Tesis sobre el tema "Truppe africane"

Thesis (MMus) -- Stellenbosch University, 2002.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to address some shortcomings of brass tuition in South Africa. It is unique in its approach in concentrating on musicians from previously disadvantaged communities, although the content of the document can be equally successfully applied to brass teaching in general. The study differs from any previous written material on this topic in that it takes the background of the previously disadvantaged educator and learner into consideration. It therefore does not assume that the learner can read music or that the educator has any formal training. The challenge is thus to write a document to provide the educator and learner with basic information in a medium that does not take anything for granted and that also offers some practical guidance in already existing projects. As a starting point a background is offered to produce a general overview of the problem. My research has convinced me that a document which consists only of a written text would not be sufficient to guide the educator and learner. I have therefore set out to accompany the text document with a practical trumpet manual. South African melodies were predominantly used as study material. This offers the opportunity to all South African learners from different cultural backgrounds to identify with the study material. My literature review includes a selection of the most commonly used beginner brass manuals in South Africa. For practical reasons I made use of abbreviations in the trumpet manual to indicate the source of a particular melody.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: GEEN

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2007.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed June 26, 2007). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 357-368).

Bibliography: leaves 150-158.
The Apartheid ideology and political system in South Africa has caused blacks to experience their blackness negatively. Being black is the reason for their pain and suffering. This is not merely a political problem but in its deepest sense it is a theological problem because it has caused doubt in the hearts and minds of blacks, as to whether they are created in the image and likeness of God. Apart from that Apartheid also presented itself as a command of God, and as such it is a pseudo- religion. In the thesis this problem is examined from a biblical-theological perspective. Chapter one looks at humans created in the image of God, the dignity which implies their right and their equality before God. After investigating the insight of a cross-section of theologians, it is clear that the dignity of all people irrespective of race and colour is beyond dispute. Chapter two examines the black experience against the biblical background. Despite the theoretical consensus regarding human dignity, blacks are experiencing their blackness in a negative sense. The reason for this is the negative anthropology of white theology. Chapter three discusses the emergence of the critical conscious- ness towards the negative anthropology. The Black Consciousness philosophy played a positive role in countering this negative anthropology. Black Theology used these insights to develop a positive anthropology. It brought awareness of human dignity, but it did not lead to action. Chapter four discusses the total liberation from all situations of oppression, exploitation and dehumanization. The basis for this liberation is found both in the Old and New Testaments. In this regard the Exodus Paradigm and the Nazareth manifesto play significant roles as biblical models for total liberation. From these paradigms it is concluded that Yahweh in the Old Testament is the Liberator of the oppressed, and that New Testament salvation in Christ, links up with the Exodus model in which God sides with the oppressed. Biblical liberation and salvation is not merely spiritual but involve the total human. Chapter five looks at the sources from which Black Theology draws in an attempt to define its positive anthropology. Apart from the already mentioned biblical sources and Black Consciousness ' it also draws from the black experience and the Traditional African Religions. The final conclusions are that black theology brought a new appreciation to the fact that blackness is a gift of God and not a curse. The liberation of humans, an important emphasis in black theology is firmly grounded in the scriptures and involves the total being. That black theology is not racism in reverse, nor is it an ideology, but a quest for humanity, firmly grounded in the biblical tradition.

Word processed copy.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 80-89).
The aims of this thesis are to estimate how many marine species remain to be described in this region and which areas are most in need of additional sampling effort.

Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Health reporting in South African women’s magazines has not previously been assessed. Therefore, a content analysis of health reporting in three South African monthly women’s magazines, Sarie (S), Fairlady (F), and True Love (T), was carried out from February 2005–January 2006. Total coverage of health issues was analysed, as well as coverage of 11 specific aspects of health, namely: sexual and reproductive (‘Sexual’), men’s, women’s, cardiac (‘Heart’), spiritual ‘Spirit’), mental and emotional (‘Mental’), diet and nutrition (‘Diet’), sport and exercise (‘Sportex’), health-related items not covered by the other categories (‘General’), pseudoscience with regard to health issues (‘Pseudo’) and parenting and child care (‘Parent’). True Love devoted most space to all health items combined (17,7% of total subject material), compared with 13,8% for Sarie and 11,7 % for Fairlady. The top three categories (20,1%, 19,7% and 16,3% of total health coverage) were the ‘Mental’, ‘General’ and ‘Sexual’ categories, respectively. Comparisons of categories among the magazines showed the following trends for the most coverage: ‘Sexual’ (T); women’s (F), ‘Spirit’ (T), ‘Mental’ (S); and ‘Diet’ (F). T was the only magazine to carry articles in the ‘Parent’ category. However, statistical analyses showed that the only significant differences were in women’s (F>T); ‘Spirit’ (F>S; T>S); ‘Mental' (S>F) and ’Diet’ (F>S). The reporting in the magazines was not found to be balanced as regards the emphasis given to certain aspects of health. The most striking imbalance was that no information was given regarding prevention of HIV/Aids, now the leading cause of death in South Africa.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die mate van gesondheidsverslaggewing in Suid-Afrikaanse vrouetydskrifte is nog nie voorheen bepaal nie. Daar is dus ‘n inhoudsanalise gedoen van die gesondheidsverslaggewing van drie Suid-Afrikaanse vrouetydskrifte, Sarie (S), Fairlady (F), and True Love (T), wat maandeliks verskyn, vanaf Februarie 2005–Januarie 2006. Die totale dekking van gesondheidskwessies is geanaliseer, sowel as die dekking van 11 spesifieke aspekte van gesondheid, nl.: seksueel en reproduksie (‘Seksueel’), mans, vrouens, hart (‘Hart’), geestelik (‘Geestelik’), emosioneel (‘Emosioneel’), dieet en voeding (‘Dieet’), sport en oefening (‘Sport’), gesondheidsverwante kwessies wat nie deur ander afdelings gedek is nie (‘Algemeen’), pseudo-wetenskap met verwysing na gesondheidskwessies (‘Pseudo’) asook ouerskap en kindersorg (‘Ouer’). Gesamentelik het True Love (17,7% van totale onderwerp inhoud) die meeste plek afgestaan aan gesondheidsverwante kwessies, in vergelyking met 13,8% vir Sarie en 11,7 % vir Fairlady. Die top drie afdelings (20,1%, 19,7% en 16,3% van die totale gesondheidsdekking) was ‘Geestelik’, ‘Algemeen’ en ‘Seksueel’ respektiewelik. ‘n Vergelyking van die verskillende afdelings tussen die tydskrifte het die volgende tendense vir die meeste dekking getoon: ‘Seksueel’ (T); vroue (F), ‘Geestelik’ (T), ‘Emosioneel’ (S); and ‘Dieet’ (F). T was die enigste tydskrif wat artikels in die ‘Ouer’ afdeling gepubliseer het. Statistiese analises het egter getoon dat die enigste insiggewende verskille in die ’vroue’ (F>T); ‘Geestelik’ (F>S; T>S); ‘Emosioneel' (S>F) en ’Dieet’ (F>S) afdelings voorgekom het. Daar is gevind dat rapportering in die betrokke tydskrifte ongebalanseerd was ten opsigte van sekere aspekte van gesondheid. Die grootste gebrek was dat daar geen inligting oor die voorkoming van MIV/Vigs verskaf is nie, alhoewel dit bekend is dat dit nou die hoof oorsaak van sterftes in Suid-Afrika is.

The literature about race and gender includes extensive research on the representation of black women. However, most of these studies have been conducted in the West; only a few have been done in Africa in general and in South Africa in particular. To address this gap, I use quantitative content and visual semiotic analysis to examine selected examples of South African True Love magazine?s front-page covers and hair advertisements and how these represent black African women. Paying particular attention to hair, this thesis examines the hair products, hair types, lengths, colours and hairstyles that feature prominently in the visual texts. By doing so, it seeks to uncover the myths and ideologies that are constructed and promoted. This study also employs focus group interviews to find out to what extent the images on the covers and advertisements influence the respondents? self-esteem and hair styling practices, while also exploring their own perceptions of black hair. The results of the semiotic analysis and quantitative content analysis showed that True Love has increased the visibility of black African women. Through a survey questionnaire and focus group interviews, this study found that respondents attached different meanings to hair. My study found that the intersectionality of race, gender and class impacted on the selected black African women?s notions of black hair. In terms of their hairstyling practices the study found that the respondents embraced both Westerncentric and Afrocentric styles. However, with respect to hair types and styles featured on True Love covers and advertisements, a quantitative content analysis suggests that the Westerncentric ideal of long, straight hair dominated. Additionally, hair altering and enhancement products featured prominently, as if to suggest that black hair is only beautiful when it is altered. The respondents? perceptions provided new insights on black hair and styling. My research suggests that hair styling among black African women is a complex issue. Black hair is a politically charged subject, and hairstyling and hair care routines are governed by social, cultural, religious, economic and political factors. For instance, it emerged that the reason for relaxing hair has little to do with emulating „white? standards or copying ideals promoted in True Love; it is mainly associated with maintenance as most respondents pointed out that they relaxed their hair to make it easier to comb and style. In addition, some wear long hair for professional reasons, while others adopt long weaves to attract men. Furthermore, True Love presents the different faces of black African women by portraying them as mothers, wives, married and single, and as glamorous, independent and successful career women. Nevertheless, the magazine still uses stereotypical tropes by objectifying, infantilising, and hyper-sexualising them in many cases. The findings support the claim that the dominant ideologies of patriarchy, capitalism and consumerism are a consistent pattern throughout the covers and advertisements. Additionally, from the above it is clear that the magazine presents contradictory messages about black femininities owing to its diverse readership and various factors such as global trends, commercial considerations and ownership structure, which influence the content that is published. These findings provide insights that have implications for hair brands that advertise in True Love.
Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2018.
Visual Arts
PhD
Unrestricted

The aim of this research is to examine the role of practice in collaboration between designers and African craft producers in order to develop a different methodology for future exchanges that can be more sustainable and equitable. It looks to determine how craft and design practices can act as tools for communication and exchange, to examine how to foster meaningful collaboration when the relationship of those involved is inequitable and to develop a co-creation methodology for practice, capitalising on the differing skills, experiences and cultures of those involved. The research explores collaboration through making with two Cape Town based, craft businesses - Imiso Ceramics and Kunye - investigating the interactions that occur between the collaborators. A critical contextual review reveals the majority of such partnerships are instigated from the top down with an emphasis on product development. This study proposes that the focus is shifted to one that is human-centred, where the process of collaboration between the people involved is foregrounded. By strengthening the collaborative relationships and giving all participants an equal voice, the process becomes more productive, with product development an inherent result. Using a practice based, participatory design methodology, the work draws on the African notion of ubuntu, which speaks of people's interconnectedness. Applying the cross-disciplinary practices of all three collaborators, products are developed, provoking a dialogue that challenges the designer's role in the developing world. The research culminates in an exhibition of the journey, conversations, issues and outcomes that occurred throughout. The exhibition provides an opportunity to provoke a conversation with the stakeholders, listening to their experiences and gaining their feedback on the work presented. Practical exercises for participatory design in future cross-cultural, cross-disciplinary contexts are presented.

Presumptive taxes are normally used for taxing the hard-to-tax informal taxpayers, i.e. those who have not registered and remain outside the normal tax net. These taxes are also used by tax authorities in an attempt to reduce the compliance cost. The importance of small business and the stimulus to create jobs form a focal point for government. The South African Revenue Service introduced a turnover tax system available to micro-businesses in South Africa. For this study, data was collected by distributing an internet-based questionnaire to registered micro-businesses to determine both the effect of the turnover tax system on compliance cost and the general view of the new tax system held by micro-business owners. The compliance costs associated with the turnover tax have been identified and discussed. Micro-business owners indicated a positive attitude to the turnover system despite the negative reaction by tax practitioners in the market place. The introduction of the turnover tax system has had an impact on the compliance cost of micro-businesses, resulting in the owners beginning to move away from the costly services of tax practitioners to actively submitting their returns and taking control of their own tax affairs. The turnover tax system is aimed at reducing the cost of compliance.
Afrikaans: Veronderstellingsbelasting word gewoonlik aangewend om die moeilik belasbare informele belastingpligtige, met ander woorde diegene wat nie geregistreer het nie en buite die normale belastingvangnet val, te belas. Dié belasting word ook deur belastingowerhede aangewend in „n poging om die nakomingskoste te verminder. Die belangrikheid van kleinsake-ondernemings en die stimulus om werk te verskaf vorm „n sentrale fokuspunt vir die regering. Die Suid Afrikaanse Inkomstediens het „n omsetbelastingstelsel vir mikro-besighede in Suid-Afrika ingestel. Vir die doel van hierdie studie, is data versamel deur „n internetgebaseerde vraelys aan geregistreerde mikrobesighede te versprei om die effek van omsetbelasting op nakomingskoste asook die algemene beskouing van die eienaars van mikro-besighede ten opsigte van die nuwe belastingstelsel te bepaal. Die nakomingskoste wat met omsetbelasting gepaard gaan, is geïdentifiseer en bespreek. Die eienaars van mikro-besighede het „n positiewe houding jeens die omsetbelastingstelsel geopenbaar ten spyte van negatiewe reaksie van belastingpraktisyns in die mark. Die instelling van die omsetbelastingstelsel het „n impak op nakomingskoste van mikrobesighede, wat daartoe lei dat die eienaars begin weg beweeg van die duur dienste van belastingpraktisyns om hul belastingopgawes in te dien. Hulle neem self beheer oor hul belastingsake. Die omsetbelastingstelsel is daarop gemik om die nakomingskoste te verminder.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
Unrestricted

This qualitative study addressed the problem of students' lack of trust of and interest in U.S. history and focused on students' experiences with official and unofficial versions of history in the middle school social studies classroom. A collective case study of five African American students was conducted in an eighth grade classroom at Carroll Academy, a public, urban charter school in Ohio. Interviews, questionnaires, observations, artifacts, and logs were collected and analyzed with a critical, interpretivist lens.

The findings included: (a) the students were suspicious of the official historical story in the form of their textbook and teacher; (b) they shared similar rationales for the perceived motivations behind the dishonest accounts in their textbooks, and the rationales changed in similar ways throughout the course of the project; (c) although they had limited experience with unofficial history before the project, they preferred to use unofficial historical sources with the condition that one eventually corroborates accounts with official sources; (d) the experience of studying family histories created race-related instances of contradiction between unofficial and official accounts in the classroom, and (e) students developed productive forms of resistance to the grand narrative in U.S. history by the end of the study.

The findings of the study offer implications for teachers of social studies. By using family history projects, teachers can engage students while helping them learn critical and historical thinking skills. They can provide a more inclusive social studies curriculum and can better understand their students' backgrounds and historical knowledge.

The central theoretical argument of this thesis is that, the Old Testament concept of the Year of Jubilee is neither an anachronistic, nor a peripheral detail of the Canon of Scripture, but an integral part of, indeed a hermeneutical tool for interpreting the whole. The Jubilee can therefore serve as a hermeneutical tool for reconciliation, healing, and transformation for post-apartheid South Africa. The thesis seeks to demonstrate the ideal of the Jubilee as a continuous and coordinating theme, in both the Old and the New Testament, by reference to: the Pentateuch, the Historical Writers and the Prophets, the apocryphal Book of 1 Maccabees, the intertestamental Book of Jubilees, the so-called Nazareth Manifesto, Pentecost, and the Book of Revelation. In the Pentateuch, Israel liberated from slavery and returning to God, became a paradigm for the liberated slave to return to his or her inheritance in the year of Jubilee celebrated every 50th year. Seen to be divinely ordained, the Jubilee reminded God's people that they were called to act towards others as God had acted towards them, for this is part of what it means to be both just and holy. It was seen primarily as a resitutio in integrum, a restoration to an original state. It made provision for the redemption of the poor and disenfranchised, as well as provision and protection of the poor, the aliens, and release of slaves and their families, and indentured labourers. Its underlying concerns are with justice, freedom, human dignity, and rights. Human dignity and rights are intrinsically related to God's saving acts on behalf of his people, the assertion of divine justice in the face of every human abuse of power and injustice. Among the Historical Writers and the Prophets the Babylonian Exile came to be interpreted as divine judgment for the neglect of an institution meant to embody justice, mercy, and grace, characteristics of both a holy God and a holy people. Isaiah 61 casts a vision for the future in which the Jubilee becomes an inclusive promise of God's covenantal blessings to Israel and the nations. Following the return from Exile there is evidence of a return to abuse resulting in Nehemiah calling for a national day of prayer, fasting, and confession, and a renewal of the covenant to honour the ethical implications of the year of grace. In the intertestamental period, possibly as a reaction to hellenising influences, the idea of the Jubilee may have become somewhat exclusive and nationalistic. Against this background Jesus would give it a new, radical and universal interpretation, and implication, namely that of Israel's mission to the nations. Jesus clearly understood his mission in terms of the proclamation of 'the year of the Lord's favour' (Luke 4: 14-21), or, of the announcement of God's Kingdom, and demonstrated this by preaching good news to the poor, freeing the prisoners, restoring sight to the blind, and releasing the oppressed. In the New Testament this is presented as a dialectic between the already and the not yet or, as being present yet still to come. Jesus linked his mission with that of his followers and their partnership in mission with the promise and gift of the Holy Spirit. Pentecost can, therefore, be seen as both fulfillment and announcement of God's promise. It announces that the Kingdom of God is already here, whereas the Book of Revelation holds out the promise that it is still to come. The concluding book of the Bible, therefore, gathers together a theme which runs throughout the Canon of Scripture, and presents the Jubilee as good news both for now and the future. Indeed, God's future is presented as the ultimate Jubilee. Obviously this institution, probably more ideal than real, more intentional than functional even in ancient Israel, cannot be imposed on a secular, constitutional, democracy. Nevertheless, there are implications here for holistic evangelism and mission that not only transcend, but can transform culture, politics, and economics. In presenting the Jubilee as a hermeneutical tool for reconciliation, healing, and transformation in post-apartheid South Africa, the specific foci of this thesis is on: • The contribution of the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission's contribution to dealing with the past, reconciling, and building the nation in order to build upon that legacy; • The Restorative Justice vision in order to construct a Christian ethical response to thinking about and doing justice differently; • Restoring moral values, and this by offering a spirituality of reconciliation, healing, and transformation; and • Taking responsibility for reconciliation, healing, and transformation by presenting some practical, Christian, ethical responses and initiatives that could place the Christian community in the forefront of this process.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Ethics))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Le financement basé sur la performance est une approche gestionnaire promue par la Banque Mondiale (BM) et United States Agency for International Development (USAID), qui connaît une rapide diffusion dans les programmes d’aide au développement. Dans un contexte où de nombreux travaux ont démontré la subjectivité du lien entre la lutte contre la pauvreté et les « bonnes politiques » recommandées par la BM dans le cadre de l’allocation basée sur la performance (ou sélectivité), il apparaît pertinent de s’interroger sur la performativité de ce nouvel instrument. En mobilisant conjointement la théorie de l’acteur-réseau et les théories néo-institutionnelles,cette thèse analyse, au niveau global puis dans un cadre national, le processus de conception, d’expérimentation, de diffusion et de mise en œuvre de l’instrument dans le domaine de la réforme des systèmes de santé. Au niveau global, nous étudions la conceptualisation de l’instrument, que nous replaçons dans une généalogie de la performation, par le réseau néolibéral, des politiques d’aide au développement et de santé globale. Nous analysons ensuite son expérimentation au Rwanda,dans le cadre d’un dispositif de régulation par le marché des systèmes de santé mis en œuvre à travers : (I) la mise en place d’une tarification à l’activité visant à transformer les structures de santé en acteurs économiques autonomes (volet offre), et (II) la création de mutuelles privées communautaires à même de développer des stratégies d’achats (volet demande). Nous étudions enfin sa diffusion institutionnelle sous l’effet (i) d’une valorisation de l’expérimentation rwandaise sans prise en compte de son contexte spécifique, et (II) d’un dispositif incitatif permettant l’enrôlement des responsables de la BM et des ministères bénéficiaires. Au niveau national, nous étudions la stratégie d’influence de la BM et de l’USAID en faveur de la diffusion de ces réformes au Sénégal. Nous présentons le processus d’adoption de ces réformes par le Ministère de la santé, la mise en échec d’un modèle de régulation concurrent en voie d’expérimentation par la coopération technique belge, puis les pressions exercées parla BM pour contraindre le gouvernement à internaliser le modèle promu. Nous mettons ensuite en perspective l’abandon du modèle de régulation par le marché qui était initialement affiché,au profit d’une nouvelle régulation transnationale, matérialisée par un contrat de financement basé sur l’activité directement contrôlé par la BM
Performance-based financing is a management approach promoted by the World Bank (WB) and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) that is rapidly being mainstreamed in development assistance programs. In a context where many studies have demonstrated the subjectivity of the link between the fight against poverty and the "good policies" recommended by the WB in the context of performance-based allocation (or selectivity), it seems relevant to question the performativity of this new instrument. Drawing jointly on actor-network theory and neo-institutional theories, we analyze the process of designing, experimenting, disseminating and implementing the instrument in the field of health policy reforms at the global level and then at the national level.At the global level, we study the conceptualization of the instrument, which we place in agenealogy of the neoliberal network's performance of development aid and global healthcarepolicies. We then analyze its experimentation in Rwanda, as part of a market-based regulationfor healthcare systems implemented through: (I) the deployment of activity-based payments to transform healthcare structures into autonomous economic actors (on the supply side), and (II) the creation of private community-based insurance structures designed to develop purchasing strategies (on the demand side). Finally, we study the instrument’s institutional diffusion under the effects of (I) a promotion of the Rwandan experiment decontextualized from the country’sspecific political situation, and (II) an incentive mechanism allowing the enrolment of both WB’sofficials and the ministries that are benefitting from the WB’s aid. At the national level, we have studied the influence strategy of a coalition of actors composedof the WB and USAID to promote the dissemination of these reforms in Senegal. We present the process of adoption of the reforms by the Ministry of Health, the failure of a competing regulatory model that was being tested by Belgian technical cooperation, and then the pressure exerted by the WB to coerce the government into internalizing the promoted model.We then put into perspective the abandonment of the market-based regulatory model that was initially announced, in favor of a new transnational regulation, materialized by activity-basedfinancing contracts that are directly controlled by the WB

L’obiettivo di questa ricerca è quello di confrontare i dispositivi di sicurezza militare delle colonie italiane e inglesi in Africa Orientale nel periodo 1924-1939. Oggetto della ricerca saranno le truppe coloniali indigene, gli ascari/askari, di Eritrea e Somalia per quanto riguarda l’Italia, e di Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Nyasaland, Tanganika e Sudan per quanto riguarda la Gran Bretagna. Tale contesto cronologico e geografico non ha ricevuto molta attenzione dalla storiografia se lo si guarda da un’ottica regionale e trans-coloniale. Inoltre, alcuni corpi militari sono stati letteralmente trascurati da entrambe le storiografie, nella fattispecie quelli delle due Somalie. The objective of this research is to carry on a comparison between the military security devices deployed by Italy and Great Britain in East African Colonies during the period 1924-1939. This research focuses on the indigenous African troops – the askari/askari - recruited and employed by Italians in Eritrea and Somalia, and by the British in Somaliland, Kenya, Uganda, Tanganyika, Nyasaland and Sudan. At the present, this chronological and geographical context has been scarcely investigated from a comparative and trans-colonial perspective, not to mention the fact that some of these colonial corps have received little attention from both national historiographies, especially the Somali askari/askari.

A true hermaphrodite is an individual in whom both testicular and ovarian tissue is present, The tissues may be present in the same gonad, an ovotestis, or as separate gonads, an ovary and testis. Twenty nine southern African black patients were investigated in an attempt to determine the molecular aetiology of this disorder. The most common karyotype observed in 20 subjects tested was 46,XX (19/20). Roughly half the hermaphrodites were reared as males and the other half as females. The testicular tissue of the hermaphrodites was histologically immature, but in contrast, the appearance of the ovaries was normal. Nearly 80% of the 24 true hermaphrodites (on whom histopathology reports were available) had an ovotestis on one or both sides of the body. The ovotestis was the most common gonad (58.70%) while the testis was found least frequently (13.04%). The ovotestis and testis occurred more frequently on the right side of the body whereas the ovary was predominantly situated on the left side. A minimum incidence of 1 in 40 070 was calculated for XX true hermaphroditism in the South African black population with a minimum of 27 babies expected to be born each year with the disorder.

Limpets are keystone species on the intertidal communities because of their constant grazing, but their diversity and taxonomy are poorly assessed, particularly along the African shores. In this study specimens of the Patellidae family collected along the southwestern coast of Africa and from north Atlantic were barcoded for the mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI). Genetic data and literature surveys were used to generate distribution maps of the identified species, to understand the range of each species within these regions. Phylogenetic analyses based on available GenBank sequences were also conducted to further explore species relationships. From the samples collected, 72 DNA sequences were obtained, of which 9 different species of the family Patellidae were identified. At least one species of each genus was recognized, in addition to 2 Siphonariidae and 1 Fissurellidae limpets. Patella was only found in the North Atlantic. Cymbula and Helcion were restricted to Southern Africa, with Cymbula safiana being the only species with a distribution reaching north of Africa. Only one Scutellastra was identified in Africa, but we cannot confirm through genetic data its widest distribution, documented to reach from South Africa to Australia. Multivariate analysis showed important regional differences in species composition along the Eastern Atlantic coast. Three different groups were recognized: 1) South Africa and Namibia; 2) Angola and Tropical Africa; and 3) Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Phylogenetic analyses are in line with previous studies. Patella genus forming a well-supported clade, with Cymbula and Helcion sharing the same branch as sister taxa, and Scutellastra subdivided in paraphyletic biogeographic lineages. One lineage formed a clade with Cymbula and Helcion. We can conclude that are still needed a revision on the taxonomy and distribution of the Patellidae family, particularly on the African coasts.
As lapas da ordem Patellogastropoda, ou verdadeiras lapas, são consideradas espécies-chave nas comunidades intertidais devido a diversos aspetos da sua ecologia, mas a alta plasticidade e convergência das características morfológicas, trazem desafios na taxonomia do grupo e identificação das espécies. Mesmo assim, os caracteres morfológicos foram o único método disponível por muitos anos para a identificação das espécies, mas sempre carente de resolução e consenso entre os autores. As primeiras monografias taxonómicas mundiais foram criadas usando uma combinação de morfologia de concha e caracteres da rádula, porém apresentando numerosas divergências. Com a consciência de que a morfologia simplesmente não era suficiente na taxonomia deste grupo, os estudos tentaram englobar múltiplas características físicas. Apesar de vários estudos mais recentes utilizando técnicas moleculares, como o “DNA barcoding”, é correto afirmar que é essencial para trazer mais esclarecimentos sobre o assunto, particularmente em zonas historicamente pouco estudadas como a costa africana. Assim, os objetivos desta tese são melhorar o conhecimento relativamente à diversidade e distribuição de lapas na costa africana e comparar comunidades do Atlântico norte e sul. Espécimes da família Patellidae recolhidos ao longo da costa sudoeste da África e do Nordeste Atlântico foram analisados através de barcoding do gene mitocondrial do citocromo c oxidase subunidade I (COI). Foi realizada uma análise filogenética englobando todas as espécies identificadas desta família de lapas. Posteriormente, foram gerados mapas de distribuição das espécies identificadas, para entender a distribuição de cada espécie dentro dessas regiões. Através da extração de DNA e barcoding das amostras recolhidas foram obtidas 72 sequências de DNA. Foram identificadas 9 espécies diferentes da família Patellidae, bem como 2 espécies diferentes da família Siphonariidae e 1 da família Fissurellidae. Dentro da família Patellidae estavam representados os quatro géneros, com 3 espécies de Cymbula, 1 de Helcion, 1 de Scutellastra e 4 de Patella. Com base nos mapas de distribuição gerados, o género Patella só é encontrado no Atlântico Norte. Cymbula e Helcion restringem-se ao Sul de África, com Cymbula a chegar até Angola, sendo a Cymbula safiana a única espécie com uma distribuição atingindo o norte de África. Apenas uma espécie de Scutellastra foi amostrada, na costa da África Atlântica, portanto não podemos confirmar por meio de dados genéticos a sua distribuição mais ampla, que se sabe estender da África do Sul, incluindo Angola, à Austrália. Em relação às espécies da família Siphonariidae apenas Siphonaria capensis apresentou resultados distintos dos já conhecidos. Foi identificada geneticamente nas Ilhas Canárias e Angola, locais onde não havia registo de ocorrências, tanto morfológica como geneticamente. Métodos de análise multivariada foram utilizados no sentido de compreender as diferenças em termos de composição de espécies ao longo da costa do Atlântico Leste. Foi compilada informação de base de dados sobre a presença/ausência das espécies em estudo. Foram detetados três grupos distintos: 1) África do Sul e Namíbia; 2) Angola e África Tropical e 3) Atlântico Norte e Mar Mediterrâneo. Foi gerada uma análise filogenética da família Patellidae com base em todas as sequências do gene COI da referida família publicadas no GenBank. Estas sequências e as obtidas experimentalmente foram alinhadas e o alinhamento usado para reconstruir árvores filogenéticas, uma Bayesian e uma Maximum Likelihood (ML). Os resultados do ramo Patella são consistentes com os obtidos por outros estudos, com exceções. Patella caerulea é aqui apresentada como táxon irmão do grupo formado por Patella candei das Ilhas Canárias e Selvagens e Patella lugubris de Cabo Verde, e o ramo formado pelos três é depois grupo irmão da P. candei dos Açores. Enquanto em outros estudos a P. candei das Canárias e Selvagens aparece agrupada com a P. lugubris, mas aparecem irmãs da P. candei dos Açores, Madeira e Desertas e só então todas formam um ramo com a P. caerulea. O suporte para este grupo é alto na árvore Bayesian, mas menores na ML. Os géneros Cymbula e Helcion formaram um ramo com elevado valor de probabilidade posterior e “bootstrap”, em linha com outros estudos, e também o facto de ambos serem restritos do Sul de Africa. Relativamente ao género Cymbula, a espécie Cymbula compressa formou um grupo com a espécie Nacella concinna, que pertence a uma família diferente. A hipótese sugerida é que as sequências na base de dados GenBank estão mal identificadas. Noutros estudos que incluem sequências de genes diferentes, como o 12S e o 16S, a espécie aparece, como esperado, como irmã de Cymbula miniata. Portanto, as sequências COI identificadas como C. compressa provavelmente pertencem a alguma espécie da família Nacellidae e não da família Patellidae. O género Scutellastra pode ser dividido em três subgéneros parafiléticos, apoiados com valores de probabilidade posterior/“bootstraps” muito altos e também por outros estudos filogenéticos. Esses subgéneros são correspondências diretas à sua distribuição geográfica, que são: Sul de Africa, Austrália e Indo-Pacífico. É também aquele com variações entre os estudos filogenéticos e de difícil comparação, uma vez que nem todos os estudos incluem as mesmas espécies e a maioria dos estudos realizados utilizaram os genes 12S e 16S. Mesmo assim, os nossos resultados corroboram os obtidos a partir dos genes 12S e do 16S, que mostram (Scutellastra I) Scutellastra granularis e Scutellastra miliaris formando um ramo irmão com Scutellastra argenvillei. Por outro lado, (Scutellastra III) Scutellastra flexuosa é claramente parafilética, aparecendo como táxon irmão de S. optima, num ramo que inclui igualmente Scutellastra exusta, e novamente como outgroup desta linhagem. Esta situação pode ser explicada pelo fato de serem de regiões diferentes e provavelmente pertencerem a espécies diferentes. Apesar de vários estudos mostrarem Scutellastra como um género parafilético, não foi realizado nenhum trabalho para alterar a sua taxonomia com objetivo a que esta seja correspondente às várias diferenças observadas geneticamente. Com base nos resultados apresentados é necessário ainda uma profunda análise da família Patellidae utilizando métodos moleculares combinando diferentes genes e fazendo uma amostragem mais ampla de todas as regiões conhecidas com ocorrência destas lapas. Mesmo no caso do género Patella que é dos mais estudados tanto genética como morfologicamente ainda se encontra algumas divergências entre estudos continuando a sua caracterização incompleta. Depois ainda temos os géneros Cymbula, Helcion e Scutellastra que se encontra muito pouco ou mesmo nenhum estudo focando todo o género, apenas algumas espécies. Devido á ampla distribuição de Scutellastra torna-o, talvez, o mais desafiante, mas que deveria ter também um foco maior no estudo da sua relação filogenética.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Architecture Sustainable & Energy Efficient Cities.
Green Drop data indicates that South African metropolitan areas are particularly poor at ensuring that the effluent quality released by their wastewater treatment plants meets the required national standards. The impact of the poor performance of wastewater plants, although known, is not quantified in terms of real impact on the South African economy. This research report identifies the health, environmental and economic externalities associated with the pollution of water bodies by untreated or partially treated wastewater, and determines economic methods through which these externalities can be monetised. As these methodologies should ideally be incorporated into existing wastewater evaluation approaches, the feasibility and method in which to incorporate externality evaluation into the existing Green Drop system is investigated and through key informant interviews the resulting recommendations contextualised. The research report concludes with recommendations as to how the approach to South African wastewater treatment evaluations can be improved through the incorporation of economic externalities Key words: Ineffective wastewater treatment, water pollution, externalities, economic impact, Green Drop SA
GR2018

This study is an attempt to contribute to the discussion on theology and land restitution. The researcher approaches it from a theological background and acknowledges the many contributions on this subject in other fields. Since this is a theological contribution, this research has the Bible as its point of departure. Black people are deeply rooted in the land. Land dispossession destroyed the God-ordained and created bond between black people and their black selves. Land dispossession also had a terrible economic impact upon black people. As result of land dispossession Bantustans were established. These black areas were economically disadvantaged and black people were forced to live in impoverished conditions. Land, which was a primary source of life for black people, was brutally taken away from them. Consequently, black people were forced to leave the Bantustans in search for employment in “white” South Africa. Because of this, they were made slaves and labourers in the country of their birth. The Bantustans were not considered to be part of South Africa; hence black people were aliens in their ancestral motherland. The black communal economic system was destroyed as a result of land dispossession. (The black communal economic system refers to an economic system where everyone works the land and thus benefits economically from the land.) The results of this are still seen in present-day South Africa. The majority of black people are still living at the margins of society because in the past, they were made subservient and dependent on white people to survive economically. Since apartheid was a system that was sustained on cheap black labour, this dependency on the white economy was systemic and generational. It is for this very reason that we see the very disproportionate face of the economy today. In an attempt to arrest the imbalance, the restoration of land to black people is inevitable. It is only then that black people will be liberated from being overly dependent on white people for their 3 survival. Land dispossession also had a terrible impact upon the identity and “blackness” of black people; black people internalised oppression as a result of the apartheid system, which was affirmed by the Dutch Reformed Church as a God-ordained system. This system officially paved the way and was used as the vehicle for land dispossession in South Africa; it destroyed black people and it is therefore not by chance that black people have become the greatest consumers. The identity of black people is deeply rooted in their ancestral motherland and land dispossession had a brutal impact upon the blackness of black people. Black people, as a result of land dispossession, started to doubt their humanness. Land dispossession also had a dreadful impact upon the relationships of black people with themselves and the relationships between white people and black people. These relationships were immorally and officially damaged by the apartheid system, which was deeply structural. Thus, when dealing with the land question in South Africa, the fact that it is deeply structural should be kept in mind. The church is entrusted with the task of reconciling the damaged relationships in a transformational manner. This can only be done when black people and white people engage and embrace each other on an equal basis. But black people and white people in South Africa cannot be on an equal basis as long as structural divisions which still advantage some and disadvantage others are not dealt with in a transformational manner. Therefore the need for land restitution in South Africa is necessary today because it does not only relate to the issues of faith and identity, but it is also economic. The consequences of the dispossession of land in the past are still evident in present-day South Africa. Land dispossession has had a terrible impact upon the faith of black people, whose faith is strongly linked to land (place). Faith and belonging are interrelated. The restoration of land to black people is necessary to reconcile black people with their faith and consequently with themselves.
Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
D.Th. (Theological Ethics)

Student Number : 0310100X - MSc dissertation - Faculty of Health Sciences
Eating patterns change over time. Studies have been conducted in industrialized countries stating that it is important to study the longitudinal development of dietary intake itself and to determine the stability of this intake, but monitoring longitudinal dietary habits of the same children over a period of time, in particular with regard to individual food items, is severely limited in developing countries such as South Africa. South Africa, a country with diverse cultures, is undergoing massive socio-economic and political changes, and an increasing social integration following the abolishment of the previous apartheid legislation. Obviously diet too must have been affected. The country is in a state of nutritional transition, and if the nutritional status of South African children is to improve in the 21st century, basic knowledge is required of the actual food items the children have been and are consuming, and the change in consumption of these individual food items during this transition. The Birth-to-Twenty (Bt-20) study is the continuation of Birth-to-Ten (BTT) study, which started in 1990 and plans to continue to 2010. It is the largest running cohort study on children’s development in Africa and also the first and only longitudinal study on the nutrient and individual food item intake of South African children, living in the Johannesburg/Soweto area of the Gauteng Province. This research will thus provide valuable, unique information on the individual food items consumed and change in consumption of these foods by South African children from the Bt20 study over an eight-year period (1995–2003). The overall objective of this study was to determine the variety and change in consumption of individual food items consumed by a true longitudinal group of urban black South African children from the Bt20 study in 1995; ’97, ’99, 2000 and 2003 when they were 5, 7, 9, 10 and 13 years of age, respectively. with the following sub-objectives: • To determine the number of times each food item was recorded by the longitudinal group of children. • To determine the percentage of children consuming the individual food items. • To determine the mean weekly frequency of consumption of the individual food items for all the children, as well as for only those children consuming the items. The study sample size comprised a true longitudinal group of urban black South African children (n = 143), from the Bt20 study that had nutrition information at all 5 interceptions (1995, 1997, 1999, 2000 and 2003). Data were collected at each interception using the same semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Parents/guardians or the children themselves were asked by trained multi-lingual interviewers to indicate how frequently the listed food items were consumed. The food items were coded onto computer coding sheets using the South African Medical Research Council’s Food Composition Tables and Codes. Recorded or standard portions sizes were used based on the use of the National Research Institute for Nutritional Diseases(NRIND) Food Quantities Manual. The coded data were put on disk by a data capturing company and SAS was used for statistical analysis. Specific computer programmes were written to systematically re-arrange and merge the data by subject ID number. The final longitudinal sample with nutrition information at 5 interceptions was extracted by ID number as each child kept the same ID number for all interceptions. Frequencies were calculated for: 1. The number of times each food item was recorded per week, firstly for all five interceptions combined and secondly for each interception separately. The total number times each food item was recorded for all five interceptions combined was divided by the total number of times all food items at all five interceptions combined (23840) were recorded and expressed as a percentage. The total number of times each food item was recorded at each interception separately was divided by the total number of children in the group [n=143] and expressed as a percentage. 2. The total weekly frequency of consumption for each food item. The mean weekly frequency of consumption for each food item was calculated for all the children in the group [n=143] for each interception separately (total weekly frequency of consumption of each food item/total number of children [n=143] and then only for those in the group consuming the food items (total weekly frequency of consumption of each food item/number of times each food item was recorded for each interception. The food items were ranked in descending order according to: • their percentage contribution of the total number of times all food items at all five interceptions combined were recorded • the average number of times recorded for all five interceptions combined • the mean weekly frequency of consumption for all five interceptions combined. The ranked food items were then arranged within the 8 food groups listed in the questionnaire (chapters 3, 4, 5). Forty-one food items made up 1% or more of the total number of times all food items were recorded for all five interceptions combined. This was used as a cut-off point as all the other food items were recorded too infrequently to include. For this reason only these forty-one items will be discussed in chapter 3, 4 and 5 of this thesis. A total of 546 different food items were recorded 23840 times between 1995-2003. The highest number of food items recorded was in 1999 (124) and 2003 (123) both almost 23% of the total number of food items recorded when the children were nine and thirteen years old, respectively. Of this, 41 items contributed 1% or more of the total number of recordings. There was a decrease in the number of recordings from the grain and cereal group, fruits and vegetables and milk and milk products. However, among the meat and meat substitutes, the number of recordings for chicken and cheese increased over this time as did the number of recordings for margarine and ice-cream among the fats and oils. Among the miscellaneous group sugar, sweets, tea and carbonated beverages remained fairly stable over the 5 interceptions, but there was an increase in the number of recordings for crisps and chocolates from 2000 to 2003. Ninety percent or more of the children consumed rice, stiff maize-meal porridge, chicken, sugar, sweets and tea over the five interceptions. Fourteen food items were consumed by 75% or more of the children and 33% of these 41 items were consumed by 50% or more. All the top 41 food items were consumed by more than 33% of the children. Among grain/cereal group/breakfast cereal/porridges and other starches, the most frequently consumed food items were brown bread, stiff and soft maize-meal porridge, all being consumed between 4-6x/week for all the children as well as for only those consuming these items. Peanut butter, eggs and chicken were the most frequently consumed items among the meat and meat substitutes, 3-5x/week for all the children and for only children consuming these items. In the group of fruits and vegetables, fruit juice and mashed potato were consumed most frequently, but not everyday of the week either for all the children or for those consuming these items. Within fats and oils food group, cooking oil and butter were consumed most frequently (3-4x/week) for all the children and 5x/week for only those children who consumed these items. Full cream milk was the most frequently consumed food item (5-6x/week) among the group of milk and milk products for all the children as well as for only those consuming this item. Among the miscellaneous food items sugar (5-6x/week), sweets and tea (4-5x/week) were the most frequently consumed for all the children and between 5-7x/week for only those consuming these items. The dietary patterns of this longitudinal group of urban black South African children was far from the recommended South African Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs), which was developed with the aim of making evidence-based nutrition and lifestyle messages to the public accessible, understandable, generalizable, acceptable in a cross-cultural context and feasible. Thus, this study has provided useful insights to guide the governmental parastatals, nutrition scientists and other interested cooperate bodies in promoting successful nutrition intervention strategies that will lead to healthy dietary habits among children and adolescents.

The dissertation is titled: “Blackness as the way to and state of salvation: A search for true salvation in South Africa today”. The research was prompted by the question of salvation and what it means for blacks. The provocation arose out of the problem and/or interpretation of classical theology on the subject of soteriology. The biblical text of the Song of Songs 1:5: “I am black and beautiful, O daughters of Jerusalem, like the tents Qedar, like the curtains of Solomon”, is used as key to the argument. Origen (an early Christian theologian, who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria) interpretation of the preceding biblical text is identified as problematic for blackness and African salvation. The problem identified with his interpretation of the said text and its theology and/or soteriology is that, first; he identifies and affirms the “ugliness’ of the black external and physical colour and/or conditions. Secondly, his theology and/or soteriology is identified as dualistic, separating the physical and the soul, which the researcher challenges and is against it as does not reflect the understanding of soteriology and/or theology by Africans. The researcher attacks and argues against the ugliness of blackness and dualism as a white and Eurocentric logic and problem. The researcher in his argument exposes whiteness and eurocentrism as problematic. The problem associated with whiteness is its claim that it is beautiful and positions itself as the way of and to salvation. Moreover, whiteness is problematised as a racial identity, position of power, structural evil and sin, exploitative, oppressive, and as related to capitalism. In response, the researcher, a black theologian argues against the theology of Origen and labelling it as European and white. The researcher exposes blackness as beautiful, powerful, and as a way of life. For the researcher, salvation must be understood as holistic and as here and now, situated in the black conditions. The researcher argues against dualism and individualism in favour of a holistic and a communal African approach that is not exclusive and self-centered. This approach is inclusive of the belief in God, the self, others human beings and the natural environment. He is propagating a black theology that is in favour of blackness as life, beautiful, powerful, liberating, and socialistic.
D. Th. (Systematic Theology)

Autobiographical writing acquired increasing importance during the apartheid period, with greater numbers of autobiographical texts being published by a more representative range of South Africans across race, class and gender categories. This thesis analyzes the implications of shifts in autobiographical production, in English, during the years 1948-1994 through the examination of selected texts. The readings are informed by poststructuralism, modified by information about indigenous black South African cultural practices, as well as by input supplied by some of the autobiographical texts themselves. This theoretical approach may be referred to as a "pratique de metissage" (Glissant). The texts selected for close reading are from a field of over 120 autobiographical texts. They were chosen for their ability to illustrate important trends in South African autobiographical writing, specifically with regard to the three constituent parts of autobiography: autos, bios, and graphe. The chapter dealing with the depiction of self interrogates the hierarchized discourses of male-biased humanism in Roy Campbell's Light on a Dark Horse (1951). In Ellen Kuzwayo's Call Me Woman (1985) I analyze the melding of the conceptual frameworks of indigenous black cultures and Western individualism by which the autobiographical subject is defined. Breyten Breytenbach's The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist (1984) is read as an exploration of the postmodernist decentred self. In the chapter focusing on the portrayal of life experiences, I examine the ways in which the narrator of Albert Luthuli's Let My People Go (1962) seeks to secure the reader's approval of his version of recent South African history; while the analysis of the sub-genre referred to here as worker autobiography is principally concerned with the politics of life-writing. In Chapter 5, I look at how Godfrey Moloi's My Life: Volume One (1987) uses the discourses of popular American movies of the 40s and 50s in order to validate a self victimized by racism, and also at the ways in which Lyndall Gordon's Shared Lives (1992) probes the limits and possibilities of biography through autobiographical speculation. In general, apartheid autobiography moves away from individualism to contribute, through various means, to social and political change.
Thesis (Ph.D.)-University of Natal, Durban, 1994.

L'eugénol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phénol), produit dérivé du clou de girofle (Eugenia aromatica), fut tout d’abord utilisé en application topique à des fins d’analgésie dentaire. Il produit également une anesthésie chirurgicale lorsque administré en immersion chez les poissons. L’eugénol agit sur les récepteurs vanilloïdes, sensibles à la chaleur, aux protons et à certaines molécules lipidiques. Ces récepteurs jouent un rôle important dans le mécanisme de l’inflammation et de l’hyperalgésie. L’eugénol pourrait également produire ses effets par antagonisme des récepteurs glutamaergiques (NMDA) et par son activation des récepteurs GABAergiques. Considérant que l’eugénol produit des effets analgésiques et anesthésiques, des études de pharmacocinétique et de pharmacodynamie furent réalisées chez la grenouille (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus). Les résultats démontrent que l’eugénol administré par immersion à une dose efficace permet d’atteindre une anesthésie chirurgicale chez les grenouilles (350 mg/L) et les poissons (75 mg/L). Suite à des analyses plasmatiques par LC/MS/MS, la pharmacocinétique des grenouilles, des poissons et des rats montre que la drogue est éliminée et qu’il pourrait y avoir une recirculation entérohépathique plus importante chez la grenouille et le rat. La longue demi-vie chez le rat suggère aussi une accumulation dans les tissus après des administrations répétées. Suite à l’administration intraveineuse d’une dose de 20 mg/kg chez le rat, l’eugénol induit une anesthésie chirurgicale pour une très courte période de temps variant autour de 167 s. Les résultats de sensibilité thermique confirment l’efficacité de l’eugénol pour réduire l’hyperalgésie induite chez des rats neuropathiques. L’effet pharmacologique de l’eugénol a démontré une augmentation progressive constante de l’analgésie sur une période de cinq jours de traitements journaliers. En conclusion, l’eugénol possède des propriétés analgésiques et anesthésiques chez la grenouille africaine à griffes (Xenopus laevis), le poisson (Oncorhynchus mykiss) et le rat (Rattus norvegicus).
Eugenol (2-methoxy-4-(2-propenyl) phenol), derived from cloves, was first used as a topical agent for dental analgesia by dentistry practitioners, and subsequently to induce surgical anaesthesia by immersion in fish. Eugenol binds to vanilloid receptors, which are sensitive to heat, protons and certains lipid molecules. These receptors also play an important role in the mechanisms of inflammation, as well as hyperalgesia (Kanai 2005, and Crotright 2004). Eugenol could also produce its effects via its antagonistic interactions with glutamaergiques receptors (NMDA), and agonistic interactions with GABAergic receptors. Considering that eugenol has analgesic and anesthetic effects, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies were performed in frogs (Xenopus laevis), fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rats (Rattus norvegicus). Results show that a surgical anesthetic dose was observed for frogs (350 mg/L) and fish (75 mg/L) with a eugenol solution. Pharmacokinetics were evaluated following LC/MS/MS plasma analysis of frogs, fish and rats. Results show that eugenol was eliminated in all species and that an enterohepathic recirculation was apparent for frogs and rats. The long half-life in rats suggests an accumulation in tissues following repeated administrations. Following an intravenous administration 20 mg/kg of eugenol, a surgical anesthesia of approximately 167 sec was observed in rats. Hargreave’s test results, evaluating hyperalgesia, show that eugenol reduced pain perception in a rat model of neuropathic pain. This pharmacological effect showed an increasing progression of the analgesia over the 5 days of daily treatments. In conclusion, eugenol has analgesic and anesthetic properties in African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and rats (Rattus norvegicus).

This thesis provides a comparative case study of two South African women's magazines, Cosmopolitan and True Love. The comparison is based on the fact that Cosmopolitan is an international magazine brand which is largely read by white women in this country, while True Love is a local publication produced for, and consumed by, black South African women. The case study makes use of both text and audience analysis. The text analysis begins as a genre study, in an attempt to 'denaturalize' the magazine form, and includes an intertextual analysis of the magazines and their secondary texts, or brand extensions. The magazine genre is considered from a cultural studies perspective and in the light of feminist media criticism. A reception analysis, informed by focus group research, provides the audience analysis component of this case study. Primarily, this thesis is concerned with the reception of women's magazines by teenage girls. It interrogates the assumption that, in the absence of a local 'teen' magazine industry and western rite-of-passage ritual, women's magazines serve as cultural developmental markers and informal educational devices in the passage from girlhood to adulthood. This study adopts a poststructuralist view on the self as socially constructed within discourse. In this view, the media serve as resources for identity construction and negotiation. Gender, a particular discourse organized around the constructs of 'masculinity' and 'femininity', is inscribed in the subject along with other discourses, such as those of race, class and ethnicity. Women's magazines, which provide an example of a 'women's genre', give 'femininity' a material form. Their glossy visual appeal is illustrative of the commodity fetishism associated with advanced capitalism and their continuing success demonstrates how consumption, identity and desire are intimately connected within postmodern consumer culture. Above all, this thesis recognizes that women's magazines are discursive sites-of-struggle which need to be considered from a position which is neither purely condemning nor purely celebratory, but finds instead a balance between 'creativity' and 'constraint'. Both the text-based and audience-centred components of this study draw on strands of discourse analysis. The critical discourse analysis (CDA) of Norman Fairclough informs the thesis as a whole but is applied specifically to the text analysis. The concept of 'interpretive repertoires' proposed by theorists who use discourse analysis in social psychology (DASP) is applied t6 the analysis of focus group material.
Thesis (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2002.

This research set out to investigate factors that lead to seemingly prevalent pre-marital sex by Botswana Seventhday Adventist youth aging between 12 and 30 years. A 31- item questionnaire, divided into four sections, was used on a group of 45 youths. It was discovered that 78% of the youths studied had been involved in pre-marital sex at some point in their lives. Thirty-seven percent were still practicing it. The most vulnerable age range was 14 to 18 years, but some had started experimenting with sex as early as six years. Some of the contributing factors to the youth's involvement in sex included media, friends and lack of knowledge due to parents not giving them guidance.Prevention of pre-marital sex can be made possible by the cooperation of entities like the family, the church, the school and the individual. Hence, the suggested model called the Integrated Sexuality Education.
Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology
M. Th. (Practical Theology)

Abstracts in English, Zulu and Afrikaans
This Grounded Theory study focused on understanding how South Africa’s two numerically-dominant political parties, the African National Congress (ANC) and Democratic Alliance (DA), used micro-blogging site, Twitter, as part of their electioneering arsenal in the 2016 municipal elections to promote party-political digital issue ownership within an urban context. Using each party’s 2016 election manifesto and corpus of tweets, this three-phased study found that while both the ANC and DA used Twitter as a digital political communication platform to communicate their election campaigns, the DA notably leveraged the social networking site for intense ‘focused’ messaging of its negative campaign against the ANC while simultaneously promoting positive electoral messages around its own ‘core’ issues and metro mayoral candidates. ‘Battleground’ metros were identified by the DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane and Nelson Mandela Bay, leading to an emphasised urban campaign here to either activate the party’s own support base and/ or to suppress the ANC’s turnout in these highly-contested areas. Additionally, it was found that both the ANC and DA used Twitter for explicit and implicit partypolitical issue ownership claiming in the 2016 municipal elections. Lastly, this study also culminated in the proposal of three but interconnected different elements of a conceptual framework for digital political communication that political parties could use to promote digital party-political issue ownership within a pronounced urban electioneering setting. These elements – ‘coordinating and managing how an election is tweeted’, 'focus' messaging the election’ and ‘audience-segmenting as a message-tailoring strategy’ – when used in unison can help political parties communicate better and ultimately more effectively in a highly mediatised technological media landscape
Hierdie Gegronde Teorie Studie fokus op die verduideliking hoe Suid-Afrika se twee numeriese dominante politieke partye, die African National Congress (ANC) en Demokratiese Alliansie (DA), van die mikro-blog platform, Twitter, gebruik gemaak het tydens hulle verkiessingsstrategie in die 2016 munisipale verkiessings om die party politieke digitale kwessie rondom eienaarskap binne ‘n stedelike verband te bevorder. Deur elke party se 2016 verkiessings manifesto en arsenaal van twiets te gebruik, het hierdie drie-fase studie bevind dat beide die ANC en DA, Twitter gebruik het as ‘n digitale politieke kommunikasie platform. Die DA het egter die sosiale media netwerk kenmerkend gebruik vir ‘n intense gefokusde negatiewe veldtog teen die ANC terwyl hulle terselfdertyd ‘n positiewe verkiessings boodskap rondom die party se eie kernkwessies en metro burgermeesters kandidate gesentreer het. ‘Oorlogsgebied’ metros is deur die DA in Ekurhuleni, Johannesburg, Tshwane en Nelson Mandela Bay geidentifiseer wat ‘n defnitiewe stedelike veldtog tot gevolg gehad het om die party se eie ondersteuningsbasis te bevorder en/of die ANC se ondersteuning in hierdie hoogs betwiste areas te onderdruk. Daar was ook bevind dat beide die ANC en DA van Twitter gebruik gemaak het vir eksplisiete en implisiete party politieke kwessies rondom eiernaarskap tydens die 2016 munisipale verkiessings. Hierdie studie kan saamgevat word in drie onderskeie maar verwante elemente om ‘n raamwerk te vorm van die digitale politieke kommunikasie wat politieke partye kan gebruik om digitale party politieke kwessies binne ‘n stedelike verkiessings omgewing te bevorder. Wanneer hierdie elemente – ‘koordinering en bestuur van hoe twiets tydens ‘n verkiesing gebruik word’, ‘’die focus van die boodksap tydens die verkiessing’ and ‘die gehoorsegmentasie can ‘n boodskap strategie’ – in ‘n eenheid gebruik word kan dit politieke partye help om beter en meer effektief te kommunikeer binne ‘n baie kompiterende en tegnologiese medialandskap.
Inkcazo-bungcali yesisifundo ibigxile ekuqondeni ukuba uMzantsi Africa lo unamaqela amakhulu amabini ezopolitiko, ukutsho, iAfrican National Congress (ANC) kunye ne Democratic Alliance (DA), la maqela asebenzise iwebhusayithi encinane uTwitter, njengenxalenye yezixhobo zonxibelelwano kunyulo loo masipala ngo-2016. Bekwenza oku ngelikhuthaza amaqela ezopolitiko nebango lawo kwimiba yezinto abathi bazithethe kwisithuba sedijithali,kumxholo wendawo zase dolophini. Esi sifundo sisebenzisa imanifesto kunye nothotho lwe tweets zeqela ngalinye, nesenziwe ngokwezigaba ezithathu, sifumanise ukuba nangona iANC kunye ne DA zisebenzise uTwitter njenge qonga lonxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali (ngokolwimi lwasemzini) ukunxibelelana namaphulo onyulo, iDA izibonakalise amandla kwindawo yokuncokola kwiqonga uTwitter,ngokuthi imiyalezo yayo igxile kwaye itsole. Miyalezo leyo ithe yagxila ngokungafanelekanga kumkhankaso weANC. Ngaxeshanye, imiyalezo yayo yona iDA ibeyeyakhayo, kwaye incedisana nephulo layo kwimiba ephambili kunye nabagqatswa bosodolophu bo masipala abambaxa. Oomasipala abambaxa abathi babenongquzulwano bachongwe yiDA Ekurhuleni, eRhawutini, eTshwane nase Bhayi. Lonto ibangele ukuba bagxininise ekukhokeleni iphulo ledolophu ukuze bavuselele inkxaso ye DA apho okanye bacinezele ukuvela kwe-ANC kwezi ndawo kuphikiswana kakhulu ngazo. Ukongeza, kufumaniseke ukuba iANC kunye neDA zisebenzise uTwitter ngokwendlela ecacileyo nengathanga ngqo kwimeko yobunini bemicimbi yepolitiki ukuze bafumane ibango kunyulo loomasipala lwango 2016. Okokugqibela, esisifundo sigqibele kwisindululo sezinto ezintathu azahlukeneyo kodwa ezidityaniswe yinkqubosikhokelo eqingqiweyo kunxibelelwano lwezopolitiko zedijithali. Ezi zinto zizinto ezisenakho ukusetyenziswa ngamaqela ezopolitiko ukukhuthaza ubunini bemicimbi yezopolitiko ngaphakathi kulungiselelo lonyulo lwedolophu olubhengeziweyo. Ezi zinto- 'ukulungelelanisa nokulawula indlela unyulo luthunyelwe ngayo kusetyeziswa uTwitter', 'kugxilwe' kwimiyalezo yonyulo kunye nokuhlukaniswa kwabaphulaphuli okanye ababukeli njengecebo lokulungisa umyalezo '- xa zisetyenziswa ngazwinye zinokuwanceda amaqela ezopolitiko anxibelelane ngcono kwaye ekugqibeleni ngokuyimpumelelo kakhulu kuxhamlo olunamandla kakhulu kubume beendaba kumhlaba wetekhnoloji (ngokolwimi lwesiNgesi).
Communication Science
D. Litt. et Phil. (Communication)