Tesis: "Traveled distance"

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González, Hernán Mauricio. "The interaction between distance to work and vehicle miles traveled". College Park, Md.: University of Maryland, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/7858.

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Thesis (Ph. D.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2007.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Agricultural and Resource Economics. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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2

Steiner, Rachel. "Effects of Atomoxetine and 7-NINA on Serotonin 1B-Induced Autism-like Non-Selective Attention Deficits in Mice: An Investigation of Novel Treatments". Wittenberg University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wuhonors1469116290.

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Bastos, Jorge Tiago. "Geografia da mortalidade no trânsito no Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18144/tde-14032011-112111/.

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Neste trabalho é estimado o valor do índice de mortes por quilômetro percorrido pela frota de veículos rodoviários no Brasil e em cada estado da federação nos anos de 2004 a 2008. Para determinar os valores da quilometragem anual média dos veículos - parâmetro necessário para estimativa do índice de mortes por veículo - quilômetro - desenvolveu-se um método apropriado tomando como referência a quantidade de combustível vendida pelas distribuidoras em cada estado. Os estados foram classificados em relação a todos os índices associados à mortalidade viária, assim como analisadas as relações entre o índice de mortes por quilômetro e o nível de desenvolvimento econômico dos estados. Constata-se que a situação da mortalidade no trânsito é um grave problema nacional, sobretudo nos estados mais pobres, onde os índices de mortes por veículo-quilômetro atingem números extremamente elevados. O fato positivo é que os números apontam para uma redução contínua do índice de mortes por quilômetro, que passou de 68,26 para 55,87 mortes por bilhão de quilômetros no país entre 2004 e 2008 (queda de 18,15%). Isso se deve ao aumento da quilometragem percorrida, função do aumento da frota, do crescimento econômico e de certa estabilização do número de mortes; este último em decorrência de ações em âmbito nacional implementadas pelo governo federal, bem como de ações específicas levadas a efeito em alguns estados.
This research estimated the value of the rate of deaths per kilometer traveled by the road vehicles fleet in Brazil and in each of the states of the federation, in the years 2004 to 2008. To determine the values of the average annual distance traveled by vehicles - parameter needed to estimate the rate of deaths per vehicle-kilometers - an appropriate methodology has been developed with reference on the amount of fuel sold by distributors in every state. The states were ranked according to all indexes associated with road fatalities, and the relationship between the rate of deaths per kilometer and the level of economic development of states, expressed by the motorization rate and the GDP per capita, is analyzed. It appears that the situation of traffic mortality is a serious national problem, especially in the poorest states, where the rate of deaths per vehicle-km reaches very high figures. The positive fact is that the numbers point to a continued reduction in the rate of deaths per kilometer, which decreased from 68.26 to 55.87 deaths per billion km in the country between 2004 and 2008 (a decrease of 18.15%). This is due to the increase on the distance traveled, a result of the increased fleet and economic growth, and also of some stabilization in the number of deaths; being the last a consequence of nationwide actions implemented by the federal government, and also of specific actions carried out in some states.

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4

Gerotti, Raphael Whitacker [UNESP]. "Análise das variáveis tempo e distância no método “pontos de contagem” no estudo da assembleia de aves na estação ecológica de Caetetus (EECa), São Paulo". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151361.

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Pontos de contagem é um método atrativo para utilização em programas de monitoramento de aves por ser simples e permitir que vários locais sejam amostrados. Contudo, nos estudos realizados em regiões tropicais utilizando-se deste método, os autores utilizam a variável "tempo" de forma diferente para registrar a abundância das aves nos fragmentos florestais. Portanto, os dados obtidos por estes diferentes estudos não podem ser comparados entre si, pois o tempo gasto nos pontos e o tempo total das contagens diferem significativamente, assim como as distâncias percorridas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de comparar quatro durações de tempos distintas (5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos) para identificar qual destas registra maior riqueza e abundância de aves em fragmentos de florestas tropicais. As amostragens foram realizadas durante 12 meses em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual de 2.180 ha no interior de São Paulo. Um total de 120 minutos de amostragem foi realizado a cada mês para cada tempo distinto, o que exigiu um número diferente de pontos amostrais e uma diferente distância total percorrida na floresta. Com relação à riqueza e abundância, os testes estatísticos evidenciaram que o tempo de cinco minutos apresentou resultados que diferem significativamente dos outros tempos (10’, 15’ e 20’). Além disso, houve uma correlação positiva entre as diferentes distâncias percorridas e a abundância registrada, ou seja, quanto maior a distância percorrida, maior a riqueza e abundância registradas. Um aspecto da ecologia da comunidade que deve ser levado em consideração é que as espécies são distribuídas de forma heterogênea em uma floresta, pois diferentes espécies de plantas e diferentes padrões na fisionomia da floresta proporcionam diferentes tipos de micro-hábitats para aves. Quando se utiliza um maior número de pontos de amostragem, espera-se encontrar uma maior heterogeneidade da floresta, portanto, a maior riqueza registrada pela contagem de cinco minutos está associada a um maior número de pontos necessários para isolar a variável tempo. Outro fator importante é a variação encontrada nos valores do Índice Pontual de Abundância amostrados. A menor variação e consequente maior poder estatístico ocorreu na contagem mais curta (5’ minutos), indicando que o tempo é o mais eficiente para atingir os objetivos propostos. É importante ressaltar que este período de tempo exigiu quatro meses a menos para registrar o mesmo número de espécies que as outras contagens. No oitavo mês de amostragem, o tempo de cinco minutos já acumulava 119 espécies, valor maior que a riqueza total obtida com os outros tempos. Portanto, ao utilizar o método de pontos de contagem para analisar a estrutura da comunidade de aves em fragmentos florestais, o melhor resultado foi alcançado com a contagem de cinco minutos. Este tempo provou ser mais eficiente por detectar maior riqueza e abundância com menor esforço amostral, além de aumentar a chance de se registrar novas espécies devido ao maior número de pontos realizados em um maior número de micro-hábitats na floresta.
Point counts are attractive for use in avian monitoring programs because they are straightforward and allow numerous geographic sites to be sampled. However, in studies conducted with the point count method in tropical regions, authors use the variable "time" differently to record the abundance of birds in forest remnants. Therefore, the data obtained by different studies cannot be compared since the time spent at the points and the total counting time differ significantly, as do the distances traveled. The objective of the present study was to compare four distinct point count times (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) to identify which registers relatively greater bird richness and abundance in tropical forest fragments. Samplings were carried out for 12 months in a 2,180 ha fragment of semideciduous forest in the interior of the state of São Paulo. A total of 120 minutes of sampling was carried out each month for each counting time, which required a different number of counting points and a different total distance traveled in the forest. With respect to richness and abundance, the statistical tests showed that five minutes of counting yielded results that were significantly different from those of the other point count times. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the different distances traveled and the recorded abundance, i.e., the greater the distance traveled, the greater the richness and abundance. One aspect of community ecology that must be considered is that species are distributed heterogeneously in a continuous forest because different plant species and different patterns in the terrain of the forest provide different microhabitats for birds. When a greater number of sampling points is used, greater forest heterogeneity is expected; therefore, the greater richness recorded by the five-minute counts is associated with a greater number of points needed to isolate the time variable. Another important factor is the variation in the sampling rates; the lowest variation, and consequently greater statistical power, occurred in the shortest count (5′), indicating that this counting time is effective for meeting the proposed objectives. Importantly, this counting time required four fewer months to record the same number of species as the other times. By the eighth month of sampling, the five-minute count had accumulated 119 species, which was higher than the total richness obtained with the other times. Therefore, when using the point method to analyze the community structure of birds in forest fragments, the best result was achieved with the five-minute count. This time proved to be more efficient because it detected greater richness and abundance with a lower sampling effort and increased the chance of registering new species due to the higher number of sampling points over a larger number of microhabitats in the forest.

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5

Gerotti, Raphael Whitacker. "Análise das variáveis tempo e distância no método “pontos de contagem” no estudo da assembleia de aves na estação ecológica de Caetetus (EECa), São Paulo". Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151361.

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Orientador: Reginaldo José Donatelli
Resumo: Pontos de contagem é um método atrativo para utilização em programas de monitoramento de aves por ser simples e permitir que vários locais sejam amostrados. Contudo, nos estudos realizados em regiões tropicais utilizando-se deste método, os autores utilizam a variável "tempo" de forma diferente para registrar a abundância das aves nos fragmentos florestais. Portanto, os dados obtidos por estes diferentes estudos não podem ser comparados entre si, pois o tempo gasto nos pontos e o tempo total das contagens diferem significativamente, assim como as distâncias percorridas. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente trabalho foi o de comparar quatro durações de tempos distintas (5, 10, 15 e 20 minutos) para identificar qual destas registra maior riqueza e abundância de aves em fragmentos de florestas tropicais. As amostragens foram realizadas durante 12 meses em um fragmento de floresta estacional semidecidual de 2.180 ha no interior de São Paulo. Um total de 120 minutos de amostragem foi realizado a cada mês para cada tempo distinto, o que exigiu um número diferente de pontos amostrais e uma diferente distância total percorrida na floresta. Com relação à riqueza e abundância, os testes estatísticos evidenciaram que o tempo de cinco minutos apresentou resultados que diferem significativamente dos outros tempos (10’, 15’ e 20’). Além disso, houve uma correlação positiva entre as diferentes distâncias percorridas e a abundância registrada, ou seja, quanto maior a distância percorrida, mai... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Point counts are attractive for use in avian monitoring programs because they are straightforward and allow numerous geographic sites to be sampled. However, in studies conducted with the point count method in tropical regions, authors use the variable "time" differently to record the abundance of birds in forest remnants. Therefore, the data obtained by different studies cannot be compared since the time spent at the points and the total counting time differ significantly, as do the distances traveled. The objective of the present study was to compare four distinct point count times (5, 10, 15 and 20 minutes) to identify which registers relatively greater bird richness and abundance in tropical forest fragments. Samplings were carried out for 12 months in a 2,180 ha fragment of semideciduous forest in the interior of the state of São Paulo. A total of 120 minutes of sampling was carried out each month for each counting time, which required a different number of counting points and a different total distance traveled in the forest. With respect to richness and abundance, the statistical tests showed that five minutes of counting yielded results that were significantly different from those of the other point count times. Additionally, there was a positive correlation between the different distances traveled and the recorded abundance, i.e., the greater the distance traveled, the greater the richness and abundance. One aspect of community ecology that must be considered is that... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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6

Nguyen, Tien Dat. "Estimating distances and traveled distances in virtual and real environments". Diss., University of Iowa, 2011. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/2752.

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Virtual environments (VEs) have gained widespread use in recent years as a tool for training new skills, particularly in cases where training in the real environment can be risky or dangerous. But while there are many potential applications that could benefit from using VEs, our understanding of several basic perceptual and cognitive tasks in VEs - distance and traveled distance estimation, speed estimation, spatial orientation, and wayfinding - is not yet well developed. This dissertation increases understanding of two of these problems through three experiments on distance estimation and three on traveled distance estimation. The first experiment directly compared participants' distance estimates across several visual presentation methods and measurement protocols. Results, for instance, showed no significant differences between estimates made when VEs are displayed in a head-mounted or a large-screen immersive display. In the second distance estimation experiment, participants made a series of distance judgments with feedback during an adaptation phase, and then made a series of " test phase" judgments without feedback in an environment that was similar but differently scaled. Under certain scaling conditions, there were significant differences between adaptation accuracy and test accuracy, suggesting that people's perceptual judgment is less well grounded in VEs than in the real world. Finally, our third distance estimation experiment was a pilot that further confirmed underestimation of distances in VEs while providing initial experience with a travel distance task valuable for the second half of our research. The fourth experiment is one of the first to directly compare traveled distance estimates between real and virtual environments. Results, for instance, showed a significant difference between estimates made by people who were passively moved through a real environment and people who experienced simulated self-motion in a virtual environment. The fifth and sixth experiments investigated whether scene density and richness affect people's sense of traveled distanced. In each of these experiments, participants who experienced feature-sparse environments judged traveled distances significantly differently than subject who experienced feature-rich environments. However, traveled distance estimation seems to involve more cognitive factors than distance estimation, and population differences between the two experiments make general conclusions somewhat difficult without further experimentation.

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7

Campos, Jennifer L. Sun Hong-Jin. "Multisensory integration in the estimation of distance travelled". *McMaster only, 2007.

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8

Byrne, David N. y Jesse A. Hardin. "Have Distances Traveled by the Sweet Potato Whitefly Been Underestimated?" College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/215036.

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The importance of the sweet potato whitefly to Arizona vegetable continues to ebb and flow from year to year. Over the last 25 years much of this likely is tied to the invasion by different strains. As we continue to study this insect, an aspect of importance to their management is their ability to disperse. In past studies we have determined how far they are capable of flying in a day’s time, 95% migrate 1.6 miles. We are now investigating their ability to fly multiple days. If they do migrate on more than 1 day, we must readjust our estimates of their influence on surrounding fields.

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Ullman, Hannah Catherine. "Examining Disparities in Long-Distance Travel Access". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/821.

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This thesis examines several nuanced issues, including equitable access, regarding long-distance intercity travel. In the United States, studies of transportation equity focus on affordable access to local destinations and basic services. The limited studies of long-distance intercity travel focus on observed demand, ignoring latent or unmet demand. Both quantitative and qualitative data are used to explore the differences between those who participate in long-distance travel and those with unmet need for it. This thesis found that the ability to participate in long-distance travel plays a role in one’s overall well-being. Undertaking long-distance trips facilitates access to opportunity for cultural and educational experiences, as well as the maintenance and creation of social capital, factors which were indicated by study participants. The first part of the thesis examines equity in access to long-distance travel between individuals by using data from a state-wide survey completed by 2,232 Vermonters for the Vermont Agency of Transportation in 2016. Five ordinal logistic regression models that approximate different levels of realized and unmet travel are used to understand how access to intercity travel differs by socioeconomic, geographic location, and household characteristics. A total of 22 percent of respondents indicated they had unmet demand at least once per year. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between those who had unmet demand within Vermont and outside of Vermont, proxies for local and intercity travel, respectively. Income level, Internet access, and education level were found to be significant predictors of realized long-distance travel. Household size and composition, household vehicles, age, income, and self-reported urban residence were predictors of both unmet local and long-distance travel need. In addition, full-time employment was significant for local unmet need, while miles to the nearest metropolitan area was a significant predictor for longer travel needs. Models of actual travel were stronger than for unmet demand, indicating that other unmeasured predictor variables may be important, thus requiring qualitative exploration. The second part of the thesis consists of an in-depth examination using semi-structured interviews regarding intercity travel with 24 women living in Chittenden County, Vermont. In addition to the qualitative survey methods, data from a social network geography survey designed specifically for the study and an overall well-being survey were used. Interviews were coded by theme relating to travel type, barriers to travel, and impact on quality of life. A majority of participants felt long-distance travel was very important or essential to their well-being and they wished to increase the amount they did. Additionally, participants felt the need to meet with friends and family in-person, therefore necessitating long-distance travel to those who lived further away. There was also a discrepancy between the desire to meet with friends and family and how often the participants actually were able to do so. Those with higher incomes had less unmet long-distance travel need.

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10

Liew, Gareth. "Determining the furthest distance travelled horizontally by impact spatter blood drop". Thesis, Liew, Gareth (2017) Determining the furthest distance travelled horizontally by impact spatter blood drop. Masters by Coursework thesis, Murdoch University, 2017. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/39824/.

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Violent crimes often result in blood-shed events associated with blood spatter. Bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) serves as a good tool and effective approach to reconstruct the events that occur in a crime scene. Among other bloodstain patterns, impact spatter patterns are commonly found at crime scenes. An impact pattern is formed as a result of an impact force striking an exposed blood source and can be described as a radiating pattern of small individual drops. In most cases of BPA, the reconstruction of the events taken place involve investigating the blood drop flight dynamics and the mechanics of impact spatter generation to determine the origin of the impact. Thus, the discipline of Fluid Dynamics (FD) is also involved in most BPA cases. However, in the cases of multiple impact spatter generation events within a crime scene, it complicates the interpretation and analysis of the impact spatter pattern. There are many variables of blood drop flight dynamics and mechanisms of impact spatter generation in which a blood drop is exposed to and generated from. The variables of blood drop flight dynamics such as drop deformations/oscillations, breakup, diameter with respect to velocity and air/wind currents do affect a drop while in flight which may alter the trajectory curvature of a blood drop. However, it is relatively unknown in scientific literature how the variables of impact spatter generation setup such as the height of the blood source and impact force applied would affect the horizontal distance travelled by a blood drop generated from an impact spatter. Theoretically, there is also limited literature with regards to the correlation of blood drop flight dynamics to maximum horizontal distance travelled by blood drop. This literature review aims to address the effect of blood drop flight dynamics and the mechanisms of impact spatter generation setup have on the maximum horizontal distance travelled by a blood drop. The purpose of this literature review is to dictate parameters for potential research that may aid in answering the investigative question.

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11

Darwent, Katherine M. "Individual Differences in Travel Across Psychological Distances". The Ohio State University, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1343680514.

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12

Seppecher, Manon. "Mining call detail records to reconstruct global urban mobility patterns for large scale emissions calculation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LYSET002.

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En milieu urbain, le trafic routier contribue de manière significative aux émissions atmosphériques, enjeu majeur de la lutte contre le changement climatique. Par conséquent, la surveillance conjointe du trafic routier et des émissions qu’il génère constitue un support essentiel de la décision publique. Au-delà de simples procédures de suivi, les pouvoirs publics ont besoin de méthodes d’évaluation des politiques de transport selon des critères environnementaux.Le couplage de modèles de trafic avec des modèles d’émissions constitue une réponse adaptée à ce besoin. Cependant, l’intégration de tels models à des outils d'aide à la décision nécessite une ca-ractérisation fine et dynamique de la mobilité urbaine. Les données de téléphonie mobile, et en particulier les statistiques d'appel (données CDR), sont une alternative aux données traditionnelles pour estimer cette mobilité. Elles sont riches, massives, et disponibles partout dans le monde. Néanmoins, leur utilisation pour la caractérisation systématique du trafic routier est restée limitée. Cela s'explique par une faible résolution spatiale et des taux d'échantillonnage temporels sensible aux comportements de communication.Cette thèse de doctorat interroge l'estimation des variables de trafic nécessaires au calcul d'émis-sions atmosphériques (distances totales parcourues et vitesses moyennes de trafic) à partir de telles données, et malgré leurs biais. Une première contribution importante est d’articuler des méthodes de classification des individus avec deux approches distinctes de reconstruction de la mobilité. Un seconde contribution est le développement d'une méthode d'estimation des vitesses de trafic basée sur la fusion de larges quantité de données de déplacements. Enfin, un processus méthodologique complet de modélisation et de traitement des données est avancé. Il articule de façon cohérente les méthodes proposées dans cette thèse
Road traffic contributes significantly to atmospheric emissions in urban areas, a major issue in the fight against climate change. Therefore, joint monitoring of road traffic and related emissions is essential for urban public decision-making. And beyond this kind of procedure, public authorities need methods for evaluating transport policies according to environmental criteria.Coupling traffic models with traffic-related emission models is a suitable response to this need. However, integrating this solution into decision support tools requires a refined and dynamic char-acterization of urban mobility. Cell phone data, particularly Call Detail Records, are an interesting alternative to traditional data to estimate this mobility. They are rich, massive, and available worldwide. However, their use in literature for systematic traffic characterization has remained limited. It is due to low spatial resolution and temporal sampling rates sensitive to communication behaviors.This Ph.D. thesis investigates the estimation of traffic variables necessary for calculating air emis-sions (total distances traveled and average traffic speeds) from such data, despite their biases. The first significant contribution is to articulate methods of classification of individuals with two distinct approaches of mobility reconstruction. A second contribution is developing a method for estimating traffic speeds based on the fusion of large amounts of travel data. Finally, we present a complete methodological process of modeling and data processing. It relates the methods proposed in this thesis coherently

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13

Kellogg, Howard (Howard Dorsey). "Inline skates designed for travel over short distances". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/45821.

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Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 20).
This thesis documents the design process of a new type of inline skate intended to be a viable form of transportation over short distances. Current inline skates are optimized for transportation over long distances but are not useful for travel over short distances because of the time required to put them on and the fact that they are cumbersome to carry. Through a survey and various prototypes, key characteristics have been identified that would make inline skates worth using for short commutes. Characteristics identified include the ability to fit over various types of footwear, the ability to put on at take off the skate quickly and the fold the skates for easy storage when not in use. A working prototype has been developed to demonstrate and verify the first two of these three characteristics. Users tested this prototype and provided feedback.
by Howard Kellogg.
S.B.

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14

Dadzie, Charlene Ama. "Can Imagination Travel the Distance? Investigating the Role of Psychological Distance and Construal Level in Consumers' Elaborative Approach". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2016. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc862738/.

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Much of consumer behavior research focuses on how consumers process and evaluate information to make current decision. In contrast, many consumer choices ares are underpinned by the need to make choices that incorporate the past or future, other places, other people and other situations that are seemingly hypothetical. The imagination provides the chief means by which consumers are able to traverse this psychological distance. Construal Level Theory (CLT) explains how individuals are able to plan for the future, consider the perspective of another individual and even consider situations that are counter to reality. Construal mindsets are enacted when people form mental representations of distant objects, people, or places. In abstract construal mindsets, individuals think generally, in terms of global features of an object, person, or situation. On the other hand, concrete construal mindsets center around the detailed aspects of an object, person, or situation. These two different construal mindsets serve to help people cope with the uncertainty of the future. This is because abstract cosntruals are more likely than concrete construals to remain unchanged as distance from a future object, person, or place reduces. A number of consumer behavior settings require the use of the imagination. Sticking to a weight loss and or fitness plan, planning a vacation trip, saving for retirement and imagining what birthday gift a friend will enjoy all require imagining a psychologically distant state. Marketers generally seek to stimulate consumption by requiring consumers to imagine a consumption setting. This dissertation uses CLT to guide the hypotheses, as CLT explains how individuals deal with psychological distance by adopting a construal mindset. CLT explains differences in information processing associated with adopting a specific construal mindset and suggests how construal mindsets impact consumer information elaboration processes. This study will contribute to CLT by addressing an understudied be related area: the consumer imagination. Furthermore, this dissertation helps uncover the mechanism that demonstrates the role of psychological distance on construal mindsets. The study will employ three experiments that identify the effect of psychologically distant consumption scenarios on elaborative thought processes in consumption settings.

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15

Sivaraman, Vijayaraghavan. "A Theoretical and Methodological Framework to Analyze Long Distance Pleasure Travel". Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6026.

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The United States (US) witnessed remarkable growth in annual long distance travel over the past few decades. Over half of the long distance travel in the US is made for pleasure, including visiting friends and relatives (VFR) and leisure activities. This trend could continue with increased use of information and communication technologies for socialization, and enhanced mobility being achieved using fuel-efficient (electric/hybrid) and technology enhanced vehicles. Despite these developments, and recent interest to implement alternate mass transit options to serve this market, not much exists on the measurement, analysis and modeling of long distance pleasure travel in the U.S. Statewide and national models are used to estimate long distance travel, but these are predominantly trip-based models, making it difficult to understand long distance trips as collection of household-level travel behavior. This form of travel behavior has been studied a lot in tourism, but in a piecemeal manner, such as to (from) a specific destination. Further, most of these studies are confined to analyzing leisure market, with VFR market gaining recognition only recently. In essence, annual household long distance pleasure travel behavior needs to be studied in a comprehensive manner rather than as isolated trips. This is because, most of these household travel decisions are undertaken considering their annual time and monetary budget, and their perceived cost to travel to one (or more) destination for given pleasure purpose on one (or more) occasion using a given mode of travel. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation is to develop a comprehensive behavioral model framework to analyze the above-discussed annual household long distance pleasure travel choices. To start the above effort, it is first required to collect detailed annual household travel data, last collected over two decades ago (e.g.: ATS, 1995). No such recent effort has been pursued due to the significant labor and economic resource required to undertake it. There exist recent surveys (NHTS, 2001), but collected over a shorter (four week) period, and require significant processing even to arrive at aggregate annual travel estimates. Second, besides surveys, there is a need for additional data to estimate households’ annual pleasure travel budget, and their cost to travel and stay at each of their potential destination choices, which are not readily available. Thus, as the first goal, this dissertation analyzes long distance travel reported across historical surveys (NPTS; ATS; NHTS), to understand the differences in their definition, enumeration of purpose and collection methods. The intent here is twofold, first to conceive a method to estimate annual travel from surveys with shorter collection period. Further, the second intent is to gather travel patterns from these historical datasets such that it informs the second goal of this dissertation, i.e. development of a behavioral framework to analyze annual household pleasure travel. To this effect, this research also analyzes pleasure expenditures using Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX, BLS) data. Interestingly, the analysis reveals CEX pleasure travel expenditure pattern to be similar to the travel pattern reported for the same market segments in travel survey (ATS). Importantly, the above analysis informs the development of behavioral models, pursued as two distinct tasks to achieve the second goal. As the first task, a novel econometric model and forecasting procedure is developed to analyze a household’s annual long distance leisure travel decisions. Specifically, a households’ time spent across one (or more) destination and travel mode to such destination for leisure is modeled subject to time and money budget constraints. In this methodological framework, the destination choice is modeled as a continuous variable (time at destination) using Multiple-Discrete Continuous Extreme Value model (MDCEV). While, travel mode choice to these destination(s) are modeled as a discrete choice, through a nested Multinomial Logit Model (MNL), with price variation introduced across the above choice of destination(s) and travel modes (air/ground). This required estimating annual monetary budgets, travel cost and per night lodging cost for each sample household, with each of them having 210 potential destinations and 2 travel mode choices respectively. The second task, involved the development of a broader national model system to analyze households’ annual pleasure travel decisions such as: choice (duration) at destination(s), travel purpose (VFR or leisure), mode (airplane or auto) choice and trip frequencies to these destination(s) using the same dataset. It was modeled in two stages, with the first stage estimating households’ annual pleasure time budget using a stochastic frontier model. This budget was then used as constraint to analyze households’ annual choice of destination and purpose using a nested MDCEV-MNL model in the second stage. A log sum variable from a nested joint multinomial logit model of trip frequency and mode choice for each purpose (VFR or leisure) is also introduced as input at this stage. This model was then validated using a prediction procedure, and further applied to test a policy scenario (increase in travel cost). The above national pleasure travel demand model could be further enhanced by including monetary constraints and price variation as in the first task. Overall, the model system proposed in this dissertation forms the foundation for a national comprehensive long distance travel model. This could be achieved through inclusion of other prominent travel purpose such as business and commuting to the national travel demand model presented in this research.

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16

Sivaraman, Vijayaraghavan. "A Theoretical and Methodological Framework to Analyze Long-Distance Pleasure Travel". Thesis, University of South Florida, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3738446.

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The United States (US) witnessed remarkable growth in annual long distance travel over the past few decades. Over half of the long distance travel in the US is made for pleasure, including visiting friends and relatives (VFR) and leisure activities. This trend could continue with increased use of information and communication technologies for socialization, and enhanced mobility being achieved using fuel-efficient (electric/hybrid) and technology enhanced vehicles. Despite these developments, and recent interest to implement alternate mass transit options to serve this market, not much exists on the measurement, analysis and modeling of long distance pleasure travel in the U.S.

Statewide and national models are used to estimate long distance travel, but these are predominantly trip-based models, making it difficult to understand long distance trips as collection of household-level travel behavior. This form of travel behavior has been studied a lot in tourism, but in a piecemeal manner, such as to (from) a specific destination. Further, most of these studies are confined to analyzing leisure market, with VFR market gaining recognition only recently. In essence, annual household long distance pleasure travel behavior needs to be studied in a comprehensive manner rather than as isolated trips. This is because, most of these household travel decisions are undertaken considering their annual time and monetary budget, and their perceived cost to travel to one (or more) destination for given pleasure purpose on one (or more) occasion using a given mode of travel. Thus, the main objective of this dissertation is to develop a comprehensive behavioral model framework to analyze the above-discussed annual household long distance pleasure travel choices.

To start the above effort, it is first required to collect detailed annual household travel data, last collected over two decades ago (e.g.: ATS, 1995). No such recent effort has been pursued due to the significant labor and economic resource required to undertake it. There exist recent surveys (NHTS, 2001), but collected over a shorter (four week) period, and require significant processing even to arrive at aggregate annual travel estimates. Second, besides surveys, there is a need for additional data to estimate households’ annual pleasure travel budget, and their cost to travel and stay at each of their potential destination choices, which are not readily available.

Thus, as the first goal, this dissertation analyzes long distance travel reported across historical surveys (NPTS; ATS; NHTS), to understand the differences in their definition, enumeration of purpose and collection methods. The intent here is twofold, first to conceive a method to estimate annual travel from surveys with shorter collection period. Further, the second intent is to gather travel patterns from these historical datasets such that it informs the second goal of this dissertation, i.e. development of a behavioral framework to analyze annual household pleasure travel. To this effect, this research also analyzes pleasure expenditures using Consumer Expenditure Survey (CEX, BLS) data. Interestingly, the analysis reveals CEX pleasure travel expenditure pattern to be similar to the travel pattern reported for the same market segments in travel survey (ATS).

Importantly, the above analysis informs the development of behavioral models, pursued as two distinct tasks to achieve the second goal. As the first task, a novel econometric model and forecasting procedure is developed to analyze a household’s annual long distance leisure travel decisions. Specifically, a households’ time spent across one (or more) destination and travel mode to such destination for leisure is modeled subject to time and money budget constraints. In this methodological framework, the destination choice is modeled as a continuous variable (time at destination) using Multiple-Discrete Continuous Extreme Value model (MDCEV). While, travel mode choice to these destination(s) are modeled as a discrete choice, through a nested Multinomial Logit Model (MNL), with price variation introduced across the above choice of destination(s) and travel modes (air/ground). This required estimating annual monetary budgets, travel cost and per night lodging cost for each sample household, with each of them having 210 potential destinations and 2 travel mode choices respectively.

The second task, involved the development of a broader national model system to analyze households’ annual pleasure travel decisions such as: choice (duration) at destination(s), travel purpose (VFR or leisure), mode (airplane or auto) choice and trip frequencies to these destination(s) using the same dataset. It was modeled in two stages, with the first stage estimating households’ annual pleasure time budget using a stochastic frontier model. This budget was then used as constraint to analyze households’ annual choice of destination and purpose using a nested MDCEV-MNL model in the second stage. A log sum variable from a nested joint multinomial logit model of trip frequency and mode choice for each purpose (VFR or leisure) is also introduced as input at this stage. This model was then validated using a prediction procedure, and further applied to test a policy scenario (increase in travel cost). The above national pleasure travel demand model could be further enhanced by including monetary constraints and price variation as in the first task. Overall, the model system proposed in this dissertation forms the foundation for a national comprehensive long distance travel model. This could be achieved through inclusion of other prominent travel purpose such as business and commuting to the national travel demand model presented in this research.

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17

Wang, Qian. "Travel demand forecasting with stated choice data. : Swedish domestic long-distance trips". Thesis, KTH, Transportvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48032.

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The travel demand forecasting capability is affected by the model performance and is restricted by the available modes. The Sampers models being used in long distance travel demand forecasting doesn’t deal with nonlinearity and contains no travel service qualitative variables. The RP models can’t forecast the travel demand of the hypothetical mode of the high speed rail. Meanwhile, the value of time which is an important indicator in cost-benefits evaluation needs to be estimated in more specific way. Functional form improving method of Box-Cox transformation is proved to be efficient in dealing with nonlinearity and so does the piecewise function is effective in using discrete variables. Variable related travel service quality is proved to be a significant estimate in enriching model specification. The value of time is re-evaluated by taking into account its distribution. The mean values are sensitive to the model specified and the extent of self-selection has been analyzed by comparing the value of different current mode users with different alternatives Based on the stated choice survey about the high speed rail, the preference and sensitivity is revealed by binary Logit model estimation. The minor difference between X2000 and high speed rail and self-selection effect imply the little attractiveness of high speed rail for both train users and air users.

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18

Busslinger, Matthias. "Empirical rules for debris flow travel distance : a comparison of field data". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/27569.

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Assessment of debris flow travel distance is an essential part of landslide risk management. Confidence in applying empirical rules in conditions different from their original study area is generally small. This research provides a systematic, quantitative approach to assess the utility of an empirical-statistical tool (UBCDFLOW), originally developed for the Queen Charlotte Islands, in the Kootenay area with different geo-bio-climatic conditions. High quality ground-based debris flow volume measurements are essential for this research. A systematic traversing method is described and illustrated for two example events. It is particularly useful to analyse volume change processes (entrainment, deposition), quantify volume magnitudes and examine travel distances. Data gathered can be used to compare debris flow inventories and run a variety of empirical or dynamic analysis tools. Compared to the Queen Charlotte Islands (QCI) the Kootenay study area has different geo-bio-climatic conditions, with larger event magnitudes and travel distances. Similarities were found for dominant volume change processes as a function of slope angles. Average yield rates in the Kootenays (2 to 3m³/m) are significantly smaller than on the QCI (12 and 23 m³/m). Applicability of UBCDFLOW in the Kootenay area is evaluated based on three quantitative measures for simulation success regarding volume change process, magnitude and travel distance. The empirical rules capture the volume change process (entrainment, deposition) correctly for 80% of the lengths in the Kootenay inventory and therefore appear to be portable from the QCI location. However the regression equations overestimate the magnitude of volume change. In total, 15 out of 22 simulations terminate within 89 and 110% of the observed travel distance; the remaining 7 simulations exceed it by more than 110%. Concerns that UBCDFLOW is sensitive to variations in slope angle input (±2°) are addressed in a Monte Carlo type analysis. For 13 (of 22) events, simulation of process is found sensitive, and 11 (of 22) experience considerable uncertainty in volume estimation, which ultimately yields uncertainty of travel distance estimate. Based on confidence limits for volume estimates and travel distance exceedance probability, the Monte Carlo simulation output allows more informed decision making.

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19

Van, Nostrand Caleb. "A Discrete-Continuous Modeling Framework for Long-Distance, Leisure Travel Demand Analysis". Scholar Commons, 2011. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/3389.

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This study contributes to the literature on national long-distance travel demand modeling by providing an analysis of households' annual destination choices and time allocation patterns for long-distance leisure travel purposes. An annual vacation destination choice and time allocation model is formulated to simultaneously predict the different destinations that a household visits and the time it spends on each of these visited destinations, in a year. The model takes the form of a Multiple Discrete-Continuous Extreme Value (MDCEV) structure (Bhat, 2005; Bhat, 2008). The model assumes that households allocate their annual vacation time to visit one or more destinations in a year to maximize the utility derived from their choices. The model framework accommodates variety-seeking in households' vacation destination choices in that households can potentially visit a variety of destinations rather than spending all of their annual vacation time for visiting a single destination. At the same time, the model accommodates corner solutions to recognize that households may not necessarily visit all available destinations. An annual vacation time budget is also considered to recognize that households may operate under time budget constraints. Further, the paper proposes a variant of the MDCEV model that avoids the prediction of unrealistically small amounts of time allocation to the chosen alternatives. To do so, the continuously non-linear utility functional form in the MDCEV framework is replaced with a combination of a linear and non-linear form. The empirical data for this analysis comes from the 1995 American Travel Survey Data, with the U.S. divided into 210 alternative destinations. The empirical analysis provides important insights into the determinants of households' leisure destination choice and time allocation patterns. An appealing feature of the proposed model is its applicability in a national, long-distance leisure travel demand model system. The annual destination choices and time allocations predicted by this model can be used for subsequent analysis of the number of trips made (in a year) to each destination and the travel choices for each trip. The outputs from such a national travel modeling framework can be used to obtain national-level Origin-Destination demand tables for long-distance leisure travel.

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20

Caygill, Matthew. "Public attitudes to long distance travel and perceptions of high speed rail". Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2734.

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Predicted increasing demand for long-distance travel raises the potential for considerable capacity impacts on the existing transport network. HS2, a proposed high speed rail (HSR) line in Britain bypassing existing routes, is being advanced by Government and might impact on mode choice and planned travel behaviour. Given predicted increasing long-distance travel demand, improving understanding of the underlying attitudinal, perceptual and behavioural issues is important. This thesis investigates attitudes to long-distance travel, perceptions of HSR, and willingness-to-pay for travel time reductions by determining the effects of social characteristics. Following focus groups to examine the wider domain of long-distance travel and mode choice, a questionnaire was developed to measure attitudes to long-distance travel and perceptions of HSR. A Principal Components Analysis of 46 travel-related attitude items generated six attitude factors, relating to; travel security, unsustainable transport improvements, perceived prestige of HSR, negative attitudes to HSR, importance of travel comfort, and travel time use. Attitudes differed by demographics and travel behaviour, implying focus is needed on younger age groups to attract travellers to HSR unless development timescales can be reduced. Proximity to a proposed HS2 station had no impact on attitudes, although proximity to the route was predictive of negative attitudes (the only aspect that was a predictor of negative attitudes to HSR). Factors such as cost, the environment, comfort and convenience are discussed in light of theories of attitudes, cognitive and affective reasoning and mode choice. Willingness-to-pay for travel time savings under two trip scenarios revealed a valuation broadly similar to that used in the HS2 economic case for commuters and leisure trips, but substantially lower than that used for business travel.

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21

Sturesson, Vladka. "Can the low cost boom in aviation reach long distance destinations? : MBA thesis in marketing". Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för ekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-8582.

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Aim The commercial success of some low cost airlines presents the low cost model as very attractive. Until now their main focus has been on short-haul routes, but it is no surprise that they show an interest in entering the long-haul routes market as recent trends are very promising. The aim of this study is to analyze whether the low cost business model is applicable for long-haul routes, which parts of the model are transferable to long-haul services, what competitors responses might be and whether there is potential for low cost airlines operating in Scandinavia to gain frequent, well paying and demanding business travelers on their future long-haul routes. Method In this study a survey method with structured questionnaire distributed by e-mail has been used to collect the primary data. The main source of secondary data has been airline industry literature, newspapers, magazines and data provided by aviation statistical organizations. The empirical part of this study is conducted as a quantitative and qualitative study. Intention of empirical part is to find detailed information and describe business travelers’ behavior, corporate travel policies, business trips pattern and attitude towards low cost airlines. Conclusions The cost savings that low cost airlines achieved in the short-haul market will be much more difficult to achieve to long-haul services. In terms of areas where airlines can achieve cost leadership labor costs is certainly the best area to attack. To be successful, low cost airlines would have to adopt some elements of the traditional business model. But the success of long-haul low cost airlines will not only depend on achieving cost advantages. Availability of leisure time for long-haul trips and response of competitors will be other factors. Suggestions for future research A deeper analysis of low cost long-haul airlines potential could be possible with survey among leisure travelers and VFR (visiting friends and relatives) segment. Contribution of the Study This study has arrived at the conclusion that in order to be successful on long-haul routes low cost airlines would have to keep most of the features of traditional airlines. Low cost long-haul airlines would most probably be successful in pure leisure routes, ethnic markets, during peak season and on dense point to point destinations.

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22

De, Villiers Anton Pierre. "Minimising the total travel distance to pick orders on a unidirectional picking line". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20183.

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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Order picking is the most important activity in distribution centres. It involves the process of retrieving products from storage in response to a speci c customer request. The order picking system in a distribution centre used by Pep Stores Ltd. (Pep), located in Durban, South Africa, is considered. The order picking system in Pep utilises picking lines. The system requires that the pickers move in a clockwise direction around the picking line. The planning of picking lines may be divided into three tiers of decisions. The rst tier determines which Stock Keeping Units (SKUs) should be allocated to which picking line and is known as the SKU to Picking Line Assignment Problem (SPLAP). The second tier, the SKU Location Problem (SLP), considers the positioning of the various SKUs in a picking line. The nal tier considers the sequencing of the orders for pickers within a picking line and is referred to as the Order Sequencing Problem (OSP). Collectively, these three tiers aim to achieve the objective of picking all the SKUs for all the orders in the shortest possible time. The decisions associated with each tier are made sequentially during the planning of a picking line. Each problem therefore relies on the information generated by its predecessing tier(s). Initially the OSP is addressed. A number of heuristic and metaheuristic approaches are presented, together with an exact formulation to solve this tier. The size of the problem is reduced by using a relaxation of the problem that may be solved exactly. A number of greedy tour construction heuristics, a scope and ranking algorithm, methods based on awarding starting locations with respect to preference ratios and a modi ed assignment approach was used to solve the OSP. Furthermore, a tabu search, simulated annealing, genetic algorithm and a generalised extremal optimisation approach are used to solve the OSP. The solution quality and computational times of all the approaches are compared for the data provided by Pep, with the generalised extremal optimisation approach delivering the best solution quality. Two methods from the literature was used to model the SLP, whereafter an ant colony system was used to maximise the number of orders in common between adjacent SKUs. A number of agglomerative clustering algorithms were used from which dendrograms could be constructed. Two novel heuristic clustering algorithms were considered. The rst heuristic calculates a distance between two clusters as the set of orders that have to collect all the SKUs in both clusters, whereas the second method is based upon the frequency of SKUs within a cluster. Little or no improvement was achieved in most cases. The SPLAP was introduced by means of a number of possibilities of how to formulate objectives. A possible exact formulation is presented, followed by a nearest neighbour search, which was initially used to construct new picking lines based on all data sets. A di erent approach was then taken by means of a tabu search where the waves of two or three picking lines were altered. Signi cant savings may be incurred for large data sets.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die opmaak van bestellings is die belangrikste aktiwiteit in 'n distribusiesentrum. Dit behels dat geskikte hoeveelhede produkte uit stoorplekke opgespoor en herpak moet word om aan kleinhandeltakke gestuur te word. Die bedrywighede binne een van Pep Stores Ltd. (Pep) se distribusiesentrums in Durban, Suid-Afrika, word beskou. Die sisteem vereis dat die werkers in 'n kloksgewyse rigting om 'n uitsoeklyn beweeg. Die beplanning van die uitsoeklyne kan verdeel word in drie besluite/probleme. Die eerste besluit is watter voorraadeenhede (VEs) toegewys moet word aan watter uitsoeklyn. Die tweede besluit is in watter vakkies in die uitsoeklyn die VEs geplaas moet word, en word die VE-plasings probleem (VLP) genoem. Die nale besluit is in watter volgorde bestellings opgemaak moet word in 'n uitsoeklyn, en staan bekend as die volgorde-van-bestellings-probleem (VBP). Die doel van al drie hierdie probleme is om al die bestellings in 'n uitsoeklyn in die kortste moontlike tyd af te handel. Die besluite wat verband hou met elke vlak van besluit word opeenvolgend gedoen tydens die beplanning van 'n uitsoeklyn. Die oplossing van elke subprobleem berus op die inligting van die voorafgaande probleme. Aanvanlik word die VBP beskou. 'n Aantal heuristiese en metaheuristiese benaderings word aangebied saam met 'n eksakte formulering om die derde vlak op te los. Die grootte van die probleem is verminder deur die gebruik van 'n verslapping van 'n eksakte formulering. 'n Aantal toerkonstruksie heuristieke, 'n omvang en rangorde algoritme, metodes wat gebaseer is op die toekenning van beginpunte met betrekking tot voorkeurverhoudings en 'n veralgemeende toewysingsprobleem is gebruik om die VBP op te los. 'n Tabu-soektog, gesimuleerde tempering, genetiese algoritme en 'n veralgemeende-ekstreme-optimering-benadering word ook gebruik om die VBP op te los. Die oplossingsgehalte en berekeningstye van al die benaderings word vergelyk vir werklike data wat verskaf is deur Pep. Die veralgemeende-ekstreme-optimering-benadering lewer die beste oplossingsgehalte. Twee metodes uit die literatuur is gebruik om die VLP te modelleer, waarna 'n mier kolonie stelsel gebruik word om die aantal bestellings wat aangrensende VEs in gemeen het te maksimeer. 'n Aantal groeperingsalgoritmes word gebruik wat dendrogramme kan lewer. Twee heuristiese groeperingsalgoritmes word oorweeg. Die eerste heuristiek bereken die afstand tussen twee groepe as die aantal bestellings wat al die VEs in beide groepe moet versamel, terwyl die tweede metode gebaseer is op die frekwensie van VEs binne 'n groep. Min of geen verbeterings is in die meeste gevalle gevind. Die eerste besluit word bekend gestel na aanleiding van 'n aantal moontlike maniere om die doelwitte te formuleer. 'n Moontlike eksakte formulering word aangebied. 'n Alternatiewe benadering is geneem deur middel van 'n tabu-soektog waar die golwe van twee of drie uitsoeklyne gewysig word. Beduidende besparings word gerealiseer vir groot datastelle.

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23

Jacobs, Anneli. "Hamba-kahle : an interior intervention to long-distance rail travel in South Africa". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/45275.

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Public rail transport interiors must be adaptable and cater to a wide target market to address the diverse needs of the South African public. Local rail transport competes directly with air travel for market share. Currently, local rail transport fails on both accounts. The failure to invest in and update rail infrastructure has resulted in a desperate need to play catch up with decades of international railway evolution – a need especially visible in the interiors of local long-haul trains. The design and aesthetic identity of transport interiors are generic, dated and fail to address the functional and aesthetic needs of contemporary South African travellers. As a result, these interiors fail to establish an identity synonymous with our unique demographic makeup. The current state of local long-haul passenger rail interiors was investigated through the use of a heuristic inquiry. An Electro Star Multiple Unit train structure was then selected in which an interior insertion is made. Hamba-Kahle addresses the physical and psychological discomfort in the train interior, the absence of social spaces, the disregard for wayfinding and the lack of contextual identity. The design challenges the insular train interior layout and divides the interior into different spatial zones. A Budget Sitter car, Premium Sitter car, Budget Sleeper and Universal Car provides seating variation for passengers and in turn integrates a wide target market. Break-away spaces are also incorporated. The programme and the spaces it creates assist the interior in mediating between private and public spaces. It facilitates chance encounters and supports retractable privacy. The interior reinforces adaptability in the use of spaces while adhering to universal design principles. The scenery from the surrounding landscapes is used in the design to enrich the interior spaces and improve the embodied experience of the user. In establishing a contemporary South African identity, a sense of place is created with which passengers can identify and feel physically, psychologically and socially comfortable in.
Dissertation (MInt(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014.
Architecture
MInt(Prof)
Unrestricted

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24

Chen, Yu-Jen. "Structural Analysis on Activity-travel Patterns, Travel Demand, Socio-demographics, and Urban Form: Evidence from Cleveland Metropolitan Area". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1492719562434723.

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25

Hofmann, Juliane. "The best of both worlds : eine Fallstudie zu "Long distance-Transmigranten" zwischen Europa und Neuseeland". Universität Potsdam, 2006. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1171/.

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Gegenstand der Publikation ist eine Art der Transmigration, die nicht, wie in der bisherigen Forschungsliteratur aufgezeigt, durch die Überbrückung des Wohlstandsgefälles entsteht, sondern durch die Verwirklichung eines bestimmten Lebensstils. In mehreren Interviews mit drei Seglern, die – neben der Teilnahme an internationalen Regatten – aus Sets verschiedener Motive zwischen Neuseeland und Europa pendeln, wird deren Lebenswelt als "Long distance-Transmigranten" dargestellt und miteinander verglichen. Im theoretischen Teil werden die Befunde der Fallstudie in die wissenschaftliche Debatte eingeordnet. Ein Abriss zur Kritik sowie die Konsequenzen dieser für die Arbeit werden gezogen. Der Nachweis, dass die untersuchten Probanden "Sonderfälle" darstellen, wird erbracht und die Einführung eines eigenen wissenschaftlichen Begriffes für dieses neue Migrationsphänomen erfolgt. Obgleich diese Studie auf einer relativ schmalen empirischen Basis erwachsen ist, zeichnet sie sich durch das innovative Vorgehen der Autorin aus.

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26

Merchant, Paul. "Observant travel : distant fieldwork in British geography, 1918-1960". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.326659.

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Kaufman, Benjamin. "Exploration Of New Methods In Long Distance Transportation Data Collection And Tourism Travel In Vermont". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2017. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/809.

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ABSTRACT Human transportation patterns have continued to shift and increase in rate as technology has made travel between spatially disparate locations more feasible. These movements are responsible for approximately one third of global carbon emissions, and account for one half of Vermont’s greenhouse gas output. Modeling transportation behaviors is difficult due to changing travel patterns and issues of surveying human participants. Long distance travel patterns are especially difficult and have not received the attention that urban mobility has within the literature. In this Masters thesis, I describe current methods of transportation data collection and propose new methods, as well as attempt to quantify the impact on Vermont’s roadways of the transportation-based tourism sector. In the first chapter of this thesis, I describe a GPS-based travel survey conducted over the course of one year, coupled with interview data of long distance trips undertaken by 10 participants. Long distance travel has historically been underrepresented in travel surveying due to its infrequency, resulting in decreased likelihood of capturing a long distance trip in a short travel study. By extracting points at intervals from the GPS dataset, it becomes possible to determine accuracy of trip matching between the two datasets with adjusted data collection methods. The second chapter examines transportation related to tourism in Vermont. As one of Vermont’s largest industry sectors, economic impact has been of particular interest to state planners. However, limited analyses of the transportation impacts of this sector are currently available. My research models route choice of drive through tourists, whom constitute 40% of visitors, attempting to begin quantifying tourist mileage and CO2 emissions within the state. Together, these studies expand knowledge on long distance transport data collection and the role of tourism in Vermont’s transportation mileage.

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28

Hägg, Erika. "What individual characteristics influence commuting distance and mode transportation? : A quantitative case study of Malmö, Southern Sweden". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Kulturgeografi, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-89446.

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How mobile people are affects the accessibility which can lead to several benefits like better match in the labour market and economical gain in the labour market. How mobile people are and their accessibility are effected by several factors. The purpose with this study is to see what individual characteristics that influences the choice of mode of transport when commuting and the travelled distance. This was done with a quantitative method that analyzed the Travel Survey of Southern Sweden. The result was carried out from descriptive result and regressions that was analysed. Findings from the result shows that gender, income and origin of birth are the individual characteristic that affects the choice of mode and travelled distance the most. The result can indicate that the commuting is also effected by structures as well as the economical incitement. The most used mode for transport and the probability to go by car increases with the economical gain does as well.

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29

Weschenfelder, Angela Vanelli. "Animal welfare and meat quality in pigs as affected by trailer type, travel distance and genotype". Thesis, Université Laval, 2013. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2013/29625/29625.pdf.

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L’objectif de cette thèse consistait à évaluer les effets de la conception des véhicules pot-belly [PB] vs. flat-deck [FD] ainsi que les distances des transports (45 min vs. 7 h) sur le bien-être animal et la qualité de la viande des trois croisements Piétrain (Piétrain 50% HALNn (50Nn), 50% HALNN (50NN), et 25% HALNN (25NN). Les réponses comportementales et physiologiques ainsi que les paramètres de qualité de la viande ont été mesurées. Les relations entre la température corporelle juste avant l’abattage, mesurée par la thermographie infrarouge (IRT), et les paramètres de bien-être animal et de la qualité de la viande ont également été étudiées et comparées. L’ensemble des résultats obtenus des deux études sur les transports de longue et courte distance ont indiqué que la génétique a un impact plus important sur les paramètres de bien-être animal et de qualité de viande que le type de remorque. Toutefois, les effets négatifs du génotype sur les réponses physiologiques au stress et les paramètres de qualité de la viande sont plus marqués pour le modèle PB lorsque le transport est de courte durée. Les porcs issus de croisement Piétrain 50%, quel que soit le génotype HAL, ont produit des carcasses plus maigres, mais semblent être plus sensibles au stress lié au transport. La qualité de la viande n'a pas été affectée par la proportion de l'héritage Piétrain dans le croisement, mais par la présence du gène HAL. L’étude de la température corporelle par thermographie infrarouge suggère que l'IRT oculaire peut détecter des changements de la température corporelle associée à l'état physiologique des porcs et peut être considéré comme un outil potentiel pour prévoir les variations de la qualité de la viande dans des conditions commerciales.
This thesis dealt with the effects of vehicle design (pot-belly [PB] vs. flat-deck [FD]) and transport distances (45 min vs. 7 h) on animal welfare and pork quality of three Pietrain crossbreds (Pietrain 50% HALNn (50Nn), Pietrain 50% HALNN (50NN), and Pietrain 25% HALNN (25NN). Behavioural and physiological responses and pork quality parameters were measured. The relationship between body temperature as measured by infrared thermography (IRT) in the restrainer before stunning and other animal welfare and pork quality parameters was also studied. Results obtained from both short and long distance transportation indicated that genetics has a larger impact on animal welfare parameters and pork quality traits than trailer type. However, under short distance transportation the PB trailer model augmented the negative genotype-related defects as measured by physiological responses to stress and pork quality parameters. Pigs with 50% Pietrain crossbreeding, regardless of the HAL genotype, produced leaner carcasses but appeared to be more responsive to transport stress. Pork quality was not detrimentally affected by the proportion of Pietrain inheritance in the crossbred but by the presence of the HAL gene. The study of IRT body temperature suggests that ocular IRT may detect changes in body temperature associated with the physiological condition of pigs and may be considered a potential tool to predict pork quality variation under commercial conditions.

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30

Wu, Naomi. "A LONG-DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP : RECONNECTING HOTELS WITH THEIR GUESTS VIA INTUITIVE DESIGN". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-150792.

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Currently for travel planning, guests will research via hotel websites while still preferring to book through third-party sites, which leads to a disconnect between hotels and their guests. A chat widget artifact that is added onto the hotel’s website and linked through messaging applications was created by a start-up company, Bookboost, to bridge this gap. The current intuitiveness of the artifact and future improvements that may increase intuitiveness was investigated through a case study of user and expert analysis. 10 participants – 5 hotel staff users and 5 guest users – were sampled at hotel lobbies via systematic sampling and non-random sampling. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 65 years old, with 30% being millennials. Task analysis, an interview, and a questionnaire were used for user analysis. The researcher acted as an evaluator and examined the artifact for flaws and possible improvements using activity theory’s human-artifact model (HAM). Analyses suggest that current intuitiveness is fairly high, but there is room for improvement. There seems to be a difference between millennials and non-millennials, especially regarding the amount of time taken and preference for the artifact (versus more familiar methods for communicating with others). Interest and comfort in technology usage was a factor in intuitiveness. Generally, those more comfortable with technology had higher zone of proximal development (ZPD) scores. Improvements have been suggested that may increase artifact intuitiveness, although this was not tested due to the scope of the study. Future research can continue to examine if the suggested improvements have indeed increased intuitiveness in the artifact for users of all ages.
Vid reseplanering brukar gäster ofta undersöka hotellwebbplatser men sedan ändå föredra att boka via tredjepartssidor, vilket leder till en klyfta mellan hotellen och deras gäster. För att överbrygga detta gap har startupföretaget Bookboost skapat en chattwidget (artefakt) som läggs till på hotellets webbplats och länkas till användarnas chattappar. Denna artefakts nuvarande intuitivitet och möjlighet till framtida intuitivitetsförbättringar undersöks genom en fallstudie av upplevelsen hos både experter och vanliga användare. 10 deltagare – 5 hotellmedarbetare och 5 gäster – rekryterades via förfrågan i hotellfoajéer utifrån ett systematiskt urval och icke-slumpmässigt urval. Deltagarna varierade i ålder från 18 till 65 år, med 30% inom milleniegenerationen. Uppgiftsanalys, intervju, och frågeformulär tillämpades i användaranalysen. Forskaren fungerade som utvärderare och undersökte artefaktens brister och möjliga förbättringar med hjälp av aktivitetsteorins human-artifact model (HAM). Analyserna tyder på att dagens intuitivitet är ganska hög, men att det finns utrymme för förbättringar. Det verkar finnas en generationsskillnad mellan äldre och yngre användare, särskilt när det gäller tidsåtgången och preferensen för artefakten (jämfört med mer välbekanta kommunikationsmetoder). Intresset för och komforten med teknologianvändning var en faktor i intuiviteten. I allmänhet uppnådde de som var mer bekväma med teknik en högre poäng i zonen för proximal utveckling (ZPD). Förbättringar som kan öka intuitiviteten för artefakten föreslås, även om prövandet av dessa inte ryms inom ramen för denna studie. Framtida forskning kan undersöka om de föreslagna förbättringarna verkligen ökar artefaktens intuitivitet för användare i alla åldrar.

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31

Yan, Zhixin. "A Unified Multi-touch Gesture based Approach for Efficient Short-, Medium-, and Long-Distance Travel in VR". Digital WPI, 2016. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/392.

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As one of the main topics in Virtual Reality (VR), travel interfaces have been studied by many researchers in the past decades. However, it is still a challenging topic today. One of the design problems is the tradeoff between speed and precision. Some tasks (e.g., driving) require a user to travel long distances with less concern about precise movement, while other tasks (e.g., walking) require users to approach nearby objects in a more precise way, and to care less about the speed. Between these two extremes there are scenarios when both speed and precision become equally important. In the real world, we often seamlessly balance these requirements. However, most VR systems only support a single travel mode, which may be good for one range of travel, but not others. We propose and evaluate a new VR travel framework which supports three separate multi-touch travel techniques for different distance ranges, that all use the same input device with a unifying metaphor of the userâ€™s fingers becoming their legs. We investigate the usability and user acceptance for the fingers-as-legs metaphor, as well as the efficiency, naturalness, and impact on spatial awareness such an interface has.

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32

Harrison-Hill, Tracey y n/a. "Implications of Long Haul Travel on the Marketing of International Tourism". Griffith University. School of Tourism and Hotel Management, and School of Marketing and Management, 2001. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20060104.134512.

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Tracking studies conducted by the Australian Tourist Commission (ATC) over the last decade have revealed that Australia has a high ranking as a desired destination among US residents. However prior to the peaked effect of the Olympics, this desire had not translated into increasing numbers of visitor arrivals from the US. As travel to Australia from the US is time consuming and involves extremes of physical distance, it would be to Australia's advantage to understand better the dimensions and ramifications of long haul travel with regard to destination choice. This thesis has two objectives: to assess the extent to which a destination being a long haul from its target market affects the choice of this destination; and to consider the marketing implications of the above with a focus on the selection of Australia, as compared to competitive destinations, by the US holiday market. Data were collected from two samples: the West Coast of the US and the East Coast of Australia. The instrument for the US sample collected information on the respondents' choice set structure, attribute importance in selecting a long haul destination, perceptions of the long haul destinations of Australia and Italy, and sociodemographics. The instrument for the Australian sample collected information on the respondents' choice set structure, attribute importance for both long haul and short haul destination selection, perceptions of the long haul destination of the US and the short haul destination of New Zealand, and sociodemographics. This data were then used to test nine hypotheses designed to give insight into the research objectives. The results indicate that tourists place differing degrees of importance on attributes of a long haul destination as compared to a short haul destination for a vacation. It also demonstrates that tourists' perceptions of the distance to destinations are often highly inaccurate and that this inaccuracy is related neither to actual distance nor choice set placement. The cognitive distance is however directly related to perceptions of cost of travelling to the destination. A conundrum was also established in that the distance to Australia was overestimated and related positively with the choice of the destination. Yet at the same time the overestimation led to increasing perceptions of cost, travel time and risk, which indirectly had a negative impact on the choice of the destination. This far-off allure was not evident for the equidistant competitor, Italy, where the cognitive distance was underestimated. It was also found US respondent's place differing importance on the attributes they seek in a long haul destination as compared to the Australian respondents. Notably, the US market places a significantly higher importance on distance, even though their estimation of the distance between Australia and the US did not differ from the Australian estimate. Marketing implications for Australia as a long haul destination were then considered with an emphasis on redefining vacation distances in tourists' minds without relinquishing the far-off allure. The relationship between cognitive distance and perceptions of cost and time in comparison to competitors were driving the need for redefining distance. Emphasis was placed on delivering information to tourists during their decision process when their involvement and information processing was highest. Direction was also given for future research that would be useful for travel marketers in gaining additional insight into their long haul target markets.

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33

Harrison-Hill, Tracey. "Implications of Long Haul Travel on the Marketing of International Tourism". Thesis, Griffith University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366395.

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Tracking studies conducted by the Australian Tourist Commission (ATC) over the last decade have revealed that Australia has a high ranking as a desired destination among US residents. However prior to the peaked effect of the Olympics, this desire had not translated into increasing numbers of visitor arrivals from the US. As travel to Australia from the US is time consuming and involves extremes of physical distance, it would be to Australia's advantage to understand better the dimensions and ramifications of long haul travel with regard to destination choice. This thesis has two objectives: to assess the extent to which a destination being a long haul from its target market affects the choice of this destination; and to consider the marketing implications of the above with a focus on the selection of Australia, as compared to competitive destinations, by the US holiday market. Data were collected from two samples: the West Coast of the US and the East Coast of Australia. The instrument for the US sample collected information on the respondents' choice set structure, attribute importance in selecting a long haul destination, perceptions of the long haul destinations of Australia and Italy, and sociodemographics. The instrument for the Australian sample collected information on the respondents' choice set structure, attribute importance for both long haul and short haul destination selection, perceptions of the long haul destination of the US and the short haul destination of New Zealand, and sociodemographics. This data were then used to test nine hypotheses designed to give insight into the research objectives. The results indicate that tourists place differing degrees of importance on attributes of a long haul destination as compared to a short haul destination for a vacation. It also demonstrates that tourists' perceptions of the distance to destinations are often highly inaccurate and that this inaccuracy is related neither to actual distance nor choice set placement. The cognitive distance is however directly related to perceptions of cost of travelling to the destination. A conundrum was also established in that the distance to Australia was overestimated and related positively with the choice of the destination. Yet at the same time the overestimation led to increasing perceptions of cost, travel time and risk, which indirectly had a negative impact on the choice of the destination. This far-off allure was not evident for the equidistant competitor, Italy, where the cognitive distance was underestimated. It was also found US respondent's place differing importance on the attributes they seek in a long haul destination as compared to the Australian respondents. Notably, the US market places a significantly higher importance on distance, even though their estimation of the distance between Australia and the US did not differ from the Australian estimate. Marketing implications for Australia as a long haul destination were then considered with an emphasis on redefining vacation distances in tourists' minds without relinquishing the far-off allure. The relationship between cognitive distance and perceptions of cost and time in comparison to competitors were driving the need for redefining distance. Emphasis was placed on delivering information to tourists during their decision process when their involvement and information processing was highest. Direction was also given for future research that would be useful for travel marketers in gaining additional insight into their long haul target markets.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Tourism and Hotel Management
Griffith Business School
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34

Braude, Shelley Rose. "Exploring the experiences and perceptions of school staff regarding their use of a distance travelled tool as part of a new initiative". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021594/.

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The growing emphasis on the application of evidence based practice (EBP) together with an increasing pressure on Local Authorities (LAs) to demonstrate the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the services that they fund has lead to the introduction of evaluative tools across many of the public services. Distance Travelled Tools (DTTs) are considered to be a useful measure of progress made over time in response to an intervention and can therefore be used to provide this kind of evidence. A semi-rural LA in England developed a DTT for use across the services for children and young people. The implementation of the tool as part of the work undertaken by practitioners represented a significant change in practice. In this study I explored the perceptions and experiences of mainstream primary and secondary school staff in the implementation of this DTT. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with twenty members of staff from eight mainstream education settings (five primary and three secondary). I transcribed the interviews verbatim and analysed them using thematic analysis. The analysis revealed two super-ordinate themes, six themes and 25 sub-themes, which shed light on staff’s experiences of applying the DTT. The first super-ordinate theme relates to the perceptions of staff regarding their use of the DTT to their work, specifically: in supporting holistic working; in enabling staff to elicit, share and understand the perspectives of stakeholders; and to formulate and support next steps. The second super-ordinate theme relates to school staff’s experiences of implementing the tool, including: the issues associated with the tool’s format; specific motivators and difficulties associated with the process of implementation; and the utility of the tool as a means of providing evidence for the LA. In highlighting the experiences and perceptions of the tool’s users, this study has implications for the application of this type of tool in supporting the work undertaken by a range of practitioners who work with vulnerable pupils and their families. By exploring the perceived issues and benefits of implementing a DTT, this study also has implications for the work undertaken by Educational Psychologists to support organisational change associated with the implementation of new evaluative procedures and practices.

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35

Silapavithayadilok, Panita. "Lo sguardo di Tiziano Terzani sull'Indocina: L'interazione tra scrittura e fotografia". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29685.

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La presente tesi effettua un’analisi di quattro libri di viaggio del giornalista e scrittore toscano Tiziano Terzani, focalizzandosi specialmente sul rapporto tra scrittura e fotografia che emerge in questi lavori, con l’intenzione di proporre una maggior comprensione del suo percorso da giornalista a viaggiatore in cerca di spiritualità. Esplorando l’interazione tra le parole e le immagini in Pelle di Leopardo: Diario vietnamita di un corrispondente di guerra 1972-1973 (Milano, Feltrinelli, 1973), Giai Phong! La Liberazione di Saigon (Milano, Feltrinelli, 1976), Un Indovino mi disse (Milano, Longanesi, 1995) e In Asia (Milano, Longanesi, 1998), miriamo a contribuire agli studi su Terzani che negli ultimi anni hanno discusso prevalentemente la sua erranza in Asia e le sue riflessioni maturate durante il periodo post-giornalistico, ma che hanno tralasciato però sia l’indagine del periodo giornalistico che l’analisi dell’interazione tra scrittura e fotografia in molti suoi lavori. Ripercorreremo l’esperienza di corrispondente di Terzani in Asia, in particolare in Indocina (Vietnam, Cambogia, e Laos) esaminando la sua posizione ideologica nei confronti dei rivoluzionari indocinesi in lotta contro le disuguaglianze. Terzani racconta le sue esperienze a un’Italia degli anni Settanta, in un periodo di proteste contro le classi dominanti e di manifestazioni di sinistra tendenti a idealizzare le rivoluzioni asiatiche. Oltre a prendere appunti sugli sconvolgenti avvenimenti in Indocina a cui assiste, egli ricorre anche alla macchina fotografica con l’intenzione di catturare sfumature che sfuggono allo sguardo. Terzani utilizza alcune di queste fotografie per illustrare i suoi reportages e, in altre occasioni, le impiega come aide-mémoire nel processo di scrittura. In ambedue i casi, alle immagini fotografiche viene affidata la funzione di rafforzare l’esclusività della sua testimonianza della sofferenza dei popoli in Indocina raccontata nella narrazione verbale. Caratterizzate dalla compresenza e dalla interazione di elementi verbali e figurativi, le opere di Terzani analizzate in questa tesi sono fototesti fondamentali per capire l’impegno morale e sociale di Terzani-giornalista, ma anche come l’esperienza giornalistica e i vincoli della professione lo abbiano portato verso una più profonda ricerca emotiva e comprensione dell’Altro e di se stesso. Scrittura e fotografia rivelano, quindi, un Terzani viaggiatore progressivamente in cerca di meditazione e spiritualità.

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36

Saxon, Theresa. "'Faraway places and distant horizons' : melodramatic expanses in the writings of Herman Melville and Henry James". Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288143.

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37

Lockwood, Brian. "Too Far to Travel?: An Investigation of the Effects of Distance to Community-Based Treatment Programs for Juvenile Offenders". Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2010. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/85429.

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Criminal Justice
Ph.D.
Although recent years have seen a dramatic increase in research on the relationship between space and crime, few studies have examined the impact of space on the juvenile justice outcomes of treatment non-completion and recidivism. Fewer yet have investigated how such effects might differ on those outcomes when disaggregated by the reason for non-completion and recidivism offense type. This study seeks to address those theoretical gaps by determining the effects of distance to treatment for juvenile offenders on type of treatment non-completion and recidivism. By estimating the effects of not only linear and temporal distance, but also social distance, this analysis represents a valuable inquiry into the influence of space on juvenile offenders. Data on juvenile offenders adjudicated in Philadelphia's Family Court to attend community-based treatment from 1996 through 2002 provide this study with 6,208 individual units of analysis. Data describing the neighborhoods in which the juveniles live and the programs that they attend are also included in this analysis. The use of hierarchical linear models allows for the simultaneous estimation of multiple levels of control variables when modeling the effects of distance to treatment. Separate models are constructed to estimate the direct effects of distance to treatment on treatment non-completion and then the subsequent, indirect effects of distance to treatment on juvenile recidivism. Results from two-level models that control for both neighborhood and program context indicate that distance to treatment does influence the likelihood of both treatment non-completion and recidivism. In general, distance to treatment was found to increase the likelihood of both treatment non-completion and recidivism as distance to treatment increases. Interaction effects that represent the joint effects of distance and race indicate that the impact of distance is generally greater for non-Whites, as they are more likely than Whites to fail to complete treatment as distance increases. Results from cross-classified models reveal limitations of the data related to statistical power and noise. Findings from this analysis contribute to several bodies of literature, including criminology and geography, and strongly support the consideration of distance to treatment by policymakers within the juvenile justice system.
Temple University--Theses

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38

Chulayo, Amanda Yucca. "The effects of distance travelled, lairage duration and animal-related factors on pre-slaughter stress indicators, carcass characteristics, nanostructure and technological properties of beef". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1021275.

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The main objective of the current study was to determine the effect of distance travelled (DT), lairage duration (LDhr) and animal-related factors (animal class, breed, sex) on pre-slaughter stress indicators, carcass characteristics, nanostructure and technological properties of beef. The study was conducted in an Eastern Cape abattoir under the Buffalo City District Municipality. Six genotypes of cattle (Beefmaster, Bonsmara, Brahman, Holstein-Friesian, Non-descript and Nguni) brought for slaughter at the abattoir on different days were used in the study. Slaughter weight (SWT), warm and cold carcass weight (WCW and CCW), fatness and conformation of each animal were measured and recorded. Representative samples of blood plasma and meat quality from the Muscularis thoracis et lumborum (LTL) were collected at slaughter and 24 hours after slaughter, respectively. Heat shock proteins 70kDa (HSPA1A), glucose (GLU), cortisol (CORT), creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were determined from the blood plasma. The representative LTL muscle was used to determine ultimate pH (pHu), lightness (L*), redness (a*), yellowness (b*), meat temperature (Tm), Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF) and histological structure of beef. There were significant effects of distance on pHu, Tm, a*, b*, TL%, CK and LDH. Pearson correlations were observed between distance travelled (DT), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), ultimate pH (pHu), colour coordinates (L*, a* and b*) and Warner Bratzler Shear Force (WBSF). Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the 1st (pHu), 2nd (Tm) and 3rd (L*) principal components were the critical meat quality attributes. Positive relationships between carcass weights and beef quality characteristics for bovine cattle where the cumulative percentage of the first six principal component`s (PC`s) (SWT, WCW, CCW, DP, pHu and Tm contributed to 93.4 % of the total variance. Significant correlation coefficients between DT (r = 0.15), LDhr (r = 0.29), Ta (r = -0.52), Tm (r = 0.26), L* (r = 0.33), a* (r = 0.32) and WBSF (r = -0.49) were observed. Meat from Brahman (BR), Non-descript (ND) and Nguni (NG) cows had visible skeletal muscle fibres which were thin and long indicating improved tenderness of beef. Exposing animals to longer hours of transportation did not only reduce glucose levels but also increased the expression of HSPA1A and levels of cortisol. The CK and LDH were not related to beef quality. Therefore, CK and LDH can be used as indicators of animal welfare in slaughter cattle but cannot be used to predict the quality of meat. Bulls were the heaviest, although heifers had the highest dressing percentage than cows. Furthermore, the nanostructure of beef indicated that heifers had the best muscle fibres, sarcomere length and visible intercalated discs. The observed nanostructures of Nguni genotype are an indication of tender meat. Beef from heifers of Nguni had visible and tender meat with traces of intramuscular fat while males had shorter sarcomere length and tougher meat.

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39

Neely, Sean Patrick. "Factors Influencing Mode Choice For Intercity Travel From Northern New England To Major Northeastern Cities". ScholarWorks @ UVM, 2016. http://scholarworks.uvm.edu/graddis/612.

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Long-distance and intercity travel generally make up a small portion of the total number of trips taken by an individual, while representing a large portion of aggregate distance traveled on the transportation system. While some research exists on intercity travel behavior between large metropolitan centers, this thesis addresses a need for more research on travel behavior between non-metropolitan areas and large metropolitan centers. This research specifically considers travel from home locations in northern New England, going to Boston, New York City, Philadelphia, and Washington, DC. These trips are important for quality of life, multimodal planning, and rural economies. This research identifies and quantifies factors that influence people's mode choice (automobile, intercity bus, passenger rail, or commercial air travel) for these trips. The research uses survey questionnaire data, latent factor analysis, and discrete choice modeling methods. Factors include sociodemographic, built environment, latent attitudes, and trip characteristics. The survey, designed by the University of Vermont Transportation Research Center and the New England Transportation Institute, was conducted by Resource Systems Group, Inc. in 2014, with an initial sample size of 2560. Factor analysis was used to prepare 6 latent attitudinal factors, based on 70 attitudinal responses from the survey statements. The survey data were augmented with built environment variables using geographic information systems (GIS) analysis. A set of multinomial logit models, and a set of nested logit models, were estimated for business and non-business trip mode choice. Results indicate that for this type of travel, factors influencing mode choice for both business and non-business trips include trip distance; land use; personal use of technology; and latent attitudes about auto dependence, preference for automobile, and comfort with personal space and safety on public transportation. Gender is a less significant factor. Age is only significant for non-business trips. The results reinforce the importance and viability of modeling long-distance travel from less populated regions to large metropolitan areas, and the significant roles of trip distance, built environment, personal attitudes, and sociodemographic factors in how people choose to make these trips for different purposes. Future research should continue to improve these types of long-distance mode choice models by incorporating mode specific travel time and cost, developing more specific attitudinal statements to expand latent factor analysis, and further exploring built environment variables. Improving these models will promote better planning, engineering, operations, and infrastructure investment decisions in many regions and communities across the United States which have not yet been well studied, possibly impacting levels of service.

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40

Llorca, Carlos, Joanna Ji, Joseph Molloy y Rolf Moeckel. "The usage of location based big data and trip planning services for the estimation of a long-distance travel demand model. Predicting the impacts of a new high speed rail corridor". Elsevier, 2018. https://publish.fid-move.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A72192.

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Travel demand models are a useful tool to assess transportation projects. Within travel demand, long-distance trips represent a significant amount of the total vehicle-kilometers travelled, in contrast to commuting trips. Consequently, they pay a relevant role in the economic, social and environmental impacts of transportation. This paper describes the development of a microscopic long-distance travel demand model for the Province of Ontario (Canada) and analyzes the sensitivity to the implementation of a new high speed rail corridor. Trip generation, destination choice and mode choice models were developed for this research. Multinomial logit models were estimated and calibrated using the Travel Survey for Residents in Canada (TSRC). It was complemented with location-based social network data from Foursquare, improving the description of activities and diverse land uses at the destinations. Level of service of the transit network was defined by downloading trip time, frequency and fare using the planning service Rome2rio. New scenarios were generated to simulate the impacts of a new high speed rail corridor by varying rail travel times, frequencies and fares of the rail services. As a result, a significant increase of rail modal shares was measured, directly proportional to speed and frequency and inversely proportional to price.

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41

Giriraj, Samhita. "A study of Locations for Mobile Hospitals in Dalarna". Thesis, Högskolan Dalarna, Mikrodataanalys, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:du-34432.

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Due to growing population over the past decades, settlements are scattered in sparse as well as dense clusters across Dalarna County. However, irrespective of any physical, social or economic conditions, free public health care must be available at a minimum and equal distance of travel for all citizens of a region. In the current scenario in Dalarna, around 16% of the population travels beyond 10 km to reach their nearest medical facility. The aim of this study is to suggest the most favorable locations for Mobile Hospital services across Dalarna County, based on spatial analysis of accessibility, population coverage, and importantly, in a way that travel distance, is minimized and equal for all. This study makes use of Multi Criteria Analysis methods. The problem of mobile hospital site selection is broken down into criteria, and Analytic Hierarchical Process is used to evaluate weights for each criterion. Then, a weighted overlay results in regions with score-based suitability for a mobile hospital. Maximum population coverage based Location Allocation analysis results in generating a proposed Facility and Demand Coverage output. The results show an increase in coverage of population, while meeting the requirements of criteria in the aim.

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42

Adler, Gary John Jr. "Encountering Distant Suffering: The Culture, Production, and Outcomes of Transnational Immersion Trips on the U.S.-Mexico Border". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/223353.

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Short-term international immersion travel connects participants from educational and religious organizations with distant suffering to build solidarity and motivate transnational civic action. It is a distinct form of transnational social action that produces a personalized, embodied experience of transformation. Despite increasing popularity, and increasing evidence that this form of travel can facilitate civic action and activism, the mechanisms behind the production, experience, and outcomes are not well known. This research examines these issues through a focus on multiple cultural processes. The research site is BorderLinks, a faith-affiliated organization that promotes immigration awareness through travel along the U.S.-Mexico border. I use participant observation with different groups (colleges, seminaries, churches), pre/post surveys with 180 participants, and interviews with participants to examine why individuals participate, how transformative experience is produced, how group styles stabilize this moment of unsettledness, the difficulties of solidarity formation, and the specific patterns of outcomes. Short-term international immersion travel is a cultural strategy of transformation that provides participants with identity shaping experiences and fits the goals of feeder organizations that prioritize personal transformation and social engagement. Recruitment through feeder organizations creates groups with distinct demographic profiles, motivational repertoires, and emotional orientations: the "toolkits of travel." An immersion trip sits in a liminal space of culture, yet the institutional origins of groups generate group styles that guide groups through this unsettledness (Eliasoph and Lichterman 2003). Some groups "sleuth" while others "story build," resulting in different imaginations of possible future action. The encounter with migrants addresses a central question of how solidarity between international travelers and distant suffering is formed. I show the importance of two strategies of solidarity, one relational and one imaginative. Through a hike in the desert, I show the conditions for producing evoking symbols that moralize the experience into the future. I examine change in economic behavior, attitudes, and some civic activity. I use Qualitative Comparative Analysis to show which aspects of immersion travel are most responsible for change: emotional intensification, moralized situations, cognitive awareness, and/or group affiliation. For participants' narrative construction, differences in group use of reflexivity resources affect the moral extension into the future.

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43

Hindle, Adam. "A metamodelling based approach for estimating travel distances and related effects for distributed public services, with particular reference to formula funding applications". Thesis, Lancaster University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440399.

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Bossard, Martin. "Perception visuelle du mouvement propre : effets des mouvements de la tête durant la marche sur l'estimation de la distance parcourue à partir du flux optique". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0254/document.

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Lorsqu’ils explorent leur environnement, les humains comme les autres animaux ont la capacité d’utiliser de nombreuses sources d’information afin d’estimer la distance qu’ils parcourent. Le flux optique est un indice important dans la perception de la distance parcourue. De plus, il a été montré que l’ajout d’un point de vue oscillant à une simulation visuelle de mouvement propre vers l’avant modulait cette perception. A travers ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à tester si la perception de la distance parcourue était également affectée par un point de vue oscillant, mimant de manière plus ou moins fidèle les mouvements de la tête lors de la marche. Dans six premières expériences, il était demandé aux participants stationnaires, confrontés à un flux optique simulant leur propre mouvement vers l’avant, d’indiquer quand ils pensaient avoir atteint la position d’une cible distante initialement perçue. Une expérience subséquentes s'est intéressée à déterminer si l’absence de ces oscillations jouait un rôle important dans l’estimation de la distance parcourue lorsqu’ils marchaient sur un tapis roulant. Enfin, dans une dernière expérience nous avons développé une mesure dynamique de la distance parcourue à travers l’utilisation d’une tâche demandant aux participants de pointer continuellement la position d’une cible distante initialement perçue. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats montrent qu’un point de vue oscillant joue un rôle important dans la perception visuelle du mouvement propre et que de nombreux paramètres semblent être impliqués dans ce processus, incluant les informations visuelles et proprioceptives mais également l’aspect écologique de la marche naturelle
When exploring their environment, humans and other animals have the ability to use many sources of information to estimate the distance they travel. Several studies have shown that optic flow is a significant cue to perceive distance travelled. Furthermore, it was found that adding various viewpoint oscillations to a purely translational optic flow, simulating forward self-motion, modulated this perception. In a series of experiments, we tested whether the perception of distance travelled was also affected by viewpoint oscillation, similar to head motion during natural walking. A first series of experiments, participants were exposed to an immersive optic flow simulating forward self-motion and they were asked to indicate when they thought they had reached the remembered position of a previously seen target. Two further experiments aimed to test whether the idiosyncrasy of viewpoint oscillations affects the perception of distance travelled in stationary observers and whether the absence of their own viewpoint oscillation played an important role in subjects’ estimates, while they were walking on a treadmill. And finally, in a last experiment we tried to develop a dynamic measure of distance travelled to a previously seen target, with a continuous pointing task method. Overall, our results show that viewpoint oscillations play an important role in visual self-motion perception and that several parameters (including visual information, proprioceptive information and ecological aspects of natural walking) seem to be involved in this process

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45

Andersson, Mikaela, Henrik Johansson y David Lindkvist. "Design av lagerlayout - En fallstudie med inriktning på ergonomi, effektivitet och flexibilitet". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-23062.

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Syftet med fallstudien var att undersöka vad Airshoppen Travel Retail kan tänka på viddesignen av sin nya lagerlayout. För att genomföra studien har en teoretisk modell tagits fram som fokuserar på hur företags layout kan designas. Med den teoretiska modellen analyseras först två verksamheters lagerlayout. I nästa steg användes analysen för att vidare analysera och ge rekommendationer till Airshoppen Travel Retail angående vad företaget kan tänka på vid designen av sin nya lagerlayout. Genomförda intervjuer och observationer visade att utvecklingen av lagerverksamheternas processer anpassades till, och begränsades av, platsbristen. Tidigare forskning talade för att designen av ett lager ska grundas i valet av system. Bristfällig design kan leda till höga kostnader, begränsad flexibilitet och minskad effektivitet. En intressant aspekt som studien lyfte var att den tidigare forskningen främst fokuserar på att minska travel distance, medans studiens empiriska underlag visade att företag främst fokuserade på att öka plocksäkerhet och produktivitet. Studiens resultat presenterades som en rekommendation för hur Airshoppen Travel Retail kan designa sin lagerlayout. Resultatet visade vikten av att välja system i samband med kontrollregler för att undvika låsningar i layouten, att plocka i zoner kan leda till ökad effektivitet. Slutligen krävs noggranna kalkyler för företaget att avgöra om automation är en nödvändig och lönsam investering.
The purpose of the case study was to investigate what Airshoppen Travel Retail could take into consideration when designing their new warehouse layout. In order to carry out the study, a theoretical model was developed, the model focuses on how warehouse layout could be designed. The theoretical model analyzes the warehouse layout of two companies. The findings were then used to analyze and give recommendations to Airshoppen Travel Retail regarding what the company could take into consideration when designing their new warehouse layout. Interviews and observations showed that the development of the warehouses processes was adapted and limited by the lack of space in their warehouses. Previous research suggested that the design of a warehouse should be based on the choice of system, either manual or automatic. Inadequate design can lead to high costs, limited flexibility and reduced efficiency. An interesting aspect that the study highlighted was that the previous research mainly focuses on reducing travel distance, while the study's empirical basis showed that companies primarilyfocus on decreasing picking errors and increasing productivity. The results of the study were presented as recommendations to Airshoppen Travel Retail on how the company could design their new warehouse layout. The results showed the importance of choosing systems and control policies simultaneously to avoid limitations in the layout. Furthermore, with a manual system, implementation of zone picking could lead to increased efficiency. On a final note, careful calculations are required for the company to properly determine whether automation is a necessary and profitable investment.

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Anzelc, Avis M. "The Foraging and Travel Patterns of White-Faced Sakis in Brownsberg Nature Park, Suriname: Preliminary Evidence for Goal-Directed Foraging Behavior". [Kent, Ohio] : Kent State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=kent1248111886.

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Thesis (M.A.)--Kent State University, 2009.
Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 16, 2010). Advisor: Marilyn Norconk. Keywords: White-faced sakis; goal-directed foraging; spatial memory; mental maps; arboreal pathways; distance-minimization; topographical mental mapping; preference. Includes bibliographical references (p. 183-194).

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Cazor, Laurent. "How to make the most of open data? A travel demand and supply model for regional bicycle paths". Thesis, KTH, Transport och systemanalys, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-296219.

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Detta examensarbete syftar till att svara på ett av Trafikverket fastställt problem: en gemensam regional cykelplanerings process skulle göra dem billigare och mer jämförbara. De erbjuder för närvarande planerarna en modell som utvecklades av Kågeson 2007. Denna modell har formen av en rapport som ger råd om när man ska bygga en cykelväg mellan städer eller platser i en region. Ändå används den bara i endast 6 av de 21 svenska länen. Trafikverket kräver ett nytt planeringsstödverktyg, mer interaktivt och komplett än Kågeson-modellen. Några nya önskade funktioner är separationen av efterfrågan per syfte, införandet av e-cyklar, olika resesyfte och en prioritering av investeringarna. Examensarbetet är att designa och implementera det här verktyget, även kallat Planning Support System (PSS), som syftar till att jämföra utbud och efterfrågan på cykelväg till prioritering av infrastrukturförbättringar. En huvudbegränsning för modellen är att den måste vara billig datavis, men så komplett och exakt som möjligt. Det baseras på flera öppna dataleverantörer, till exempel OpenStreetMap, den svenska nationella vägdatabasen (NVDB) eller reseundersökningar från Sverige och Nederländerna. Resultatet är en modell, uppdelad efter turändamål och typ av cykel. Del för efterfrågeuppskattning anpassar en klassisk fyrsteg transportmodell till cykelplanering och begränsad data. För olika resändamål genereras och distribueras resor tack vare en ursprungs begränsad gravitationsmodell. Valet av cykelläge är anpassat till det faktiska resebeteendet genom logistisk regression med en binär logit-modell. Resorna tilldelas sedan nätverket med tilldelnings metoden "allt-eller-ingenting" genom Dijkstras algoritm. För att utvärdera cykelförsörjningen använde vi ett mått som heter Level of Traffic Stress (LTS), som uppskattar den potentiella användningen av en nätverkslänk för olika delar av befolkningen som en funktion av vägnätvariablerna. Prioriteringsrankningen är då förhållandet mellan mått på efterfrågan och utbud. Detta nya verktyg implementeras med opensource Geographic Information System (GIS) som heter QGIS och med Python 3 och testas i Södermanlands län
This Master Thesis main objective is to answer a problem set by the Swedish Transport Administration: a common regional bicycle planning process would them cheaper and more comparable. They currently offer the planners a model developed by Kågeson in 2007. This model takes the form of a report which advises on when to build a bicycle path between cities or places of a region. Still, it is only used in only 6 of the 21 Swedish counties. Trafikverket requires a new planning support tool, more interactive and complete than the Kågeson model. Some new desired features are the separation of demand per purpose, the inclusion of e-bikes, different trip purposes, and a prioritization of the investments. The Degree Project work is to design and implement this tool, also called Planning Support System (PSS), which compares supply and demand for bicycle path to prioritizing infrastructure improvements. A main constraint for the model is that it needs to be cheap data-wise, but as complete and precise as possible. It bases on several open data providers, such as OpenStreetMap, the Swedish National Road Database (NVDB), or Travel Surveys from Sweden and the Netherlands. The result is a model, disaggregated by trip purpose and type of bicycle. The demand estimation part adapts a classic four-step transportation model to bicycle planning and limited data. For different trip purposes, trips are generated and distributed thanks to an origin-constrained gravity model. Bicycle mode choice is fit to actual travel behaviour through logistic regression with a binary logit model. The trips are then assigned to the network using the "all-or-nothing" assignment method through the Dijkstra algorithm. To evaluate bicycle supply, we used a metric called Level of Traffic Stress (LTS), which estimates the potential use of a network link by different parts of the population as a function of the road network variables. The prioritization ranking is then the ratio between demand and supply metrics. This new tool is implemented with the opensource Geographic Information System (GIS) called QGIS and with Python 3, and it is tested on Södermanland County.

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Voxberg, Elin. "Studenters koldioxidutsläpp från studierelaterade resor : Betydelsen för universitetens och högskolornas miljöarbete". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för biologi och miljö (BOM), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-54634.

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Världens länder har ingått avtal för att förhindra att den globala medeltemperaturenöverstiger 2°C. För att förmå statliga myndigheter att föregå med gott exempel i detsvenska miljöarbetet har de krav på sig att införa miljöledningssystem. En avuniversitetens/högskolornas miljöaspekter är studenternas resor. Denna rapportpresenterar resultaten från en enkätstudie för studenters resvanor där koldioxidutsläppetper år för studenters resor till hemort, andra studieplatser och universitetet harberäknats. Syftet är att ge underlag för att bedöma om studenternas resande är enbetydande miljöaspekt. Inflyttade campusstudenters koldioxidutsläpp kom till störstadelen från resorna till hemorten som var relativt långa och gjordes ofta. Icke inflyttadecampusstudenters och en distansstudenters koldioxidutsläpp kom till största delen frånresorna till universitetet där den icke inflyttade studenten reste ofta och kort ochdistansstudenten reste sällan men långt. Vid inflyttade studenters resor till annanstudieplats, inflyttade campusstudenters resor till universitetet och distansstudentersresor till annan studieplats var koldioxidutsläppet högre under vintern än för de andraårstiderna vilket innebär att färre gick/cyklade under vintern. Slutsatsen är attstudenternas resor bör ses som en betydande miljöaspekter i universitetets ellerhögskolans miljöledningsarbete. Mål och åtgärder bör sättas upp för vad som är aktuelltoch möjligt på studieorten.
The countries in the world have concluded agreements to prevent the global averagetemperature to exceed 2°C. To engage authorities to set an example they're required tohave an environmental management system. One of the universities environmentalaspects is student travel. This report presents the result from a survey of students' travelhabits where the carbon dioxide emission per year from students' travel to hometown,other study places and university have been calculated. The aim is to give theuniversities material to assess if the students' travel is a significant environmentalaspect. The carbon dioxide emission from a student that moved to the area to study wasmost caused by the travel to the hometown wich had a far distance and was frequentlydone. The carbon dioxide emission from a student that already lived in the area and adistance student was most caused by trips to the university wich for the student thatlived in the area was done frequently and had a short distance and for the distancestudent was done rarely with a far distance. When students that moved to the areatraveled to other study places and the university and when distance students traveled toother study places the carbon dioxide emission in the winter differed from the otherseasons wich shows that fewer students walked/biked in the winter. The students travelshould be seen as a significant environmental aspect in the universities environmentalwork. Environmental objectives and actions should be based on relevance andpossibility for the university.

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Shao, Lin Han. "The Influence of Environmental, Organizational and Managerial Factors on Export Decisions and Export Performance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0156.

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La question de la performance des entreprises à l'exportation est une composante importante de l’ensemble des questions de recherche possibles tenant à l’exportation. Les facteurs associés au succès à l'exportation sont nombreux et complexes, comme ceux du pays, de l'entreprise, de la gestion, du niveau culturel, etc. ; ils gravitent autour de trois grands axes que sont les facteurs organisationnels, environnementaux et de gestion (Leonidou et al. 2002). La présente recherche vise à déterminer comment les performances à l'exportation sont affectées par les facteurs environnementaux, organisationnels et managériaux, en particulier la distance psychique et culturelle, la gestion des relations, les voyages d'affaires internationaux, les capacités financières des entreprises et les capacités complémentaires. Car la manière dont les entreprises peuvent exporter avec succès vers des pays lointains n'est encore pas totalement comprise (Lages et al., 2009). Le fonctionnement des relations avec les pays lointains reste étonnamment sous-examiné (Griffith & Dimitrova, 2014), en particulier la distance psychique - la mesure dans laquelle les normes et les valeurs de deux pays diffèrent en raison de leurs caractéristiques nationales distinctes (Ford,1984, p. 102), lorsqu'il s'agit de l'interaction potentielle entre la distance commerciale et culturelle et les facteurs managériaux. L'autre observation est que le commerce international dépend progressivement de la transmission d'informations complexes par le biais de la communication (Cristea, 2011). Les performances des entreprises varient parce qu'elles utilisent leurs ressources de différentes manières (Shuleska et al. (2016). Les voyages d'affaires internationaux jouent un rôle très important dans les affaires d'exportation, en particulier pour le commerce du vin, car les responsables des exportations pratiquent des voyages d'affaires internationaux rituels pour rencontrer les clients potentiels à l'étranger, organiser des dégustations de vin, participer à des foires internationales du vin. Néanmoins, jusqu'à présent, nous savons très peu de choses sur l'impact de ces voyages sur les performances à l'exportation. La thèse est donc organisée comme suit: nous avons d'abord réalisé une étude bibliométrique en analysant 1344 publications de 1900 à 2019. Deuxièmement, nous avons fait un travail empirique en étudiant l'effet d'interaction de deux formes de distance psychique (commerciale et culturelle) sur la gestion des relations à l'exportation. Plus précisément, cette recherche examine le rôle modérateur de la distance culturelle dans l'effet de la distance commerciale sur différentes dimensions de la gestion des relations et des performances financières à l'exportation. Cette recherche s'appuie sur un échantillon de 174 cadres français à l'exportation à qui il a été demandé de donner leur avis sur leur relation avec leur homologue chinois dans le commerce du vin, et sur leurs performances en la matière. Troisièmement, un autre travail empirique examine l'impact des voyages d'affaires internationaux sur les performances à l'exportation en se fondant sur la théorie resource-based view (RBV) et en intégrant les facteurs organisationnels (chiffre d'affaires annuel) et le management stratégique (capacité complémentaire) dans l'analyse des exportations françaises de vin. L'étude bibliométrique et deux études empiriques révèlent des résultats significatifs et apportent de nouvelles et importantes implications théoriques et managériales
Export performance is an important research part of export study. Extensive empirical research has been carried out to identify and study the determinant factors of successful export performance. The factors associated with the three major axes of organizational, environmental, and managerial factors in the work of (Leonidou et al. 2002). The research aims to find how export performance is affected by environmental, organizational, managerial factors, especially, the psychic business distance and cultural distance, relationship management, international business travel, firms’ financial capabilities and complementary capabilities, specially, psychic distance – the extent to which the norms and values of two countries differ (Ford,1984, p. 102), when it comes to the potential interplay between business distance and cultural distance with managerial factors. The other observation is that international business depends gradually on transmitting complex information through vis-à-vis communication (Cristea, 2011). Companies vary in their performance because they use their resources in different ways (Shuleska et al. 2016). International business travel plays very important role in export business, especially for wine business, as the export managers practice ritual international business travel to meet the overseas prospective customers, organize wine tasting, participate in international wine fairs. Nevertheless, up to now, we have known very little about the impact of such travel on export performance.Hence, the thesis is organized as follows.First, we present a bibliometric study by analyzing 1344 publications from 1900 to 2019. Second, we examine the interacting effect of the two forms of psychic distance (business and cultural) on export relationship management. Specifically, this research examines the moderating role of cultural distance in the effect of business distance on different dimensions of relationship management and financial export performance. This research builds on a sample of 174 French export executives who were asked to rate their views of their relationship with their Chinese business counterpart in the wine trade,and their related performance. Third, we examine the impact of international business travel on export performance by integrating organizational factors (annual turnover) and strategic management (complementary capability) into the analysis with equally 174 French wine exporting firms.The systematic bibliometric study and two empirical studies reveal meaningful results which shed light on the export literature study and provides numerous contributions on the theoretical, methodological, and managerial levels related to export performance

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Herbert, Robin Julian y Fateme Sohrabi. "Barriers of Traveling with Sustainable Transportation Vehicles : A comparative empirical analysis of leisure travelers’ behavior in Sweden, Germany, and Iran". Thesis, Umeå universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-172398.

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This master thesis analyzes the influence of psychological barriers of consumers from Germany, Sweden, and Iran for using sustainable transportation modes. Climate change has started to change the way people travel. Yet prior research has shown that consumers from all over the world lack consistency between their behavioral intention and their actual behavior. In the case of traveling, this means that a significant number of consumers intends to use sustainable transportation modes, but fails to use them in the end. The reasons for this so-called intention-behavior gap in consumers' minds have been researched successfully and frequently in the past two decades. The novelty of this present thesis is the international comparison of travelers from three different countries and the explicit focus on voluntary travel. The according research questions are: RQ 1: To what extent is there a gap between the intention and behavior of leisure travelers regarding choosing sustainable transportation vehicles? RQ 2: Which group of consumers (inclined abstainers or disinclined actors[1]) plays the bigger role in creating this gap? RQ 3: What are the determinants and barriers of using more sustainable transportation vehicles in leisure transportation? RQ 4: How is the sustainable behavior of leisure travelers in Sweden, Germany, and Iran different? To answer the research questions, an online survey in Swedish (n1 = 130), German (n2 = 128), and Persian (n3 = 127) language was carried out ( ∑ n = 385) in April 2020 with a convenience sampling method and analyzed in May 2020. The results show that there is a slightly positive intention-behavior gap in the Swedish sample and a slightly negative intention-behavior gap in the Iranian sample. In the German sample, no significant intention-behavior gap has been found. Moreover, a higher level of environmental attitude, a higher level of environmental knowledge, a higher level of perceived effectiveness (of the consumers' own actions), and a higher level of social norms increases the intention of leisure travelers in Sweden, Germany, and Iran to use sustainable vehicles for leisure traveling - both for short and for long trips. The impact of perceived value and perceived price of sustainable transportation modes, as well as the impact of consumers' sustainable lifestyle on the on the travel intention are not supported in all three countries. Additionally, distance between origin and destination has been found to moderate the impact of determinants on intention. The moderating role of distance also varies in different countries. [1] See the literature review chapter for an explanation

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Tesis sobre el tema "Traveled distance"

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