des signes". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00300591.
Besse, Henri. "Propositions pour une typologie des méthodes de langues". Paris 8, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA081751.
Danet, Claire. "Gestualité : pour la création scripturale : le cas des langues des signes". Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018COMP2463/document.
The digital revolution has evolved the act of writing; its forms have changed. From this phenomenon, new Graphomotor oriented research opportunities have emerged. The knowledge gathered by this research introduces a new angle for setting up a new writing system. Until today, no writing system has been able to transcribe the multidimensional nature of sign languages (SL). For that reason, sign languages offer the perfect opportunity for this kind of research. In this study we try to understand the link between gestures and meaning for the speaker and discover what features and how much of signing (gestures, body language) can be kept in the act of writing. Our objective is to maintain the integral meaning of gestures for the signer/writer. To do so, we offer the creation of a technologically advanced scriptural environment in which meaningful gestures can be put into perspective. First, this multidisciplinary research focuses on what can be transferred from the former gestural act (signing) to the latter (writing). Then, we consider the tool that will enable this transfer. To do so, we follow a phenomenological approach, or in other terms, a descriptive methodology from the firstperson point of view. This methodology is built upon signers’ feedback gathered of the experience lived during interviews. Shaping this method to fit the French SL offers precise gestural descriptions from signers themselves. This database is then compared with alinguistic and kinesiological analysis from the third-person point of view. These gestural meaning results enable us to reflect on how to create a guided experience tool enabling the assimilation of SL’s gestural matter and the creation of scriptural forms. To do that, we follow a UX design, an enaction design, and a tool based approach in order to offer immersion and interaction. This kind of device offers a new perspective to signers on their own language and more generally, offers the possibility for any user to form a new relationship with her or his own gestures
Cordesse, Joëlle. "Déchiffrer l'invisible des signes d'apprentissage des langues : pédagogie de l'égalité des intelligences". Perpignan, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PERP0700.
A semiotic analysis of a foreign language teaching practise grounded on the concept of "auto-socio-construction" but reinterpreting it. The point is to reintroduce the anthropological dimensions of speech and of language into our conception of linguistic knowledge. The peircian triad makes this possible. Learning a foreign language is an adventure of subjectivity, intersubjectivity, an interaction of systems, and an acquisition of normativity, relevant to systemic and to institutional analysis. As a strategy of development, foreign language pedagogy asks for a theory of the inscription of each subject in the process of collective thinking and in its permanently renegotiated forms. Linguistic knowledge is necessarily diachronic. It is defined as a system of developing habits, that the teaching situations aim at modifying. It is prototypic, i. E. Categorizing; the effect of a voluntary act of consciousness, a judgement and intimate belief the effect of which is to modify perceptions. This induces complex phenomena of cultural resistance to the intrusion of the other, an obstacle to learning which is only overcome in dealing with plurilingualism as first step and facilitating environment, making bilingualism appear as a specialization of it. The auto-socio-construction workshop is here seen to embody and enact an anthropological dynamics; a type of sign which, with its perfectly balanced character, gives shape to a particular teaching strategy and, beyond, affords an analyser of teaching strategies in general and their emancipating value
Cuxac, Christian. "Fonctions et structures de l'iconicité des langues des signes : analyse descriptive d'un idiolecte parisien de la langue des signes française". Paris 5, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA05H043.
Boutora, Leila. "Fondements historiques et implications théoriques d'une phonologie des langues des signes - Etude de la perception catégorielle des configurations manuelles en LSF et réflexion sur la transcription des langues des signes". Phd thesis, Université Paris VIII Vincennes-Saint Denis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00833507.
Schwegler, Armin. "Analyticity and syntheticity : a diachronic perspective with special reference to romance languages /". Berlin : Mouton de Gruyter, 1990. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35564537v.
Borgia, Fabrizio. "Informatisation d'une forme graphique des Langues des Signes : application au système d'écriture SignWriting". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30030/document.
The studies and the software presented in this work are addressed to a relevant minority of our society, namely deaf people. Many studies demonstrate that, for several reasons, deaf people experience significant difficulties in exploiting a Vocal Language (VL English, Chinese, etc.). In fact, many of them prefer to communicate using Sign Language (SL). As computer scientists, we observed that SLs are currently a set of underrepresented linguistic minorities in the digital world. As a matter of fact, deaf people are among those individuals which are mostly affected by the digital divide. This work is our contribution towards leveling the digital divide affecting deaf people. In particular, we focused on the computer handling of SignWriting, which is one of the most promising systems devised to write SLs
Bianchini, Claudia Savina. "Analyse métalinguistique de l'émergence d'un système d'écriture des langues des signes : SignWriting et son application à la langue des signes italienne (LIS)". Paris 8, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA084101.
Sign Languages (SL) do not have a written form and most of the systems intended to represent them have shown many failures. This study is based on SignWriting (SW), which seems to be the best system, among the existing ones, to represent the forms of SL. The aim of this work is to understand how, despite the apparent complexity of the system, SW appears to be so easy to use by trained deaf users; moreover, this work wants to show SW capacities as a tool to encourage metalinguistic observations on LIS. At first the system itself is analyzed as well as the frequent problems that emerge when expert in SL and SW deaf users use it. This approach outlines most of these difficulties, allowing to understand (and sometimes resolve) them, which in turn favors the development of the system. Users’ observations cover not only the system itself but also its adequacy for the writing and transcription of SL, highlighting its potential as a means to raise metalinguistic thinking. The final part of the analysis is dedicated to the proposals for improvement of SW, on the basis of the data gathered and the analysis carried out. These improvements aim at teaching the system to deaf adults and informatization of SW. In conclusion, SW seems to be a promising system, effective to represent the forms of SL, despite some problems and the need for improvements; the deaf community will have to decide whether to adopt it as a writing system, take it as a starting point aiming in that direction, or use it just to transmit the shape of the signs
Le Lingue dei Segni (LS) sono prive di una forma scritta e la maggior parte dei sistemi elaborati per la loro rappresentazione ha mostrato numerose lacune. Questo studio si concentra su SignWriting (SW), che tra tutti sembra meglio riuscire a rappresentare le forme delle LS. Scopo del lavoro è capire come, a fronte di un’apparente complessità del sistema, SW risulti così facile da usare per gli utenti sordi che lo hanno appreso; inoltre, esso mira a mostrare le capacità di SW come strumento per promuovere le riflessioni metalinguistiche sulla LIS. Dapprima viene analizzato il sistema stesso ma anche le problematiche ricorrenti nel suo uso da parte di utenti sordi esperti di LS e di SW. Tale approccio raggruppa e porta a comprendere (e talvolta a risolvere) gran parte di tali difficoltà, favorendo quindi lo sviluppo del sistema. Le considerazioni degli utenti spaziano sia sul sistema che sulle sue attitudini per la scrittura e la trascrizione della LS, sottolineandone la potenzialità come mezzo per suscitare riflessioni metalinguistiche. La parte finale dell’analisi è dedicata a proposte di migliorie per SW, basate sui dati e le analisi effettuate, sia in vista del suo insegnamento ad adulti sordi che della sua informatizzazione. In conclusione, SW appare come un sistema ricco di possibilità ed efficace per la rappresentazione delle forme delle LS, nonostante alcune problematiche rilevanti e la necessità di migliorie; sarà poi alla comunità sorda decidere se adottarlo come sistema di scrittura, farne un punto di partenza in tale direzione o usarlo semplicemente per veicolare la forma dei segni
Marchand, Karell. "Essai de typologie des stratégies de subordination à travers différentes langues australiennes et papoues". Thesis, Paris, EPHE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EPHE4079/document.
This thesis propose a study of different strategies to construct subordinate clauses in Australian and Papuan languages. These two language groups, rarely found in typological studies on the subject, show some unusual morphosyntactic constructions. This study is based on ten languages: four Australian languages (Nyangumarta, Martuthunira, Wambaya and Kayardild), and six Papuan languages (Maybrat, Yimas, Manambu, Mian, Amele and Hua). Following a brief grammatical overview of these languages, the thesis examine six types of subordinate clause strategies to identify their functions and uses: subordinate clauses without segmental marking, with a conjunction, with case marking, with a specific verbal form, with a switch-reference system and with the relativization strategy. The last chapter is focused on the specific situation of complementation strategies with perception verbs. This thesis aims to illustrate how subordinate clauses function in those languages, but it also aims to show how these languages may help to re-examine general linguistic theories
Blondel, Marion. "Poésie enfantine dans les langues des signes : modalité visuo-gestuelle versus modalité audio-orale". Tours, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOUR2021.
Kaczmarek, Marion. "Spécification d'un logiciel de traduction assistée par ordinateur à destination des langues signées". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UPASG065.
Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) software offers various tools to facilitate the professional practice of translators, in terms of time saving or comfort. However, despite the increasing demand for translated and accessible content in French, no attempt has been made to equip French/LSF translators with CAT software. We interest ourselves in the specification of such software. Sign languages are visual and iconic, they have their own grammar as well as a particular organization of speech, but no written form. The absence of writing is a problematic node in terms of CAT, since software currently relies on editable written structures, and on the fact that the concatenation of the translated segments corresponds to the translation of the concatenation of the source segments (what we call the principle of linearity). We seek to identify points of conflict between LS and the current CAT model so that we can propose solutions. This work involves both the adaptation of existing modules and the creation of new tools to be integrated into software, based on the practice of professionals
Mammadova, Nayiba. "Eléments de description et documentation du tat de l'Apshéron, langue iranienne d'Azerbaïdjan". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF016/document.
This thesis is a descriptive grammar of Tat (an Iranian language of the South-Western branch) as spoken on the Absheron Peninsula, east of Baku in the Republic of Azerbaijan. It is the first description of a Muslim variety of Tat in a Western European language.After a detailed introduction outlining the sociolinguistic context and the phonology, the present study discusses the parts of speech, the marking of grammatical relations and verbal morphology of Absheron Tat (verbal derivation, verb classes, complex predicates, formation and use of inflected verb forms). This is followed by a survey of complex sentences, viz. relative clauses, complement clauses, adverbial subordinates as well as coordination.The present work adopts a typological point of view and is based on the analysis of texts originating from the author’s fieldwork and tales translated from Azeri into Tat, in addition to the author’s competence as a native speaker. The appendix presents samples of the text corpus (some of them also translated) and a glossary listing items that feature in the grammatical description and the texts
Corno, Stefano. "Autour de la relation tête-dépendant dans les langues indo-européennes anciennes : typologie et reconstruction". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2011/document.
The purpose of this work is to study co-variation mechanisms between the head of a nominal constituent and its dependent(s) in the following ancient Indo-European languages: Indo-Iranian, Greek, Italic and Anatolian. By analysing in detail nominal and pronominal morphology within each of these groups, we shall determine which agreement classes are possible, and which ones are not, and define which role is played by desinential morphemes in the co-variation. In languages which distinguish three genders, inflectional classes are more numerous and either the head or the dependent bear the gender information, or neither, or both. However, when the dependent is a pronoun, the gender may be implied by the morphological type.We shall particularly focus on the agreement relations between head and dependent in core syntactic roles: A (transitive agent), P (patient) and U (unique participant in an intransitive construction). The marking of these roles is considerably different depending on whether the nouns are animate or inanimate. Animate nouns are marked in the same way in the four groups which are under scrutiny, whereas in the case of inanimate nouns Anatolian behaves in a drastically different way: the differential marking of A and U shows a limited capacity of inanimate nouns to become agents, which is also reflected in verbal indexation.The organisation shown by Anatolian is postulated as original in the field of Indo-European: the constraint of animation is decisive in becoming an agent
Macé, Fanny. "Mimésis et Langues des Signes : étude pragmatique de stratégies et dynamiques sémiotiques mimétiques observées dans des interactions spontanées en contextes émergent et international". Thesis, Paris 8, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA080059/document.
Motivated by the fact that sign linguistics found no consensus concerning the symbolic and systemic properties of pantomimes in sign languages, this PhD study focuses on the epistemological issues at stake concerning the way mimetic faculty and language faculty intertwine. With the iconicity theory as semiological frame, we sought to observe the moving behavior of linguistic iconicity within structures and its semiotic plasticity for adaptive needs. We built consequently a video corpus of spontaneous interactions on the field of linguistic contact in emerging sign language and in internationalized sign language. Our qualitative analysis of our annotation, where linguistic structures were linked with their eventual pragmatic mimetic anchor, shows a great diversity of performative simulations of action and perception and a great diversity of tactile strategies, which all serve mimetic semiosis. Our research also shows interactional semiotic dynamics that deal with mimesis, such as mirror effects and synchronization effects. This PhD study finally offers a rich amount of theoretical and empirical data which deepen the issue of a continuity between doing and saying and which tend to integrate the notion of mimesis within language sciences as an ontological force for cognitive and psychic construction and as a social force for cultural construction, including a entropic side dealing with creativity through poetics, as well as a neguentropic side dealing with conventionalization through imitation
Rousset, Isabelle. "Structures syllabiques et lexicales des langues du monde : données, typologies, tendances universelles et contraintes substancielles [i.e. substantielles]". Grenoble 3, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00250154.
Janic, Katarzyna. "L’antipassif dans les langues accusatives". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LYO20109/document.
The antipassive term, associated with ergative system since forty years, denotes an intransitive construction in which the patient argument is syntactically demoted. This study calls into question a traditional opinion according to which the antipassive phenomenon is encountered in ergative languages but not in those of accusative alignment. Since in some ergative languages the antipassive construction is triggered by a polysemous reflexive and/or reciprocal morpheme, this study deals exclusively with those accusative languages in which the antipassive marker presents the same characteristics (cf. Austronesian, Niger–Congo, Nilo-Saharan, Turkic, Slavonic, Romance languages). Building on the polysemous nature of such marker, its possible semantic impact on the whole derivation should also be taken into consideration. The aim of this study is to analyse the antipassive construction both from semantic and syntactic point of view in a crosslinguistic perspective
Leroy, Elise. "Didactique de la langue des Signes Française, langue 1, dans les structures d'éducation en langue des signes : attitudes et stratégies pédagogiques de l'enseignement sourd". Paris 8, 2010. http://octaviana.fr/document/169717364#?c=0&m=0&s=0&cv=0.
The collective teaching for deaf pupils by means of sign language was set up for the first time in the middle of the 18th century by a priest named “l’Abbé de l’Epée”. Then, one century after the sign language (SL) prohibition in the education system at the Milan Congress in 1880, the association Two Languages for one Education will take up the torch of LSF-French bilingualism by creating grades exclusively taught in SL. Therefore, we have tempted to understand the issues of such an education for the deaf pupil by sweeping up the different types of bilingual education in France, as well for international language teaching than for regional language teaching. We have also questioned ourselves about the ambiguous statuses of the grades where FSL is the teaching language and of the deaf professionals, an ambiguity due to a current double ministerial supervision. Furthermore, following the principles of the iconicity theory (Cuxac, 2000), we defend the relevance of the deafness in the development of sign languages, generating for this reason particular teaching skills for the instruction of these languages. After having clarified our methodological choices of survey and analysis at the center of SL grades, our study reveals subtle and complex linguistic strategies using notably direction of eyes, finger pointing and sense of touch. The particular semiology of sign languages characterizes the “alter-active” methods of the SL teaching sessions. In an education where the meaning is first expressed "orally" (in such a case by means of the visual gestural modality), the SL has then all its place in the writing access educational method within the context of the education of deaf children and deaf teenagers
Kervajan, Loïc. "Contribution à la traduction automatique Français/Langue des Signes Française (LSF) au moyen de personnages virtuels". Phd thesis, Université de Provence - Aix-Marseille I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00697726.
De, Vengoechea Consuelo. "Catégorisation lexicale en Muinane : Amazonie Colombienne". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00796760.
KADIB, ELBAN NAVARRO ESTELA. "Typologie stylistique des divers discours tenus sur le probleme des langues au xviiie siecle entre 1750 et 1789". Poitiers, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994POIT5025.
Thanks to a comparative method -without claiming to be exhaustive-, of texts by philosophers, grammarians and men of letters who have written between 1750 and 1789 on the problems of language, a kind of speech emerges. That of a language characterised by a precise, analytical vocabulary, frequently evocative with a marked semantic intensity. These lexemes are constructed with the help of a descriptive syntax leaving the narrative and historical nuances to play an important role. We discover a committed and lively speech where the major concern is to present a well-argued case. This type of speech display a pressing desire to persuade and communicate as well as a marked didactic tendency
Boutora, Leïla. "Fondements historiques et implications théoriques d'une phonologie en langue des signes : étude de la perception catégorielle des configurations manuelles en LSF et réflexion sur la transcription des langues des signes". Paris 8, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA082913.
Signed and spoken languages are expressed in two different modalities. The main question of the present work is to know whether this difference of modality leads to differences on structure. Particularly, we are interested in questions asked by a sign language phonology, and in the possibility to take account of the semantic dimension at a low level. I will show the inadequacy of structural equivalences postulated by classical phonological studies on sign languages, particularly the "sign = word" equivalence. These theoretical problems have implications on choices made on protocols of experimental studies. Finally, the premise of structural equivalence is kept by transcription practices of sign language corpora at all levels of analysis, and these practices don't allow us to account for the mean-form relation in sign languages
Mattissen, Johanna. "Dependent-head synthesis in Nivkh : a contribution to a typology of polysynthesis /". Amsterdam : J. Benjamins, 2003. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb39136248d.
Bouamor, Houda. "Etude de la paraphrase sous-phrastique en traitement automatique des langues". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717702.
Croiset, Sophie. "Ecrivains chinois d'expression française: typologie d'un champ littéraire transculturel". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209699.
/ In the 20th century, French literary scene has been enriched by authors coming from China. Crossing languages, borders and cultures, they erected, through their productions, singular bridges that illustrate the challenges of globalization. Focused on novels, poetry, passing by theater, the purpose of this research is to advance a typology of this emerging literary field. Encompassing the twenty-four authors composing it, including François Cheng, Gao Xingjian, Dai Sijie, or Ying Chen, the study is based on a referent-concept: the authors’ transidentity. For a better understanding of complexity and diversity of productions, transdisciplinarity – sociological, literary, and linguistic approaches – is instructive. By the prism of cultural identity, the internal study of works is divided into two components: intercultural representations and transcultural (of cross-cultural) poetic. With a constant comparison between works of each author, and between the authors, we figure out recurring characteristics and operate classifications. This allows to question the status of the field in the so-called "Francophone" literature and to raise the issue of the label. Thus through Chinese authors, it is any peripheral writer theoretical status in the francophone space that we are trying to explore and enlighten.
Doctorat en Langues et lettres
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Hevér-Joly, Krisztina. "Typologie contrastive des pronoms personnels en hongrois et en mordve erzya". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA017.
This dissertation provides a contrastive and typological study of pronoun allomorphy in two Finno-Ugric languages: Hungarian and Erzya Mordvin. Contrastive typology is a typological approach aiming at contrasting the structures of two or more languages, including from the same language family, to explore specific and universal properties. From this standpoint, Hungarian and Mordvin are particularly relevant as to the structure of pronoun markers, due to some morphological characteristics of the central and eastern languages of the Uralic language family, such as double conjugation paradigms (subjective and objective, moreover the "objective definite inflectional paradigm" in Mordvin). This results in complex allomorphic patterns, while following universal principles (syncretism, sub-specification and over-specification of certain markers, or the conditions of morphonologic exponence). The first part describes the structures and modelling stages of the pronominal system in both languages. In the first chapter, we present historical and structural generalities about the Hungarian and Mordvin Erzya languages, and the place they occupy within the Finno-Ugric group, from the point of view of classification and typology. A series of important features to understand the two systems in terms of structural organization, concerns the allomorphic properties of functional and relational units of pronominal type such as vowel harmony, the casual suffixes, the verbal system, and word order. The second chapter deals with the relationship between personal pronouns and basic grammatical categories such as animacity, number, person, definiteness, and concludes that it is the personal pronoun that is most marked by these grammatical categories - the same that may affect, in the languages of the world, the construction or organisation of inflectional classes. The third chapter is a historiographical approach of Hungarian and Erzya to show the outline of the research on the evolutionary periods of both systems. The fourth chapter provides a reanalysis of pronominal inflection in Erzya, following the same principles as those previously recommended by András Kornai's analysis of the nominal inflection system of Hungarian (Kornai, 1994), as it deals with the morphological model considering affixation as an operation on the combined features. The second part of this research develops exploratory case studies from the perspective of NLP (French: TAL) a literary corpus and a biblical corpus of Erzya are analysed following the steps and the settings required by the Trameur software. The third part departs from the contrastive analysis of stylistic registers within a given language to return to a Hungarian-Mordvin contrastive structural typology. In the last chapter, we propose a synthesis of these two aspects of contrastive typology: contrasting registers of intralanguage, contrast-linguistic structures, based on a set of shared parameters. The synergy between the lexicometric method and the general typology is one of the main contributions of this thesis’s heuristics to develop a typology of Finno-Ugric languages that takes greater account of the contrastivity of structures and their relativism as major categorical traits of interlanguage, resulting more sensitive to empirical and methodological biases that may conceal a large corpus
Lechevrel, Nadège. "L'approche écologique en linguistique : le cas de l'écolinguistique". Paris, EHESS, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008EHES0052.
This work provides the community with a study of the ecological paradigm in linguistics. As recent years have seen a significant increase in publications based on ecolinguistics, a selection of well-known contributions as well as lesser-known ones was compiled, in order to present a state of the art of this new field of research. A detailed examination of the main concepts of ecolinguistics enabled us to study the various orientations within this paradigm in the context of current neo-darwinian approaches of the evolution of language. The history of the discipline was traced back to the so-called seminal article by Haugen, whose analysis shows the empirical and theoretical contradictions which threaten the new paradigm. The work suggests that the ecological approach lays a foundation for a true rethinking of sociolinguistic and ethno/anthropological linguistics theories, and also highlights the importance of a thorough examination of biological background information
Le, Bellec Christel. "La diathèse verbale dans trois langues romanes : vers une description dans le cadre de la Grammaire Fonctionnelle Discursive". Phd thesis, Université Toulouse le Mirail - Toulouse II, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747256.
Goeuriot, Lorraine. "Découverte et caractérisation des corpus comparables spécialisés". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00474405.
Muchembled, Fany. "La posesión predicativa en lenguas yutoaztecas". Thesis, Paris, INALCO, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INAL0009/document.
The concept of possession is a subject that shows linguistic, cognitive and cultural implications. There is a certain variety of possessive notions and possessive structures, translinguistically and intralinguistically speaking. This dissertation aims at comparing the predicative (both verbal and non verbal) possession ressources of uto-aztecan languages, one of the most important linguistic stock on the American continent and in Mexico particularly. This comparison is supported by a typological, cognitive and diachronic perspective, thanks to cognitive linguistics and grammaticalization theory. This investigation, indeed, intends to describe, at first, the several structures of predicative possession in uto-aztecan languages, as well as their semantic use, with a typological goal. Secondly, we intend to describe the cognitive models that originate formally and conceptually these constructions. For that purpose, we make use the work by Heine (1997), who presents six conceptual Schemas that can possibly originate the actual forms and meanings of predicative possession. These schemas can be postulated thanks to a comparative work of research upon anterior states of languages and proto-languages reconstruction. We then aim at describing and comparing the different schemas found in uto-aztecan languages, within a typological perspective, from our corpus of data extracted from contemporary as well as colonial grammars and dictionaries, as well as from works about proto-languages reconstructions
Rakotoalison, Fanjanirina Sylvie. "La réduplication en malgache dans la perspective d'une morphologie comparative des langues de la famille austronésienne". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCF042.
This thesis has three main objects: the morphological description of reduplicated words with a view to deducing the various types of reduplication in Malagasy, determination of the different functions of reduplication and the study of the semantic values provided by the reduplication. The data collected from a number of Malagasy dictionaries and lexicons that are availables how case the productivity and profusion of the process. This research work thus aims to show reduplication’s place in the Malagasy lexicon, based on morphological and semantic analysis. This work is based on two theoretical views: typological reduplication (Blust: 1998, 2001 and Zeitoun: 1998, 2006) and on the other hand partial reduplication which functions as affix (Marantz: 1982) and McCarthy and Prince (1999). This study is based on relations, functions and associations, thus appealing to structural, functional and associative morphology by adopting opposition relationship (according to Rajaona: 1977, 2004 and the linguistic circle of Prague) and Danielle Corbin’s associative morphology (1987, 1991, 2004). Items of the data have been extracted from written work ssuch as dictionaries as well as existing sound materials or materials we have collected ourselves. This thesis is divided into three parts which comprise seven chapters. As results, the morphological and semantic study of the data identified at least nine types of reduplication, five functions and twenty-five values of reduplication in the Malagasy language. In the conclusion, we also discussed limits, applications and perspectives
Garaoun, Massinissa. "Amazigh et arabe dans le massif des Babors (Kabylie orientale, Algérie) : Contribution à la typologie des contacts linguistiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPSLP006.
The Babors are a mountain range located in eastern Kabylia in northeastern Algeria. Two languages are spoken there, Djidjelli Arabic and Tasahlit. Tasahlit is an Amazigh language, the oldest language family known in western North Africa. Djidjelli is a variety of Arabic that emerged as a result of the first wave of Arab-Muslim conquests in North Africa (7th-9th centuries). This thesis explores the history of contacts between these languages from the Islamic Golden Age to the present day. It describes linguistic features inherited from contact and aligning them with current knowledge of language contact typology with the aim of establishing historical sociolinguistic scenarios. At the micro-local level, this research takes into account both the geographical factor and the various historical strata, relying on data from five varieties collected in the field. It describes the current sociolinguistic situation, especially the various levels of bilingualism, in order to reconstruct the historical power relations between communities and their languages. One of the points of interest in this study is the types of contact involved between genetically related and typologically close languages (Aikhenvald 2007, Hickey 2007).The results of this research have allowed us to distinguish different strata, periods and types of contact in the Babors. Historical data suggest that the spread of Arabic is linked to the history of the Amazigh dynasty of the Koutamas, particularly to the return of Arabized Koutamas armies to eastern Kabylia. A gradual change of language from Amazigh to Arabic, marked by long periods of bilingualism, led to the spread of numerous transfers from substratic Amazigh to Djidjellii Arabic. Tasahlit, on the other hand, has the status of a language maintained after extensive and unequal contact with Arabic, the language of prestige and conveyance. Depending on the language studied, we observed variations in the types of transfers from Arabic. These variations are correlated with differences in economic and politico-military relations with neighboring Arabic-speaking groups. It has not always been possible to assert the directionality of the contact phenomena described, some of which fall within the framework of linguistic convergence
Sheveleva, Maria. "Structures syntaxiques et structures sémantiques de l’énoncé : Etude contrastive dans trois langues romanes et une langue slave : français, italien, roumain et russe". Paris 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA030059.
The research lead as part of the PhD degree thesis is in keeping with the general problematic of the relation between the syntactic structure and the semantic structure of the phrase. We consider different types of constructions in three Roman languages, French, Italian, and Rumanian and a Slavonic language, Russian. Our research is based on a contrastive analysis of translations of literary texts. We also make the comparison between translations of several novels of the XXth century, from one language to the three others. A list of concorded examples permits us to observe how each translation reports differently a same referential meaning. Each language elaborates the transmission of how each person experiences the world, which depends on specific semantic and syntactic choices. The translations study shows different procedures and their usage frequencies in each language. We propose to define to which extent these different configurations are imposed by language structures or by translator’s subjective choices. This research will help to enlighten multiple aspects alike to enrich languages typology
Segouat, Jérémie. "Modélisation de la coarticulation en Langue des Signes Française pour la diffusion automatique d'informations en gare ferroviaire à l'aide d'un signeur virtuel". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00602117.
Alrawashdeh, Hana. "Le graffiti dans les camps de fortune au Nord de la France : carrefour de langues, de signes et de discours. Une analyse de différentes réalisations scripturales". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0280.
This research work focuses on graffiti in the " temporary camps" that were set up between 2016 and 2017 in the North of France, including, among others, the well-known one in Calais (called the Jungle). This graffiti was created by the displaced people who lived there. To help them create the graffiti, those people used the available materials like tents, walls, and garbage bins.The photo collection that I have captured for this graffiti consists of 90 photos.This photo collection is a hybrid collection. It includes text and images. The text was written in several languages (mainly French, English, and Arabic). Also, the text was varied between words, quotes, and short, simple sentences.To conduct the analysis taking into account having the graffiti in different languages, all graffiti work was translated to French. The other factor that has been used in the analysis was the location of each graffiti in the camp. The ways for the residents of these camps to express their anxiety and anger were very limited. Given the social context and the purpose of creating this graffiti, we observed that the messages have included, among other things, demands, references to their countries of origin, and calls for peace. Due to the diversity of the content of this photo collection, I used different criteria to study them, and I applied the appropriate context to each photo.This thesis has two sections. The first section explains the general context of the camps (the structure of the camp, populations, and the spoken languages). The second section talks about the tools that have been used in the analysis of graffiti. The first chapter discusses the concept of graffiti. The second chapter talks about the linguistic characteristics of the photo collection. The third chapter covers graffiti as a speech act and the relationship between the sender and receiver of these messages. In more detail, who is the audience of this graffiti ? Is it possible to consider this graffiti as exposed writing “ écritures exposées ” ? The fourth chapter discusses the significant dimensions of graffiti such as the materials used, colors, and the interaction between writing and image. The last chapter provides my argument about the notion of seeing camps as cities where graffiti can be seen as a linguistic landscape
Hellerstedt, Maria. "L'utilisation et l'acquisition des verbes de position en suédois L1 et L2". Thesis, Paris 4, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA040131/document.
The Swedish posture verbs encode static (stå « stand », ligga « lie », sitta « sit ») and dynamic (ställa « stand », lägga « lay », sätta « set ») location of a person or a concrete object. The elaborated stimuli elicited data from 98 participants. Our data shows that the usage frequency of these verbs guarantees an early acquisition by children learning Swedish as their first language and by adult French-speaking learners of Swedish as a second language. However, their semantic complexity constitutes an obstacle for arriving at idiomatic language use with regard to choosing the correct verb. These difficulties exist even at high levels of competence (children of 10 years and advanced L2 learners respectively). An acquisition order can be distinguished regarding the verb type (static verbs are acquired before the dynamic ones), the semantic parameters (HORIZONTALITY and VERTICALITY are acquired before BASE and CONTACT/CONTAINMENT) and the prototypical meaning (acquired before the extended meanings). Several strategies are used by the learners to solve these problems: the use of a static verb to encode a dynamic situation; the generalized use of one of the verbs (generally the one encoding HORIZONTALITY); a collocational use of a verb and a Figure; the use of a verbal ellipsis or a positionally neutral verb, like the copula. The Swedish discourse organization seems to be acquired late by the L2 learners, due to the typological differences between the two languages
Henri, Agnès. "Eléments de description d'une langue mélanésienne du Vanuatu, le sungwadia". Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040183.
This PHD thesis consists in a description of Sun̄wadia, a melanesian language spoken in Maewo Island, Central-NorthVanuatu (South-Pacific). It is based on two fieldworks of three months each.This language exhibits, in a variable extension, some of the typical characters of the austronesian languages: it has a personal article, tends towards omnipredicativity; the argumental structure of the verb undergoes modifications via a few morphemes related to the applicative systems of languages that are situated higher in the genetic tree of the family. The language also has the typical pronominal system of austronesian languages.Sun̄wadia is a relatively conservative language, on the phonemic level at least, but its morphology appears to be quite eroded (there aren't any verbal conjugation, nor any nominal declension, nor any morphological marking of number on the noun). This thesis is organised in six parts. The first one studies phonemics, morphophonemics, and the morphological structure of the Sun̄wadia word, as well as sandhi phenomenon. The second part concerns the parts of speech and lays down some syntaxic grounds that will be useful to the rest of the study. The last four parts review the substantival syntagm, the functioning of predication (which is mostly built around serial verbs constructions); the temporal, spatial, and circumstantial reference, and, lastly, the global organisation of the clause. The thesis comes with a short excerpt of our oral corpus (a dozen of pages)
Kervajan, LoÏc. "Contribution à la traduction automatique français/langue des signes française (LSF) au moyen de personnages virtuels : Contribution à la génération automatique de la LSF". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10172.
Since the law was voted the 11-02-2005 for equal rights and opportunities: places open to anyone (public places, shops, internet, etc.) should welcome the Deaf in French Sign Language (FSL). We have worked on the development of technological tools to promote LSF, especially in machine translation from written French to FSL.Our thesis begins with a presentation of knowledge on FSL (theoretical resources and ways to edit FSL) and follows by further concepts of descriptive grammar. Our working hypothesis is: FSL is a language and, therefore, machine translation is relevant.We describe the language specifications for automatic processing, based on scientific knowledge and proposals of our native FSL speaker informants. We also expose our methodology, and do present the advancement of our work in the formalization of linguistic data based on the specificities of FSL which certain (verbs scheme, adjective and adverb modification, organization of nouns, agreement patterns) require further analysis.We do present the application framework in which we worked on: the machine translation system and virtual characters animation system of France Telecom R&D.After a short avatar technology presentation, we explain our control modalities of the gesture synthesis engine through the exchange format that we developed.Finally, we conclude with an evaluation, researches and developments perspectives that could follow this thesis.Our approach has produced its first results since we have achieved our goal of running the full translation chain: from the input of a sentence in French to the realization of the corresponding sentence in FSL with a synthetic character
McCabe, Gragnic Julie. "Documentation et description du maya tenek". Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030166.
The principal objective of this thesis is to document and describe an endangered indigenous language of Mexico and, in parallel, to provide tools to its speakers for the teaching and transmission of said language, thereby contributing to efforts for its revitalisation.As documented within the thesis, Tének (sometimes written Teenek; also known by thename Huastec/Wastek) is a Mayan language spoken in the state of San Luis Potosí, Mexico, and although it is not officially recognised as being in any particular danger of extinction, its destiny is quite uncertain in the mid-term. This is duly demonstrated within the first part of the thesis, thereby questioning the classification of endangered languages, and revealing the extent to which manymore languages are at risk than apparent.The Maya Tének are separated from the other Mayan language speakers by more than 700km, but are in close contact with indigenous language speakers of other origins (namely Uto-Aztec and Otomanguean). This configuration of isolation/contact creates, typologically speaking, aparticularly interesting object of study. Its isolation from the other Mayan languages means thatTének is and has remained a conservative language displaying close links with the proto-language,yet this same situation of isolation, coupled with its contact with languages of other origins, hasforced Tének to innovate and to evolve in other ways. One such example is the classification of nouns which differs from other Mayan languages. Another Tének development is its morphological inverse system based on a hierarchy of person markers which is unique within the Mayan family.The complex verb structure of Tének also presents some interesting features : it has both primary aspect markers (completive, incompletive, etc.) and secondary aspect markers (exhaustive,intensive, résultative, etc.), several antipassive markers (one of which is used to express reciprocity,which is in itself unusual for a Mayan language), more than one way to express the passive as well as the middle voice. All of these features are examined in detail within the second part of this thesis based on original materials collected in the field within the framework of this project both via elicitation and the collection and transcription of stories.The third and final part of the thesis is dedicated to the presentation of some of the original and creative documentation methods and tools used both for fieldwork and in organised workshop sessions in order to collect data for this project as well as to provide means by which the speakersand/or teachers of Tének can fight against the loss of the language. Some of the results of the work accomplished via these methods are presented here too. This part of the thesis also takes a look at how bilingual and intercultural education in Mexico is shaped and the actions taken toward protecting Mexican native languages.This thesis was developed as an experimental project in documentary linguistics; this particular paradigm of linguistics is revealing itself to be more and more important as languages continually disappear but remains as yet a little explored domain within the field of linguistics inFrance
Michaud, Alexis. "Prosodie de langues à tons (naxi et vietnamien), prosodie de l'anglais : éclairages croisés". Phd thesis, Université de la Sorbonne nouvelle - Paris III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00130149.
Solomiac, Paul. "Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Dzùùngoo de Samogohiri". Lyon 2, 2007. http://theses.univ-lyon2.fr/documents/lyon2/2007/solomiac_p.
Spoken by less than 20,000 speakers living by the Malian border of Burkina Faso, Dzùùngoo (also called Samogho) is a North West Mande language of the Niger Congo family. This language has not yet been the object of a detailed linguistic description. Thus, based on extensive lexical, textual and audio data recorded in Samogohiri over a period of 20 years, we propose to provide the scientific community a descriptive foundation for the future development of a bilingual Dzùùngoo – French dictionary that should acknowledge the world cultural heritage that this endangered language represents. The initial issues for this work are therefore lexical. The internal structure of the lexeme is outlined in the phonological description where the inventory of phonemes (Chapter 3), the syllabic structure of the word (Chapters 2, 4 & 5) and its tonal structure (Chapter 6) are developed. The morphosyntactic description as such mainly focuses on defining and establishing the different grammatical categories to which every lexical item belongs (Chapter 9). The syntactic organization of the sentence is then considered in the presentation of the different nominal (Chapter 10) and verbal (Chapter 11) operations, as well as different predication structures, non verbal (Chapter 12) and verbal (Chapter 13), marked structures (Chapter 14) and complex structures (Chapter 15). Using a typological and functional approach, this description is an attempt to put Dzùùngoo morphosyntax in the global perspective of mande linguistics
Lacroix, Sandrine. "Culture, handicap et éducation : l'émergence d'une culture sourde en Polynésie française". Thesis, Polynésie française, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014POLF0010/document.
Across the past centuries, the Deaf people of what constitutes now French Polynesia seem to have blended into the "cultural background" of their lands and their community without leaving trace, neither in myths and legends, nor in the ethnological literature. Today, invisible and silent, they are nevertheless trying to emerge from anonymity while socially constructing themselves on bases other than sole hearing deficiency. By the means of an extensive field study, this anthropology thesis built around the concepts of vulnerability, disability and inclusion, explores the claim, whether collective or individual, of a deaf cultural identity in those islands. In contemporary French Polynesia, a place in search of cultural redefining, what are the representations upon which social spaces weave the relations with these "different" people? How do Deaf people define themselves? What is or what could be their sign language?
Touati, Benjamin. "Description du sakao, langue océanienne du nord-est Santo (Vanuatu) : phonologie, morphologie, syntaxe, sémantique et éléments de socio-linguistique". Thesis, Paris 4, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA040244.
Sakao is an Oceanic language spoken by more than 1500 people in the north-east area of Espiritu Santo Island (Vanuatu, South Pacific). The present thesis is based on a total of eight months' fieldwork. After a thorough description of the sociolinguistic situation in the area, it describes the main phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic features of Sakao. Sakao presents characteristic features of an Oceanic language (e.g. a tendency toward multipredicativity, the use of serial verbs constructions, the expression of possession, etc.). However, this language is also innovative, especially regarding its phonology and its morphology. The entire thesis also attempts to highlight the interaction between intonation and morphosyntactic structures. The thesis also proposes a precise study of various issues, including the following: differential marking of the indefinite depending on the mood of the sentence; the aspectual system and its interactions with mood and Aktionsart; spatial reference and the six-degree deictic system; and the notions of topicalization, focus, and discourse frame. The appendix presents the transcription of two narratives from our oral corpus (together with their glosses and French translations), as well as a list of the main differences between Sakao and Nkep, considered here as two dialects of a same language: Wanohe
Suleymanov, Murad. "A Grammar of the Tat Dialect of Şirvan". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEP058.
“A Grammar of the Tat Dialect of Şirvan” is a grammatical description of a dialect of Tat, a non-written Iranian language spoken in the north of Azerbaijan, in Dagestan and in Georgia. The project draws on a corpus of Tat spontaneous speech, as well as tales, legends, anecdotes and other folkloric texts collected during interviews with native speakers. It contains a detailed typology-based analysis of different aspects of the grammar, as well as comparisons of the most characteristic features with those of closely related dialects and languages, such as Persian, or languages spoken in the same region, such as Azeri. In addition to highlighting phenomena that are novel for Iranian languages, the work contributes to Caucasian studies as a description of a linguistic variety spoken in the heart of an area of intense contact of several language families
François, Alexandre. "Contraintes de structures et liberté dans l'organisation du discours : une description du mwotlap, langue océanienne du Vanuatu". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Sorbonne - Paris IV, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00136463.
Hamilton, Clive. "Cartographie des erreurs en anglais L2 : vers une typologie intégrant système et texte". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCA150.
The main objective of this study is to try and pinpoint the frontier between grammatical (or sentence-level) errors on the one hand and textual errors on the other in university student essays. Accordingly, a corpus of English L2 learner texts, written by French learners, was collected and annotated using several annotation schemes. The first annotation scheme used is based on a model from the UAM CorpusTool software package, which provided us with an integrated error taxonomy. The annotations obtained were then cross-analyzed using the semantic metafunctions identified in systemic functional linguistics.In addition to providing statistics in terms of specific error frequency, our cross analysis has identified some areas that appear to pose particularly difficult problems, i.e. phraseology, and certain semantic and textual constructions. A classification of what we have called textual acceptability errors has thus been established. In short, the thesis begins with an examination of conceptual issues and ends with the proposal for an explanatory model that can describe erroneous occurrences identified in a foreign language – whether they are grammatical (i.e., linked to the language system itself) or textual (i.e. linked to the text) in nature
Gonzales, Castaño Geny. "Una gramática de la lengua namtrik de Totoró : lengua barbacoa hablada en los Andes colombianos". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE2044/document.
This dissertation is a comprehensive grammatical description of Namtrik, also known as Guambiano, an under described language of the Southwestern Colombian Andes spoken by about 23.242 people (Moseley, 2019). This grammar focus in a highly endangered dialect of Namtrik, spoken in the community of Totoró by 76 native speakers (1% of a total population of 7023 people) who are all over 50 years (Gonzales 2013:11). This dissertation is co-supervised by Antoine Guillaume (DDL, CNRS & Université lyon 2) and Tulio Rojas Curieux (Université du Cauca & GELPS). This dissertation includes a phonological, morpho-phonological, morphological and syntactic description of this language and is based on a Namtrik audio-video corpus collected in collaboration with trained members of the community. The HRELP-SOAS program funded this doctoral research project and also a documentation project of the language
Esta tesis doctoral dirigida por Antoine Guillaume (DDL, CNRS & Université lyon 2) y Tulio Rojas Curieux (Universidad del Cauca), presenta una descripción de la gramática de la lengua namtrik, también conocida como namui wam o guambiano, perteneciente a la familia barbacoa (Curnow y Liddicoat 1998). Esta lengua es hablada en el suroccidente colombiano por alrededor de 23.242 personas (Moseley, 2019), sobre la cordillera de los Andes, en el departamento del Cauca, en los resguardos de Guambia, Ambaló, Totoró, Quisgó y Jambaló. Esta gramática describe una variante seriamente amenazada delnamtrik, hablada en el resguardo de Totoró por alrededor de 76 hablantes, que corresponden al 1% de la población total de la comunidad (7023 habitantes) (Gonzales 2013)