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Literatura académica sobre el tema "TSGs"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 8 de marzo de 2025

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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "TSGs"

Wang, Xiansong, Wei Hu, Xiangchun Li, Dan Huang, Qing Li, Hung Chan, Judeng Zeng et al. "Single-Hit Inactivation Drove Tumor Suppressor Genes Out of the X Chromosome during Evolution". Cancer Research 82, n.º 8 (3 de marzo de 2022): 1482–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3458.

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Abstract Cancer-related genes are under intense evolutionary pressure. In this study, we conjecture that X-linked tumor suppressor genes (TSG) are not protected by the Knudson's two-hit mechanism and are therefore subject to negative selection. Accordingly, nearly all mammalian species exhibited lower TSG-to-noncancer gene ratios on their X chromosomes compared with nonmammalian species. Synteny analysis revealed that mammalian X-linked TSGs were depleted shortly after the emergence of the XY sex-determination system. A phylogeny-based model unveiled a higher X chromosome-to-autosome relocation flux for human TSGs. This was verified in other mammals by assessing the concordance/discordance of chromosomal locations of mammalian TSGs and their orthologs in Xenopus tropicalis. In humans, X-linked TSGs are younger or larger in size. Consistently, pan-cancer analysis revealed more frequent nonsynonymous somatic mutations of X-linked TSGs. These findings suggest that relocation of TSGs out of the X chromosome could confer a survival advantage by facilitating evasion of single-hit inactivation. Significance: This work unveils extensive trafficking of TSGs from the X chromosome to autosomes during evolution, thus identifying X-linked TSGs as a genetic Achilles' heel in tumor suppression.

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Cho, Seong Beom. "Uncovering Oncogenic Mechanisms of Tumor Suppressor Genes in Breast Cancer Multi-Omics Data". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 17 (25 de agosto de 2022): 9624. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23179624.

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Tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are essential genes in the development of cancer. While they have many roles in normal cells, mutation and dysregulation of the TSGs result in aberrant molecular processes in cancer cells. Therefore, understanding TSGs and their roles in the oncogenic process is crucial for prevention and treatment of cancer. In this research, multi-omics breast cancer data were used to identify molecular mechanisms of TSGs in breast cancer. Differentially expressed genes and differentially coexpressed genes were identified in four large-scale transcriptomics data from public repositories and multi-omics data analyses of copy number, methylation and gene expression were performed. The results of the analyses were integrated using enrichment analysis and meta-analysis of a p-value summation method. The integrative analysis revealed that TSGs have a significant relationship with genes of gene ontology terms that are related to cell cycle, genome stability, RNA processing and metastasis, indicating the regulatory mechanisms of TSGs on cancer cells. The analysis frame and research results will provide valuable information for the further identification of TSGs in different types of cancers.

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Güvenç, Canan, Fien Neckebroeck, Asier Antoranz, Marjan Garmyn, Joost van den Oord y Francesca Maria Bosisio. "Bona Fide Tumor Suppressor Genes Hypermethylated in Melanoma: A Narrative Review". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 19 (1 de octubre de 2021): 10674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms221910674.

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Loss-of-function events in tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) contribute to the development and progression of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). Epigenetic alterations are the major mechanisms of TSG inactivation, in particular, silencing by promoter CpG-island hypermethylation. TSGs are valuable tools in diagnosis and prognosis and, possibly, in future targeted therapy. The aim of this narrative review is to outline bona fide TSGs affected by promoter CpG-island hypermethylation and their functional role in the progression of CMM. We conducted a systematic literature review to identify studies providing evidence of bona fide TSGs by cell line or animal experiments. We performed a broad first search and a gene-specific second search, supplemented by reference checking. We included studies describing bona fide TSGs in CMM with promoter CpG-island hypermethylation in which inactivating mechanisms were reported. We extracted data about protein role, pathway, experiments conducted to meet the bona fide criteria and hallmarks of cancer acquired by TSG inactivation. A total of 24 studies were included, describing 24 bona fide TSGs silenced by promoter CpG-island hypermethylation in CMM. Their effect on cell proliferation, apoptosis, growth, senescence, angiogenesis, migration, invasion or metastasis is also described. These data give further insight into the role of TSGs in the progression of CMM.

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Liyanage, Chamikara, Asanga Wathupola, Sanjayan Muraleetharan, Kanthi Perera, Chamindie Punyadeera y Preethi Udagama. "Promoter Hypermethylation of Tumor-Suppressor Genes p16INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 in Salivary DNA as a Quadruple Biomarker Panel for Early Detection of Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers". Biomolecules 9, n.º 4 (12 de abril de 2019): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom9040148.

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Silencing of tumor-suppressor genes (TSGs) by DNA promoter hypermethylation is an early event in carcinogenesis; hence, TSGs may serve as early tumor biomarkers. We determined the promoter methylation levels of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 TSGs in salivary DNA from oral cancer (OC) and oropharyngeal cancer (OPC) patients, using methylation-specific PCR coupled with densitometry analysis. We assessed the association between DNA methylation of individual TSGs with OC and OPC risk factors. The performance and the clinical validity of this quadruple-methylation marker panel were evaluated in discriminating OC and OPC patients from healthy controls using the CombiROC web tool. Our study reports that RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 TSGs were significantly hypermethylated in OC and OPC cases compared to healthy controls. DNA methylation levels of TSGs were significantly augmented by smoking, alcohol use, and betel quid chewing, indicating the fact that frequent exposure to risk factors may drive oral and oropharyngeal carcinogenesis through TSG promoter hypermethylation. Also, this quadruple-methylation marker panel of p16INK4a, RASSF1A, TIMP3, and PCQAP/MED15 TSGs demonstrated excellent diagnostic accuracy in the early detection of OC at 91.7% sensitivity and 92.3% specificity and of OPC at 99.8% sensitivity and 92.1% specificity from healthy controls.

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Li, He, Yilin Mao, Yu Wang, Kai Fan, Hongtao Shi, Litao Sun, Jiazhi Shen, Yaozong Shen, Yang Xu y Zhaotang Ding. "Environmental Simulation Model for Rapid Prediction of Tea Seedling Growth". Agronomy 12, n.º 12 (14 de diciembre de 2022): 3165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123165.

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Accurate and effective monitoring of environmental parameters in tea seedling greenhouses is an important basis for regulating the seedling environment, which is crucial for improving the seedling growth quality. This study proposes a tea seedling growth simulation (TSGS) model based on deep learning. The Internet of Things system was used to measure environmental change during the whole seedling process. The correlation between the environmental parameters and the biomass growth of tea seedlings in various varieties was analyzed. A CNN-LSTM network was proposed to build the TSGS model of light, temperature, water, gas, mineral nutrition, and growth biomass. The results showed that: (1) the average correlation coefficients of air temperature, soil temperature, and soil moisture with the biomass growth of tea seedlings were 0.78, 0.84, and −0.63, respectively, which were three important parameters for establishing the TSGS model. (2) For evaluating the TSGS model of a single variety, the accuracy of ZM’s TSGS based on the CNN-LSTM network was the highest (Rp2 = 0.98, RMSEP = 0.14). (3) For evaluating the TSGS model of multiple varieties, the accuracy of TSGS based on the CNN-LSTM network was the highest (Rp2 = 0.96, RMSEP = 0.17). This study provided effective technical parameters for intelligent control of tea-cutting growth and a new method for rapid breeding.

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Fijneman, Remond J. A. "Genetic Predisposition to Sporadic Cancer: How to Handle Major Effects of Minor Genes?" Analytical Cellular Pathology 27, n.º 5-6 (1 de enero de 2005): 281–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2005/737191.

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Predisposition to non-familial, sporadic cancer is strongly influenced by multiple tumor susceptibility genes (TSGs), each with apparently minor effects on the cancer phenotype. Sequence analysis of the human genome has yielded numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), raising the expectation that new low-penetrance TSGs will be identified that can be used to estimate an individuals cancer risk. However, mouse models for human cancer showed that the effects of many low-penetrance TSGs are highly variable due to their involvement in epistatic interactions. Together, these interacting TSGs form large molecular networks, which represent cancer-associated biological modules that influence the tumorigenic process. As a consequence, although allelic variation in one TSG on a permissive genetic Background can have major effects on tumor development, the net effect of allelic variation in multiple interacting TSGs remains hard to predict. Therefore, the predictive value of SNP-analysis to estimate an individuals cancer risk will be restricted to those TSGs that exhibit single-gene effects. New strategies need to be developed to evaluate cancer risk associated with biological modules that are influenced by TSG-networks.

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Wang, Li-Hui, Chun-Fu Wu, Nirmal Rajasekaran y Young Kee Shin. "Loss of Tumor Suppressor Gene Function in Human Cancer: An Overview". Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry 51, n.º 6 (2018): 2647–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000495956.

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Cancer is a disease caused by the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in two types of genes: tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and proto-oncogenes. Extensive research has been conducted over the last few decades to elucidate the role of TSGs in cancer development. In cancer, loss of TSG function occurs via the deletion or inactivation of two alleles, according to Knudson’s two-hit model hypothesis. It has become clear that mutations in TSGs are recessive at the level of an individual cell; therefore, a single mutation in a TSG is not sufficient to cause carcinogenesis. However, many studies have identified candidate TSGs that do not conform with this standard definition, including genes inactivated by epigenetic silencing rather than by deletion. In addition, proteasomal degradation by ubiquitination, abnormal cellular localization, and transcriptional regulation are also involved in the inactivation of TSGs. This review incorporates these novel additional mechanisms of TSG inactivation into the existing two-hit model and proposes a revised multiple-hit model that will enable the identification of novel TSGs that can be used as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of cancer.

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Salavaty, Abbas, Niloufar Mohammadi, Mozhdeh Shahmoradi y Maryam Naderi Soorki. "Bioinformatic Analysis of Circadian Expression of Oncogenes and Tumor Suppressor Genes". Bioinformatics and Biology Insights 11 (1 de enero de 2017): 117793221774699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177932217746991.

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Background: Circadian rhythms are physiological and behavioral cycles with a period of approximately 24 hours that control various functions including gene expression. Circadian disruption is associated with a variety of diseases, especially cancer. Although some of the oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) are known as clock-controlled genes (CCGs), the analysis and annotation of circadian expression of most human oncogenes and TSGs are still lacking. This study aims to investigate the circadian expression of a list of human oncogenes and TSGs. Methods: A bioinformatic analysis was conducted on a gene library comprising 120 genes to investigate the circadian expression of human oncogenes and TSGs. To achieve this purpose, the genotranscriptomic data were retrieved from COSMIC and analyzed by R statistical software. Furthermore, the acquired data were analyzed at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels using several publicly available databases. Also, the significance of all analyses was confirmed statistically. Results: Altogether, our results indicated that 7 human oncogenes/TSGs may be expressed and function in a circadian manner. These oncogenes/TSGs showed a circadian expression pattern at CircaDB database and associated with at least one of the circadian genes/CCGs based on both genotranscriptomic and correlation analyses. Conclusions: Although 4 of 7 finally outputted genes have been previously reported to be clock controlled, heretofore there is no report about the circadian expression of 3 other genes. Considering the importance of oncogenes/TSGs in the initiation and progression of cancer, further studies are suggested for the identification of exact circadian expression patterns of these 3 human oncogenes/TSGs.

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Sun, Qingrong, Md Nazim Uddin, Mengyuan Li, Xiaosheng Wang y Maode Lai. "Computational Identification of Tumor Suppressor Genes Based on Gene Expression Profiles in Normal and Cancerous Gastrointestinal Tissues". Journal of Oncology 2020 (22 de julio de 2020): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2503790.

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Cancer prevails in various gastrointestinal (GI) organs, such as esophagus, stomach, and colon. However, the small intestine has an extremely low cancer risk. It is interesting to investigate the molecular cues that could explain the significant difference in cancer incidence rates among different GI tissues. Using several large-scale normal and cancer tissue genomics datasets, we compared the gene expression profiling between small intestine and other GI tissues and between GI cancers and normal tissues. We identified 17 tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) which showed significantly higher expression levels in small intestine than in other GI tissues and significantly lower expression levels in GI cancers than in normal tissues. These TSGs were mainly involved in metabolism, immune, and cell growth signaling-associated pathways. Many TSGs had a positive expression correlation with survival prognosis in various cancers, confirming their tumor suppressive function. We demonstrated that the downregulation of many TSGs was associated with their hypermethylation in cancer. Moreover, we showed that the expression of many TSGs inversely correlated with tumor purity and positively correlated with antitumor immune response in various cancers, suggesting that these TSGs may exert their tumor suppressive function by promoting antitumor immunity. Furthermore, we identified a transcriptional regulatory network of the TSGs and their master transcriptional regulators (MTRs). Many of MTRs have been recognized as tumor suppressors, such as HNF4A, ZBTB7A, p53, and RUNX3. The TSGs could provide new molecular cues associated with tumorigenesis and tumor development and have potential clinical implications for cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment.

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Li, Qian, Yizhi Zhang, Jinglu Hu, Bochuan Yuan, Pengcheng Zhang, Yaxin Wang, Xu Jin, Lina Du y Yiguang Jin. "The Improved Brain-Targeted Drug Delivery of Edaravone Temperature-Sensitive Gels by Ultrasound for γ-ray Radiation-Induced Brain Injury". Pharmaceutics 14, n.º 11 (25 de octubre de 2022): 2281. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112281.

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Radiation-induced brain injury (RBI) is a common neurological disease caused by ionizing radiation (IR). Edaravone (EDA) is a free radical scavenger, has the potential to treat RBI. EDA loaded temperature-sensitive gels (TSGs) were prepared for subcutaneous injection to improve inconvenient administration of intravenous infusion. RBI mice model was established by irradiation of 60Co γ-ray on head. EDA TSGs could improve spontaneous behavior, learning and memory and anxiety of RBI mice by behavior tests, including the open field test, the novel object recognition test, the elevated plus maze test and the fear conditioning test. The therapeutic effects were enhanced with the assistance of ultrasound. Alleviative pathological changes, decreased the expression of Molondialdehyde (MDA) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) in the hippocampus of brain, indicated reduced oxidative stress and inflammatory response with the treatment of EDA TSGs and ultrasound. Moreover, ultrasound was superior to the use of EDA TSGs. Safe and effective EDA TSGs were prepared for RBI, and the feasibility of brain-targeted drug delivery enhanced by ultrasound was preliminarily demonstrated in this study.

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Tesis sobre el tema "TSGs"

Javed, Aqib. "UHRF1, an epigenetic target for an anti-cancer strategy". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ070.

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L'UHRF1 est une cible de médicaments pour traiter le cancer. Il est très présent dans de nombreux cancers, ce qui peut causer des problèmes de méthylation des gènes. Notre travail vise à étudier le potentiel anticancéreux des inhibiteurs de l'UHRF1-SRA (AMSA2, MPB7 et UM63), et à comprendre comment ils agissent et comment ils sont sélectifs envers les cellules cancéreuses. On a utilisé des techniques de biologie cellulaire et moléculaire. Cela a montré que ces composés ont un effet anticancéreux. Ils empêchent que le gène UHRF1 et le gène DNMT1 se retrouvent au même endroit. Ils contrôlent aussi leur niveau de protéines. Cela fait baisser la méthylation de l'ADN. On a aussi vu que le développement et le cycle des cellules cancéreuses ralentissaient, et que les protéines qui induisent l'apoptose augmentaient. L'analyse du méthylome a montré que ces inhibiteurs diminuaient l'hyperméthylation des TSG, ce qui réactivait leur rôle de protection contre le cancer. Ces composés n'ont eu qu'un faible effet sur les cellules non cancéreuses, ce qui a été confirmé dans des conditions de culture cellulaire en 2D et en 3D
UHRF1 has been identified as a druggable epigenetic target for cancer therapy as it is overexpressed in many cancers promoting hypermethylation/silencing of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs), which lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation. This thesis aimed to investigate the anticancer potential of UHRF1-SRA inhibitors (AMSA2, MPB7 and UM63), and to explore their mechanism of action as well as their selectivity towards cancer cells. Using multiple cell and molecular biology techniques, we revealed that these compounds exert anticancer activity. They prevent co-localization of UHRF1/DNMT1 tandem and also downregulate their protein levels which lead to a decrease in global DNA methylation. Furthermore, a significant arrest in cancer cell proliferation and cell cycle was observed, followed by an upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins resulting in apoptosis. Methylome analysis revealed that these inhibitors decreased the hypermethylation at TSGs, reactivating their onco-protective role. Interestingly, these compounds exerted minimal impact on non-cancerous cells, validated in both 2D and 3D cell culture conditions

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Anwar, Rabia. "Dysregulated trophoblast-specific gene expression mediated by retroviral regulatory sequences contributes to preeclampsia (PE)". Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/22506.

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Präeklampsie (PE) ist eine Komplikation, die während der Schwangerschaft auftritt, fast 2-8% aller Schwangerschaften betrifft und human spezifisch ist. PE ist eine der Hauptursachen für den Tod von Mutter und Kind. Eine abnormale Plazentaentwicklung aufgrund einer verminderten Trophoblasteninvasion und einem gestörten Umbau der Spiralarterien trägt zur Pathogenese der PE bei. Klinisch wird die PE durch Bluthochdruck und Proteinurie, auftretendnach der 20. Schwangerschaftswoche, diagnostiziert und kann durch eine Funktionsstörung von Organen begleitet werden. Bei besonders schweren Verläufen ist die frühzeitige Endbindung die letzte Möglichkeit das Überleben der Mutter zu gewährleisten. Das Ziel dieser Studie ist es, weitere Gene zu identifizieren, die durch ERVs in der menschlichen Plazenta spezifisch reguliert werden und in PE dysreguliert sind. Um dieses Ziel zu erreichen, wurde das Transkriptom von primären menschlichen Trophoblastenzellen von 5 gesunden und 5 früh einsetzenden PE-Plazenten mittels RNA-Sequenzierung analysiert. Es wurden 335 Gene identifiziert, welche eine höhere Expression in den Trophoblastenzellen im Vergleich zu anderen Geweben aufwiesen. Zusätzlich zeigten einige der Gene (n=88) eine Co-Regulation der Expression durch retrovirale LTRs (10-kb 5‘ des transcription start side (TSS) des Gens). Hauptinteresse lag hierbei auf den Genen, welche ebenfalls eine Dysregulation in der PE aufwiesen (n = 16). Diese Studie identifizierte EPS8L1, das durch primaten-spezifisches ERV-LTR (MLT1G1) in Trophoblastenzellen reguliert wird, als einen wichtigen Faktor in der Entwicklung der menschlichen Plazenta. EPS8L1 ist in der PE Plazenta dysreguliert und involviert in mehrere Signalwege und die Funktionalität von Trophoblasten wie Invasion, Angiogenese und Redoxhomöostase. Hierdurch führt diese Arbeit zu einem besseren Verständnis der PE und deren human-spezifischer Natur.
Preeclampsia (PE) is a complication that occurs during pregnancy and affects almost 2-8% of all pregnancies and is often regarded as a human-specific disorder.1,2 PE is one of the major causes of maternal and fetal death.1 Failure of the trophoblast cells to invade into the maternal decidua results in the improper remodeling of spiral arteries leading to PE pathogenesis. Clinically, it is diagnosed as a maternal syndrome, diagnosed by the new-onset of hypertension and proteinuria or other end-organ dysfunction after the 20th week of pregnancy. So far, the only effective treatment of the disorder is the removal of the placenta tissue and delivery of the infant. The aim of this study is to identify additional genes that are regulated by the human ERV-LTRs in the human placenta specifically, and are dysregulated in PE. To achieve this aim, the transcriptome of primary human trophoblast cells of 5 healthy and 5 early-onset PE placentas were analyzed by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq analysis identified genes (n=335) with stronger expression in the trophoblast cells as compared to other human body tissues. Additionally, some of the genes (n=88) showed co-regulation of expression by the human ERV-LTRs in their vicinity (10-kb upstream of transcription start side (TSS) of the gene). Since my interest was to identify the new targets of PE pathogenesis, so I focused on genes (n=16) with dysregulated expression in women presented with PE. This study identified a new gene EPS8L1, regulated by primate-specific ERV-LTR in trophoblast cells that has a predominant role in the human placenta development and demonstrated that its dysregulation affected multiple pathways involved in trophoblast function like invasion, angiogenesis and maintenance of cell redox homeostasis. Furthermore, this study leads to the better understanding of the disease by explaining certain aspects of human-specific nature of PE.

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Killge, Sebastian, Sujay Charania, Niels Neumann, Zaid Al-Husseini, Dirk Plettemeier, Johann W. Bartha, Ronny Henker y Frank Ellinger. "Modeling and characterization of optical TSVs". SPIE, 2017. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A35148.

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In future, computing platforms will invoke massive parallelism by using a huge number of processing elements. These elements need broadband interconnects to communicate with each other. Following More-than-Moore concepts, soon large numbers of processors will be arranged in 3D chip-stacks. This trend to stack multiple dies produces a demand for high-speed intraconnects (within the 3D stack) which enable an efficient operation. Besides wireless electronic solutions (inductive or capacitive as well as using antennas), optical connectivity is an option for bit rates up to the Tbit/s range, too. We investigated different candidates for optical TSVs. For optical transmission via optical Through-Silicon-Vias, we were able to demonstrate negligible losses and dispersion.

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Nentwich, Hilke A. "TSG-6 : protein and genotyping studies". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.299522.

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Wennergren, Karl Fredrik. "Metal Filling of Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) using Wire Bonding Technology". Thesis, KTH, Mikro- och nanosystemteknik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-145552.

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Through Silicon Vias (TSVs) are vertical interconnections providing the shortest possible signal paths between vertically stacked chips in 3D packaging. In this thesis, TSVs are fabricated and two novel approaches for the metal filling of TSVs are investigated. A wire bonder is utilized to apply TSV core material in the form of gold stud bumps. The metal filling approaches are carried out by 1) squeezing stud bumps down the TSV holes by utilizing a wafer bonder and 2) stacking stud bumps on the outer periphery of the TSV holes and thereby forcing the material further down. Both approaches have successfully filled TSV holes of varying depths and no voids have been observed. The squeezing approach reaches measured depths of up to 52.9 μm and the stacking approach reaches depths of up to 100 μm.

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Tohidi, Yaser. "Optimal Long-Term Generation-Transmission Planning in the Context of Multiple TSOs". Doctoral thesis, KTH, Elkraftteknik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-195735.

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Power system transmission is undergoing rapid changes by the advent of renewable resources of energy, distributed generation, market integration, etc. Transmission planning is, nowadays, about building more inter-connections between adjacent regions or connecting off-shore wind farms to the grid or augmenting the network to support new path flows of energy and is still almost entirely the responsibility of regulated transmission system operator (TSO). Moreover, a well-developed transmission planning includes anticipating the generation investment decisions made by profit-maximizing generation companies (Gencos). Ensuring sustainable development of the power system necessitates coordination between TSO transmission investment with Gencos generation investments. Moreover, coordination between inter-connected TSOs in planning the network is also required in order to hunter the economic benefits of a robust and efficiently planned multi-area power system. Driven by the need for more coordination of the long-term planning of the inter-connected power systems, this thesis aims to develop models to be used in analysis of the multi-TSO multi-Genco transmission and generation planning and suggest mechanisms and coordination approaches for the better functioning of the power system. This includes mathematical models for transmission planning in the context of multiple TSOs and generation-transmission investment planning based on the game theory concepts in applied mathematics and evaluating mechanisms and approaches.

QC 20161110

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Sampong, Paola Nadia <1988&gt. "Hybridities in TSOs: ambiguities and challenges. A case study on venture capitalism". Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/5731.

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My thesis seeks to contribute to the understanding of the international wide-spreading process of hybridization of TSOs (Third Sector Organizations). Presenting and analysing existing theories about hybridity the writing builds a model of profit/nonprofit organization highlighting ambiguities and challenges of the sector's blurring. It attempts to demonstrate how innovative social entrepreneurship partnerships are successfully responding to existing and emerging needs creating economic and societal value. The paper shows how the identified advantages and disadvantages of hybridity across profit/nonprofit boundaries can be applied to a particular case study on venture philanthropy.

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Daniels, Colin Peter. "People matters : attracting knowledge workers to technology start-ups (TSUs) in South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/24829.

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Companies within the high-technology industry are largely dependent on a specialised knowledge base to make advances in technological innovations and maintain a competitive advantage. Technology start-ups (TSUs) have limited resources and face various organisational challenges which place them at a disadvantage in the recruitment of skilled knowledge workers. This research investigates the factors which attract highly skilled knowledge workers to technology start-ups (TSUs) in South Africa, despite their numerous challenges. This study used a mixed method design involving 129 knowledge workers. Exploratory interviews were conducted in the first phase to investigate which factors attracted knowledge workers to TSUs. An Adaptive Choice-Based Conjoint (ACBC) experiment in the second phase tested the relative importance of the attributes that were identified during the interviews and in the literature. The findings revealed that intellectual challenge and financial package were the most important individual attributes while non-financial job attributes were most important overall. Different preferences existed between genders although not between job types. The entrepreneurial aspirations of the knowledge worker were also found to be a significant factor in their attraction to a TSU. Recommendations are made to TSUs for recruiting talent based on the findings.Copyright
Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
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Fkih, Yassine. "Conception en vue du Test des Circuits Intégrés 3D à base de TSVs". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON20063/document.

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Depuis plusieurs années, la complexité des circuits intégrés ne cesse d'augmenter : du SOC (System On Chip) vers le SIP (System In Package), et plus récemment les circuits empilés en 3D : les 3D SIC (Stacked Integrated Circuits) à base de TSVs (Through Silicon Vias) interconnectant verticalement les tiers, ou puces, du système. Les 3D SIC présentent de nombreux avantages en termes de facteur de forme, de performance et de consommation mais demandent aussi de relever de nombreux défis en ce qui concerne leur test, étape nécessaire avant la mise en service de ces systèmes complexes. Dans cette thèse, nous nous attachons à définir les infrastructures de test qui permettront de détecter les éventuels défauts apparaissant lors de la fabrication des TSVs ou des différentes puces du système. Nous proposons une solution de BIST (Built In Self Test) pour le test avant empilement des TSVs. Cette solution est basée sur l'utilisation d'oscillateurs en anneaux dont la fréquence d'oscillation dépend des caractéristiques électriques des TSVs. La solution de test proposée permet non seulement la détection de TSVs fautifs mais aussi de renseigner sur le nombre d'éléments défectueux et leur identification. D'autre part, nous proposons une architecture de test 3D basée sur la nouvelle proposition de norme IEEE P1687. Cette infrastructure permet de donner accès aux composants du système 3D avant et après empilement. Elle permet d'autre part de profiter du recyclage des données de test développées et appliquées avant empilement pour chacun des tiers puis ré-appliqués durant ou après l'empilement. Ces travaux aboutissent finalement à l'ouverture d'une nouvelle problématique liée à l'ordonnancement des tests sous contraintes (puissance consommée, température).Mots-clés : test, circuits 3D, TSV, BIST, oscillateur en anneau, architecture de test 3D, IEEE P1687, test avant empilement, test après empilement
For several years, the complexity of integrated circuits continues to increase, from SOC (System On Chip) to SIP (System In Package) , and more recently 3D SICs (Stacked Integrated Circuits) based on TSVs (Through Silicon Vias ) that vertically interconnect stacked circuits in a 3D system. 3D SICs have many advantages in terms of small form factor, high performances and low power consumption but have many challenges regarding their test which is a necessary step before the commissioning of these complex systems. In this thesis we focus on defining the test infrastructure that will detect any occurring defects during the manufacturing process of TSVs or the different sacked chips in the system. We propose a BIST (Built In Self Test) solution for TSVs testing before stacking, this solution is based on the use of ring oscillators which their oscillation frequencies depend on the electrical characteristics of the TSVs. The proposed test solution not only allows the detection of faulty TSVs but also gives information about the number of defective TSVs and their location. On the other hand, we propose a 3D DFT (Design For Test) architecture based on the new proposed test standard IEEE P1687. The proposed test architecture provides test access to the components of the 3D system before and after stacking. Also it allows the re-use of recycled test data developed and applied before stacking to each die in the mid-bond and post-bond test levels. This work lead to the opening of a new problem related to the test scheduling under constraints such as: power consumption, temperature.Keywords: test, 3D circuits, TSV, BIST, ring oscillators, 3D DFT architecture, IEEE P1687, pre-bond test, post-bond test

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Howat, Sarah Lamont Telfer. "TSG6 : expression and influence on the stability of the extracellular matrix in joint tissues". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326100.

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Tʻamrazyan, H. H. Lṛutʻyan tses: Banasteghtsutʻyunner. Erevan: "Nairi", 1996.

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Aṛakʻelyan, Karo. Khnkarkman tses siro tacharum: Banasteghtsutʻyunner. Erevan: VMV-Print, 2020.

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Khan, Nauman y Soha Hassoun. Designing TSVs for 3D Integrated Circuits. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5508-0.

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Khan, Nauman. Designing TSVs for 3D Integrated Circuits. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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Farley, Dixie. TSS, reducing the risk. [Rockville, Md.] (5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville 20857): [Dept. of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Food and Drug Administration, Office of Public Affairs, 1992.

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Maschke, Peter. Temperament-Struktur-Skalen (TSS) Testmanual. Koln: DFVLR, 1986.

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Salah, Khaled, Yehea Ismail y Alaa El-Rouby. Arbitrary Modeling of TSVs for 3D Integrated Circuits. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07611-9.

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Algirdas, Kvedaravičius y Lietuvos Respublikinė Profesinių sąjungų taryba., eds. TSRS ir Lietuvos TSR valstybinių premijų laureatai, 1976-1984. Vilnius: Mintis, 1985.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. TSS-1R mission failure investigation board: Final report. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. TSS-1R mission failure investigation board: Final report. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1996.

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Fujita, Hiroshi, Yoshihiko Hashimoto, Bernard R. Hodgson, Peng Yee Lee, Stephen Lerman y Toshio Sawada. "Presentation by Distribution at WGAs & TSGs". En Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress on Mathematical Education, 370. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9046-9_94.

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Bolognini, Silvia. "Food Diversity and Typicality in EU and in Italian Law: Protected Designations of Origin (PDOs); Protected Geographical Indications (PGIs); Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSGs)". En LITES - Legal Issues in Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, 91–109. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75196-2_5.

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Challener, David. "TSS". En Encyclopedia of Cryptography and Security, 1336–38. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-5906-5_542.

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Raj, Satish R., S. R. Wayne Chen, Robert S. Sheldon, Arti N. Shah, Bharat K. Kantharia, Ulrich Salzer, Bodo Grimbacher et al. "TSS". En Encyclopedia of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, 2122–23. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-29676-8_7030.

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Challener, David. "TSS". En Encyclopedia of Cryptography, Security and Privacy, 2675–77. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-71522-9_542.

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Amasaka, Kakuro. "TSIS-QR System". En Science SQC, New Quality Control Principle, 143–64. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-53969-8_9.

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Gooch, Jan W. "PS-TSG". En Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 595. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9570.

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Khan, Nauman y Soha Hassoun. "TSVs for Power Delivery". En SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering, 27–41. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-5508-0_4.

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Fernandes, Sofia Rita, Ricardo Salvador, Mamede de Carvalho y Pedro Cavaleiro Miranda. "Modelling Studies of Non-invasive Electric and Magnetic Stimulation of the Spinal Cord". En Brain and Human Body Modeling 2020, 139–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45623-8_8.

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AbstractExperimental studies on transcutaneous spinal cord direct current and magnetic stimulation (tsDCS and tsMS, respectively) show promising results in the neuromodulation of spinal sensory and motor pathways, with possible clinical application in spinal functional rehabilitation. Modelling studies on the electric field (EF) distribution during tsDCS and tsMS can be powerful tools to understand the underlying biophysics and to guide stimulation protocols for a specific clinical target. In this chapter, we review modelling studies of tsDCS and report on our own modelling findings on tsDCS and tsMS. We discuss the main differences between the EF induced by these two stimulation techniques and the implications for clinical practice, addressing the relevance of modelling studies for more personalized target protocols and individualized dosing.

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D’Ambrosio, Ubiratan, Abdulcarimo Ismael, Andy Begg, Gloria Gilmer, Shin Watanabe y Tania Campos. "TSG 21: Ethnomathematics". En Proceedings of the Ninth International Congress on Mathematical Education, 357–60. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-9046-9_91.

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Wei, Mengfan, Suning Ji y Dazhi Yang. "Review of TSVs Testing Between Chiplets". En 2024 9th International Conference on Integrated Circuits and Microsystems (ICICM), 78–81. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/icicm63644.2024.10814492.

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Heath, Michael, Dan Hogan, Gary Cannell y Marie Gillespie. "Cold Spray Application onto Stainless Steel Dry Cask Storage Canisters". En AM-EPRI 2024, 373–83. ASM International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2024p0373.

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Abstract NAC International Inc. (NAC) is providing transportable storage canisters (TSCs) to Central Plateau Cleanup Company CPCCo) for long term dry storage of capsulized radioactive waste at the Hanford Site in Richland, WA. The TSC consists of 316/316L stainless-steel components welded to form a cylindrical canister that acts as a confinement boundary for the payload. The heat affected zones of the welded areas are most susceptible to Chloride Induced Stress Corrosion Cracking (CISCC), that may limit the life of the TSC. To mitigate CISCC during the anticipated 300-year storage period, an overcoating is applied to the heat affected zones of all external TSC fabrication welds, referred to as Cold Spray. This paper will discuss the purpose, development, and application of Cold Spray to the CPCCo TSCs. Cold Spray is a process whereby metal powder particles are deposited upon a substrate by means of ballistic impingement via a high-velocity stream of gas, resulting in a uniform deposition with minimal porosity and high bond strength. Temperatures are below the melting thresholds of many engineering materials enabling a large variety of application uses. NAC developed a process for Cold Spray application onto the 316/316L stainless-steel TSCs to serve as a CISCC protective/mitigative coating for its canister products. Testing during development arrived at nickel as the deposited coating material and nitrogen as the gas vehicle, along with a set of various application parameters. The qualified process was implemented onto the CPCCo TSCs. Prior to application, the equipment and process are validated via coupons that are sprayed and then tested to meet requirements for adhesion strength (ASTM C633) and porosity (ASTM E2109). After successful coupon testing, Cold Spray is performed on the external TSC fabrication welds, to include heat affected zones. Acceptance testing of the resulting deposition is performed via visual inspection.

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Babu, D. Ramesh, K. V. Narasimha Rao, S. Jagan Mohan Rao, Gurunadham Goli y N. Sambasiva Rao. "Firmness and TSS at Retail Outlets". En 2024 3rd International Conference on Computational Modelling, Simulation and Optimization (ICCMSO), 255–60. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccmso61761.2024.00059.

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Mason, J. A., W. Hage, R. Price, A. C. Tolchard y A. C. N. Towner. "An Automated Non-Destructive Assay System for the Measurement and Characterization of Radioactive Waste". En ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4654.

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The paper describes an automated non-destructive assay (NDA) system for the measurement and characterization of radioactive waste. The Waste Characterisation System (WCS) can be adapted to measure a variety of drum sizes: 60, 220 (55 gallon) and 440 liter, the latter with a maximum weight of 1500 kg (1.5 tonnes). The NDA system includes a Tomographic Segmented Gamma Scanner (TSGS) and an active/passive neutron Differential Die-away (DDA or DDT). The system can assay a wide variety of waste types in a range of waste matrices. The assay stations are linked by a heavy duty roller conveyor which incorporates a 20 drum buffer store, a load cell (built into the conveyor), bar code readers and a dose rate measurement station. The Tomographic Segmented Gamma Scanner (TSGS) combines conventional high resolution gamma spectrometry and a tranission source to interrogate a waste drum in vertical slices (segments) as for Segmented Gamma Scanner (SGS) measurements. However, in the case of the TSGS, while the drum is rotated, it is also moved in the horizontal direction leading to an enhanced ability to correct the gamma ray energies, from the nuclides of interest, for the attenuation of the matrix. The TSGS can also be operated as a conventional SGS for the measurement of homogeneous waste drums. The DDA is a very sensitive active neutron interrogation method that uses thermalised neutrons from a pulsed source within the chamber to irradiate a waste drum. Prompt neutrons from fissile material present in the waste (e. g. 239Pu, 235U) are detected and provide a measure of the fissile content in the drum. In passive mode, the DDA determines the even Pu nuclides exhibiting significant spontaneous fission (e.g. 240Pu). Measurement accuracy depends on correction algorithms to compensate for self-shielding and matrix effects in waste drums containing hydrogenous materials. In addition, the DDA will be provided with the Fission-Fission Neutron Correlation Analysis System (FFnC) which is an absolute technique eliminating the need for matrix dependent mass calibrations, and allowing separate U and Pu determination using delayed neutron counting. The FFnC technique will be tested for the first time on the WCS. The NDA system incorporates integrated stations to determine the weight and dose rate of each drum, the former built into the conveyor the latter as part of the TSGS. Six Geiger Muller tubes measure the surface dose at three positions on the drum side, one at 1 metre from the drum and one each measuring the surface dose of the top and bottom of the drum. The assay instruments are linked to a heavy duty conveyor system onto which up to 20 waste drums can be loaded for delivery to the various measurement stations, thus permitting unattended, automated operation. Once measured, the drums remain on the conveyer in a holding system waiting to be unloaded. Automation is provided using a programmable logic controller (PLC) and associated computers. A central computer and associated software is used for data acquisition and management.

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Davoli, Teresa, Andrew Wei Xu, Kristen E. Mengwasser, Laura M. Sack, John C. Yoon, Peter J. Park y Stephen J. Elledge. "Abstract 2404: Cumulative dosage effect of TSGs and OGs drives aneuploidy patterns in cancer". En Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA. American Association for Cancer Research, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2014-2404.

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Mason, J. A., A. C. Tolchard, A. C. N. Towner, K. Burke, R. A. Price, S. Dittrich, F. Zurey y D. Walraven. "A Tomographic Segmented Gamma Scanner for the Measurement of Decommissioning Wastes". En ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4658.

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The ANTECH Tomographic Segmented Gamma Scanner (TSGS) combines: a) Conventional Segmented Gamma Scanner (SGS) analysis (compliant to ASTM C1133-96), b) Tomographic Gamma Scanner (TGS) analysis providing both attenuation and source distribution maps (effectively 3D images) of the interior of drums, and c) Isotopic ratio analysis for uranium and transuranic elements using PC-FRAM. In SGS mode the drum is rotated and scanned segment by segment along its height. A two-pass measurement, one for transmission and one for emission, results in two spectra for each segment. An assay is made by measuring the intensity of a characteristic gamma ray from each nuclide. Corrections are made for count rate-related losses and attenuation by the item (using a transmission source). Calibration standards are used to provide the relationship between observed gamma-ray intensity and nuclide content. On completion, count rates are summed, and mass values for the nuclides of interest in the entire drum are calculated based on comparisons to appropriate calibration materials. In the case of SGS, the matrix is assumed to be homogeneous on a segment by segment basis. TGS involves measuring drums in segments as for SGS. However, in the case of TGS, while the drum is rotated, it is also moved in the horizontal direction (translated). Also, instead of taking a single large spectrum for each segment, 150 separate spectra are taken as the drum rotates and is translated. These 150 spectra are obtained both for transmission and for emission measurements. The 150 spectra taken for transmission constitute a set of data that can be solved to yield the distribution, or map of attenuation coefficients throughout the segment of the sample or drum. The measurement equations are over specified and the solution uses a maximum likelihood analysis. This results in the determination of a map (after a geometric transformation) of attenuation coefficients in a rectangular grid suitably superimposed on each segment. The attenuation map enables the operator to ‘visulise’ the variation of the density (governed by the collimator size and voxe resolution) in regions of the drum. This serves a non-destructive examination function similar to ‘real time radiography’ but with lower resolution. For the analysis of the emission data, the additional information obtained from the transmission data allows the emission data to be corrected for attenuation. This attenuation correction is the essential and important characteristic of TGS measurements not present in other gamma-ray measurement systems. For the first time in the case of the TGS, the map of attenuation is used to correct the measured source distribution in the matrix (segment by segment). The TSGS extends the range of gamma-ray measurement technology, as it is able to correctly determine the attenuation corrected radionuclide inventory in heterogeneous matrices where previous techniques such as the SGS are only applicable to homogeneous matrices. In the case of TGS a single calibration based on a non-interfering or empty matrix is made and then corrections relating back to this non-interfering matrix are made using the attenuation information determined from the transmission scan.

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Mason, J. A., M. R. Looman y R. A. Price. "Design and Operation of the Combined Technology Automated Waste Characterization System". En ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59308.

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This paper describes the design and operation of the Combined Technology Automated Waste Characterisation System (CTA-WCS) at JRC Ispra. The WCS was designed for the measurement of fission products and uranium and plutonium containing waste arising from nuclear fuel and nuclear materials processing and reactor operations. The WCS covers a range of activity including Low and Intermediate Level Waste (LLW and ILW). The system is designed to measure the waste in 200 and 400 (440) litre drums with a maximum drum weight of 1500 kg. Gamma-ray measurements of radio-nuclide content are performed by a gamma ray measurement station which functions as either a Segmented Gamma Scanner (SGS) or Tomographic Segmented Gamma-ray Scanner (TSGS). Either of these two techniques may be employed to perform the functions of drum screening, non-destructive examination (NDE) and, where appropriate, final drum assay. Coupled to the gamma ray station is a surface dose-rate measurement station, which employs 6-shielded Geiger-Muller detectors. Active and passive neutron measurements are performed by an advanced, graphite lined Differential Die-away (DDA) system, which comprises the neutron measurement station. The DDA performs conventional passive neutron totals, coincidence, and multiplicity counting and active DDA total neutron counting. Data analysis is based on the use of a range of matrix calibrations, some determined by Monte Carlo analysis. Linking the gamma ray and neutron measurement stations is an automated roller conveyor with a 20 drum buffer capability and a weight measurement station. Drums are identified by bar code reading technology. Once loaded, the system performs automatic assay of up to 20 drums and then returns the drums to the buffer position on the conveyor. The first WCS of this type was supplied to the European Commission at the Joint Research Centre (JRC) Ispra in northern Italy and it was commissioned at the end of 2007. It is now in a phase of pilot operation. Results will be presented from the first drum measurement campaign.

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Zhang, Feiran, Frank Broz, Oriana Ferrari y Emilia Barakova. "TSES-R". En HRI '23: ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3568294.3580084.

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Adanur, Emir, Charles Ellis, Robert N. Dean, Eric Tuck y Derek Strembicke. "A Novel Plating Technique for Realizing Copper Filled TSVs in Silicon Wafers". En ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-63689.

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Through-Silicon-Vias (TSVs) continue to stand out as the most promising technology for electrical interconnections in the microelectronics industry. As package size continues to decrease, TSVs offer an elegant and robust solution for vertical interconnects. They facilitate 3D die stacking while minimizing or even eliminating area consuming planar packaging, allowing for direct signal and power paths through the substrate itself. TSVs can also be fabricated from different materials to desired dimensions to handle the required current level. Plated copper is emerging as the material of choice for TSVs. In this work, electroplated copper TSVs were fabricated successfully and evaluated using cutting and polishing techniques in preparation for image capture. The detailed fabrication process and analysis of the resulting TSVs are presented in this work.

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"TSOS 2010 Committees". En 2010 Fourth IEEE International Conference on Self-Adaptive and Self-Organizing Systems Workshop (SASOW). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/sasow.2010.53.

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Informes sobre el tema "TSGs"

Blandhol, Christine, John Bonney, Magne Mogstad y Alexander Torgovitsky. When is TSLS Actually LATE? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, enero de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29709.

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Pinkas, D., N. Pope y J. Ross. Policy Requirements for Time-Stamping Authorities (TSAs). RFC Editor, noviembre de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3628.

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Edwards, Marc. Trusted Silicon Stratus (TSS) Workshop. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, febrero de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada540791.

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Carp, Richard I. Fluorescent Immunoassay Development for PrPSc Detection and Antemortem Diagnosis of TSEs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, octubre de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada455119.

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Martinez, Jonathan y Rajashekhar Gangaraju. The Effects of Exosomal Derived TSG-6 on Microglia Activation. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/com.lsp.2023.0019.

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Rohwer, Robert G., Irena Alexeeva y Marie Bugin. Efficient and Rapid Development of Transgenic Hamster Models of TSEs Using a Radical New Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, septiembre de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada463347.

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Rohwer, Robert G., Irena Alexeeva y Marie Bulgin. Efficient and Rapid Development of Transgenic Hamster Models of TSEs Using a Radical New Technology. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, septiembre de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada481367.

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Subramanian, Saravanan, Sathish Kumar Shanmugam y Karthikeyan Muthusamy. Design of an Efficient All Optical Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Based Reversible TSG and HNG Gates. "Prof. Marin Drinov" Publishing House of Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, agosto de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7546/crabs.2020.08.12.

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Blanton, E. y M. Allman. Using TCP Duplicate Selective Acknowledgement (DSACKs) and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) Duplicate Transmission Sequence Numbers (TSNs) to Detect Spurious Retransmissions. RFC Editor, febrero de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.17487/rfc3708.

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Chang, Rachel, Anthony Baca, Shawn Henderson, Gilbert Waldman y Darren Talley. Alternate Methodology Proposal for Documented Safety Analysis (DSA) and Technical Safety Requirements (TSRs) for the Reactor Facilities at Sandia National Laboratories (SNL). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), octubre de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1716557.

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