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1
Serwin, Kazimierz. "Percepcja traktatu triańskiego/trianońskiego w węgierskiej kulturze". Wschodnioznawstwo 14 (2020): 49–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20827695wsc.20.003.13331.
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Perception of the Treaty of Trianon in Hungarian culture The „Trianon” is perhaps the most famous historical term in Hungary. 100 years ago, on June 4, 1920, restrictive peace conditions were imposed on Hungary at the Grand Trianon Palace in Versailles. Apart of the loss of territory, 3,5 million Hungarians remained abroad. In Hungarian historical awareness, the Treaty of Trianon is a symbol of catastrophe and national humiliation. The change of „Greater Hungary” into „small” Hungary. To this day, the effects of the treaty have had an impact on Hungary’s politics, economy and culture.
2
Putz, Orsolya. "Metaphor evolution and survival in Hungarian public discourse on the Trianon peace treaty". Metaphor and the Social World 6, n.º 2 (14 de octubre de 2016): 276–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/msw.6.2.05put.
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The peace Treaty of Trianon, which was signed by the representatives of Hungary and the Allies in 1920, caused substantial economic, political and social changes in the life of the Hungarian nation. The paper explores how far these changes have been conceptualized by conceptual metaphors in Hungarian public discourse from 1920 to the present day. Specifically, it looks at whether there is a conventionalized metaphoric conceptual system concerning the treaty, which began (or was current) in 1920 and has been developing for almost a hundred years. The paper applies a qualitative approach to a small corpus of written texts. The corpus contains twenty texts, which are taken from four different categories of public discourse (political, academic, informative and media) and four time periods (1920–1945, 1945–1990, 1990–2010, and 2010–2015). The paper concludes that, within the public discourse on the consequences of the Trianon peace treaty, the same metaphors have fundamentally survived over nine decades. This conceptual history of metaphors suggests heavy conventionalization, which can play a crucial role in the survival of a certain mental image of the nation and in maintaining negative emotions about the treaty. It also suggests that the Trianon frame is still an essential part of Hungarian national identity.
3
Pallo, József. "Finkey Ferenc, az első magyar pönológus". Erdélyi Jogélet 4, n.º 1 (10 de junio de 2021): 125–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.47745/erjog.2021.01.11.
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The Trianon Peace Treaty had a profound effect on the social and governmental structure of Hungary. These changes, of course, also influenced the field of corrections and actually altered some of its key aspects as well. The author will recall several key penological concepts and ideas from the era to provide an introduction to the philosophical foundations of the establishment of correctional legislation and the resulting substantive changes that occurred. Moreover, a detailed analysis will be provided on the system of enhanced severity workhouses, an emblematic punitive measure that addressed the unfavourable criminological tendencies of the 1920s, which emerged as consequences to the Trianon Peace Treaty. The essay will conclude with deducing the generalized historical, legal, and moral lessons and conclusions pertaining to this peculiar period of Hungary.
4
SCURTU, Ioan. "THE TREATY OF TRIANON BETWEEN LEGEND AND REALITY". Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 12, n.º 2 (2020): 13–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2020.2.13.
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The Paris Peace Conference introduced a new international juridical concept as a decisive factor in their decisions: the right of all nations to selfdetermination. The Treaty of Trianon from June 4th 1920 was not a bilateral one (Hungary-Romania) as it was signed by Hungary along 22 other states from all the continents. The Treaty does not contain the word Transylvania, and the border between Hungary and Romania was established based on the will of the majority. The Treaty came into effect on July 26th 1921 after its ratification by Romania and Hungary along the other signatory states.
5
Derzhaliuk, M. "The Treaty of Trianon as a Source of Instability in the Central-Eastern Europe (Part 3)". Problems of World History, n.º 14 (10 de junio de 2021): 26–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-14-2.
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The article notes that the Trianon Peace Treaty of June 4, 1920 between the Entente countries and Hungary, as a result of the First World War, turned out to be, like all the other six treaties of the Versailles system, mostly unfair. Forcibly the territory of Hungary decreased by 2/3, the population decreased 2,7 times, a third of the Hungarian ethnic group became part of neighboring states.
It is noted that during 1920-2020. In Hungary, there were no powerful political forces of various trends and trends that would recognize the Trianon Peace Treaty as just. At the same time, the ruling political elites of the neighboring states of Hungary considered and still consider the conditions of the Trianon fair. Such opposite assessments of the consequences of Versailles engendered antagonism, making it impossible to reach a compromise between the countries of Central-Eastern Europe.
Attention is drawn to the fact that during the domination in Europe of the coalition of countries led by Germany of the Versailles Peace Treaty, including the Trianon, were dismantled, a new order was introduced, in which opponents of Versailles – Germany, Italy, Japan, the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria. played an active role.
It is noted that the winners of the World War ІІ restored the borders of the countries of Germany’s allies in Europe, in accordance with their own geopolitical interests, which corresponded by 70% to the borders established by the Entente after the World War І. The Trianon borders were restored over Hungary by the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947. The USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States acted from a hegemonic position, were guided by the right of the winner and in many respects imposed on the defeated countries the conditions of the Versailles system were discredited, did not draw proper conclusions and did not build international relations on principles close to justice, but preserved the complicated territorial contradictions of the past with the corresponding treaties.
It is indicated that the threat of assimilation and disappearance of foreign Hungarians is one of the main reasons for the revitalization of modern Hungary. Measures to overcome the syndrome of the dismemberment of the Hungarian nation in Central-Eastern Europe have been going on for centuries with little results; The rate of decline in the number of Hungarians in neighboring states over the past century is the highest, so Budapest believes that there is no time to delay the introduction of autonomy for foreign Hungarians, because in the next 25 years the very need for it will disappear through their disappearance.
It is emphasized that the level of ensuring the rights of the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia especially affects the relationship of Hungary with Ukraine. The improvement of relations between Hungary and Ukraine has minimal chances, since the positions of the parties on the procedure for the application of educational and language laws in Transcarpathia do not coincide.
Taking into account the decisive activity of Hungary and the Hungarian foreign communities in 2020 (the century of the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty on June 4, 1920), it is concluded that this problem will not lose its relevance, but will significantly increase.
6
Derzhaliuk, M. "The Treaty of Trianon as a Source of Instability in the Central-Eastern Europe (Part 2)". Problems of World History, n.º 13 (18 de marzo de 2021): 53–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2021-13-3.
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The article notes that the Trianon Peace Treaty of June 4, 1920 between the Entente countries and Hungary, as a result of the First World War, turned out to be, like all the other six treaties of the Versailles system, mostly unfair. Forcibly the territory of Hungary decreased by 2/3, the population decreased 2,7 times, a third of the Hungarian ethnic group became part of neighboring states.
It is noted that during 1920-2020. In Hungary, there were no powerful political forces of various trends and trends that would recognize the Trianon Peace Treaty as just. At the same time, the ruling political elites of the neighboring states of Hungary considered and still consider the conditions of the Trianon fair. Such opposite assessments of the consequences of Versailles engendered antagonism, making it impossible to reach a compromise between the countries of Central-Eastern Europe.
Attention is drawn to the fact that during the domination in Europe of the coalition of countries led by Germany of the Versailles Peace Treaty, including the Trianon, were dismantled, a new order was introduced, in which opponents of Versailles – Germany, Italy, Japan, the USSR, Hungary, Bulgaria. played an active role
It is noted that the winners of the World War ІІ restored the borders of the countries of Germany’s allies in Europe, in accordance with their own geopolitical interests, which corresponded by 70% to the borders established by the Entente after the World War І. The Trianon borders were restored over Hungary by the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947. The USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States acted from a hegemonic position, were guided by the right of the winner and in many respects imposed on the defeated countries the conditions of the Versailles system were discredited, did not draw proper conclusions and did not build international relations on principles close to justice, but preserved the complicated territorial contradictions of the past with the corresponding treaties.
It is indicated that the threat of assimilation and disappearance of foreign Hungarians is one of the main reasons for the revitalization of modern Hungary. Measures to overcome the syndrome of the dismemberment of the Hungarian nation in Central-Eastern Europe have been going on for centuries with little results; The rate of decline in the number of Hungarians in neighboring states over the past century is the highest, so Budapest believes that there is no time to delay the introduction of autonomy for foreign Hungarians, because in the next 25 years the very need for it will disappear through their disappearance.
It is emphasized that the level of ensuring the rights of the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia especially affects the relationship of Hungary with Ukraine. The improvement of relations between Hungary and Ukraine has minimal chances, since the positions of the parties on the procedure for the application of educational and language laws in Transcarpathia do not coincide.
Taking into account the decisive activity of Hungary and the Hungarian foreign communities in 2020 (the century of the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty on June 4, 1920), it is concluded that this problem will not lose its relevance, but will significantly increase.
7
Derzhaliuk, M. "The Treaty of Trianon as a Source of Instability in the Central-Eastern Europe (Part 1)". Problems of World History, n.º 12 (29 de septiembre de 2020): 122–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46869/2707-6776-2020-12-7.
Texto completoResumen
The article notes that the Trianon Peace Treaty of June 4, 1920 between the Entente countries and Hungary, as a result of the First World War, turned out to be, like all the other six treaties of the Versailles system, mostly unfair. In the forcibly the territory of Hungary decreased by 2/3, the population decreased 2,7 times, a third of the Hungarian ethnic group became part of neighboring states.
It is noted that during 1920-2020. In Hungary, there were no powerful political forces of various trends and trends that would recognize the Trianon Peace Treaty as just. At the same time, the ruling political elites of the neighboring states of Hungary considered and still consider the conditions of the Trianon fair. Such opposite assessments of the consequences of Versailles engendered antagonism, making it impossible to reach a compromise between the countries of Central-Eastern Europe.
Attention is drawn to the fact that during the domination in Europe of the coalition of countries led by Germany of the Versailles Peace Treaty, including the Trianon, were dismantled, a new order was introduced, in which opponents of Versailles – Germany, Italy, Japan, the USSR, played an active role. Hungary, Bulgaria.
It is noted that the winners of the World War ІІ restored the borders of the countries of Germany’s allies in Europe, in accordance with their own geopolitical interests, which corresponded by 70% to the borders established by the Entente after the World War І. The Trianon borders were restored over Hungary by the Paris Peace Treaty of February 10, 1947. The USSR, Great Britain, France and the United States acted from a hegemonic position, were guided by the right of the winner and in many respects imposed on the defeated countries the conditions of the Versailles system were discredited, did not draw proper conclusions and did not build international relations on principles close to justice, but preserved the complicated territorial contradictions of the past with the corresponding treaties.
It is indicated that the threat of assimilation and disappearance of foreign Hungarians is one of the main reasons for the revitalization of modern Hungary. Measures to overcome the syndrome of the dismemberment of the Hungarian nation in Central-Eastern Europe have been going on for centuries with little results; The rate of decline in the number of Hungarians in neighboring states over the past century is the highest, so Budapest believes that there is no time to delay the introduction of autonomy for foreign Hungarians, because in the next 25 years the very need for it will disappear through their disappearance.
It is emphasized that the level of ensuring the rights of the Hungarian minority in Transcarpathia especially affects the relationship of Hungary with Ukraine. The improvement of relations between Hungary and Ukraine has minimal chances, since the positions of the parties on the procedure for the application of educational and language laws in Transcarpathia do not coincide.
Taking into account the decisive activity of Hungary and the Hungarian foreign communities in 2020 (the century of the signing of the Trianon Peace Treaty on June 4, 1920), it is concluded that this problem will not only not lose its relevance, but will significantly increase.
8
Suba, János. "A trianoni hármashatárok kijelölése". Jelenkori Társadalmi és Gazdasági Folyamatok 4, n.º 3-4 (1 de enero de 2009): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/jtgf.2009.3-4.276-281.
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A "triple" or "tergeminate" frontier is the meeting point of the frontiers of three neighbouring countries. The boundary stone which marks it, named "triplex confinum", is generally a monumental, obelisk-like work of art. Along the frontiers of Hungary, estab-lished by the Trianon Peace Treaty and traced out on the terrain, there were four such triplex confinia. Their establishing and indication was done as a result of long negotiations and without the knowledge of the Hungarian party sometimes. The study treats the political efforts in this concern and explains how the location of the tergeminate frontier marks have been positioned, together with the presentation of the different types of the monuments. It is worth mentioning that no one of the original four Trianon tergeminate frontier marks are standing on their primary places today.
9
Hajdú, Zoltán. "Structural and administrative implications of the Trianon Peace Treaty, 1920". Regional Statistics 10, n.º 1 (2020): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.15196/rs100103.
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Kovács, Éva. "Overcoming History through Trauma. The Hungarian Historikerstreit". European Review 24, n.º 4 (15 de septiembre de 2016): 523–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798716000065.
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In the mid-summer of 2012, a sort of Historikerstreit broke out in Hungary. The main topics of the controversy were the language of and the attitude to the history of the Holocaust. In what follows I will argue that the Hungarian Historikerstreit is closely related to both the renaissance of the Horthy era (1920–1944) in current Hungarian politics and the ambivalent attitude towards the Holocaust in public memory. Since 2010, Hungary has celebrated ‘Trianon commemoration day’, remembering on the peace treaty of Trianon after the First World War. In today’s Hungary, Trianon seems to be a permanent trauma of the nation not only in the public memory but also in history writing. In spite of the fact that many respected scholars argue that currently the construction of the trauma of Trianon has a hegemonic position in Hungarian social memory and that the Holocaust cannot compete with it, I will show that the Trianon trauma is a construction of the current politics of history, which overshadows the tragic experiences of the First World War. Moreover, Trianon and the Holocaust are strongly interconnected historical events, which cannot be understood separately.
11
Hajdú, Zoltán. "Relations between Hungary and countries of the Central and Eastern European region: collapse and reorganisation, 1918–1925". Wschodnioznawstwo 14 (2020): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20827695wsc.20.004.13332.
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The First World War caused very deep and fundamental changes in Central and Eastern Europe. The biggest loser of the war was the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy. Kingdom of Hungary as one of its parts was dissolved in the framework of Trianon Peace Treaty. The new Hungary could retain only 28,6% of the former territory and 36,5% of its former population. After 1920 the League of Nations was planned a new collective European security system.
12
Zeidler, M. "The Trianon Peace Treaty of 1920. A View of Contemporary Hungarian Historiography". Historical Expertise 2, n.º 19 (1 de julio de 2019): 133–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31754/2409-6105-2019-2-133-157.
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Kovács, Kinga-Tünde. "Hungarian Press in Bucharest and Osijek – Before the Peace Treaty of Trianon". Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 16, n.º 1 (1 de diciembre de 2019): 135–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2019-0016.
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Pastor, Peter. "The United States' Role in the Shaping of the Peace Treaty of Trianon". Historian 76, n.º 3 (1 de septiembre de 2014): 550–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hisn.12047.
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Szélinger, Balázs. "Hungary and the Italo–Ethiopian Conflict (1935–1936)". Aethiopica 11 (26 de abril de 2012): 85–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.15460/aethiopica.11.1.150.
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Between the two World Wars the main policy of Hungarian diplomacy was the possible revision of the Trianon Peace Treaty. Until 1935 they believed in a peaceful way under the aegis of the League of Nations with the help of Italy. The Italo-Ethiopian conflict, however, totally disrupted these plans. Although the Hungarian political elite tried to stand by Mussolini, their abstention from the sanctions indicated a changed direction toward Germany and militarism. This study, using unpublished Hungarian archival sources, reveals the inner struggles of the desperate Hungarian government.
16
Ganczer, Mónika. "The impact of historical traditions on the regulation and practice of the preferential naturalization of Hungarians living outside the borders". Hungarian Journal of Legal Studies 63, n.º 4 (19 de junio de 2023): 352–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/2052.2023.00412.
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AbstractThe study presents the impact of the historical origin of the making and application of law through a specific example. The regulation of nationality, a pivotal field of constitutional law, is considered a sovereign right of the Hungarian state which is exercised in line with Article G) of the Fundamental Law and Act No. LV of 1993 on Hungarian Citizenship. Hungarian naturalization practice, however, significantly changed in the wake of the amendment of the respective act: Hungarians living outside the borders have been entitled to preferential naturalization since 2011. This study aims to prove that this legislative action, which remarkably followed the designation of the day of the conclusion of the Trianon Peace Treaty as the Day of National Unity the previous year, was obviously influenced by historical considerations. The primary objective of preferential naturalization was to grant Hungarian nationality to persons of Hungarian origin whose ancestors had lost their Hungarian nationality in the aftermath of historical events involving the transfer of territories to neighbouring states. The study's point of departure is the Trianon Peace Treaty, the first major instrument to have a profound effect on the nationality of millions of Hungarians. The study explores the peculiar interpretation and application of treaty provisions relating to territorial changes and reveals the flaws in legal regulation which further contributed to the formation of a large community of Hungarians living outside the borders. Having surveyed the historical background, the analysis proceeds to examine the impact of historical traditions on the underlying motives and current domestic regulation of preferential naturalization. Evidence includes the broad scope of eligible persons, the wide range of documents accepted to prove descent, the verification of the required command of language, and the practical implementation of the procedure of naturalization. Research findings convincingly display the far-reaching effects of historical traditions on the regulation and practice of preferential naturalization in Hungary.
17
Băncilă, Andi Mihail. "Hungarian Geopolitics during the interwar period". Euro-Atlantic Studies, n.º 3 (2020): 7–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31178/eas.2020.3.1.
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The end of the First World War produced a major reconfiguration of the political map of Europe. The three anachronistic empires that continued to exist in the Eastern part of the continent (Ottoman, Tsarist, and Austro-Hungarian) quickly disintegrated and gave way to a system of politically unstable nation-states. The Trianon Treaty signed in 1920 annulled the Hungarian multiethnic state formed by a context of circumstances in 1867 and sowed the seeds of the conflicts that followed. The Hungarians, the main losers of the peace treaty, developed a real cult for the Hungarian "millennial" state and tried to identify solutions for its recreation. Geopolitics, a rising science at that time, became the main instrument of Hungarian revisionism and created the necessary conditions for the renegotiation of borders at the beginning of the Second World War.
18
Sylburska, Aleksandra. "Próby wzmocnienia pozycji Królestwa Węgier w epoce dualizmu w ocenie publicystów „Huszadik Század” (1900-1919)". Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 21, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2023): 133–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2023.3.7.
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On June 4th, 1920, in Trianon, Hungary signed the peace treaty, due to which it lost 2/3 of its lands and 1/3 of its population. This meant the disintegration of the Kingdom of Hungary, whose strong position was sought-after by the Hungarian political elite in 1867-1920. The author of the article analyses the three stages of this project implementation, including the attempts to create a unified Hungarian nation, modernization of Zalitavia and the struggle to maintain the borders after the end of the World War I. The facts known from numerous studies were confronted with the opinions of the most important critics of the ruling elites of that time, journalists of the periodical „Huszadik Század”.
19
Csaba, Zahorán. "Big Dreams of Small Nations". Trimarium 1, n.º 1 (31 de mayo de 2023): 144–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55159/tri.2023.0101.08.
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Even though more than a hundred years have passed since the end of the First World War, the Hungarian historical consciousness has still not been able to fully come to terms with the lost war and its consequences, namely the Treaty of Trianon. One important reason for this phenomenon, which many authors consider to be a „cultural trauma”, is that the „Hungarian national space” imagined by Hungarian national activists at the time of the unfolding of Modern Nationalisms collapsed in 1918, as recorded in the 1920 peace treaty and reaffirmed in the 1947 one. From the outset, the space considered by the Hungarian elites as Hungarian overlapped with the similar visions of neighbouring non-Hungarian national movements, and at the end of the First World War the latter’s concepts were realised – at the expense of the Hungarian. The present essay traces the process of the emergence, competition and reorganisation of Hungarian and rival “national spaces” from the 19th century to the present day.
20
Kókai, Sándor. "How the Trianon Peace Treaty impeded social and spatial structure progress in the Bánság (1918-2010)". Regional Statistics 10, n.º 1 (2020): 133–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15196/rs100108.
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Krámli, Mihály. "A trianoni békeszerződés és a dunai hajózás". Belvedere Meridionale 32, n.º 2 (2020): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2020.2.1.
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The scope of this paper is to analyse the Danube policy of the Allied Powers after the First World War, their intention to create a new international régime, and to hone in on the impact of the Treaty of Trianon, the new Statue of the Danube of 1921 and the distribution of a part of the former Austrian and Hungarian riverine merchant fl eets on the Hungarian navigation on the Danube. Before the end of the World War the Austro-Hungarian riverine merchant fl eet was a dominant factor in the navigation on the Danube. The Allied Powers wanted to break this dominancy and to formulate a new international régime on the Danube favourable for them. These eff orts were present in the peace treaties. The Convention Instituting the Defi nitive Statue of the Danube was signed at Paris in July 1921. The provisions of the Convention formulated by the victors were very unfavourable for Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria. To capitalise on the benefi ts provided for them by the peace treaties and the Convention of 1921 in the Danube navigation, it had to create considerable merchant fl eets for Czechoslovakia, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes and Romania. For this scope the peace treaties provided that Germany, Austria, Hungary and Bulgaria should cede to the interested Allied Powers certain property pertaining to navigation on the Danube. Upon the decision of arbitrator Walker D. Hines of 2 August 1921, Hungary has lost nearly 50 percent of its Danube merchant fleet.
22
Sipos, Nikoletta. "Trianon 1920–2020. Some Aspects of the Hungarian Peace Treaty of 1920 (Eds. Róbert Barta and Róbert Kerepeszki)". Debreceni szemle 29, n.º 3 (26 de septiembre de 2021): 347–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.59424/debreceniszemle/2021/29/3/347-351.
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A 2020-as év a számunkra az első világháborút lezáró, a történelmi Magyarország területét felszabdaló trianoni békeszerződés aláírásának centenáriuma volt. Az évfordulóról a Debreceni Egyetem Történelmi Intézete nemzetközi konferencia keretében szeretett volna megemlékezni, ám erre a járványügyi helyzet alakulása miatt, a rendezvény többszöri halasztása után sem kerülhetett sor. Ezért döntöttek úgy a szervezők, hogy a felkért öt külföldi és tíz hazai előadó kutatásainak eredményeit idegen nyelvű tanulmánykötetben adják közre, amivel így a nemzetközi olvasóközönséget is megcélozhatják.
23
Jankó, Ferenc. "Balázs Ablonczy. Ismeretlen Trianon: Az összeomlás és a békeszerződés történetei, 1918–1921 [Unknown Trianon: histories of the collapse and the peace treaty, 1918–21]". Hungarian Studies Review 49, n.º 2 (1 de diciembre de 2022): 270–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5325/hungarianstud.49.2.0270.
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DRECIN, Mihai D. "FREEMASONRY AND THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE (JANUARY 1919 – JUNE 1920)". Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on History and Archaeology 12, n.º 2 (2020): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56082/annalsarscihist.2020.2.21.
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The Romanian delegation - headed by Prime Minister Ion I.C. Brătianu - accompanied by other well-known Romanian figures who were not part of the delegation, but represented the Romanian elite who had emigrated to the French capital, attended the Paris Peace Conference and recognised that the political decisions concerning the future borders of the nations emerging from the former Austrian-Hungarian Empire were made by the Roman Catholic Church, the Freemasonry and the Jewish Youth Organisation. These were the institutions behind the political decisions made by the political leaders of France (Georges Clémenceau), Great Britain (Sir David Lloyd George), the United States of America (Woodrow Wilson), and Italy (Vittorio Emanuele Orlando). When, after a conflict with the then French Prime Minister, who was failing to observe the provisions of the August 1916 Treaty concluded between Romania and the Triple Entente, Ion I.C. Brătianu left Paris, Alexandru Vaida-Voevod became his successor as head of the Romanian delegation. The Transylvanian political leader and some of his close associates would also become members of the Ernest Renan Masonic lodge in Paris, on 4 August 1919. The decision was made by Alexandru Vaida-Voevod after extensive consultations with Ion I.C. Brătianu, who had returned to Bucharest by then, and Iuliu Maniu, the Chairman of the Ruling Council in Sibiu. The masonic involvement of the Romanian delegation at the Paris Peace Conference was proof of the diplomatic abilities of its members as well as of the perfect cooperation with the local political decisionmakers, with the purpose of adjusting to the then current international context to the benefit of the country’s national interests. After Romania and Hungary signed the Treaty of Trianon (4 July 1920) whose clauses were favourable to Romania, the Romanian freemasons would leave their Masonic lodges in the coming years.
25
Pastor, Peter. "Major Trends in Hungarian Foreign Policy from the Collapse of the Monarchy to the Peace Treaty of Trianon". Hungarian Studies 17, n.º 1 (agosto de 2003): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/hstud.17.2003.1.1.
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Marosvári, Attila. "A területgyarapítást célzó román és szerb propaganda Csanád vármegyében". Belvedere Meridionale 34, n.º 3 (2022): 26–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/belv.2022.3.2.
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Csanád county was under Romanian military occupation from the end of April 1919 to the end of March 1920. The only exception to this was Makó, which was under French supervision for about two months, so the town was not taken over by the Romanians until mid-June 1919. The occupation of the county was in keeping with Romanian territorial aspirations, as the memorandum containing their demands for the Paris Peace Conference called for the borders which had been set out in the secret Treaty of Bucharest in August 1916. This would have included the whole of Csanád County. However, the great powers at the peace conference rejected the Romanian demands to annex these thoroughly Hungarian territories, and on June 13, 1919, they drew a narrower demarcation line, essentially corresponding to today’s border, which has not been subsequently changed. Romanian diplomacy, of course, used every means to get the boundary promised in the Treaty of Bucharest, which was much more favorable to them. One way to do this was to take advantage of the dissatisfaction and secessionist aspirations of the nationalities living in the disputed territory. This study takes into account the manifestations of Romanian territorial propaganda in Csanád – and more tangentially in neighboring Békés county – which targeted not only the relatively small number of ethnic Romanians, but also the Slovaks, who formed a slightly larger community. Although the focus of this study is on Romanian propaganda, for the sake of completeness, reference is also made to Serbian propaganda, as the Serbs also had territorial aspirations affecting Csanád county. One of the main findings of the study is that while Romanian propaganda focused primarily on the acquisition of territories, Serbian propaganda focused on winning over the people, which ultimately took the form of strengthening the intentions for the right of option which was also enshrined in the Treaty of Trianon.
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Feletar, Dragutin y Martin Glamuzina. "Granica Mađarske i Hrvatske na starim kartama". Geoadria 6, n.º 1 (11 de enero de 2017): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15291/geoadria.164.
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For centuries Croatia has been in a political association with Hungary. The borderbetween these two states lies on the Drava and the Mura rivers and is actually one of the oldest in Middle Europe, although between 1102 and 1526 there was a common Croatian-Hungarian kingdom and between 1526 and 1918 Hapsburg Monarchy (between 1867 and 1918 Austria- Hungary). The changes of the state border caused by the changes of the Drava and Mura’s bed, political interventions in the area of Međimurje and Baranja, especially from 18th to the middle of 20th century (1945) can be traced on the old maps, and these cartographic presentations represent a valuable historical source. The issue of border changes between Croatia and Hungary can be analyzed from two aspects: 1. macro analysis – i.e. bigger territory changes of the border between Croatia and Hungary 2. microanalysis – i.e. determining the border on the troubled rivers of the Drava and the Mura The macro plan includes the border changes between Croatia and Hungary where the most important issue is the borders in border areas of Međumurje, Prekodravlje and Baranje. For centuries there were arguments about the border in Prekodravlje. This part of Croatia, in Koprivnica area, has been populated by the Croats in the middle Ages, and in 16th and 17th century it was destroyed by Turks. At the beginning of 19th century Prekodravlje was again populated by Croats, two parishes, Gola and Ždala, were founded and they belonged to Zagreb bishopric (in 1854 it became archbishopric). Baranja was a part of the Hungarian district the longest of all border areas and beside Hungarians and Germans it was also populated by Croats and Serbs. It was annexed to Kingdom SHS (i.e. Republic of Croatia) by Trianon peace treaty in 1920. The old maps are very interesting because they document the microanalysis of the Croatian-Hungarian border, especially the border on the troubled Drava river. In this area the Drava is already a typical lowland-river, and in some Holocene sand and pebbles accumulation it meandered and changed its bed. For this reason it was necessary to determine the borderline which won’t change and will not depend on the river. Military land surveys conducted from 1781 to 1785 determined the borderline in the former Drava bed which was later verified by Trianon peace treaty.
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Adamczyk, Arkadiusz. "Między traumą Trianon a integralnością Korony św. Stefana. Koncepcje i próby odbudowy Wielkich Węgier 1920-1947". Rocznik Instytutu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej 21, n.º 3 (diciembre de 2023): 193–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.36874/riesw.2023.3.10.
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The goal of the article is to undertake a cause and effect analysis of political events and to present the effects of the Treaty of Trianon as factors significantly influencing Hungarian efforts to preserve the integrity of the Holy Crown. Stefan. The analysis of the achievements of historiography leads to the conclusion that finding a way to connect the “lost lands” with the Kingdom was supposed to be an antidote to political, social and economic problems resulting from territorial losses. Opportunities to implement the idea of Greater Hungary until the mid-1930s were seen in federal plans integrating state organisms located along the Danube. It is not possible to implement the plans drawn up, e.g. by Oszkár Jászi, Elmér Hantos, Gusztáv Gratz and Miklós Makáy, as well as the deepening economic difficulties, were to cause that even at the ideological level the Hungarians were to abandon all attempts at a federation. Hopes of crossing out Trianon would find their outlet in alliances with countries striving to revise the treaties concluded after the First World War. The relationship with the Third Reich allowed for a short-term recovery of fragments of Slovakia, Transylvania and Transcarpathian Ruthenia and gave hope for a return to the pre-1914 borders. However, these acquisitions proved to be unsustainable. The conclusion of peace in Paris in 1947 closed the way for the restitution of Greater Hungary. Although nowadays both the concepts of the Danube federation and the postulates of territorial changes have only the value of a historical argument, they do not mean the abandonment of the idea of Nagy-Magyarország. This concept has now only changed its formula in the direction of connecting Hungarians living in neighboring countries with the Motherland.
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Lein, Richard. "The Burgenland Question 1919–1924. A bilateral and international problem". europa ethnica 80, n.º 1-2 (2023): 21–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/0014-2492-2023-12-21.
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Richard Lein, The Burgenland Question 1919–1924. A bilateral and international problem The question of border demarcation between Austria and Hungary after 1918 is mostly mentioned only in passing in the historiography on the Paris peace conference and on the European post-war order. This does not surprise since other territorial conflicts of the immediate post-war period in East-Central and Southeast Europe appeared too important for researchers to pay greater attention to the dispute over the West Hungarian territory. In fact, however, the Burgenland Question, later referred to as such, proved to be exceedingly conflictual from both the bilateral as well as the international perspective. Thus, Hungary’s refusal to cede the territory granted to Austria at the Paris peace conference not only strained bilateral relations between Vienna and Budapest. What is more, Hungary’s behaviour, which contradicted the provisions of the Treaty of Trianon, was a test for the entire system of the Paris Peace Treaties. The victorious powers of the First World War, attempting to keep the system intact, struggled visibly trying to find a peaceful solution for the Burgenland Question. However, the conflict was also shaped by the active intervention of Italy and Czechoslovakia. With their interferences, Rome and Prague were primarily pursuing the goal of gaining political and economic influence in Central Europe. In view of the diverging interests of the two powers in the region, this tended to fuel the conflict rather than resolving it. In the end, however, international mediation succeeded in brokering a compromise between Austria and Hungary in the Burgenland Question. This compromise represents the starting point for the good neighbourly relations between the two countries to this day.
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Balatoni, Mónika y Ivan Halász. "Stratená prestíž a medzivojnová maďarská kultúrna diplomacia (Jej inštitucionálne a právne základy)". PRÁVNĚHISTORICKÉ STUDIE 52, n.º 2 (15 de septiembre de 2022): 169–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.14712/2464689x.2022.26.
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The paper focuses on the birth of Hungarian cultural diplomacy in the interwar period. Hungary had relatively high prestige in the Western liberal newspapers and journals before the first world war, but the problems with electoral reforms and minority issues dramatically changed this situation. This change together with the results of the first world war lead to the Trianon peace treaty. The Hungarian politicians planned to restore the international prestige of the country by the active cultural and scientific diplomacy. Count Kuno Klebelsberg played the crucial role in this process. He served as conservative minister of education and religion across ten years. The network of Collegium Hungaricum and the institutes for history in Berlin, Rome and Vienna represented the main form of Hungarian foreign representation. Hungary also subsided the university departments and lecturers of Hungarian language working abroad very actively this time. The parliament adopted the main legal norm of cultural policy in 1927. This norm regulated the work of cultural-scientific institutes operating abroad and also the system of Hungarian fellowships. The cultural diplomacy was the domain of the educational ministry instead the foreign office. This diplomacy represented the very successful form of foreign activities of Hungarian state.
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Nemet, Ferenc. "Specifics of Hungarian press in Vojvodina between the two wars". Zbornik Matice srpske za drustvene nauke, n.º 165 (2018): 85–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmsdn1865085n.
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With the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian empire following the first world war, with the founding of Kingdom of Serbs-Croats-Slovenians on the 1st of December 1918 and the Trianon peace treaty in 1920, the Hungarians in Vojvodina became a minority. Therefore an entire new chapter followed in their political, social, industrial and cultural lives. The period of living as a minority, independent literary and cultural life, which was the polar opposite of their previous life, aimed at creating an independent, specific path of development. This new approach is best seen in Hungarian minority press in Vojvodina. Only two titles remain from the earlier period: B?csmegyei Napl? (Diary of Bacsmegye) from Subotica and Torontal from Nagybecskerek - Zrenjanin; also two new titles were issued: Delbacska (South Bacska) in Novi Sad, Hirlap (Gazette) I Subotica and Kozakarat (Public Will) in Nagybecskerek. It should be noted that approximately 200 other Hungarian press titles were present in the period between the two world wars in Vojvodina. All these press titles were characterized by a difficult material status and the struggles to survive, struggles with cencorship and the search for themes and possibilities of expression, and also the appearance of journalistic sensationalism.
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Ujváry, Gábor. "Klebelsberg Kunó kulturális politikája és a felsőoktatás". Gerundium 9, n.º 3 (18 de marzo de 2019): 102–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.29116/gerundium/2018/3/7.
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The Cultural Policy of Kuno Klebelsberg and the Higher Education. The study presents the higher education policy of one of the best known and succesful Hungarian Minister of Religion and Education (1922–1931) Kuno Klebelsberg (1875–1932). As a politician of a state dismembered to one third of her original size-a consequence of the war loss and the Trianon peace treaty-he became a minister in miserable economic circumstances. With the contribution of him the stabilization of so-called refugee universities (from Kolozsvár and Pozsony to Budapest and then to Szeged [1921] and to Pécs [1923], the Academy of Minery and Forestry from Selmecbánya to Sopron [1918–1919]) could succesfuly be managed. Because of his conservative-liberal political attitude he tried to ease the effects of the so-called Numerus clausus Acts of 1920 which made the university entrance for Jewish Hungarians extremely serious. In 1928 he achieved the modification of that regulation. Instead of Budapest he supported the development of universities of Debrecen, Szeged and Pécs as a consequence of his well-grounded education policy based on decentralization. With his higher education policy he made great contribution to preserve the pre Great War Hungarian higher educational capacity in a dismembered Hungary lost 60% of her original population.
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Arribas, Cristina M., Rubén Arcos, Manuel Gértrudix, Kamil Mikulski, Pablo Hernández-Escayola, Mihaela Teodor, Elena Novăcescu, Ileana Surdu, Valentin Stoian y Antonio García-Jiménez. "Information manipulation and historical revisionism: Russian disinformation and foreign interference through manipulated history-based narratives". Open Research Europe 3 (27 de julio de 2023): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/openreseurope.16087.1.
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Background: Disinformation and historical revisionism have been acknowledged as tools for foreign interference that belong to the landscape of hybrid threats. Historical revisionism plays an essential role in Russian foreign policy towards the post-Soviet space and is in strong relation with the concepts of Near Abroad and Russkii Mir (‘Russian World’) and with certain ideas contained in the neo-Eurasianist Movement. This article examines Russian revisionist narratives disseminated in information and influencing campaigns in Europe and against the West. Methods: This study uses a mixed methodology combining desk research, including literature review, and analysis of the EUvsDisinfo database of cases identified before the February 2022 invasion of Ukraine. Results: The manipulation of historical events has been largely employed by the Kremlin as a tool for foreign interference to achieve strategic objectives. First World War treaties, mainly the Trianon Peace Treaty, as well as the Second World War and the communist and fascist historical experiences in countries within the post-Soviet space, are the pivotal topics from which hostile influencing narratives are built. From the analysis of the EUvsDisinfo database, the article identifies seven topic themes. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that pre-emptively elaborated counter-narratives based on historical evidence and sound historiography can be an effective tool against hostile revisionist narratives that exploit vulnerabilities and specific target groups within European societies.
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Pénzes, János. "The impact of the Trianon Peace Treaty on the border zones - an attempt to analyse the historic territorial development pattern and its changes in Hungary". Regional Statistics 10, n.º 1 (2020): 60–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.15196/rs100102.
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Stykalin, Alexander S. "The fate of one university in the context of changing borders in Central Europe (Kolozsvár — Cluj — Szeged)". Slavic Almanac, n.º 3-4 (2021): 353–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2021.3-4.5.01.
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An example of how epoch-making historical events in Central Europe affected the fate of an elite educational institution is the history of the second Hungarian university, founded in 1872 in the main city of Transylvania, Kolozsvár. This university was forced to leave Transylvania as a result of its reunification with the Kingdom of Romania in December 1918 following the First World War. Romanian professors from the “Old Kingdom” entered the university buildings built in the era of Austro-Hungarian dualism, located in the same city that changed its name from Kolozsvár, to Cluj. They were tasked by the new authorities to facilitate the integration of the region into Romania. The Hungarian University moves within the new borders of Hungary, to the city of Szeged. The creating of this powerful center of elite Hungarian culture became one of the essential directions of the cultural policy of the conservative regime. Its representatives saw the transformation of Hungary into a bastion of high European culture on the threshold of the Balkans as one of the ways to compensate for the enormous national infringement that the Trianon Peace Treaty of 1920 was for millions of Hungarians. The resettlement to Szeged, however, by no means put an end to the history of the Hungarian University of Transylvania. After the second Vienna arbitration for the transfer of Northern Transylvania to Hungary (August 1940), the Hungarian university in Cluj was restored, and the Romanian one moved within the narrowed borders of Romania. In the post-war Romania, under the left-wing authorities, and later the communist regime, which was not interested in aggravating the Hungarian-Romanian contradictions, both Romanian and Hungarian universities functioned in Cluj for a decade and a half, until in 1959, amid the rise of Romanian nationalism, an independent Hungarian university was closed.
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Cornelius, Deborah S. "Women in the Hungarian Populist Youth Movement: The Szeged Youth". Nationalities Papers 25, n.º 1 (marzo de 1997): 123–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00905999708408493.
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BackgroundDuring the conservative period in Hungary between the two world wars, three unusual young women, Erzsébet Árvay, Judit Kárász, and Viola Tomori, joined a vanguard of youth who claimed to lead a new generation of Hungarians. As members of the Szeged Youth, they took up the cause of the peasantry of the Great Hungarian Plain, an isolated and neglected population presumed to bear “original Hungarian characteristics.” Until recently, the relationship between gender and nationalism in studies on Eastern Europe has been neglected. Current developments in post-communist societies have sharpened our realization that historical periods are experienced differently and have different implications when seen from the vantage point of women rather than men. Intriguing questions are raised concerning these women's participation in the Szeged Youth Movement and their active role with the peasantry. In a society often characterized as restrictive and limiting, what was the experience of the young woman activist? Was she accepted by her peers as their intellectual equal? How did she feel about her final place in national affairs? These questions are elusive and complex, yet the example of the Szeged Youth Movement in the 1920s and 1930s provides a compelling study of the intersection of gender and national identity in the Hungarian context.During the interwar period in Hungary, the question of the fate of the Hungarian “nation”—which included the Hungarian population in the territories lost after World War I—took precedence over all others. This was true in respect to women's issues as well. The peace settlement was viewed as a national tragedy, reviving fears that the Hungarians or magyarsag would disappear, swallowed up by the surrounding Germanic and Slavic peoples. Virtually the whole population believed that the Treaty of Trianon of 1920, which had reduced the Hungarian state to two-thirds of its former size, leaving 33.5% of the ethnic Hungarian inhabitants outside the borders, had been unjust and should be revised. The government under Prime Minister István Bethlen struggled to restore economic stability and to regain acceptance by the Western powers, on whom revision of the treaty depended. Certain moderate reforms were introduced, including the extension of the franchise to women and the broadening of educational opportunities. Yet, social insurance reforms for the urban populations were not extended to the masses of peasantry and rural proletariat, which still constituted over half of the population. In fact, the need to maintain the support of the large landowners precluded any extensive land reform, and Hungary remained a country of large estates.
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Bolek, Zoltán. "Bosniaks in the 1921 Uprising in West Hungary". Historijski pogledi 6, n.º 9 (20 de junio de 2023): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.52259/historijskipogledi.2023.6.9.56.
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In the present study, I describe the struggles of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, and the lives and activities of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers who took part in it. Hungary ended the First World War among the losers. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy was dissolved, and Romania, Serbia, and the fledgling Czechoslovakia, among the states surrounding Hungary, made territorial claims on the Hungarian state. The nationalities living on the territory of Hungary declared their secession one after the other, and the country lost territory to neighbouring states one after the other. The territories under foreign occupation also included many Hungarian minorities, and more than two-thirds of the country’s territory was under foreign occupation. The population of the country was dismayed, but when the Council of State of the former ally, Austria, announced its territorial claim to Western Hungary on 17 November 1918, the population was outraged. The Hungarian leadership attempted to negotiate with the Austrian leadership, raising the possibility of partitioning the territory, but the Austrians refused to make a deal. On 10 September 1919, the Entente approved the Austrian territorial claims in the Treaty of St. Germain. On 4 June 1920, the Treaty of Trianon was signed, in which the Kingdom of Hungary lost more than two-thirds of its territory, and the annexation of Western Hungary to Austria was confirmed. After the signing of the peace treaty, Hungary was forced to evacuate Western Hungary. The territory was divided into two parts, the so-called “A “and “B” zones. The former was today’s Burgenland, the latter Sopron, and its surroundings. However, the Hungarians did not give up. In the meantime, however, the recruitment of volunteer troops had begun, the nucleus of which was the “Ragged Guard”, formed on 18 April 1918. under the leadership of Iván Héjjas. The rebels were mostly made up of demobilised soldiers, farmers, students, and railwaymen, but they were also joined by Bosnian and Albanian volunteers led by Hilmi Hussein Durić, one of whom, Ahmed, was later killed in action against the Austrians. I will write in detail about the antecedents of the Uprising in West Hungary, its main leaders, Pál Prónay and Iván Héjjas, and the soldiers who fought in their units. I pay special attention to the travel of the Bosnian and Albanian soldiers to Western Hungary, the organisational circumstances, and the battles themselves. I have tried to identify the Albanian and Bosnian fighters involved in the uprising, using all the sources I can find. I will also write in detail about the two battles of Ágfalva and the battle of Kirchslag and other smaller skirmishes. I will also outline the circumstances of the proclamation of “Lajtabánság” (“Banat of Leytha”), and its existence. I will also devote a great deal of attention to the aftermath of the successful uprising and the subsequent fate of the Muslim veterans. The Bosnian and Albanian Muslim fighters, veterans of the 1921. Uprising in West Hungary, kept in touch with each other and their former superiors between the two world wars and successfully integrated into Hungarian society. The focus of this paper is to present the relevant Hungarian memoir literature. In addition to these sources, I drew from the books “The Uprising in West Hungary” (“Nyugat magyarországi felkelés”) by Lajos Missuray-Krug and “My Experiences of the West Hungarian War of Independence” (“Élményeim a nyugat-magyarországi szabadságharcból “) by Viktor Maderschpach.
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Szilágyi, Zsolt. "The Economic and Ecological Contexts of Urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain during the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". Historical Studies on Central Europe 1, n.º 2 (3 de diciembre de 2021): 105–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.47074/hsce.2021-2.05.
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There is abundant research on the history of urbanization in the Carpathian Basin with a special focus on the history of urbanization in the Great Hungarian Plain. Over the past years, there have been investigations concerning climate and historical ecology issues, as well as economic and social history, the results of which enable us to obtain an overview of the complex processes in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries.It has been confirmed that prior to the Industrial Age (1850), climate change had made a profound impact on the conversion of the settlement network in the terrain and on the expansion of livestock farming. The climate in the seventeenth century seems to have been cooler and more humid, thus in the Great Hungarian Plain there were large areas covered with water. This significantly restricted the possibilities of crop cultivation as well as population growth. The warming-up period in the eighteenth century resulted in the shrinking of areas covered in water, the transition to flood plain farming and the extension of plough land crop cultivation, ultimately leading to population growth. There is evidence that by the turn of the eighteenth-nineteenth centuries, grain trade in the Carpathian Basin had been integrated into the Central European continental crop trading system, however, livestock farming was unique to the Great Hungarian Plain. From the mid-nineteenth century, due to the construction of the railway system in the Great Hungarian Plain, which revolutionized cargo transport, plus due to river regulations and drainage works, the economic structure of the area saw profound changes. In the meanwhile, the population and labor force supply were also increasing at a rapid rate. Marshlands and meadows were replaced by arable land and an increasingly growing crop production, which provided the foundations for the grain trade. Thus, new market centers emerged in the Great Hungarian Plain. Between 1828 and 1925, the number of market centers went up by 293, which represents an elevenfold rise. The growing density of the market center system significantly defined not only various aspects of urbanization, but also the general modernization of the Great Hungarian Plain.The purpose of my research is to analyze how changes in the climate influenced the settlement network, and the social and economic profile of the Great Hungarian Plain in the period concerned. Why was the favorable picture of a dynamically improving and modernizing Great Hungarian Plain at the turn of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries conceptualized by the public as an underdeveloped area characterized by a series of economic and social tensions? How do all these factors contribute to the revision of the emerging historiographic picture of the economic and social consequences of the Trianon Peace Treaty?
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Krizmanics, Réka. "Trianon in Popular History in Late-Socialist and Post-Transition Hungary: A Case Study". East European Politics and Societies: and Cultures, 18 de noviembre de 2021, 088832542198941. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0888325421989411.
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The main purpose of this article is to show how the changing dynamics of governmental memory politics and shifting institutional frameworks influenced the space for and type of discourses about Trianon in popular historiography in the decades spanning 1979 to 2010. I first introduce the way academic historiography addressed the issue of the peace treaty and its consequences. Second, I situate popular historical discussions about Trianon within the broader landscape of historical knowledge production. Analyzing publication patterns of História (1978) and Rubicon (1989), the two most widely read mainstream popular historical journals, complemented with a discussion of Trianoni Szemle, a journal established for the purpose of discussing this single topic, I reflect both on the journals’ (self-)positioning under changing currents and the intensity of governmental interest and control. As the centennial of the signing of the peace treaty draws near, such a case study provides an opportunity to observe symptomatic mechanisms of illiberal memory politics in juxtaposition to its authoritarian and democratic predecessors.
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Pištejová, Lucia. "PODPIS A RATIFIKÁCIA TRIANONSKEJ MIEROVEJ ZMLUVY". STUDIA IURIDICA Cassoviensia 11, n.º 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.33542/sic2023-2-04.
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THE SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION OF THE TREATY OF TRIANON Článok poukazuje na udalosti súvisiace s podpisom Trianonskej mierovej zmluvy, vyvolávajúcim predovšetkým u maďarského obyvateľstva značné rozčarovanie, ktoré následne vyústilo až vo vzbury obyvateľstva. Poukazuje na postoj dobových médií, ktoré prispievali k eskalácii napätia v spoločnosti a vnímali podpis Trianonu ako národnú tragédiu. To spoločne s časťou politických predstaviteľov nabádalo k neratifikovaniu tohto mierového dokumentu. Zameriava sa na nerozhodný postoj vládnych predstaviteľov v otázke vhodných kandidátov, ktorý následne viedol k posunu termínu jej podpisu a následná nečinnosť zo strany Maďarska. V otázke ratifikácie mierovej zmluvy článok približuje dôvody, ktoré prinútili konať štáty Dohody. Na druhej strane sa článok taktiež zameriava taktiež na Československo, u ktorého je badateľný diametrálne odlišný prístup snažiaci sa o čo najrýchlejšiu ratifikáciu Trianonskej zmluvy. Záverom článok poukazuje na jeden z dôsledkov ratifikácie v podobe začatia činnosti rozhraničovacích komisií. URL: http://sic.pravo.upjs.sk/ The article points to the events related to the signing of the Treaty of Trianon, which caused considerable disillusionment, especially among the Hungarian population, which subsequently resulted in population uprisings. He points to the attitude of the contemporary media, which contributed to the escalation of tension in society and perceived the signing of the Trianon as a national tragedy. This, together with some political representatives, encouraged the non-ratification of this peace document. It focuses on the indecisive position of government representatives on the question of suitable candidates, which subsequently led to the postponement of the date of its signature and subsequent inaction on the part of Hungary. In the issue of ratification of the peace treaty, the article provides an overview of the reasons that forced the states of the Agreement to act. On the other hand, the article also focuses on Czechoslovakia, where a diametrically different approach is noticeable, striving for the fastest possible ratification of the Treaty of Trianon. In conclusion, the article points to one of the consequences of ratification in the form of the start of the activity of border commissions.
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"Trianon és a Brit földrajz I." Földrajzi Közlemények 144, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2020): 202–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.32643/fk.144.2.5.
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The ‘dismemberment’ of Hungary as a result of the Treaty of Trianon (1920) was a momentous event. This paper examines the reaction of British geographers to Hungary’s dramatic and extensive loss of territory and much-reduced national sovereignty. It considers two works by British geographers, Marion Newbigin (in 1920) and Alan Ogilvie (in 1922), who attempted to explain Hungary’s situation following the Treaty. To Hungary’s geographers, Trianon ruptured historical associations between nature and nation. Boundaries previously formed upon the Carpathians’ natural geography and the hydrography of the Great Hungarian Plain were now replaced by ethnic considerations, even although these proved difficult to effect in practice as the basis of the new boundaries. The paper explores maps produced by Hungarian geographers, and most notably Pál Teleki’s ‘Ethnographical Map of Hungary’ (1919)—the so-called ‘Carte Rouge’—which attempted to reveal Hungary’s ethnic identity and territorial integrity. The paper then examines Marion Newbigin’s ‘Aftermath: A geographical study of the peace terms’ (1920) and Ogilvie’s ‘Some aspects of boundary settlement at the peace conference’ (1922) as Britain’s geographers tried to explain and justify Trianon in terms of post-war geopolitics, ethnic diversity, and linguistic difference. For Newbigin, Hungary’s ethnic delimitation post-Trianon was largely dictated by the Western powers (principally by the American delegation to the 1919 Paris peace conference). In his work Ogilvie (a member of the British geographical delegation in Paris) shows that the principles on which Trianon was determined were often compromised in practice. The paper shows how the new geography of Europe and Hungary dictated by Trianon elicited different responses from different geographical communities.
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"INTERNATIONAL PROTECTION OF THE LANGUAGE RIGHTS OF MINORITIES IN THE 19th – THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20th CENTURY". Electronic supplement to Russian Juridical Journal, diciembre de 2019, 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34076/2219-6838-2019-5-22-28.
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The article discusses regulatory efforts of states to protect the rights of national minorities. The focus is on the role of the League of Nations and the treaties on minorities concluded with Poland (1919), Czechoslovakia (1919), the Serbo-Croat-Slovenian state (1919), Romania (1919) and Greece (1920), as well as the peace treaties that formed the basis of the Versailles-Washington system of international relations in Europe in 1919– 1922 (the 1919 Peace Treaty between the Allied and United Powers and Germany, the 1919 Saint-Germain Peace Treaty, the 1919 Neisk Peace Treaty, the 1920 Trianon Peace Treaty, the 1920 Sevres Peace Treaty). The contribution of the Permanent Court of International Justice to the protection of minority rights is noted (the case of minority rights in Upper Silesia, the case of minority schools in Albania, the case of eviction of German minorities in Poland).
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Pandy, Dávid. "VOJENSKÉ VYZVEDAČSTVO A TRIANON". STUDIA IURIDICA Cassoviensia 11, n.º 2 (2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.33542/sic2023-2-03.
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MILITARY ESPIONAGE AND TRIANON Predkladaný článok sa venuje výskumu činnosti zameranej na vyzvedanie a vyzrádzanie vojenských tajomstiev na území Československa v období po uzatvorení Trianonskej mierovej zmluvy. Autor túto činnosť zaraďuje medzi formy iredenty prameniacej z „okliešteného“ Maďarska sledujúcej zvrátenie výsledkov trianonského mieru. Príspevok analyzuje a porovnáva pôvodne uhorskú trestnoprávnu úpravu a výsledky normotvorby československého zákonodarcu sledujúcich potieranie týchto aktivít. Príspevok tiež popisuje čiastkové výsledky archívneho výskumu vo vzťahu k rozhodovacej činnosti súdu v trestných veciach tejto povahy. URL: http://sic.pravo.upjs.sk/ The presented article is dedicated to the research of the activities aimed at the collection and disclosure of military secrets on the territory of Czechoslovakia in the period after the conclusion of the Trianon Peace Treaty. The author classifies this activity among the forms of irredentism stemming from "truncated" Hungary aiming the reversal of the results of the Trianon Peace. The paper analyzes and compares the originally Hungarian criminal legislation and the results of the Czechoslovak legislator's activity aiming the suppression of these activities. The paper also describes the partial results of archival research in relation to the judicial practice in criminal matters of this nature.