Tesis sobre el tema "Troubles du spectre de l'autisme – Environnement"
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Bitar, Tania. "Etude épidémiologique, génétique et métabolomique des Troubles du Spectre Autistique au Liban". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3307.
Texto completoThe etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is multifactorial involving a strong genetic component as well as environmental factors. To date, there is no biomarker facilitating early diagnosis of ASD to improve patient management and outcomes. In addition, the physiopathological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Most studies on ASD have been conducted in Western populations. Thus, we wanted to study a group of Lebanese patients with ASD. Our objectives focus around three aspects: 1) The identification of environmental risk factors in order to better understand the pathology. The results of this study showed that several factors such as consanguinity, stress during pregnancy and prematurity appear to be risk factors. 2) The identification of structural variations in the genome of children with ASD in order to evaluate the contribution of CNV by high resolution CGH array approach. This study allowed us to identify new genes in ASD as well as to confirm the presence of regions and genes already cited in previous ASD studies. 3) The identification of metabolites and associated metabolic pathways to provide biomarkers for early diagnosis and to better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. New metabolites have been identified and we have confirmed variations already mentioned in the literature concerning certain metabolites that could represent robust markers of the disease
Bitar, Tania. "Etude épidémiologique, génétique et métabolomique des Troubles du Spectre Autistique au Liban". Thesis, Tours, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUR3307/document.
Texto completoThe etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is multifactorial involving a strong genetic component as well as environmental factors. To date, there is no biomarker facilitating early diagnosis of ASD to improve patient management and outcomes. In addition, the physiopathological mechanisms are still poorly understood. Most studies on ASD have been conducted in Western populations. Thus, we wanted to study a group of Lebanese patients with ASD. Our objectives focus around three aspects: 1) The identification of environmental risk factors in order to better understand the pathology. The results of this study showed that several factors such as consanguinity, stress during pregnancy and prematurity appear to be risk factors. 2) The identification of structural variations in the genome of children with ASD in order to evaluate the contribution of CNV by high resolution CGH array approach. This study allowed us to identify new genes in ASD as well as to confirm the presence of regions and genes already cited in previous ASD studies. 3) The identification of metabolites and associated metabolic pathways to provide biomarkers for early diagnosis and to better understanding of the pathophysiology of the disease. New metabolites have been identified and we have confirmed variations already mentioned in the literature concerning certain metabolites that could represent robust markers of the disease
Garnier, Laetitia. "Sommeil et troubles du spectre de l'autisme : caractérisation des troubles du sommeil dans une approche développementale". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOU20009.
Texto completoThe first part of this study was interested in the characteristics of sleeping disorders in a comparative and developmental approach with a population of children with autism and healthy controls, aged 2-12 years. The results find a higher prevalence within the population with autism and would indicate that its can intrinsically bound to the autistic disorders with a peak of the emergences estimated around 3-4 years. The sleep disturbances are not significantly linked in a set of factors nevertheless found correlated within the population control (age, duration, family events, sibship). This study also makes the report of a lack in the follow-up and the coverage of the difficulties of sleep.The second part of the research was studied the existing relations between the sleep problems (parasomnias, respiratory disorders and dyssomnias) Its would seem to participate in the perseveration of the problems of sleep at the child with autism, from the youngest age. The thrid part analyses the role of the sleep habits in the sleep problems at the child with autism. The functionning of the child with autism seem to participate in the maintenance of sleep problems
Al, Sagheer Tareq Mohammad. "Déterminants moteurs des troubles du spectre autistiques (TSA)". Thesis, Poitiers, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017POIT2311.
Texto completoAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders associated with persistent disturbances in social communication and repetitive pattern of behavior. Our work is based on the exploration of the motor disorders associated with this pathology, with a working hypothesis that this approach can offer elements of early diagnosis. For this, we used two animal models of prenatal toxicity (E12.5) in mice: following administration of an antiepileptic agent, valproic acid (VPA) or a synthetic analogue of the double-stranded viral RNA polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly I: C). We carried out a general evaluation of postnatal development and a detailed exploration of sociability and fine motor behavior. Our results show: 1- an early motor and sensorimotor deficits in the VPA model, indicating that this model is appropriate for studying the contribution of motor impairments to the etiology of ASD; 2- differential effects on sociability with regards to sexes; 3- the presence of motor deficits but not of social deficits in females. Our results suggest motor behavior can offer an early and quantitative diagnostic tool for ASD. They pave the way to clinical explorations of these deficits and potentially to therapeutic pathways targeted towards the cerebellum
Dachez, Julie. "Envisager l'autisme autrement : une approche psychosociale". Thesis, Nantes, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NANT2020/document.
Texto completoThis thesis examines autism from the standpoint of social psychology. The first survey, in which 205 people took part, allowed us to test a multidimensional scale for measuring attitudes in a Francophone context, The second, which involved 104 participants, was aimed at analysing the impact on young adults of an educational message concerning a peer-aged high-functioning autist. This message was given either as a recorded voiceover on a video or live in a situation of personalised interaction by an actor pretending to be an adult autist and compared with the reactions of a control group. The results show that the participants in the situation of “personalised interaction” have attitudes that are significicantly more positive. The third survey, which involved 206 participants, concerned social representations of autism, and the effect of contact on these representations. The results confirm that there is indeed a social representation of autism. We also remarked similarities between the contents of the social representations of our two sub-populations; nonetheless, these representations are organised differently. Finally, the fourth survey was dedicated to studying the coping strategies employed by ASD adults. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with a population of 31 adult autists. Eight coping strategies were identified: special interests, militant behaviour, diagnosis, seeking help from atypical friends, seeking comfort from animals, normalisation, intellectualisation, and humour. The results of these four surveys are discussed with respect to the present political and economic context
Bennabi, Meriem. "Caractéristiques immunogénétiques et immuno-inflammatoires des troubles du spectre autistique (TSA)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC017.
Texto completoAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are severe neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by deficits in communication and social interactions, and by repetitive and stereotyped behaviors and exhibiting a constant increase in terms of prevalence. Affecting ages ranging from the early post-natal period to adulthood, ASD are clinically heterogeneous and often associated with psychiatric and somatic comorbidities underlying, in part, by immune dysfunctions. In this context, we thus focused our attention on the analysis of immunogenetic and immunological characteristics potentially implicated in the disease risk and/or in the modulation their clinical phenotype. More precisely, we evaluated the potential implication of the genetic diversity of molecules involved in innate (PRR, CLR, Dectin-1) and adaptive (HLA) immune responses in disease risk. We then analyzed the phenotypic and functional characteristics of Natural Killer cells in patients with ASD, investigating their influence on the permanent inflammatory state often reported in ASD settings.On the immunogenetic point of view, we found that the genetic diversity of Dectin-1 (CLEC7A), a candidate selected because of its involvement in the modulation of intestinal microbial disorders, was associated with Asperger syndrome, a clinical form of ASD. We observed that the CLEC7A genotype rs2078178 GG and the rs2078178 / rs16910631 GG /GG haplotype were not only more frequent in Asperger but also associated with IQ scores.In terms of HLA diversity, we identified a risk haplotype (HLA-DRB1 * 11-DQB1 * 07) and a protective haplotype (HLA-DRB1 * 17-DQB1 * 02). The risk haplotype was also found to be associated with disease’s severity as reflected by unfavorable scores in the psychiatric clinical scales tested.In the second part of this thesis, we explored the phenotypic and functional modifications of CD3-CD56 + NK cells in patients with high-functioning autism. We observed a permanent cell activation state concomitant with spontaneous degranulation capacity, sustained IFN-? production and cellular hypofunction /exhaustion after in vitro stimulation. In addition, we identified a specific cluster of NK cells, based on the HLA-DR, NKG2C, and KIR2DL1 parameters, and we observed an unexpected increase of NK NKG2C + cells in ASD subjects independent of CMV infection. Finally, we observed that the expression of KIR2DL1 and HLA-DR were respectively correlated with the scores of IQ and those evaluating the CCA-LS and SAWR scales.Taken together, these data could contribute to a better knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the immune system in ASD and consequently to a better categorization of the groups of patients likely to benefit from targeted immunological therapeutic strategies
Coutelle, Romain. "Les spécificités du self dans les troubles du spectre de l'autisme sans déficience intellectuelle à l'âge adulte". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAJ065/document.
Texto completoSince first descriptions of Autism, disorders of self have been seen as key symptoms. The Self-Memory System put forward by Conway describes the reciprocal relationships between the self and autobiographical memory. This model was the theoretical background of our investigations of the specificities of the self in adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Intellectual Deficiency. We addressed three issues: structural aspects, concepts and subjective characteristics of the self. Our results showed an impairment of structural aspects of self while concepts and subjective characteristics were spared. Indeed, we found that the social function of autobiographical memory was altered and that social self-images belonging to self-concepts were related to qualitatively different memories. Our results challenge the episodic autobiographical memory deficit classically reported and encourage new researches to explore the impact of social relationships on the self and autobiographical memory
Maruani, Anna. "Exploration de l'hétérogénéité phénotypique des Troubles du Spectre Autistique". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/MARUANI_Anna_2_va_20181123.pdf.
Texto completoAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are defined by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction as well as by the restricted and repetitive nature of behaviors and interests. This entity covers very heterogeneous clinical situations, as much by the spectrum of severity of symptoms as by the variety of comorbidities and associated signs. If the genetic etiology seems preponderant, the mechanisms involved are complex and heterogeneous. One possible strategy to break down this heterogeneity is to rely on the study of phenotype-genotype relationships and more broadly on the study of phenotypic subgroups such as sensory peculiarities, co-morbidities or neuro-anatomical peculiarities, in order to to define more homogeneous categories. The aim of the thesis was to explore multi-modally the heterogeneity of these disorders.The first part of my thesis focused on the exploration of phenotype-genotype relationships. The first study focused on the exploration of Jacobsen syndrome (JS, 11q24.2-25 deletion) characterized by intellectual disability (ID) and a higher risk of ASD. In this critical region 11q24.2-25, we hypothesized that haploinsufficiency of neurotrimin (NTM) (neuronal cell adhesion molecule) may increase the risk of ASD and may affect volumes of brain structures. In the end, NTM could not be incriminated as a susceptibility gene for ASD, but the explorations provided new information on the impact of the 11q24.2-25 deletion on brain anatomy. Indeed, using automatic segmentation we explored macrocephaly in a patient with a large NTM deletion with NTM and a clinical phenotype of JS: we observed an increased volume of subcortical structures in this patient. But a decrease in the occipital gray matter. The second study focused on the CNTN5 and CNTN6 genes that encode neuronal cell adhesion molecules of the sensory-motor neural pathways. Clinical investigations of patients with deleterious variants of CNTN5 and / or CNTN6 showed that these patients were hypersensitive to sound and that their auditory evoked potentials (ABRs) showed changes in latency. These results shed new light on genes related to sensory peculiarities in ASDs. I will present the preliminary results of a third linkage study in a multiplexed family with TSA and synesthesia.In the second part of the thesis, I will expose an exploratory study in which we hypothesized that the lowered plasma concentrations of melatonin observed in our ASD patients (vs controls and related) could be related to a decrease in the volume of the pineal gland (PGV). The PGV were measured with a voxel-based volumetric measurement method from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). To better understand the relationship between VGP and plasma melatonin levels in our population, we generated a normative model. The melatonin deficiency seemed more related to the subject's status with respect to ASD than to VGP. This study led us to hypothesize that melatonin variations in ASD may be mainly caused by deregulation of the melatonin pathway.In conclusion, all of this work shows the importance of a multimodal approach for understanding ASD to open new avenues in terms of therapeutic strategy
Still, Laura. "Etude rétrospective des signes précoces des troubles du spectre de l'autisme chez les très jeunes enfants déficients visuels". Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSE2071/document.
Texto completoPrevious research ans clinical observations suggest a high incidence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in visually impaired children. A phenomena of developmental regression or stagnation « developmental setback » observed in the second year of life of visually impaired babies appears to predict the later occurrence of ASD. Relatively little research has explored the behavioural manifestations of very young visually impaired children before and around the apparition of developmental setback. For this retrospective study, home movies of blind children at the age of 12 months, 24 months and between 3 and 4 years, are analysed and behaviours of social communication are coded, to detect early signs of ASD. Films of blind children having later recieved a diagnosis of ASD are compared to films of blind children without ASD. The results indicate a lower frequency of certain social communication behaviours in blind children with ASD as early as 12 months old, with particular differences being observed in social engagement behaviours. Differences are also observed in the level of functional language from 24 months. Motor and language stereotyped behaviours are observed equally in the two groups until the age of 3 when these behaviours increase in the blind ASD children and decrease in the blind children without ASD. Divergences in the type of play are identified, sensory play being more frequent in the blind ASD children. Certain social rejection behaviours and sensory sensitivities are only observed in the blind ASD group. The results of this study contribute to a better understanding of early ASD signs in the blind, and improvements in the early screening of ASD in very young visually impaired children, as well as guiding early intervention programmes
Marcotte-Landreville, Julie. "Évaluation de l'évaluabilité du programme d'intervention Son-Rise pour les enfants atteints de troubles sur le spectre de l'autisme". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6420.
Texto completoBoisgontier, Jennifer. "Corrélats anatomo - fonctionnels de la vulnérabilité aux troubles du spectre autistique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0074/document.
Texto completoAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders highly heritable.In parallel, the underconnectivity theory of ASD assumes that fronto-posterior brain disconnectivity is at the core of its pathophysiology. Our goal was to assess long-range structural and functional connectivity in unaffected parents of subjects with ASD to better understand the contributions of familial factors to heightened risk of ASD. We performed a diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) based whole brain tractography to compare generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) in the main deep long white matter tracts in 85 adults: 39 unaffected parents, 18 probands compared to 28 controls. After corrections for multiple comparisons, we identified a significant decrease in gFA in the bilateral inferior frontal occipital fasciculus (IFOF) in both probands with ASD and unaffected parents when compared to controls. To understand the functional implication of fronto – occipital anatomical disconnectivity, we assessed the functional connectivity between the regions linked by IFOF exhibiting significant alterations in gFA. We also showed that both probands and unaffected parents exhibited a significantly increased functional connectivity between the frontal and occipital regions linked by the IFOF. In order to better understand and extend this interesting results, to evaluate the global functional connectivity of our sample in order to be able to interpret the increase of fronto-occipital functional connectivity would be an important perspective. These findings highlight an altered fronto-occipital connectivity in subjects with ASD and unaffected parents suggesting that fronto-occipital disconnectivity may be an endophenotype of ASD
Fourcade, Coralie. "Perception du fardeau chez les parents d'enfants avec Troubles du Spectre de l'Autisme : approche quantitative et qualitative du vécu parental". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20012/document.
Texto completoStudy 1 – This validation study aims to investigate the psychometric properties of the French version of the 21-item Caregiving Strain Questionnaire (FCGSQ-21), which evaluates caregivers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder’s burden. A three-factor model was found to best fit the structure of this scale. Those factors include the objective burden as well as the internalized and externalized subjective burdens. In the present study, the FCGSQ-21’s homogeneity is excellent with a Cronbach’s alpha of .90. Study 2 –This study aims at investigating the psychological well-being of parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) while comparing it to that of parents of children with Down Syndrome (SD) as well as that of parents of typically developing children (DT). Significant differences appear between parents of those different groups for perceived burden (F (2,56) = 18,34 ; p ≤ 0,001), and anxiety and depression (F (2,56) = 5,30 ; p =0,008 ; F (2,56) = 4,72 ; p = 0,013). Other significant differences are observed between parents of children with ASD and SD on all variables in this study, most notably for the sub-scale “Global Coordination of Care” (M SD = 6,7 ; ET = 1,82, M TSA = 5,24 ; ET = 1,67 ; t = 2,76, p = 0,009).Study 3 – First, the transactional integrative and multifactorial Model (TIM) adapted to parents of children with ASD was tested. Then, different profiles of parents linked to their psychological well-being in face of their child’s disorder were highlighted. It appears that dispositional optimism is an explicative variable of psychological well-being and anxiety and depression appear as mediating variables between dispositional optimism and burden perception. Three profiles of parents were highlighted. One profile of parents (n=63) displays reduced psychological well-being. The second profile (n=29) includes parents who maintained high psychological well-being. The last profile (n=75) is homogenous. Study 4 – This study aims to explore how mothers and fathers of children with ASD live with their child’s disorder. The mean comparisons between fathers and mothers highlight a higher care satisfaction, coordination and respect for mothers. Mothers also have a higher delegated dyadic coping (partner) and common dyadic coping than fathers do. The qualitative analysis revealed that fathers and mothers often do not have the same role with their child
Dell'Armi, Mélina. "Identification des besoins familiaux et évaluation d'un programme de répit : intervention appliquée aux parents d'enfants avec Troubles du spectre de l'autisme". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU20059/document.
Texto completoMany studies have highlighted that Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have a significant impact on theindividual’s daily life, and his/her relatives (i.e. family and parents). Research in this area has thereforeincreasingly focused on the family, providing resources, support and services. Indeed, their role in thechild’s support is of prime importance, and appropriate support for carers is also indirect support for thechild. While parents are the primary users of the proposed devices, availability of such services stillremain inadequate, and do not play an important role in the implementation of interventionsStudy 1 aims to translate and validate a French version of the Family Needs Questionnaire (FNQ). Theresults have demonstrated good psychometric validity, suggesting that this instrument is adequate toevaluate family needs in a sample of French parents of children with ASD. Study 2, assesses the needs ofmothers of children with ASD, using the FNG-Fr and the Family Needs Survey. Qualitative measures suchas open questions and semi-structured interviews were also used. Study 3 focuses on evaluation of thefamily needs by comparing parents of children with ASD and parents of children with Specific LanguageImpairments (SLI). School-centered needs, needs for child’s social life and respite time needs were ratedas the most unmet needs by parents of children with ASD. Findings from semi-structured interviews andopen question have also highlight such needs that were significantly different compared to those ofparents of with SLI, suggesting specific needs for parents of children with ASD. And study 4 was based ona longitudinal design for evaluating the impact of an at-home intervention program, allowing a respitetime for the families. While parental satisfaction was high, no impact on variables assessing parents’quality of life was found
Carton-Buonafine, Coralie. "Architecture génétique des troubles du spectre autistique dans les îles Féroé". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC117/document.
Texto completoAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) are a heterogeneous group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by deficits in social interaction and communication as well as the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. ASD affects approximately one in 68 individuals. They usually occur during the first three years of life but, in some cases, symptoms are recognized later, when social demands increase. There is a strong genetic component to ASD, as indicated by the recurrence risk in families and twin studies. However, the genetic architecture of ASD remains largely unknown because of its extreme heterogeneity. It is very challenging to identify, for each patient, the combination of risk alleles. Our laboratory identified the first genetic pathway associated with ASD – the NLGN-NRXN-SHANK pathway – playing a key role in synaptogenesis during development. There are an increasing number of genes associated with ASDs but few studies have been conducted on epidemiological cohorts and isolated populations. Here, we investigated 357 individuals from the Faroe Islands including 36 patients with ASD, 136 of their relatives and 185 non-ASD controls. Data from SNP array and whole exome sequencing revealed that patients had a higher burden of copy-number variants, higher inbreeding status, higher load of homozygous deleterious mutations, and a higher ASD polygenic risk score compared to controls. We confirmed the role of several ASD-associated loci (NRXN1, ADNP, 22q11 deletion) and identified new truncating (GRIK2, ROBO1, NINL and IMMP2L) or recessive variants (KIRREL3 and CNTNAP2) affecting genes already associated with ASD. We have also identified three novel candidate genes playing key roles in synaptic plasticity (RIMS4, KALRN and PLA2G4A) carrying deleterious de novo mutations in patients without intellectual disability. Overall, for 11% of individuals with ASD, a known genetic cause was identified, for 39% at least one strongly deleterious mutation was identified in a compelling candidate gene and for 50% no obvious genetic cause was detected. In summary, our study provides a better understanding of the genetic architecture of ASD in isolated populations by highlighting both the impact of common and rare variants but also by revealing the role of new genes for ASD. These genes code for proteins that are essential for neurodevelopment. The identification of these factors involved in synapse formation and maintenance could provide new leads to better understand the biological basis of ASD and find novel therapeutic strategies. However, it is necessary to further understand the combined impact of different mutations on neuronal function in order to better characterize the genetic architecture of ASD
Fecteau, Stéphanie. "Régulation physiologique et perception de stress chez des parents d'enfants diagnostiqués d'un trouble du spectre de l'autisme : la contribution de la présence d'un chien d'assistance et des représentations associées à l'attachement". Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6668.
Texto completoBordes, Loïc. "Activité hippocampique associée aux stimuli sociaux chez la souris Shank3 modèle des Troubles du Spectre Autistique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0044.
Texto completoAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) form a widespread neurodevelopmental disease affecting about 1% of the population. Core symptoms displayed by patients are medium to severe deficits in social interaction, limited center of interest, repetitive behavior as well as intellectual and/or cognitive deficiencies. Recent progress in human genetics enabled the identification of several susceptibility genes; many of them share common and prominent roles in the synapse. Deletion and de novo mutations of the SHANK3 gene have been associated in humans with severe forms of ASD, yet, the functional consequences of these mutations on behavioral disturbances remain largely unexplained. Mice carrying SHANK3 exon-21 deletion (Shank3(ΔC/ΔC)) display social deficits and significant neurophysiological alterations such as synaptic abnormalities, in particular in the hippocampus, a place of intense neuroplasticity during development and learning and memory process. Interestingly, even though hippocampal vulnerability has been recently highlighted as a key factor in ASD, and given its suggested role in social memory, the functional link between synaptic structural alterations and (social) behavioral impairments in ASD has not yet been elucidated. It is even unclear whether and how the Hippocampus, best known for its critical role in spatial navigation (e.g. “place cell” activity creating spatial maps) and episodic memory, can also process social information. Hence, we examined if and how hippocampal place cells in normal mice respond to social stimuli during different social experiments, and the extent to which place cell firings are altered in Shank3(ΔC/ΔC) mice. Our data demonstrate that hippocampal place cell activity of wild-type animals can be significantly modulated by the presence of congeners in the nearby environment. Notably, place cells display global remapping when the mouse is exposed to a novel animal in a blocked/fixed location in both wild-type and Shank3(ΔC/ΔC) mice. However, some of the processes observed were significantly modified in mice lacking Shank3. These elements show that the hippocampus may play a crucial role in the creation of meaningful representations of experiences, associating spatial, contextual and social information, and these processes might be altered in ASD, possibly leading to cognitive inflexibility. The SHANK3 gene deletion also produced significant changes in network behavior, excitation/inhibition balance in addition to fundamental behaviors such as sleep, suggesting the importance of its physiological roles in ASD-associated phenotypes
Mishchenko, Marina. "Réciprocité et expression de confiance en situation de prise de décision chez les personnes avec un Trouble du Spectre de l'Autisme (TSA)". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB242.
Texto completoHow do individuals on the Autism Spectrum respond to different levels of reciprocity during social interactions? The aim of this dissertation is to describe decision making of ASD participants in the social context across different ages (children, adolescents, young adults, and adults), using two experimental paradigms (Cyberball; Trust game) In a series of three experimental studies we: 1) assess the ability of ASD individuals to discriminate between cooperation, fairness, exclusion, and to adopt reciprocal behavior by analyzing their implicit and explicit responses; 2) compare the motivational effects of gain and social affiliation on the recognition of different levels of reciprocity, in typically developed individuals; and 3) test the influence of reputational bias on reciprocal behavior in ASD adolescents using a Bayesian approach of decision making. The use of new methods to improve existing paradigms and to respond to challenges in ASD research are discussed
Gonthier, Marylie. "Effets de l'assistance animale sur les enfants présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme : point de vue des familles concernant la participation sociale". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/67545.
Texto completoFor children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), life is complex. They have special needs that sometimes require assistance from their parents. Meeting these needs can be overwhelming for parents and pose certain challenges. However, there are benefits to animal assistance that make everyday life easier for children and their family. Therefore, the aim of this exploratory study is to answer the two following questions: (1) According to the parents of a child with ASD, how does having a service dog affect their child’s social skills and social participation? (2) According to the parents of a child with ASD, how does having a service dog affect their family members’ social participation? The Human Development Model—Disability Creation Process (HDM DCP 2) was used as an analytical framework. Six participants expressed their opinion through semi-structured interviews. A thematic analysis of these opinions was then completed. The parents’ comments suggest that having a service animal can be both an obstacle and an aid when it comes to their children’s and family’s lifestyle habits. The study shows that having a service animal helps children with communication, movements, hygiene, nutrition, health, school, hobbies, accountability, and interpersonal relationships, when it interacts with their personal factors. However, it can also represent an obstacle when it comes to children’s personal hygiene, health, school, hobbies and interpersonal relationships. Families see particularly strong positive and negative effects of having a service dog on hobbies, interpersonal relationships and work. However, further research is required in order to fully understand the impacts of getting such assistance on a larger sample.
Bruneau-Bherer, Rosée. "Le développement de la cognition sociale chez les enfants et ses liens avec le fonctionnement social dans les troubles du spectre de l'autisme". Thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2012/29309/29309.pdf.
Texto completoBruneau-Bhérer, Rosée. "Le développement de la cognition sociale chez les enfants et ses liens avec le fonctionnement social dans les troubles du spectre de l'autisme". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/24160.
Texto completoDerguy, Cyrielle. "L'ajustement parental dans les troubles du spectre de l'autisme. Etude des facteurs de protection et de vulnérabilité et développement d'un programme d'éducation thérapeutique". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0374/document.
Texto completoAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) are the second most common childhood neurodevelopmental disorder. Disability is present throughout life and has major implications for the individual functioning but also on the family environment, especially on parents. As highlighted by the last French Autism Plan, it is crucial to develop support programs for parents. The goal of this research is to study the adjustment and parental needs in ASD in order to develop and evaluate a therapeutic education program. Three studies were carried out successively using a qualitative method (Study 1) or quantitative method (Studies 2 and 3). The first study aimed at identifying needs in two groups: parents of children with ASD compared to parents of typically developing children (N = 162). Support targets were formulated from reported needs by parents with ASD child in the following areas: material, information, parental guidance and emotional support. Our second study considered the determinants of parental adjustment in ASD (N = 115). The contextual variables were more involved in parental adjustment than individual measures. From a contextual perspective, the characteristics of the family environment and children school access are important determinants of adjustment. From an individual perspective, comorbidities in children and a broader autism phenotype in parents were associated with lower parental adjustment. Finally, the last study developed and evaluated the impact of therapeutic education program to parents of children with ASD (N = 40). The program consists in seven group-structured sessions. Good acceptability as well as significant improvements in quality of life and depressive symptoms was noted. In conclusion, the parents’ needs and adjustment difficulties confirm the relevance to support fathers and mothers of children with ASD. From a prevention way, it is important to early and continually assess support needs and parental adjustment. This assessment should be based on a global vision of parental status and to consider individual and contextual aspects. These elements are present in the ETAP program, which appears as a promising device to support parents of children with ASD. A theoretical model of parental adjustment in ASD is proposed from the results of the three components of this research
Russet, Frédéric. "Trouble du spectre de l’autisme sans déficience intellectuelle (TAS SDI) : profil clinique et socio-démographique chez l’adulte, à partir d’une population d’étude française". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MON30045.
Texto completoThe body of knowledge regarding autism spectrum adults with no Intellectual Disability (ASD No ID) is still limited. Therefore, the clinical profile and the socio-demographic (SD) profile of a French study sample are explored here, according to the following variables: sex, age and nonverbal cognitive level (NVIQ) in adulthood; as well as for the SD profile, age of diagnosis and intensity of ASD symptoms in adulthood. The frequency of clinical difficulties and SD data are also compared to those of a non-clinical group (NC) and a group with other disorders. The results have implications in terms of diagnostic identification and care
Bédard, Charlène y Charlène Bédard. "Analyse des similitudes et des différences entre les besoins de soutien des pères et des mères vivant avec un enfant présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/37219.
Texto completoLes parents qui vivent avec un enfant présentant un trouble du spectre de l’autisme (TSA) ont besoin d’accéder à différents types de soutien pour assumer leurs responsabilités parentales sans s’épuiser. Ceci leur permet d’accéder à une qualité de vie et à une participation sociale plus optimales. Les objectifs de ce mémoire en service social sont de (1) documenter les similitudes et les différences entre les besoins de soutien des mères et des pères vivant avec un enfant présentant un TSA et (2) d’identifier quel type de soutien destiné au couple semble nécessaire par le père et par la mère pour avoir une vie conjugale satisfaisante. Une combinaison de la typologie des besoins de Tétreault et collaborateurs (2012) et du Modèle de développement humain – Processus de production du handicap (MDH-PPH) de Fougeyrollas (2010) constitue le cadre d’analyse de cette recherche. Afin de recueillir les données, deux groupes de discussion et trois entrevues individuelles ont été réalisés auprès de six mères, quatre pères et un beau-père, tous vivant avec un enfant âgé de 5 à 10 ans présentant un TSA. L’analyse thématique de contenu relève que le besoin de soutien prioritaire de ces parents est le soutien éducationnel. Les pères mentionnent un besoin de soutien informationnel et de soutien pour la socialisation de leur enfant ainsi que pour la participation à des activités sociales et de loisirs. Les mères présentent des besoins importants de répit et d’aide pour les activités de la vie domestique. Les problèmes d’accessibilité des services semblent exacerber les inégalités entre les familles consultées. Les recherches futures devraient explorer les points de vue de parents issus de différentes configurations familiales et de milieux socioéconomiques variés. Une meilleure compréhension de leurs besoins est essentielle pour adapter les pratiques des intervenantes et des intervenants impliqués dans leur vie quotidienne.
Parents living with a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) need access to different types of support to fulfill their parenting responsibilities without becoming exhausted. Moreover, this gives them access to a more optimal quality of life and social participation. The objectives of this research project carried out as part of this master’s thesis in social work are: (1) to document the similarities and differences in support needs of fathers and mothers living with a child with ASD and (2) to identify what type of support for the couple seems necessary in order for the father and the mother to have a satisfactory life as a couple. A combination of the typology of the needs of Tétreault et al. (2012) and the Human Development Model-Disability Production Process (MDH-PPH) by Fougeyrollas (2010), constitutes the analytical framework for this research. To collect the data, two focus groups and three one-on-one interviews were conducted with six mothers, four fathers and one stepfather living with a child with ASD aged 5 to 10 years old. The thematic content analysis notes that parents' need for priority support is educational support. For their part, fathers have a need for support of the socialization of their child, their participation in social and recreational activities, and informational support. Mothers have great needs for respite and help with the activities of daily living. The problems having access to services seem to exacerbate social inequalities between families. Future research should explore the perspectives of parents from different family configurations and varied socio-economic backgrounds. A better understanding of the needs of parents is essential to adapt the practices of the caregivers and therapists involved in the families’ daily lives.
Parents living with a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) need access to different types of support to fulfill their parenting responsibilities without becoming exhausted. Moreover, this gives them access to a more optimal quality of life and social participation. The objectives of this research project carried out as part of this master’s thesis in social work are: (1) to document the similarities and differences in support needs of fathers and mothers living with a child with ASD and (2) to identify what type of support for the couple seems necessary in order for the father and the mother to have a satisfactory life as a couple. A combination of the typology of the needs of Tétreault et al. (2012) and the Human Development Model-Disability Production Process (MDH-PPH) by Fougeyrollas (2010), constitutes the analytical framework for this research. To collect the data, two focus groups and three one-on-one interviews were conducted with six mothers, four fathers and one stepfather living with a child with ASD aged 5 to 10 years old. The thematic content analysis notes that parents' need for priority support is educational support. For their part, fathers have a need for support of the socialization of their child, their participation in social and recreational activities, and informational support. Mothers have great needs for respite and help with the activities of daily living. The problems having access to services seem to exacerbate social inequalities between families. Future research should explore the perspectives of parents from different family configurations and varied socio-economic backgrounds. A better understanding of the needs of parents is essential to adapt the practices of the caregivers and therapists involved in the families’ daily lives.
Taton, Romain. "Étude comparative des trajectoires développementales de personnes présentant un Trouble du Spectre de l'Autisme (TSA) et bénéficiant d'interventions psycho-éducatives". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCB119/document.
Texto completoBackgroud : The treatment of people with autism, in France, is the subject of recommendations of good practices published by the High health authorities, those are actually supported through the autism plan 2013-2017. According to those recommendations, developemental, cognitive and behavioral approachs are central and research works still essential. Objective : This doctoral reseach is focusing on psycho-educational strategies used by different medico-social institutions on ASD people of various developemental profils and various behaviors. The purpose is to analyse the impact of those strategies on psycho-educational development, socio-adaptative evolution and autistic behaviors over a period of three years. Hypothesis : We assume that developmental trajectories on cognitives and socio-adaptatives abilities as well as on autistic behaviors are determined by the implementation quality of the psycho-educational interventions, regardless the age range and the autism severity degree of people with autism. Methodology : The population studied in this research comprehends 158 people with autism, children (N=54), teenagers (N=19) and adults (N=105). They all received psycho-educational interventions in differents specialised instituitions (Mainly in Normandy, some in the Great Est). Research tools : - The developmental trajectories have been determined on the basis of regular psycho-educational and socio-adaptatif évaluations during a three years period, with VINELANDII and PEP3. In addition, the ECAR-T has been used to evaluate autistic behaviors. - To evaluate the implementation quality of treatments into the institutions, we built an original evaluation scale measuring the psycho-educational intervention properties. This tool enables to determine actions in place inside institutons, and to make objective measurements about the actual implantation level of psycho-educational programs into those institutions. Data processing : The data process aims to validate the MIPE. It will also be used to estimate the impact of interventions and their characteristics on developmental trajectory. Findings : Results enable to validate the MIPE scale, which makes objective measurements about the actual implantation level of psycho-educational programs. Data process also emphasizes the relevance of the approach offered to our population sample, regardless the age range and the autism severity degree. Conclusion : The outcoume of this study demonstrate not only the relevance of psycho-educational intervention and their display modality for people with autism living in institution, regardless their age (children, teenager, adults), it also highlighs the importance of their implementation characteristics
Gilbert, Elsa. "La mémoire épisodique et le fonctionnement social dans les troubles du spectre autistique". Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28214/28214.pdf.
Texto completoGuinchat, Vincent. "Les comorbidités cliniques de l'autisme : une interface entre le syndrome autistique et ses causes". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066366/document.
Texto completoSuccessive definitions of autism did not reduce the extent of its clinical heterogeneity. This limits progress in understanding its etiological basis and the implementation of targeted therapeutic strategies. Comorbid disorders with autism are a complex issue because their frequency is one of the core features of clinical heterogeneity. We hypothesize that they are a better etiological clue than behavioral clinical syndromes. Our first study explores the initial instinctive concerns of parents of autistic children based on 459 open-Labelled questionnaires. Parents identify a set of symptoms comorbid to autism at a very early stage in their child's development The second study lists all the pre, peri and neonatal risk factors which have a significant, although moderate, effect on autism. .The third study lists in great detail all of the major causes of autism in a clinical epidemiological sample of 183 children with a typical autism. The 36 genetic diagnoses represent 58% of all causes which leaves a significant proportion of neurodevelopmental disorders of environmental or cryptogenic origin. The clinical, genetic and environmental differences that we identified between a non-Syndromic and syndromic autism (with comorbidities) validate the hypothesis that comorbidities are linked to a more general dysfunction and contribute to distinguishing the etiologies and provide practical information on the prognosis. A dimensional approach which includes comorbid disorders is prone to establish a fine-Grained taxonomy that point to distinct etiopathological processes
Le, Gall Eva. "Exploration neurocognitive des liens entre les troubles du spectre schizophrénique et les troubles du spectre autistique : Profils communs et différences fonctionnelles dans les domaines du fonctionnement cognitif général, du langage figuré et de la cognition sociale". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE2004/document.
Texto completoSchizophrenia Spectrum Disorders and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) have similar difficulties in communication, social interaction, affects and emotions. These apparent similarities raise the question whether similar or different neurocognitive processes might underlie similar symptoms and cognitive profiles. However, currently, very few experimental studies directly compare individuals with autism and schizophrenia in different cognition areas.The major aim of the present Doctoral Dissertation was to address these issues by exploring three areas: cognitive profile (the assessment of general cognitive functioning and the quantitative and the qualitative analysis of verbal fluency), pragmatic language (idiom comprehension in context and novels metaphors’ comprehension) and social cognition (facial affect recognition and attributional style). In each of these areas, the major results showed that despite apparent cognitive similarities, neurocognitive functioning observed in patients with schizophrenic disorders and autism were characterized by significant qualitative differences that were examined and discussed in the context of the international literature and in relation to the possible clinical perspectives
Poli, Gaël. "Écologie sociale du milieu familial et handicap : la relation entre la mère et l'enfant présentant un Trouble du Spectre de l'Autisme". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU20065/document.
Texto completoAutism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) involve a significantly different developmental prognosis depending on severity and associated disorders. Relationship difficulties, inadequate behaviours and the specific needs of the child have implications on family functioning and affect parents' experiences. This situation generates significant stress that can potentially undermine parental cohesion, affect parent-child interactions, impair parenting, and lead to lessened perceptions of the quality of family relationships. Considering the social ecology of the family environment allows us to question the relationship between the family climate perceived by mothers, evaluated by the IRF (LARIPE, 1989), and the perceived maternal stress, measured by the ISP/FB (Bigras, LaFrenière and Abidin, 1996), taking into account the singularity of disability, namely autistic disorder severity, determined by the EEAI (Rogé, 1989), and the coexistence of a language disorder and/or an associated intellectual impairment defined by medical diagnosis realized prior to study.Language competence has a high impact, both on the age of parental alert and age of diagnosis by professionals, and is strongly associated with the severity of autistic disorders evaluation (N=65). Depending on the level of perceived maternal stress, using a cluster analysis based on the dimensions of ISP/FB, the quality of family relationships differs significantly. The most stressed mothers perceive the family climate as more confrontational. By considering maternal experience at the eco-systemic level rather than dyadic, an ecological intervention by integrating a MIRA Foundation (Quebec) assistance dog into the family group (n=24) produced a concomitant decrease for maternal stress related to management of child's difficult behaviours and for severity of autistic disorders. In absence of differences in the first measurement time with mothers waiting for service (n=26), mothers in families with a dog are less stressed both overall, than for interactions and for education of the autistic child. They also perceive a more favourable relationship climate. Results obtained highlight the contribution of animal mediation to improving the quality of life of all members in the microsystem, particularly on intra and extra-familial interactions facilitation
Diémé, Binta. "Etude métabolomique de la pathologie autistique". Thesis, Tours, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOUR3803.
Texto completoASDs are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders defined by deficits in social interaction, communication and restricted and repetitive behaviors. To date, the diagnosis of autism is made only on the basis of clinical symptoms. There is no biomarker of ASD. The aim of this work is (1) the search of predictive biomarkers in ASD and (2) the better understanding of brain metabolic dysfunctions in a rat model (valproate rat, VPA). To highlight urinary predictive biomarkers we analyzed together data from different analytical technologies in order to improve the robustness and predictive power of statistical models. The second part of the thesis was to characterize and compare the cerebral metabolome of VPA rat during development. We showed disturbances of neurotransmission, energy, oxidative stress pathways. Even if results obtained in rats cannot be transposed to humans, the VPA model still allows a better understanding the brain physiological disturbances induced by the drug
Canali, Giorgia. "Genetic and functional study of CNTNAP2/Caspr2 in autism spectrum disorders". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS050.pdf.
Texto completoAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders characterised by deficits in social communication and repetitive behaviours. Alterations in brain connectivity are the most replicated findings in ASD patients. The CNTNAP2 gene, coding Caspr2, has been associated to ASD, with a large number of missense heterozygous variants identified in patients. However, some missense variants have also been found in the control population, questioning their pathogenicity. Here, using in vitro and in vivo approaches we identify new functions for Caspr2 in axonal development and provided proof of principle that some variants could impact these functions. We report that Caspr2 is involved in axon growth of cortical neurons in culture in a dose-dependent manner, with Cntnap2+/- neurons presenting an intermediate phenotype between wild type and Cntnap2-/- neurons. We also show that Caspr2 is required in vivo for the development of axons projecting into two major interhemispheric myelinated tracts, the corpus callosum and the anterior commissure. Performing morphometric and electron microscopy analyses we detect morphological modifications of these structures and alterations in axo-axonal contacts and axonal diameter in both Cntnap2+/- and Cntnap2-/- mice throughout development. Using in vitro assays and axon growth as read-out, we further show that some of the variants display either a dominant-negative effect or a loss-of-function in a Cntnap2+/- genetic background, suggesting that they could alter brain connectivity and thus contribute to the manifestations of ASD
Bermudez-Martin, Patricia. "Perturbations de la périphérie et du microbiote Intestinal dans les Troubles du Spectre Autistique : Le rôle spécifique du p-Crésol". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6011.
Texto completoThis thesis mainly focuses on the peripheral anomalies associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), a group of frequent neurodevelopmental pathologies.The first section is devoted to my main thesis work and focuses on the influence of the microbiota and bacterial metabolites in ASD. In autistic patients, deficits in social interaction and repetitive behaviours (stereotypies) are frequently associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, abnormal composition of the intestinal flora and abnormal levels of metabolites produced by the microbiota. This suggests that disturbances in the microbiota-gut-brain axis could contribute to the development of ASD. However, the causal link between dysbiosis, microbial metabolites and autistic behaviour remains to be demonstrated. Our working hypothesis is that certain microbial metabolites are mediators of the deleterious effects of the intestinal flora on the behaviours impacted in ASD. We have studied the microbial metabolite para-Cresol (p-Cresol) that is abnormally elevated in ASD patients and produced in particular by Clostridia bacteria that are overabundant in these patients. We have explored in mice the causal relationship between exposure to p-Cresol and the development of autistic behaviours. We have thus shown that mice exposed to p-Cresol for 4 weeks display social interaction deficits and stereotypies. These behavioural symptoms specific to ASD are accompanied by a decrease in the excitability of dopaminergic neurons in the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA), a brain region key to social reward and known to be deregulated in ASD patients. We also highlighted anomalies in the composition of the microbiota upon p-Cresol exposure, with the abundances of specific microbial taxa correlated with social behaviour deficits. Finally, the restoration of a healthy microbiota by a transfer of microbiota from normal mice to mice exposed to p-Cresol allowed us to restore social behaviour deficits and VTA dopaminergic activity. This study demonstrates a causal relationship between exposure to the microbial metabolite p-Cresol and the development of ASD core behaviours and also a possible therapeutic avenue for ASD through the manipulation of microbiota.The second section of the thesis consists of three articles, to which I have contributed, that explore peripheral phenotypes in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), the leading genetic cause of ASD. The first article addresses the deregulation of glucose and lipid metabolism in FXS relying on the Fmr1-KO mouse, the mouse model of FXS, as well as on samples from FXS patients. In the second article, we analysed the impact of Fmr1 gene inactivation on body composition and bone structure in the mouse model of FXS. In the third article, we highlighted anomalies in the profiles of chemokines in the serum of FXS patients, suggesting immune dysfunctions.Overall, my thesis work highlighted peripheral contributions in ASD, and in particular the key role of the microbial metabolite p-Cresol in the development of autistic behaviour
Chiesa, Morgane. "Term or preterm cesarean section delivery does not lead to long-term detrimental consequences in mice". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0180/document.
Texto completoCesarean section (C-section) is an alternative mode of delivery which is recommended when the mother or the fetus’ life might be endangered by natural childbirth. In recent years, epidemiological studies have reported that C-section delivery might increase the probability to develop disorders such as autism. However, these reports remain controversial due to the numerous factors involved in birth by C-section. To tackle this issue, we used mice delivered by C-section and looked at parameters associated with autism. We evaluated sociability, communication and repetitive behaviors in our mice and found that C-section only induces transient and early modifications in their communication. Also, we did not find changes in brain activity, even if small temporal morphological alterations were present after C-section. Therefore, C-section delivery leads to short-term modifications that are not sufficient to induce autism
Carette, Romuald. "Détection automatisée du trouble du spectre de l'autisme via eye-tracking et réseaux de neurones artificiels : conception d'un système d'aide à la décision". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Amiens, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AMIE0025.
Texto completoThe Computer Sciences and Psychology fields are very far from each other. However, some needs in Cognitive Psychology (CP) can be satisfied through the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI), in particular its connectionist approaches. There are a few uses of AI principles in CP, but they are quite inconspicuous. In particular, the case of the diagnosis support applied to Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a blank slate, with a few exceptions. As some work in CP show a great difference between some autistic traits and the ability to focus, notably visually, we have worked on data from an Eye-Tracker to try and detect young children with ASD apart from others without ASD of equivalent age. This data is of two distinct formats, on one hand based on the strict recording of the eyes positions on the screen (2 dimensions) and from the screen (3 dimensions), and on the other hand based on an automatic analysis of the eye sight dynamics. These two data types are digital models of information, generally read via a graphical plot over a video, by CP experts while observing their participants. The work in this thesis have focused on the application of various data modifications (presented as images, with a dimension reduction or statistics). It used various AI models (Artificial, Recurrent and Convolutional Neural Networks) to produce detection support techniques. Then, we have applied a weighted mean over these results to increase the precision of this detection support technique. Through the work conducted in this thesis, various approaches have been tried, keeping as a common element the neural networks as learning tool. Starting with a study about eye focus event and LSTM, we continued with ocular recorded raw data and a image-based modeling, used with a CNN. After applying PCA on these images, this data are also used with a simple ANN, with enhanced results. Then, a statistical study aims for the study of correlation between the values recorded by our Eye-Tracking device, the correlation are then given to an ANN to reach the highest results of this work. Finally, we tried to gather the information of some of these models to improve the obtained results once more.The best of our results allowed to produce a ROC curve with an AUC reaching 95%, which allow to think about an almost perfect support, given we could add some data used in manual diagnosis, and a complete freeing of the experts' time to enable a total focus on the setup of the child's support and his/her closer following. Moreover, the opportunity of an earlier child diagnosis can help better reducing the child's neurodevelopmental delay. None of these models are perfect. Still, there is to be noted that the diagnosis is never made, in practice, with the sole Eye-Tracking related data. Aiming to constitute a diagnosis support system, it essentially serves as a guiding tool for the professional in his/her work and to free a part of his/her time
Phenglawong, Thatsana. "Éducation des élèves présentant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme (TSA) dans les écoles primaires de la Capitale de Vientiane au Laos : une étude multi-cas". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/69446.
Texto completoThe number of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is growing all over the world. However, the education of these students differs from country to country. As a result, in Laos and more specifically in Vientiane, its capital, the regular class attendance of these students is increasing. As a result, making adjustments to educating students with ASD in the regular classroom is often difficult for school staff. So far, few studies have looked at the education of these students, from the point of view of principals, educators/ guides or teachers and little information is available. It is important to be better informed about this to promote the education of these students in regular classes at the elementary level. This thesis has four objectives, namely 1) to describe the state of knowledge and attitudes relating to ASD among directors, teachers and educators/guides who welcome a student with ASD in a regular classroom, in ordinary schools, in Vientiane; 2) list the reception and education conditions for students with ASD in these schools; 3) identify the facilitators and obstacles to the reception and education of these children and 4) identify the needs expressed by directors, teachers and educators/guides to promote the education of students with ASD in the primary schools in Vientiane. The conceptual framework describes the history of ASD, its definition, the characteristics of people with ASD according to the diagnostic criteria associated with this disorder, its severity levels according to DSM-5 (APA, 2015), its prevalence, its peculiarities, its associated disorders as well as his risk factors for ASD. It also describes the current knowledge and attitudes related to the education of students with ASD. Regarding the theoretical framework, it is based on the ecological approach applied to the education of students with ASD. This thesis favors a multi-case study using a mixed methodology. In total, a sample of 18 school actresses (five directors, four educators/guides and nine teachers) from five ordinary primary schools that welcome at least one student with ASD in an ordinary primary class in Vientiane was created to carry out this research. A questionnaire devoted to the quantitative aspect was sent to these same people. This questionnaire made it possible to collect first sociogeographic data, then data concerning the knowledge and attitudes relating to the education of students with ASD in ordinary classes. Then, these same school actresses participated in a semi-directive interview in order to collect data for the qualitative component. This section is devoted to describing the conditions, facilitators and obstacles to the reception and education of students with ASD and the needs promoting their education. To do this, the interviews were conducted in the field by the principal investigator, audio-recorded and transcribed. For the analysis of these data, the qualitative method of Blais and Martineau (2006) was used. This analytical approach is, subsequently, based on collective work to validate the processing of the data collected (Mukamurera, Lacourse, & Couturier, 2006). This analysis step makes it possible to tend to the reliability of the coding and allows a progressive inter-rater validation of the meaning of the data. The results of this research show that school actresses indicated that they had participated in few trainings on ASD and needed more practical knowledge for the education of these students in regular class. They also reveal that the vast majority of participants report a lack of knowledge about the characteristics of ASD. However, these have rather positive attitudes that attest to a good openness to differences. In addition, the results show that the reception and education conditions of students with ASD in primary schools in Laos vary from one school to another; principals can refuse or accept these students according to the abilities (degree of severity of the ASD) of each student. Depending on the results, the participants developed, intuitively or by trial and error, several educational practices that are similar to those recommended in the scientific literature. However, their educational practices with these students remain limited; all participants expressed a pressing need to enrich their training and support to better accommodate their student(s) with ASD. It is important for school staff to have more and varied practices available to effectively meet the needs of their students with ASD. It is also important that school stakeholders (directors, educators/ guides and teachers) are trained in ASD. Next, the research results highlight the need for the state to be able to support schools to adapt the school environment to this new clientele. The need to establish special schools and train special educators to help teachers in their specific tasks is also mentioned. Finally, to meet the needs of school stakeholders, the state should form a multidisciplinary team to support students with ASD as well as their families and the schools that host them in order to prepare for the school transition of these students to secondary school. In the same vein, collaboration and consultation between the ministries concerned with the education of these students is a recommended element to meet their needs, those of families and school stakeholders. On a more general level, it is important to continue to raise awareness of ASD in the educational and social context of this country.
Godde, Anaïs. "L'écriture manuscrite dans le trouble du spectre de l'autisme : une étude couplant oculométrie, tablette graphique et ralentissement des stimuli". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0323.
Texto completoHandwriting leads to numerous difficulties amongst individuals suffering from Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Our first objective was thus to study the characteristics of handwriting in both children and adults with ASD in comparison with chronological (CA) and developmental (DA) aged-matched controls, in order to understand its development with age. A first study conducted aimed at evaluate the handwriting quality and speed during a copy task of text. Our results showed that children with ASD have slower and poorer handwriting skills compared to controls. For ASD adult participants we observed a poorer handwriting quality than both CA and DA controls and a slower handwriting than CA controls only, meaning that it was comparable to DA controls. Moreover,a similar evolution between control and ASD participants. Our second objective was to test the effect of a slowed-down dynamic visual presentation of letters, pseudo-letters and words on the visual information processing and the handwriting dynamics in children and adults with ASD. For this, we coupled different techniques: an eye-tracking device, a graphic tablet, and Logiral™ (i.e a software for slowing down videos). During the slowed-down presentation, children showed a decrease of visual exploration associated with a slower and uneven handwriting, adults showed an increase in visual exploration associated with smaller handwriting size, although it was slower and uneven. This research contributed to a better understanding of handwriting particularities in ASD population, as well as the impact of slowing down stimuli on visual exploration and handwriting production
Latypova, Martin Xénia. "Etude fonctionnelle de variants identifiés par séquençage haut-débit : apports et perspectives". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT1024.
Texto completoTechnological advances have opened unparalleled opportunities to detect genetic variation. Interpretation of these datausing in vivo disease modeling approaches provides helpful input to inform Medical Genetics clinical practice. Neurodevelopmental disorders, including intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, pose a major challengefor genomic data interpretation and disease modeling, given the extensive locus heterogeneity, high contribution of de novo variation to etiologic burden and low accessibility of cell types of interest. Using anatomical surrogate phenotypes in zebrafish, we established relevance to disease and tested pathogenicity of point mutations in novel neurodevelopmental disease causing genes RORA and SIN3B. First, we categorized the RORA-associated disorder in two clinical subtypes depending on the presence of cerebellar features present in addition to intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder. Nonsynonymous variant testing in zebrafish indicated that there was a diverse direction of variant effect, which was consistent with the clinical subtypes observed. Additionally, we supported SIN3B involvement in a syndromic intellectual disability syndrome by demonstrating that disruption of craniofacial architecture, a comorbid feature, was caused by sin3b targeting in zebrafish. This work highlights the utility of the zebrafish model organism as an informative experimental tool for variant interpretation in genomic medicine, especially in neurodevelopmental disorders
Darville, Hélène. "Utilisation des cellules souches pluripotentes pour la recherche et la validation de composés thérapeutiques pour les formes génétiques d'autisme liées à SHANK3". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLE012/document.
Texto completoAims: The SHANK3 gene codes for a scaffold protein located in synapses of glutamatergic neurons. It plays a crucial role in the postsynaptic density assembly and in controlling glutamatergic synaptic transmission. Genetic anomalies leading to a decrease in SHANK3 protein expression are implicated in several psychiatric conditions, including genetic forms of autism spectrum disorders and schizophrenia. Mutations being heterozygous, treatments that increase SHANK3 protein through transcriptional regulation may be therapeutically useful. However, little is known about SHANK3 gene transcriptional regulation in human neurons because of the lack of a relevant cellular model. Here I took advantage of the self-renewing and pluripotency properties of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) to produce a large amount of human glutamatergic neurons in vitro and use them as a cellular resource to develop a large-scale screening strategy to identify SHANK3 gene transcription modulators. Results: Neuronal precursors were differentiated from one human embryonic stem cell line (SA001, 46 XY, Cellartis, Sweden). Cultures containing more than 70% of neurons with a cortical glutamatergic phenotype were reproducibly obtained in 384-well plates upon 14 days of precursor differentiation. Automated and high-throughput mRNA extraction was performed using Fastlane technology (Qiagen) in 384-well plates. SHANK3 mRNA levels were quantified using duplex Taqman qPCR, normalized to Cyclophilin A mRNA levels, then to SHANK3 mRNA levels of vehicle-treated cells in order to determine SHANK3 mRNA variations induced by the compound treatment (2-ΔΔCt method). A screening assay was conducted on 205 compounds, including kinase inhibitors, epigenetic regulators and repositionable marketed drugs, and 28 compounds successfully passed the hit selection criteria yielding SHANK3 mRNA increases of at least 30% from mean control values with a statistical cut-off of 2 standard deviation. Sixteen compounds were confirmed by dose-response experiments on SHANK3 mRNA. Further immunofluorescence studies using high content imaging confirmed that 4 compounds increased levels of SHANK3 protein in the neuritic network. Thus, this screening identified as SHANK3 regulators 2 Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) inhibitors the lead molecule, roscovitine and the mood regulator, lithium; the antiepileptic drug valproïc acid and the antipsychotic fluoxetine. In addition, functional calcium flux experiments validated lithium and valproïc acid effect on glutamatergic synaptic strength. Finally, the compounds were also tested on neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) of autistic patients bearing SHANK3 mutation. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that cellular pathways regulating a key synaptic protein, SHANK3, can be explored on a large scale using hPSC-derived neurons, including autistic individuals neurons using iPSC technology. This approach should help improving knowledge of the molecular mechanisms responsible of autism and promote the discovery of new therapeutic compounds, personalized to autistic subgroups of individuals stratified according to gene or pathway dysfunction rather than according to clinical heterogeneous symptoms
Gosling, Corentin. "Processus émotionnels et cognitifs guidant la prise de décision : étude d'enfants, d'adolescents et d'adultes typiques ou ayant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB247.
Texto completoThis thesis aimed to provide a better understanding of cognitive and emotional processes underlying the decision under risk. Adopting an integrative perspective that includes approaches of developmental psychology, cognitive psychology and psychopathology, we have successively examined (i) cognitive and emotional processes underlying one of the major decisional bias, the framing effect, (ii) the relationship between risk-taking, framing susceptibility and emotion regulation during development, (iii) the role of risk-aversion in rationality of individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) in experimental situations. Our first study, analyzing decisions of adults with typical development, has experimentally confirmed that emotional processes of attraction to sure gains and aversion to sure losses hypothesized by Daniel Kahneman are at the core of framing susceptibility. Moreover, the contrast of several conditions has confirmed the robustness of these emotional processes and allowed to identify that one methodological factor varying between the two main framing tasks moderates framing susceptibility. Our second study, analyzing decisions of children, adolescents and adults with typical development, has explored the relationship between the development of an emotion regulation strategy (cognitive reappraisal) and the development of risk-taking and framing susceptibility. Our results showed that adolescents took more risks than children or adults but this increase in risk-taking was limited to situations with a high level of risk. We found no group differences on the frequency and the efficacy of using cognitive reappraisal and on framing susceptibility. Our third study assessed decision-making of adults with ASD. In order to explore the role of risk-aversion in rationality in individuals with ASD, we have adapted a framing paradigm to create situations in which risk-aversion was alternatively more rational, less rational, or neither more nor less rational than risk-taking. Results showed that participants with ASD took fewer risks than control participants when risk-aversion was more, or as advantageous as risk-taking. In contrast, when risk-aversion was less advantageous than risk-taking, both groups adopted a similar decision pattern. In conclusion, these studies expand knowledge on cognitive and emotional processes underlying the decision under risk and framing susceptibility during typical development and in individuals with ASD
Medjkane, François. "Position autistique, position psychotique : pour une perspective psychopatologique des troubles envahissants du développement de l'enfant". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC087/document.
Texto completoFrom clinical experience of psychiatry practice in a French department for mental health, this work is focused on defining psychopathological specificities which are encountered in children with Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD) from described in ICD 10.A literature review from a historical and comprehensive perspective has allowed us to generate a research hypothesis. The autistic position would be correlated with autistic PDD and the psychotic position would be correlated with non-autistic PDD.For this project, we implemented a retrospective study based on a clinical population of children who have been evaluated with standard multidisciplinary assessments, done in the Nord-Pas de Calais’s Centre Resource Autisme.Through different observations, we could support the hypothesis that there is a difference between autistic PDD children and non-autistic PDD children in their affective and emotional relationship with the World.Thanks to this description of psychopathological particularities, this study takes us a step closer to offering each child with PDD the best individual support possible
Girard, Pauline. "Processus inférentiels sociaux et langagiers chez les enfants et adolescents avec un trouble du spectre de l’autisme : approches clinique et développementale". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REN20003.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to investigate the social and language development of children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) through the study of the non-literal aspects of language. Our first study explores the developmental trajectories of the social and language inferential processes underlying the understanding of this implicit dimension of language, as well as their predictive factors. This longitudinal study involved 12 children and adolescents with ASDs compared to their controls. Our second study involved the development and evaluation of a social skills training group (SSTG) for four adolescents with ASDs. This support was designed to address the social and language difficulties of people with ASD. Rather than a stable global deficit, the results of the first study highlight a partial and progressive alteration of the inferential capacities of the participants with an ASD. Regarding the predictive factors explored (chronological age, language level, executive functions), the performance of all participants was associated with chronological age. Among executive functions, only working memory appears as a predictive factor, and only for participants with an ASD. Concerning our second study, our results highlight the beneficial effect of the SSTG implemented for the four adolescents who participated. Our work opens perspectives in terms of evaluation and remediation to promote the development of inferential capacities in people with an ASD
Jochaut-Roussillon, Delphine. "Analyse comparée de la pathologie du traitement temporel auditif dans les troubles du spectre autistique et la dyslexie". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066723/document.
Texto completoThis research aimed to better understand two language disorders : those associated with autism spectrum disorder and dyslexia. Recent advances indicate how cortical collective neural behaviour intervene in speech segmentation and decoding. Cortical oscillations allow integration temporal windows at syllabic (4-7 Hz) and phonemic (25-35 Hz) time scale, resulting in chunking continuous speech signal into linguistically relevant units. We measured slow fluctuations of rhythmic cortical activity and their topography in healthy subjects, in subjects with autism spectrum disorder and in dyslexic subjects using combined fMRI and EEG. We showed that the sensitivity to syllabic and phonemic density is atypical in dyslexia and in autism. In autism gamma and theta activity do not engage synergistically in response to speech. Theta activity in left auditory cortex fails to track speech modulations and to down-regulate gamma oscillations that encode speech acoustic details. The language disorder in autism results from an altered coupling of slow and fast oscillations that disrupts the temporal organization of the speech neural code. In dyslexia, theta activity is not altered and theta-paced readout of gamma activity is preserved, enabling the phonemic decoding, even atypical (faster). In both pathologies, auditory oscillatory anomalies lead to atypical oscillation-based connectivity between auditory and other language cortices
Ferhat, Allain-Thibeault. "Study on the neurobiological bases of autism spectrum disorders : behavioural and molecular characterisation of Shank3 mutant mice". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/FERHAT_Allain_Thibeault_va2.pdf.
Texto completoAutism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental psychiatric disorders characterized by alterations in social interactions and communications as well as stereotyped behaviours and restricted interests. Mutations in genes coding synaptic proteins are strongly associated with ASD and more specifically SHANK3, encoding for a scaffolding protein in the post-synaptic density of glutamatergic synapses. The aim of the present PhD thesis is to characterise a mouse model deleted for exon 11 in Shank3 and to better understand the brain regions affected by this mutation. We characterised the mice at the behavioural level (a longitudinal study between three and twelve months of age) and at the molecular level (transcriptome analysis using mRNA sequencing). At three months of age, we observed a decreased locomotor activity, increased stereotyped behaviour and increased social motivation during free interaction in Shank3-/- mice compared to Shank3+/+ mice. When testing animals at 3, 8, and 12 months of age, we noticed a worsening of the phenotype in Shank3-/- mice while ageing, especially in self-grooming behaviour. When exploring the transcriptomic, we revealed an impairment of gene expression of striatal neurons sensitive to dopamine, the medium spiny neurons, as well as post-synaptic signalling in striatum. Altogether, this project provides a comprehensive characterisation of a mouse model of ASD. It sheds some light on the molecular mechanisms possibly involved in patients with ASD mutated in SHANK3. This insight could reveal new therapeutic approaches targeting the imbalance in dopaminosensitive neurons
Hernandez, Mylène. "La germanité au prisme des troubles autistiques". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0140.
Texto completoSiblingship in Europe is a minor part of social studies. Until recently, the subject was overshadowed by alliance and filiation. However, siblingship theoretically represents the lengthiest relation of kin throughout one’s life. It is also immutable and plays a part in the definition of the individual. As a corollary to this apparent indifference, the study of Western siblingship does not constitute a field per se. No unity of theory and methodology exists to bring together the existing research on brothers and sisters. This dissertation, therefore, has two inseparable objectives: to contribute to the definition of an anthropology of siblingship, with an ethnographic analysis of siblingship in contemporary France seen through the prism of autistic spectrum disorders. Two preliminary stages have influenced the implementation of the first objective: (1) understanding how social studies –especially anthropology, law and sociology– have engaged with the topic of brothers and sisters to (2) creating the methodological conditions of an anthropological approach of siblingship. The first two parts of this dissertation deal foremost with these stages. The second objective –understanding siblingship in practice– developed from this hypothesis: the presence of an individual displaying autistic disorders among a group of siblings offered a prism through which the norms and practices of contemporary siblingship could be observed. The third part presents and compares a body of case studies developed during an empirical survey involving interviews and observations. Unlike filiation and alliance, the law does not clearly outline siblingship. There are no legal mutual requirements between siblings. However, forms of moral obligations are undeniably expressed and manifested between siblings, particularly in situations of vulnerability or dependence. This dissertation undertakes a description of the intricate workings of moral obligation within siblingship. It reveals the contradictions upon which siblingship relationships are based in French contemporary kinship and documents how these contradictions are expressed in practice and in emotion in the ordinary exercise of siblingship in the presence of a dependent sibling
Burnel, Morgane. "Évolution des liens entre théorie de l'esprit, syntaxe et fonctions exécutives au cours du développement chez les personnes avec ou sans troubles du spectre autistique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAS055.
Texto completoTheory of Mind (ToM), that is to say the ability to predict and interpret others’ behavior based on their mental states (e.g., thoughts, desires, beliefs) is affected in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). According to the literature, several syntactic and executive abilities are likely to be implied in mental state understanding. In this thesis, we were interested in the role of the syntax of embedding (i.e., Complement Sentences, CS; Relative Clause Sentences, RCS) and in the role of Executive Functions (EF) such as inhibition, flexibility and Working Memory (WM). The main goals of this thesis were to (1) Assess ToM development beyond False Belief (FB) attribution and independently from language in children with or without ASD, (2) Determine the syntactic and executive components that are the most useful for ToM, (3) Highlight the evolution of the links between syntax, Executive Functions (EF) and ToM during development (4) Identify the existence of syntactic and executive deficits, as well as the nature of compensation strategies for ToM in ASD. The long term goal was to allow the development of remediation protocols for ToM targeting cognitive abilities which underlie it depending on people’s age. For that purpose, we ran several behavioral studies in children and adults with or without ASD using ToM tasks entailing reduced verbal and executive demands. Our work lead to the creation of a tool enabling the assessment of ToM development beyond FB tasks while minimizing the impact of confounding variables such as language. Our findings highlighted a particular role of CS and WM in ToM during childhood but not during adulthood, suggesting that these cognitive abilities are useful for ToM development rather than ToM reasoning per se. Our results did not always highlight the existence of syntactic and executive deficits in ASD and thus illustrated the marked heterogeneity of these skills in this population but also importance of using ecological tasks to assess subtle deficits. Moreover, the study of the nature of compensation strategies for ToM in ASD turned out to be more challenging than expected and we propose that this may have resulted from the difficulty to precisely identify peoplewho implement them
Gaboriau, Rénald. "Les ateliers Rob'Autisme : Le robot extension comme médiation thérapeutique auprès des personnes présentant un trouble du spectre autistique". Thesis, Ecole centrale de Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ECDN0016.
Texto completoThe use of robots as a therapeutic mediator for peolple with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a topic which tends to develop. Indeed, it is a promising method to promote the development of social skills. Many experiments are carried out currently. But in all existing approaches, the companion robot paradigm is used : the robot is programmed to present some pre-established behaviors. Rob’Autism Project propose an alternative approach : the robot is used as an extension for doing or talking things. The autistic subjects program it and therefore act on the social environment freely. This project includes ideas that they will be able to interact with the others without the robot. This thesis aims to understand the interest of this approach and asses the effects of participation on the social interactions. During two years, groups have been set up and analyzed with quantitative and qualitative methods. These analysis show that this approach favors the tendency to go towards the others and interact with them. This result is generalized outside the group
Roche, Laëtitia. "Percevoir l'interaction sociale dans le mouvement humain : études psychophysiologiques du développement typique et dans les troubles du spectre autistique". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR3323/document.
Texto completoSocial interaction is one of the main difficulties for patients with pervasive developmental disorders (PDD). However, the perception of human movement contributes to the development of social behavior and represents a "marker" for the development of social cognition. This eye tracking and pupillometric study aims to characterize the visuospatial attention and cognitive load during perception of social human biological motion (SHM) in 139 typical participants (PaTYP) and 62 patients with ASD (PaTED). In PaTYP, exploration increases for SHM. In PaTED, deficit of the exploration of MHS is correlated with the severity of the global autistic symptomatology. These abnormalities of visuospatial attention in PaTED could reduce their access to social information and participate in social interaction and communication disorders
Quartier, Angelique. "Etudes des mécanismes à l'origine de l'excès de garçons dans la déficience intellectuelle et les troubles du spectre autistique". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ003/document.
Texto completoIntellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are two common neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) with many genetic and phenotypic overlaps. Another common feature is the existence of a gender bias, very strong for ASD (4 males for 1 female) and notable for ID (1.4:1). In our team, the diagnostic yield of patients affected by ID with or wihout ASD is significantly higher in girls than in boys. Surprisingly, we did not observe a significant difference between girls and boys in the proportion of pathogenic mutations on the X chromosome (5.3% versus 7.6%), confirming that rare and fully penetrant mutations on this chromosome can not explain the totality this male bias observed in ID and ASD. We have therefore chosen to study another hypothesis, more environmental, which could make the male brain more susceptible to develop NDD: the role of androgens during brain development. I studied the effect of these male hormones in human neuronal precursors (hNSCs) and observed that androgens increase the proliferation of hNSCs and protect them against cell death under stressful conditions. I also showed that androgens, via their receptor (the androgen receptor), regulate a hundred genes in hNSCs with, among them, an enrichment of genes known to be differentially expressed in individuals with ASD (e.g NRCAM and FAM107A). The regulation of these genes by androgens during brain development could thus contribute to the increased sensitivity of the male brain, exposed to other genetic and environmental factors, to develop an NDD
Salvador-Prince, Lucie. "Impact des pesticides sur le neurodéveloppement et la maladie d'Alzheimer". Thesis, Université de Montpellier (2022-….), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONT009.
Texto completoThe massive use of pesticides in the world causes pollution of all environments and contamination of foodstuffs by multiple residues. Many epidemiological studies show some correlations between high exposure to pesticides and neurodevelopmental pathologies such as autism or ADHD (attention deficit disorder with or without hyperactivity). Neurodevelopment corresponds to a period of susceptibility to environmental pollutants and according to Thomas Arendt's hypothesis, alterations during neurodevelopment, and in particular the corticogenesis, could have repercussions on brain aging by promoting the development of neurodegenerative diseases. However, it is difficult from an epidemiological point of view to determine the impact of in utero exposure to low doses of pesticides and throughout life on the human brain. It is therefore important to mimic this silent contamination on animal models. After having shown that chronic exposure to low doses of fungicides (cyprodinil, mepanipyrim, pyrimethanil) induced an aggravation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) markers in the J20 transgenic mouse model (Lafon PA. et al., 2020), we asked whether in utero exposure to these same compounds could: (i) induce neurodevelopmental defects; and (ii) whether these neurodevelopmental defects could lead to dysregulation of AD markers during aging.Based on this hypothesis, we set up a model of mother to child contamination, in which wild-type females were exposed during gestation, either to fungicide alone, or to a cocktail of the three fungicides (cyprodinil, mepanipyrim and pyrimethanil) to the dose of 0.1 μg/L/pesticide (regulatory dose authorized in distributed water in Europe). A first study of the brains of newborns, at 3 days postnatal (P3), showed that gestational exposure to fungicides has an impact on neurogenesis with an increase in Nestin+ neural precursors and DCX+ immature neurons, and a decrease in NeuN+ mature neurons, linked to the PI3K/Akt and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. An extraction of adult neural stem cells from mice treated for 4 months revealed an increase in their proliferation and differentiation properties, but paradoxically a reduction in their migration property. In addition, changes in the expression of post-synaptic proteins, such as PSD95 and NMDA receptors, have been identified (Wang et al., 2021). To go further, we analyzed the hippocampal synaptic activity of the mice exposed in utero to the cocktail of fungicides at P10, P18 and P30. The results showed that in mice treated with the cocktail of fungicides, some changes occured in the ratio of NMDA/AMPA glutamate receptors, a defect in synapse maturation with a delay in the GluN2a/GluN2b subunits switch during development, epileptic or poly-synaptic type signals and a synaptic plasticity defect (LTD). We also studied corticogenesis in newborns at P10 exposed in utero to the cocktail of fungicides, thanks to an in utero electroporation technique with multi-color fluorescent tracers "MAGIC markers" which allow to follow the progeny of neural precursors. The results showed that the treated mice exhibit defects in the morphology and organization of neurons, as well as in the formation of cortical layers. To complete, behavioral studies have shown that mice exposed in utero to the cocktail of fungicides exhibit hypoactivity and memory defects. Finally, mice treated from gestation and up to 6 and 9 months of age are subjected to biochemical and histological analyzes in order to determine whether exposure to fungicides can have an impact on the increase of Alzheimer's disease markers during aging
Ilg, Jennifer. "Développement et évaluation d'un programme psychoéducatif de formation aux habiletés parentales pour les parents de jeunes enfants ayant un trouble du spectre de l'autisme". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAG035.
Texto completoParents of children with ASD face many challenges that affect their well-being. Parent trainings (PT) in young children with ASD are known for improving the child’s behaviors and reducing parenting stress. The purpose of this study is to develop and evaluate a French parent training that is based on applied behavior analysis. An initial efficacy study was conducted with 6 parents. Parents have significantly improved their knowledge in ASD and behavioral intervention strategies. They reported an improvement in their child’s behavior. The PT was considered by the parents as effective, the methods used as acceptable and the objectives targeted as important. This promising PT was then improved and evaluated on 18 more parents. Parents have again improved their knowledge in ASD and behavioral strategies whereas children’s socialization skills have improved as well. For 16 parents, the PT has an additional decreasing effect on stress. A manual has been developed with this PT
Dhifallah, Sandra. "Étude fonctionnelle de mutations des canaux sodiques potentiel-dépendants Nav1.1 et Nav1.2 : corrélation phénotype/génotype et mise en évidence d’un mécanisme spécifique pour les troubles du spectre de l’autisme". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Côte d'Azur, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020COAZ6004.
Texto completoThe genes encoding for the voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) expressed in the central nervous system are the target of numerous mutations leading to various phenotypes. The aim of my work is to understand why mutations in the same gene can lead to distinct pathologies in order to consider the development of new therapeutic approaches. The SCN1A gene encoding for the Nav1.1 channels, mainly expressed in GABAergic interneurons (GABA IN), is the target of mutations responsible for epileptic syndromes and familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM-3), a rare form of migraine with aura. The mutations responsible for epilepsy have been shown to cause a loss of function, which leads to hypoexcitability of GABA IN and subsequently to the network hyperexcitability. At the opposite, the mutations responsible for MHF-3 showed a gain of function and hyperexcitability of GABA IN which can lead to the cortical spreading depression, a pathological mechanism of migarine. In particular, the functional study of the L1649Q mutation showed that the mutation leads to an important decrease of the current density (loss of function). Analysis of the biophysical properties of the mutated channels after partial recovery of the current density showed that the overall effect of the mutation is a gain of function, consistent with an hyperexcitability of GABA IN (Cestele and al. 2013 PNAS). In order to identify if other FHM-3 mutations share the same mechanism (loss / gain of function), the first part of my thesis aimed to characterize a new mutation responsible for MHF-3, L1670W. This mutation leads to a defect in the Nav1.1 channels expression at the membrane but after partial recovery of the current density, the mutation induces a clear gain of function of Nav1.1 channels. These results showed that the L1670W mutation, like the L1649Q mutation, leads to a defect in the Nav1.1 channels expression at the membrane and a gain in function, thus reinforcing the hypothesis that this mechanism could be generalized to other mutations responsible for MHF-3. The SCN2A gene encodes for the α subunit of Nav1.2 channels mainly expressed in excitatory neurons. Mutations in the SCN2A gene are responsible for different pathologies such as benign epilepsies, epileptic encephalopathies and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, the detailed mechanisms responsible for these different pathologies remain unclear. In order to elucidate the genotype/phenotype relationship, we studied the functional effects of 23 SCN2A mutants responsible for these different pathologies. Our results show that all the mutations responsible for ASD induce an important decrease (almost complete) of the current density while for the other pathologies the effects are heterogeneous. In order to reproduce the heterozygous conditions, we studied the co-expression of wild-type (WT) channels with each mutated channel. Our results showed a reduction in the WT channels current density only in the presence of channels carrying mutations responsible for ASD. Consequently, only the mutations responsible for ASD induce a negative dominance on WT channels. To determine whether this negative dominance mechanism is due to the interaction of α subunits described recently (Clatot et al., 2018 Nat Commun), we used different strategies to inhibit this interaction. The results obtained showed that the negative dominance effect of the mutants responsible for ASD is no longer observed when the interaction between the α subunits is inhibited. Therefore, our results allow us to describe for the first time that mutations in Na+ channels responsible for ASD act by a negative dominance mechanism, which is mediated by the interaction between WT and mutated channels