Tesis sobre el tema "Trigonella foenum graecum Linn"

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is an annual legume mainly used as a spice crop in many parts of the world. "Tristar" is a new forage cultivar that requires - 120 days to produce mature seed in western Canada where only - 100 frost-free days are available. The goal for this study was to reduce maturity duration for the crop through a series of studies on the genetics and agronomic aspects of fenugreek. This two year study suggests that: 1)mutation breeding using Tristar seed as a base population could be successfull; 2)multi-location trials using world accessions exhibited genotype X environment interaction; 3)swathing of plants before freezing temperatures set in; 4)application of phosphate fertilizer increased seed yield and; 5)foliar sprays of chemicals can be used for production of high quality seed. In this study some short duration, high yielding and determine lines of fenugreek were produced improving the potential for use of fenugreek and the economics of beef production in western Canada.
xix, 184 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) is a medicinal plant with potential applications in the natural health product industry. In a multi-environmental setting, 10 genotypes were tested across 14 growing environments (using a Randomized Complete Block Design), representing irrigated and rainfed growing conditions in southern Alberta, Canada over two cropping years (2006 and 2007). The objectives of this study were (1) to determine seed yield, plus content and productivity of selected bioactive compounds (galactomannan, diosgenin and 4-hydroxyisoleucine), (2) to assess the impact of growing environment on these variables and (3) to identify promising genotypes for breeding and industrial use. Using principal component and cluster analyses, the study provides insight on the relative influence of growing environments and genes on the biochemical and agronomical traits as well as identifies genotypes based on performance and stability. These are useful as parental materials in cultivar development for the Canadian natural health product industry.
xiii, 154 leaves : ill. (some col.) ; 29 cm

Diversas medidas são adotadas com o objetivo de restabelecer a produção de leite materno, entre elas estão os galactagogos, substâncias com propriedades estimulantes para a lactação materna. Muitas dessas substâncias são de origem vegetal, cujo uso é amplamente disseminado pela cultura popular. Uma das plantas comumente utilizada é a Trígonella foenum-graecum, popularmente conhecida como Fenogrego. Apesar de existirem relatos de casos onde o Fenogrego exerceu ação positiva sobre a lactação materna, não existem estudos sistemáticos que corroborem seu efeito galactagogo, e mais importantes, que determinem sua segurança no que diz respeito à toxicidade. Assim, a proposta deste estudo foi verificar, durante a lactação, o efeito galactagogo do fenogrego bem como os possíveis efeitos maternos e no desenvolvimento da prole de ratas. Para tanto, ratas Wistar foram tratadas, por gavagem. Nossos resultados mostram que nas doses utilizadas, não existe toxicidade aparente do fenogrego. No entanto, também não foi observado nenhum efeito positivo sobre a produção de leite ou sobre o desenvolvimento da prole
There are different methods used to restore the breast milk production, and one of them is the galactagogues, substances with maternal lactation stimulant properties. Many of these substances are of vegetable origin, whose use is widely disseminated through popular culture. One of the plants most commonly used is the Trigonella foenum-graecum, popularly known as fenugreek. There are different reports describing the positive effect of fenugreek on maternal lactation; however, there are no systematic studies that support its galactagogue effect. Thus, the purpose of this study was to verify, during lactation, the effect of galactagogue fenogreek and maternal effects and development of offspring rats. To this end, female rats received by gavage different doses of fenugreek\'s dry seed extract. Our results demonstrate, in the used doses, there is no toxic effect. However, at the tested doses, the treatment also did not stimulate the maternal lactation

Le fenugrec est une legumineuse qui renferme des saponines en quantite importante. Ces substances sont des metabolites secondaires constitues d'un noyau aglycone appele sapogenine sur lequel sont fixes des sucres. Un processus d'obtention, de purification et d'analyses de ces substances a ete mis au point et a conduit a l'obtention d'extraits contenant uniquement toutes les saponines de la graine de fenugrec, et dont plusieurs ont ete identifiees. Les proprietes antifongiques de ces substances ont ete evaluees sur plusieurs champignons phytopathogenes, pathogenes pour l'homme et saprophytes. Les saponines natives, sous la forme furostanique, ainsi que leurs aglycones (sapogenines), ne presentent aucune fongitoxicite. Par contre, une hydrolyse enzymatique conduisant a la forme spirostanique revele une activite antifongique importante, notamment sur candida albicans. Les saponines steroidiques du fenugrec inhibent egalement la germination des graines et la croissance de plantules de laitue, ce qui montre que les saponines steroidiques peuvent avoir une fonction allelopathique. Nous avons egalement recherche le mecanisme d'action de ces glycosides qui semble lie a leurs proprietes detergentes et a leur capacite a interagir avec les sterols. Ces actions sont etroitement dependantes de leur structure chimique

Le fenugrec (trigonella foenum-graecum l. ) renferme dans ses graines une interessante quantite de sapogenines steroidiques (environ 1% ms) utilisables pour l'hemisynthese de steroides medicinaux. Une methode d'extraction et d'analyse simultanee et comparable des sapogenines steroidiques et de leurs precurseurs biosynthetiques, les sterols, a ete mise au point et optimisee. Cette methode nous a permis de suivre l'evolution de ces deux classes de metabolites dans les graines et dans les autres de la plante au cours de la phase de maturation. La composition en sterols (sterols totaux et formes conjuguees) et en sapogenines steroidiques des graines mures a ete etablie. Nous avons egalement etudie la composition des differents tissus de la graine et d'autres especes du genre trigonella. A partir des hypotheses concernant l'origine des sterols et des sapogenines des graines, nous avons choisi deux directions d'investigation. La recherche de formes de transport de ces substances par voie phloemique s'est averee infructueuse. A l'aide d'une methode simple d'incorporation de precurseurs radioactifs dans des graines immatures, nous avons pu mettre en evidence une biosynthese de sterols et de sapogenines steroidiques. Cette biosynthese in situ serait a l'origine de la majorite des sapogenines accumulees dans les graines

[ES] Esta tesis aborda la caracterización y posible utilización de la goma de alholva (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (FSG, por sus siglas en inglés) en la nutrición de gazapos durante el período posterior al destete como una alternativa al uso de antimicrobianos, centrándose en el comportamiento de la goma extraída con diferentes niveles de fibra dietaria, tanto in vitro como in vivo. En el primer experimento, a partir de una dieta basal comercial de conejo, se formularon tres dietas experimentales con niveles graduales de inclusión de FSG (0, 0.25, 0.50%) administrados a tres grupos de conejos desde el destete a los 31 días hasta el sacrificio a los 94 días. Se estudió el efecto de las dietas experimentales sobre la digestibilidad fecal en dos edades (38-41 días y 56-59 días), además de los parámetros de fermentación cecal al final del experimento. Por otro lado, a partir de la misma dieta comercial de conejo, se formularon cinco dietas experimentales que contenían 0. 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 y 100% de FSG, que se sometieron a incubación in vitro con inóculo cecal de conejo durante 72 h. Se midieron la producción de gas y las variables de fermentación. La digestibilidad fecal aparente y los parámetros de fermentación cecal no se vieron afectados significativamente por la inclusión in vivo de FSG hasta 0.5%. Sin embargo, los animales alimentados con FSG mostraron valores de pH cecal más bajos. La inclusión gradual en la dieta de FSG aumentó la concentración in vitro de ácidos grasos volátiles (VFA, por sus siglas en inglés), mientras que el FSG puro aumentó la producción asintótica de gas y la tasa máxima de degradación del sustrato y disminuyó el tiempo de incubación en el que se forma la mitad de la cantidad asintótica de gas. La incubación in vitro de FSG puro disminuyó el valor del pH, la concentración de ácido láctico y la concentración de N-NH3, y aumentó la de VFA. En el segundo experimento, el FSG se caracterizó para determinar su composición química, su contenido de galactosa y manosa y su potencial como prebiótico. Se evaluaron tanto FSG puro como niveles graduales (0, 5, 10, 15 y 20 g/kg) incluidos en dietas ricas en fibra soluble (SF, por sus siglas en inglés) de pulpa de remolacha (incluida al 10%) y dietas ricas en fibra insoluble (IF, por sus siglas en ingles) de semilla de uva desengrasada (incluida al 10%). Se sometieron a digestión enzimática con pepsina y pancreatina y luego sus fracciones indigestibles se sometieron a fermentación usando inóculo cecal. Se midieron las fracciones no digestibles después de la digestión enzimática, así como las fracciones no fermentables y las variables de fermentación después del tiempo de incubación (48 h). La FSG se compone principalmente de galactosa y manosa (630 g/kg) en una proporción de 1: 1 y un nivel moderado de proteínas (223 g/kg). El FSG puro se vio poco afectado por la digestión enzimática, ya que solo se disolvieron 145 g/kg. Sin embargo, desapareció casi por completo (984 g/kg) durante el proceso de fermentación. En consecuencia, FSG aumentó la concentración de VFA, disminuyó el valor de pH y la concentración de N-NH3. La inclusión gradual de FSG en las dietas de conejos afectó la digestión de algunos nutrientes, como las fracciones fibrosas, el almidón y las proteínas, además de aumentar la fracción fermentada en la dieta SF, pero sin ningún efecto relevante en el perfil de fermentación. En el tercer experimento, se formularon cuatro dietas de acuerdo con un diseño factorial 2 x 2: una dieta convencional de conejo (C), la misma dieta C suplementada con 10 g / kg de FSG, una dieta de bajo riesgo (LR, por sus siglas en inglés) y la misma dieta LR suplementada con 10 g/kg de FSG. Las dietas C y LR se diferenciaban en el nivel de SF y proteína bruta (CP, por sus siglas en inglés) (104 vs 205 y 156 vs 121 g/kg de SF y CP respectivamente para dietas C y LR). Doscientos dieciséis conejos de la línea LP se alojaron en jaulas individuales, se dividieron aleatoriamente entre los cuatro tratamientos y se les permitió el libre acceso al alimento y al agua. La mortalidad, la morbilidad, el índice de riesgo sanitario (HRi, por sus siglas en inglés), la ingestión diaria de pienso (DFI, por sus siglas en inglés), la ganancia media diaria (ADG, por sus siglas en inglés) y el índice de conversión alimenticia (FCR, por sus siglas en inglés) se controlaron hasta los 63 días de edad. El coeficiente de digestibilidad aparente total del tracto digestivo (CTTAD, por sus siglas en inglés) de los nutrientes se determinó en doce conejos por tratamiento, entre los 49 y 53 días de edad y finalmente se midió el ambiente cecal a los 63 días de edad. La inclusión de FSG en la dieta a 10 g/kg de alimento no afectó al rendimiento durante el cebo ni al CTTAD de los nutrientes, pero aumentó ligeramente la digestibilidad de la fibra neutrodetergente (NDF, por sus siglas en inglés) y la fibra ácido-detergente (ADF, por sus siglas en inglés) en las dietas C. Del mismo modo, los parámetros cecales no se vieron afectados por la inclusión de FSG, excepto la concentración de ácido caproico en las dietas C. Sin embargo, las dietas LR disminuyeron la mortalidad, HRi, DFI, ADG y CTTAD de materia orgánica y CP pero aumentaron FCR y CTTAD de NDF y ADF con respecto a las dietas C. Además, las dietas LR aumentaron la concentración de VFA, la proporción de ácido acético, isobutírico e isovalérico mientras que disminuyeron la materia seca del contenido cecal, NNH3 y la proporción de ácidos butírico, caproico y valérico. En resumen, la FSG responde perfectamente a las dos primeras condiciones para ser un prebiótico, ya que no es digestible por las enzimas gastrointestinales antes del ciego y es altamente fermentado una vez que alcanza el ciego. Parece afectar selectivamente a la microbiota cecal debido a su efecto sobre la concentración de VFA y N-NH3, además de su efecto sobre la proporción de caproico y valérico en dietas convencionales. FSG podría aumentar la viscosidad de la digesta limitando la solubilización de algunos nutrientes como el almidón y la proteína. FSG parece ser más efectivo en dietas comerciales convencionales que en dietas de bajo riesgo. Finalmente, se confirmó que las dietas con alto nivel de SF y bajo de CP podrían ser una buena herramienta contra la enteropatía epizoótica del conejo (ERE, por sus siglas en inglés) en un sistema de producción no medicado, a costa de peores parámetros de crecimiento.
[EN] This thesis tackles the possible characterisation and utilisation of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed gum (FSG) in the nutrition of young rabbits during the post-weaning period as an alternative to antimicrobials uses. The study was focussed on the behaviour of the extracted gum with different dietary fibre levels, both in vitro and in vivo. In a first trial, starting from a basal commercial rabbit diet, three experimental diets were formulated with gradual levels of inclusion of FSG (0, 0.25, 0.50 %) given to three groups of rabbits starting from weaning at 31 days old to slaughter 94 days old. The effect of the experimental diets was studied on the faecal digestibility of the diet in two ages (38-41 days and 56-59days) and on the caecal fermentation parameters at the end of the experiment. On the other hand, starting from the same commercial rabbit diet five experimental diets were formulated containing 0, 0.125, 0.25, 0.50 and 100% of FSG that were submitted to in vitro incubation with rabbit caecal inoculum during 72h. Gas production and fermentation traits were measured. Apparent faecal digestibility and caecal fermentation parameters were not significantly affected by the in vivo inclusion of FSG up to 0.5%. However, animals fed with FSG showed lower caecal pH values. Gradual dietary inclusion of FSG increased in vitro concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA), while pure FSG increased the asymptotic gas production and the maximum substrate degradation rate and decreased the time after incubation at which half of the asymptotic amount of gas is formed. In vitro incubation of pure FSG decreased pH value, lactic acid concentration and N-NH3 concentration and increased that of VFA. In a second trial, FSG was characterised determining its chemical composition, galactose and mannose content and prebiotic potential. Pure FSG and gradual levels of FSG (0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg), included both in diets rich in soluble fibre (SF) from beet pulp (included at 10%) or in diets rich in insoluble fibre (IF) from defatted grape seeds (included at 10 %), were evaluated. They were submitted to enzymatic digestion with pepsin and pancreatin and then their indigestible fractions were submitted to fermentation using caecal inoculum. The indigestible fractions after enzymatic digestion were measured, as well as the nonfermentable fractions and the fermentation traits after incubation time (48 h). FSG was mostly composed of galactose and mannose (630 g/kg) in 1:1 ratio and a moderate protein level (223 g/kg). Pure FSG was weakly affected by enzymatic digestion, only 145 g/kg was dissolved. However, it was almost entirely disappeared (984 g/kg) during the fermentation process. Consequently, FSG increased VFA concentration and decreased both pH value and N-NH3 concentration. Th gradual inclusion of FSG in rabbit’s diets affected some nutrients digestion such as the fibre fractions, starch and protein, besides to increase the fermentation fraction in SF diet but without any relevant effect on the fermentation profile. In a last third trial, four diets were formulated according to 2 x 2 factorial design: a conventional rabbit diet (C), the same C diet supplemented by 10 g/kg of FSG, a low-risk diet (LR), and the same LR diet supplemented by 10 g/kg of FSG. C and LR diets differed in SF and crude protein levels (CP) (104 vs 205 and 156 vs 121 g/kg of SF and CP respectively for C and LR diets). Two hundred and sixteen weaned rabbits (28 days of age) of the LP line were allocated in individual cages and divided randomly between the four treatments and allowed free access to feed and water. Mortality, morbidity, health risk index (HRi), daily feed intake (DFI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were controlled until 63 days of age. Coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of nutrients, on twelve rabbits per treatment, was determined from 49 to 53 days of age and finally, caecal environment was measured at 63 days of age. FSG dietary inclusion at 10 g/kg did not affect performance or CTTAD of nutrients but did slightly increased neutral-detergent fibre (NDF) and acid-detergent fibre (ADF) digestibility in C diets. Similarly, caecal parameters were not affected by FSG except caproic acid concentration in C diets. Nevertheless, LR diets decreased mortality, HRi, DFI, ADG and CTTAD of organic matter and CP but increased FCR and CTTAD of NDF and ADF respect to C diets. Moreover, LR diets increased VFA concentration, the proportion of acetic, isobutyric and isovaleric while decreased the dry matter of the caecal content, N-NH3 and the proportion of butyric, caproic and valeric acids. To summarise, FSG perfectly responds to the two first conditions to be prebiotic, being not digestible by gastrointestinal enzymes before the caecum and highly fermented once reached the caecum. It seems to affect selectively caecal microbiota due to its effect on VFA and N-NH3 concentration besides to its effect on caproic and valeric proportions in conventional diets. FSG could increase viscosity of digesta limiting the solubilisation of some nutrients such starch and protein. FSG seems to be more effective in conventional commercial diets than in low-risk diets. Finally, it was confirmed that diets with high SF level and low CP could be a good tool against epizootic rabbit enteropathy (ERE) in a nomedicated breeding system at the cost of impaired growth parameters.
[CA] Aquesta tesi aborda la caracterització i possible utilització de la goma de fenigrec (Trigonella foenum-graecum) (FSG, per les sigles en anglès) en la nutrició del conills durant el període posterior al deslletament com una alternativa a l'ús d'antimicrobians, centrant-se en el comportament de la goma extreta amb diferents nivells de fibra dietària, tant in vitro com in vivo. En el primer experiment, a partir d'una dieta basal comercial de conill, es van formular tres dietes experimentals amb nivells graduals d'inclusió de FSG (0, 0.25, 0.50%) administrats a tres grups de conills des del deslletament als 31 dies fins al sacrifici als 94 dies. Es va estudiar l'efecte de les dietes experimentals sobre la digestibilitat fecal en dues edats (38-41 dies i 56-59 dies), a més dels paràmetres de fermentació cecal a la fi de l'experiment. D'altra banda, a partir de la mateixa dieta comercial de conill, es van formular cinq dietes experimentals que contenien 0. 0.125, 0.25, 0,50 i 100% de FSG, que es van sotmetre a incubació in vitro amb inòcul cecal de conill durant 72 h. Es van mesurar la producció de gas i les variables de fermentació. La digestibilitat fecal aparent i els paràmetres de fermentació cecal no es van veure afectats significativament per la inclusió in vivo de FSG fins a 0.5%. No obstant això, els animals alimentats amb FSG van mostrar valors de pH cecal més baixos. La inclusió gradual en la dieta de FSG va augmentar la concentració in vitro d'àcids grassos volàtils (VFA, per les sigles en anglès), mentre que el FSG pur va augmentar la producció asimptòtica de gas i la taxa màxima de degradació del substrat i va disminuir el temps d'incubació en el qual es forma la meitat de la quantitat asimptòtica de gas. La incubació in vitro d'FSG pur va disminuir el valor del pH, la concentració d'àcid làctic i la concentració de N-NH3, i va augmentar la de VFA. En el segon experiment, el FSG es va caracteritzar per determinar la seva composició química, el seu contingut de galactosa i manosa i el seu potencial com prebiòtic. Es van avaluar tant FSG pur com nivells graduals (0, 5, 10, 15 i 20 g/kg) inclosos en dietes riques en fibra soluble (SF, per les sigles en anglès) de polpa de remolatxa (inclosa al 10%) i dietes riques en fibra insoluble (IF, per les sigles en anglès) de llavor de raïm desgreixada (inclosa al 10%). Es van sotmetre a digestió enzimàtica amb pepsina i pancreatina i després les fraccions indigeribles es van sotmetre a fermentació usant inòcul cecal. Es van mesurar les fraccions no digestibles després de la digestió enzimàtica, així com les fraccions no fermentables i les variables de fermentació després del temps d'incubació (48 h). La FSG es compon principalment de galactosa i manosa (630 g/kg) en una proporció de 1: 1 i un nivell moderat de proteïnes (223 g/kg). El FSG pur es va veure poc afectat per la digestió enzimàtica, ja que només es van dissoldre 145 g/kg. No obstant això, va desaparèixer gairebé del tot (984 g/kg) durant el procés de fermentació. En conseqüència, FSG va augmentar la concentració de VFA, va disminuir el valor de pH i la concentració de N-NH3. La inclusió gradual de FSG en les dietes de conills va afectar la digestió d'alguns nutrients, com les fraccions fibroses, el midó i les proteïnes, a més d'augmentar la fracció fermentada en la dieta SF, però sense cap efecte rellevant en el perfil de fermentació. En el tercer experiment, es van formular quatre dietes d'acord amb un disseny factorial 2 x 2: una dieta convencional de conill (C), la mateixa dieta C suplementada amb 10 g/kg de FSG, una dieta de baix risc (LR, per les sigles en anglès) i la mateixa dieta LR suplementada amb 10 g/kg de FSG. Les dietes C i LR es diferenciaven en el nivell de SF i proteïna bruta (CP, per les sigles en anglès) (104 vs 205 i 156 vs 121 g/kg de SF i CP respectivament per a dietes C i LR). Doscents setze conills de la línia LP es van allotjar en gàbies individuals, es van dividir aleatòriament entre els quatre tractaments i se'ls va permetre el lliure accés a l'aliment i a l'aigua. La mortalitat, la morbiditat, l'índex de risc sanitari (HRi, per les sigles en anglès), la ingestió diària de pinso (DFI, per les sigles en anglès), el guany mitjá diari (ADG, per les sigles en anglès) i l'índex de conversió alimentària (FCR, per les sigles en anglès) es van controlar fins als 63 dies d'edat. El coeficient de digestibilitat aparent total del tracte digestiu (CTTAD, per les sigles en anglès) dels nutrients es va determinar en dotze conills per tractament, entre els 49 i 53 dies d'edat i finalment es va mesurar l'ambient cecal als 63 dies d'edat. La inclusió de FSG en la dieta a 10 g/kg d'aliment no va afectar el rendiment durant l'engreix ni el CTTAD dels nutrients, però va augmentar lleugerament la digestibilitat de la fibra neutre-detergent (NDF, per les sigles en anglès) i la fibra àcid-detergent (ADF, per les sigles en anglès) en les dietes C. De la mateixa manera, els paràmetres cecals no es van veure afectats per la inclusió de FSG, excepte la concentració d'àcid caproic en les dietes C. No obstant això, les dietes LR van disminuir la mortalitat, HRi, DFI, ADG i CTTAD de matèria orgànica i CP però van augmentar FCR i CTTAD de NDF i ADF pel que fa a les dietes C. A més, les dietes LR van augmentar la concentració de VFA, la proporció d'àcid acètic, isobutíric i isovalèric mentre que van disminuir la matèria seca del contingut cecal, N-NH3 i la proporció d'àcids butíric, caproic i valéric. En resum, la FSG respon perfectament a les dues primeres condicions per ser un prebiòtic, ja que no és digestible pels enzims gastrointestinals abans del cec i és altament fermentat un cop que arriba al cec. Sembla afectar selectivament a la microbiota cecal pel seu efecte sobre la concentració de VFA i N-NH3, a més del seu efecte sobre la proporció de caproic i valéric en dietes convencionals. FSG podria augmentar la viscositat de la digesta limitant la solubilització d'alguns nutrients com el midó i la proteïna. FSG sembla ser més efectiu en dietes comercials convencionals que en dietes de baix risc. Finalment, es va confirmar que les dietes amb alt nivell de SF i baix de CP podrien ser una bona eina contra la enteropatia epizoòtica del conill (ERE, per les sigles en anglès) en un sistema de producció no medicat, a costa d'pitjors paràmetres de creixement.
Jihed, Z. (2020). In vitro and in vivo characterization of galactomannanes extracted from fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum) for young rabbit nutrition [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/153714
TESIS

Maintaining healthy testosterone concentrations throughout the lifespan is important for both men and women. The production of testosterone declines from approximately the age of 40 years and with it a comes a reduction in sexual function, loss of muscle mass, increased risk of depression, sleep disturbances, weight gain and other symptoms leading to decreased quality of life and all-cause morbidity. The current treatments for low T are lifestyle and dietary changes and pharmaceutical interventions such as testosterone replacement therapy. Testosterone replacement is effective for increasing T concentrations, however there are reported adverse effects, and guidelines for its use have changed over recent years. This has led to an increase in the role of botanical extracts as a supporting therapy for low T concentrations. Although animal studies have indicated that there are botanical extracts that may increase T concentrations, high quality clinical studies in humans are still generally lacking. One potential option is Trigonella foenum-graceum L. (Fabaceae), fenugreek, an ayurvedic medicine and food ingredient that has been traditionally used as a digestive aid and galactagogue. Recent studies have shown the beneficial use of fenugreek for a wide variety of conditions including diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, obesity, cancer, inflammatory and oxidative conditions and as an antimicrobial. The pharmacological actions of fenugreek are attributed to a diverse array of phytonutrients, with the main groups being steroidal saponins, alkaloids, mucilage and fibre. Steroidal saponins are thought to be responsible for androgenic effects and have been used previously as precursors for the synthetic production of steroid hormones. Testofen is a commercial extract of fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) that has been standardised for steroidal saponins, specifically furostanol saponins and preliminary research has found it has potential androgenic actions. This thesis comprises a series of human clinical investigations of Testofen’s (i.e.Fenugreek’s) ability to increase plasma T concentrations and influence associated symptoms of decreased T in both men and women. The studies include young women with low sexual function, older men with androgen decline, men with benign prostate hyperplasia and young exercising males.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of plant growth promoting bacteria (PGPB) in mitigating salinity stress in Trigonella foenum graecum. Plants were subjected to three different levels of salinity viz 0, 70 and 150 mM NaCl (electrical conductivity value 0.01, 7.67 and 15.50 mS cm-1 , respectively) using a completely randomized design experiment. PGPB showed positive effects in mitigation of salinity stress in fenugreek plants and elevated various growth responses viz. shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, leaf area and number of leaves as compared to uninoculated plants. Microbial inoculation significantly enhanced the physiological responses viz. photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration and internal CO2 as compared to uninoculated plants. Biochemical aspects like carotenoids, chlorophylls, nitrogen and protein content were also increased in the microbial inoculated plants as compared to uninoculated plants. PGPB was very effective than in mitigating salinity stress in fenugreek plant. The findings of this study revealed that PGPB inoculation can help the plants to overcome the deleterious effects of salinity stress in fenugreek plants.

Dissertação de Mestrado Integrado em Medicina Veterinária
A alta prevalência de úlceras gástricas em cavalos e o efeito negativo destas na performance, em conjunto com o elevado custo económico do tratamento farmacológico, faz com que seja desejável encontrar alternativas mais acessíveis a este. Recentemente, devido à fácil acessibilidade e às suas potenciais capacidades terapêuticas, o interesse no uso de plantas tem vindo a aumentar. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito do extrato aquoso das sementes de feno grego (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), em equinos com Síndrome de Úlcera Gástrica Equina (SUGE). No estudo foram incluídos dez cavalos, dos quais sete foram colocados no grupo de tratamento e três no grupo controlo. Durante 28 dias, foi administrado ao grupo de tratamento 400 ml do extrato aquoso. Através de exames gastroscópicos, no dia 0 e 28, foi avaliado o grau das lesões e registados os valores de pH do suco gástrico. A média do score de classificação das ulcerações da mucosa glandular foi significativamente mais baixa no grupo de cavalos tratados, comparada com a do grupo de controlo (P = 0,018). Já para a média de classificação da mucosa não glandular não se registaram diferenças significativas entre estes dois grupos (P = 0,648). Registou-se também uma diferença significativa dos valores de pH do suco gástrico entre os cavalos do grupo de tratamento e do grupo de controlo (P = 0,03). A administração do extrato aquoso das sementes de Trigonella foenum-graecum L. demonstrou eficácia no tratamento da Doença Gástrica Glandular Equina e tem a capacidade de prevenir a descida do pH do suco gástrico. Contudo, não teve efeito no tratamento da Doença Gástrica Escamosa Equina.
ABSTRACT - Preliminary study of the effect of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (fenugreek) on the treatment of EGUS (Equine Gastric Ulcer Syndrome) - The high prevalence of gastric ulcers in horses and its negative effect on performance, together with the high economic cost of the pharmacological treatment, makes it desirable to find more affordable alternatives. Recently, there has been an increased interest in the use of botanicals because of their easy accessibility and their potential therapeutic properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) aqueous extract on gastric ulcers in horses. Ten horses entered the study, of which seven were placed in the treatment group and three in the control group. For twenty-eight days, 400ml of the extract was administered to the treatment group. After this period, all horses were re-evaluated. Using gastroscopic examinations (days 0 and 28), the gastric ulcer scores were evaluated and the gastric juice pH measured. Mean glandular gastric ulcer score was significantly lower in horses treated with the fenugreek seeds aqueous extract compared with the untreated control horses (P = 0,018). However, mean nonglandular gastric ulcer score was not significantly different between the horses from the treatment group and the ones from the control group (P = 0,648). There was also a significant difference between gastric juice pH in the treated horses and the horses from the control group. Trigonella foenum-graecum L. seed aqueous extract fed to horses showed efficacy in the treatment of the Equine Glandular Gastric Disease and has the capability to prevent the decrease of the gastric juice pH. However, it did not show efficacy in the treatment of the Equine Squamous Gastric Disease.
N/A

Plant extracts are known to have beneficial effects in chronic inflammatory conditions such as diabetes. This study investigated the effects of Trigonella foenum-graecum L. (Fenugreek) seed extracts on inflammatory responses of macrophages. A cell-bioassay guided extraction identified a methanolic extract of fenugreek seeds (FME) with potent anti-inflammatory effects. This extract significantly reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6) in THP-1 macrophages (dTHP-1) stimulated with glycated-BSA. The effect of FME on TNF-α was also reproduced in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and when dTHP-1 cells were stimulated with LPS. The effect of FME on the polarization of dTHP-1 towards the M2 phenotype at the expense of the M1 phenotype was also confirmed through increased expression of IL-10 and Dectin-1. Although FME did not significantly enhance the gene expression of the M2 marker, IL-1Ra alone, FME acted synergistically in the presence of IL-4, increasing the expression of IL-10, Dectin-1 and IL-1Ra. A C-glycosidic flavonoid, Vicenin-2 (V-2), which was found to be present in FME, demonstrated similar actions to FME, by significantly suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine release and upregulating M2 marker (IL-10). V-2 also increased Dectin-1 gene expression, synergistically, in the presence of IL-4. The regulatory mechanisms involved in the actions of FME and V-2 were explored using a gene reporter assay. Both FME and V-2 significantly (p < 0.05) inhibited the activity of nuclear transcription factor, NF-κB. Also, FME significantly (p < 0.05) increased the activity of PPAR-γ. V-2 effects appeared to be mediated through homodimerization of the p50 subunit of NF-κB and suppression of IκB-α phosphorylation. V-2 exerted anti-inflammatory effects in endothelial cells (HUVEC) by reducing TNF-α induced MCP-1 expression. V-2 also enhanced release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) from gBSA treated dTHP-1 cells. Additionally, the EVs derived from dTHP-1 cells down-regulated expression of inflammatory markers in HUVECs; ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 significantly, and MCP-1, non-significantly. In conclusion this study suggests a beneficial effect of FME and V-2 in regulating macrophage inflammatory responses. Further studies are required to clarify their role on EV expression, characterization and endothelial cell function.

Dans le but de rechercher une eventuelle relation entre metabolisme primaire et metabolisme secondaire, un souchier de lignees cellulaires photomixotrophes et heterotrophes sous forme de cals et de suspensions cellulaires, a ete etabli pour une plante produisant des sapogenines steroidiques: trigonella foenum-graecum l. . Nous avons etudie l'effet de deux parametres: la concentration en saccharose dans le milieu de culture et la quantite de co2 dans l'air, sur la production de biomasse, l'evolution des chlorophylles et l'accumulation de sapogenines steroidiques. Les cinetiques de consommation des glucides et des macroelements majeurs du milieu de cultures (nitrate, ammonium, phosphate inorganique, sulfate. . . ) ont ete comparees. Afin de mieux connaitre les phenomenes biochimiques lies a la photomixotrophie, l'activite de deux carboxylases (ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase et la phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase) a ete mesuree sur les suspensions cellulaires cultivees avec differentes concentrations en saccharose dans le milieu pour les cultures en fioles d'erlenmeyer et avec une atmosphere enrichie ou non en co2 pour les cultures en bioreacteur

碩士
國立雲林科技大學
化學工程與材料工程研究所
95
Diosgenin is considered to be an important fraction in Trigonella foenum- graecum, and it possesses the therapeutic effects of anti-oxidant, anti-inflammation, and hypocholesterolemic. Due to the low concentration levels of diosgenin in Trigonella foenum-graecum, the objective of this study is to develop an efficient and scalable isolation and separation technique, from which diosgenin can be produced with high purity and high recovery. The results show that, in the first stage, diosgenin was isolated by a sequential procedure including extraction, hydrolysis and saponification. Operated under a series of optimal conditions, which included the extraction condition: Trigonella foenum-graecum/methanol ratio of 1:15 (g/ml), 80℃, 10 hours, the hydrolysis condition: extract/hydrochloric acid (12N) ratio of 12:1 (v/v), 80℃ and 4 hours, and the saponification condition: pH=7, 80℃, and 1 hour, the purity of the diosgenin was about 1.18% and the yield was about 7.16 mg/g DW。 In the second stage, diosgenin was concentrated by the method of liquid-liquid extraction. Operated under the optimal condition: saponification solution/water/ethyl acetate ratio of 1:1:2 (v/v/v), 30℃, and 3 hours, the purity of the diosgenin was about 7.38% and the recovery of the diosgenin was about 90%. In the third stage, diosgenin was purified by using the method of elution chromatography. A two-step purification strategy, normal phase first and then followed by reversed phase, was adopted. In the first step of the preparative normal phase chromatographic separation, operated under the injection concentration of 77.50 mg/ml, the injection volume of 2 ml, and the eluent n-hexane/isopropyl alcohol ratio of 99:1 (v/v), diosgenin was efficiently collected and the purity and recovery were about 41% and 67%, respectively. The yield of diosgenin of each injection was about 8.35 mg. In the second step of the preparative reversed phase chromatographic separation, operated under the injection concentration of 10.53 mg/ml, the injection volume of 2 ml, and the eluent methanol/water ratio of 80:20 (v/v), diosgenin was efficiently collected and the purity and recovery were about 85% and 100%, respectively. The yield of diosgenin of each injection was about 9.50 mg.

Thesis (M. Sc.)--University of Alberta, 2009.
Title from pdf file main screen (viewed on Nov. 25, 2009). "A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Plant Science, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta." Includes bibliographical references.

碩士
輔仁大學
營養科學系碩士班
107
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a spectrum of diseases with fat accumulation-induced liver damage, has become an important global issue. Studies showed that NAFLD is closely related to obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease.With excess fat accumulation, the hepatocytes develop insulin resistance followed by increased free fatty acids, oxidative stress, and steatosis, which subsequently result in the progression of NAFLD from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and further to liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Monascus and fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on reducing hyperlipidemia, improving insulin resistance and decreasing oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Monascus and Trigonella foenum-graecum water extracted mixture alleviates high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver in mice. Male C57BL/6J mice were intragastrically administered with deionized water (the NC and HF groups) or with a low, medium or high dose (the WL, WM, or WH groups) of Monascus and fenugreek water extracted mixture (MFW). After treated for 1 week, mice were started to pair-fed with a standard chow diet (13% calories from fat) for the NC group and a high-fat diet (60% calories from fat) for the other 4 groups. After 18 weeks of feeding, the results showed that the WL and WM MFW group had significantly decreased high fat diet-induced serum levels of triglyceride (TG), non‐esterified fatty acids (NEFA), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity and liver TG content. The WM and WH MFW group further had significantly decreased high fat diet-induced serum levels of cholesterol, liver cholesterol and NEFA content. But, only the WM MFW group had significantly decreased lipid accumulation status and the protein expression of phosphate nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cell (p-NF-κB) of inflammatory responses in liver. However, the WL MFW group had significantly increased the protein expression of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) of lipogenic enzymes; the WL, WM and WH MFW group had no significantly difference in high fat diet-induced imbalance of lipogenic and lipolysis enzymes, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a crucial cellular energy sensor and apoptotic proteins. In summary, Monascus and Trigonella foenum-graecum water extracted mixture may via decreased lipid accumulation status and liver inflammation to alleviate high fat diet-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver.

碩士
輔仁大學
營養科學系碩士班
105
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a progressive and complicated disease associated with obese, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia, not resulted from excessive alcohol use. NFALD is initiated by fat accumulation of pure steatosis in the liver. Under the condition of excessive oxidative stress, patients with NAFLD may be progessed to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and even hepatocellular carcinoma. Recently, the demands of dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, and functional foods to prevent and alleviate the progression of NAFLD are greatly increased. Monascus and Trigonella foenum-graecum extracts have been demonstrated to have beneficial effects on improving hyperlipidemia. To mimic the conditions of mild, moderate, and severe NAFLD, we used human hepatoma HepG2 cells with differnet concentrations of oleic acid and palmitic acid (2:1) to establish an in vitro platform. Using this in vitro platform, we investigated the mechanisms of Monascus and Trigonella foenum-graecum water-extract mixture on attenuating free fatty acid-induced lipotoxicity. After incubated with 0.45, 0.9, and 1.35 mM free fatty acids for 24 hours, HepG2 cells were treated with medium supplemented with combined Monascus and Trigonella foenum-graecum water-extract mixture (MFW) for 24 hours. The results showed that MFW significantly decreased lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and significantly increased late apoptotic cells and the protein expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP), fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gama (PPAR-g), peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-a), receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIP3) and cytchrome c in the normal model. In the mild NAFLD model, MFW significantly decreased lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and the protein expression of PPAR-g. In the moderate NAFLD model, MFW significantly decreased lipid accumulation, oxidative stress and the protein expression of FAS, ACC and PPAR-g. In the severe NAFLD model, MFW significantly decreased lipid accumulation and the protein expression of FAS, ACC, cytchrome c and RIP3 and increased the protein expression of PPAR-a and cell viability. Taken together, MFW have the abilities to decrease lipid synthesis, increase fatty acid oxidation and decrease lipid accumulation, as well as have the activities to decrease oxidative stress, cell apoptosis and necrosis. These results suggest that MFW has the potential to be developed as a functional food to prevent and attenuate the progression of NAFLD.