Tesis sobre el tema "Transport quantique électronique"
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Koeniguer, Cédric. "Transport électronique dans les détecteurs à cascade quantique". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00491605.
Texto completoBennaceur, Keyan. "Transport électronique dans le graphène". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00584925.
Texto completoFaizy, Namarvar Omid. "Structure électronique et transport quantique dans les nanostructures de Graphène". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870405.
Texto completoBeltako, Katawoura. "Transport résolu en temps dans les nanodispositifs optoélectroniques quantiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0516.
Texto completoRecent advances in excitation frequencies beyond gigahertz now offer the ability to probe the internal response of a quantum system. Time dependence in future nanoelectronics has arisen as the major challenge of next advances in device modeling and simulations. Oscillating gate voltages, time-dependent bias but also applied illumination pulses, all are examples of key issues in quantum transport simulations which require novel approaches as well as efficient numerical methods. This is the context of this thesis, which focuses on three areas. A first part concerns the methodology. We proposed a suitable technique for the simulation of time-dependent transport in nano-systems interacting with lightradiation, relying on the state of the art in quantum statistical methodologies, with a special attention to the formalism of non-equilibrium Green’s functions. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the development and implementationof efficient algorithms to simulate time-resolved quantities for quantum optoelectronic nanodevices. Finally, this new method and the developed algorithms have enabled us to investigate carrier transfer processes in molecular nanojunctions. This study led us to the elucidation of unsuspected physical effects and captivating experimental proposals for the determination of internal quantum characteristics of these nanodevices. This work provides us with a valuable toolfor ultrafast quantum transport simulation. It also gives indeed an insight on the relevance of transient dynamics in the understanding of time-resolved optoelectronic nanodevice operations and open avenues towards the design of futureultrafast optoelectronics
Beltako, Katawoura. "Transport résolu en temps dans les nanodispositifs optoélectroniques quantiques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0516/document.
Texto completoRecent advances in excitation frequencies beyond gigahertz now offer the ability to probe the internal response of a quantum system. Time dependence in future nanoelectronics has arisen as the major challenge of next advances in device modeling and simulations. Oscillating gate voltages, time-dependent bias but also applied illumination pulses, all are examples of key issues in quantum transport simulations which require novel approaches as well as efficient numerical methods. This is the context of this thesis, which focuses on three areas. A first part concerns the methodology. We proposed a suitable technique for the simulation of time-dependent transport in nano-systems interacting with lightradiation, relying on the state of the art in quantum statistical methodologies, with a special attention to the formalism of non-equilibrium Green’s functions. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the development and implementationof efficient algorithms to simulate time-resolved quantities for quantum optoelectronic nanodevices. Finally, this new method and the developed algorithms have enabled us to investigate carrier transfer processes in molecular nanojunctions. This study led us to the elucidation of unsuspected physical effects and captivating experimental proposals for the determination of internal quantum characteristics of these nanodevices. This work provides us with a valuable toolfor ultrafast quantum transport simulation. It also gives indeed an insight on the relevance of transient dynamics in the understanding of time-resolved optoelectronic nanodevice operations and open avenues towards the design of futureultrafast optoelectronics
Bouazra, Adel. "Simulation des mécanismes de transport quantique dans les nanocomposants sur Silicium". Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ISAL0040.
Texto completo[Reducing the size of electronic components has resulted in inevitable quantum effects such as quantum confinement and tunnelling affect. We have used these phenomena to the study of quantum transport through ultra-thin oxides. We began by studying the quantum transport for 1D structures by solving the coup led Schrodinger-Poisson equations. Oxide ls not perfect and lake account of trap is essential. The trap is modelled by a thin quantum well in the matrix or in interface between two oxides. One dimensions! modelling ls not enough to explain all quantum phenomena, therefore the study and modelling of nanoscale inclusions having a two-dimensions confinement for quantum wire and three dimensional confinement quantum dot, ls essential. To this end we solved the Schr6dinger equations in 20 and 30. The study of the phenomenon of transport through quantum dots, requires solving equations of Schrodinger-Poisson 3D. We face two main problems, technically very difficult to solve, which are the enormous computation al lime and machine memory space taken for solving eigenvalue problems. Some approximations have been made to solve this problem. ]
Ojeda-Aristizabal, Claudia. "Transport quantique dans le graphène". Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112333.
Texto completoThis thesis studies some aspects of quantum electronic transport in graphene, the two dimensional crystal made of carbon where conduction electrons behave as massless relativistic particles. Experiments done in this thesis can be classified in two different regimes, a macroscopic regime where there is no quantum interference effects between electrons (the phase coherence length is smaller than the size of the sample) and a mesoscopic regime, where electron's wave packets interfere. In the macroscopic regime, we have made experiments that led us conclude the nature of impurities that limit transport in graphene. With magnetoresistance measurements, we could deduce the characteristic scattering times in graphene. Their dependence on the Fermi wavelength let us conclude that the main scatterers in graphene are neutral strong short range impurities possibly ad-atoms or vacancies. In the mesoscopic regime, we were interested in universal conductance fluctuations, the most important signature of coherent transport in a system. Correlation functions of the conductance fluctuations show us the strong differences between the physics of the monolayer and the bilayer graphene. We found that the amplitude of fluctuations vary in a similar way in both systems as a function of the Fermi vector. Finally, we studied the superconducting proximity effect with a superconductor, which is also signature of coherent transport. Using a current annealing technique, we induced a supercurrent progressively in graphene
Thibierge, Étienne. "Cohérence à un et deux électrons en optique quantique électronique". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL0998/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with coherent quantum transport and aims at developing a formalism well suited to model experiments conducted in edge channels of integer quantum Hall effect. This formalism relies on analogies between these experiments and photon quantum optics ones.The manuscript begins with an introduction to the context of the thesis and an overview of issues, tools and successes of electron quantum optics.The first part of the work addresses the question of single electron coherence properties and introduces the key notion of excess of single electron coherence. Several representations are proposed and analyzed, giving access to physical informations encoded in the coherence function. The quantum states emitted by experimentally demonstrated electron sources are then analyzed under this perspective.Two electron effects are at the heart of the second part. The excess of two-electron coherence is defined taking into account both classical correction and quantum exchange effects. A detailed analysis of consequences of fermionic anti-symmetry is provided and shows that information encoded into two-electron coherence is redundant. Last, a normalized degree of coherence is introduced in view of a more direct study of indistinguishability and anti-bunching.The issue of measuring and manipulating electronic coherence by interferometry is addressed in the third part. First the relation between electronic coherence functions and directly measurable quantities in experiments is established, justifying the need for more involved measurement protocols. The measure of the excess of single electron coherence is envisioned through single electron Mach-Zehnder interferometry and two-electron Hong-Ou-Mandel interferometry, suggesting a simpler interpretation of a tomography protocol established in 2011. A protocol for measuring the excess of two-electron coherence is then proposed by Franson-like interferometry, which generalizes the ideas used for measuring single electron coherence with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Last, a complementary point of view on Franson interferometer is given, by using it to generate a non-local two-electron coherence
Galvani, Benoit. "Modélisation du transport électronique quantique : effet du confinement et des collisions dans les cellules solaires". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0402.
Texto completoThe Shockley-Queisser limit represents the compromise between the non-exploitation of low energy photons andthe thermalization losses of high-energy photo-generated carriers. There are devices that can overcome this limit, based on the quantum properties and transport of carriers. The understanding of the physical phenomena occurring at these nanoscales is a key component to the development of new solutions. The goal of this thesis is to conduct a numerical study of the effects of confinement and scattering in solar cells. In a first part dedicated to the theoretical model, we detail the non-equilibrium Green’s functions formalism and its use in the context of our study. We give details on the numerical model of electron-phonon and electron-photon scatterings with interaction self-energies. The two following parts show examples of application of the Green’s function formalism in the case of two devices. The first system is a multi quantum wells solar cell. Calculations of the local density of states permit to highlight the phenomenon of minibands occurring in such quantum periodic systems. The second system is a solar cell based on perovskite hydrid materials. Already used for the design of tandem cells, there is still uncertainties concerning carrier transport mechanisms in such organic-inorganic materials. Our work has provided information about the effects of electron-phonon scattering in such materials, in particular on the opti-cal and electrical characteristics of the device
Ronetti, Flavio. "Charge and heat transport in topological systems". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0541.
Texto completoIn this thesis, I address the intriguing and appealing topic of charge and heat transport in quantum Hall systems, which are among the most famous example of topological phases of matter, in presence of external time-dependent voltages. Quantum Hall effect occurs in two-dimensional electron systems in the limit of strong perpendicular magnetic fields. The hallmark of quantum Hall systems is the emergence of one-dimensional metallic edge states on the boundary. Along these edge states particles propagate with a definite direction. The coherence length ensured by topological protection guarantees to access wave-like nature of electrons. This properties inspired a new field of research, known as electron quantum optic. Single-electron source can be realized by applying to a quantum Hall system a periodic train of Lorentzian-shaped pulses.Plateaus of the Hall resistance appear also at fractional values of the resistance quantum. The physical explanation of fractional quantum Hall effect cannot neglect the correlation between electrons and this phase of matter is inherently strongly-correlated. By considering the application of a periodic train of Lorentzian pulses to a quantum Hall system, I investigate the charge density of a state composed by many levitons in the fractional quantum Hall regime, thus finding that it is re-arranged into a regular pattern of peaks and valleys, reminiscent of Wigner crystallization in strongly-interacting electronic systems. Then, I analyze heat transport properties of levitons in quantum Hall systems, which represent a new point of view on electron quantum optics, extending and generalizing the results obtained in the charge domain
Delga, Alexandre. "Du phénomène quantique au dispositif macroscopique, transport électronique dans les détecteurs inter-sousbandes". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00769454.
Texto completoRonetti, Flavio. "Charge and heat transport in topological systems". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0541/document.
Texto completoIn this thesis, I address the intriguing and appealing topic of charge and heat transport in quantum Hall systems, which are among the most famous example of topological phases of matter, in presence of external time-dependent voltages. Quantum Hall effect occurs in two-dimensional electron systems in the limit of strong perpendicular magnetic fields. The hallmark of quantum Hall systems is the emergence of one-dimensional metallic edge states on the boundary. Along these edge states particles propagate with a definite direction. The coherence length ensured by topological protection guarantees to access wave-like nature of electrons. This properties inspired a new field of research, known as electron quantum optic. Single-electron source can be realized by applying to a quantum Hall system a periodic train of Lorentzian-shaped pulses.Plateaus of the Hall resistance appear also at fractional values of the resistance quantum. The physical explanation of fractional quantum Hall effect cannot neglect the correlation between electrons and this phase of matter is inherently strongly-correlated. By considering the application of a periodic train of Lorentzian pulses to a quantum Hall system, I investigate the charge density of a state composed by many levitons in the fractional quantum Hall regime, thus finding that it is re-arranged into a regular pattern of peaks and valleys, reminiscent of Wigner crystallization in strongly-interacting electronic systems. Then, I analyze heat transport properties of levitons in quantum Hall systems, which represent a new point of view on electron quantum optics, extending and generalizing the results obtained in the charge domain
Lucot, Damien. "Propriétés de transport électronique de nanofils supraconducteurs électrodéposés". Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000529.pdf.
Texto completoIn one-dimensional (1D) superconducting systems, any long-range order is impossible. Superconducting order parameter fluctuations destroy the zero resistance state and induce a non-equilibrium phenomenon which leads to the successive nucleation of phase-slip-center (PSC). Study of such superconducting systems is of importance not only for dynamical properties of 1D superconductivity, but also for understanding the decoherence mechanisms of quantum systems due to interaction with their environment. In this context, superconducting nanowires attract a lot of attention due to their fundamental properties as well as their potential applications in nanotechnologies. An elegant approach to fabricate those kind of nanowires, consists in the use of track-etched polymer membranes as a template for electrodeposition. In this work, we studied transport properties of single superconducting nanowire. Electronic lithography has been used to realise several electrical contacts along isolated nanowires spread over a substrate. This allows one to locally probe the electrochemical potential of wires, over a length of several hundreds of nanometers. Multiprobes measurements of a 50nm diameter tin wire, at 30 mK, show PSCs and incomplete Meissner effect. This geometry allows us to precisely study the evolution of PSCs under magnetic field. In addition, one could show the impact of the inverse proximity effect induced by normal electrodes on superconducting order parameter. We highlight two different modes of quasiparticle relaxation. Moreover one observed that coupling with a dissipative environment allowed the stabilization of superconductivity in a 1D finite wire
Park, Jejune. "Simulation quantique du transport électronique dans les dichalcogénures de métaux de transition bidimensionnels désordonnés". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALT008.
Texto completoThe discovery of graphene in 2004 has inspired a great interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials. In recent years, semiconducting 2D materials, in particular, are in the limelight for their potential use in electronics and optoelectronics. From the perspective of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors, their atomic thickness allows an enhanced electrostatic control and their self-passivated surface reduces the potential presence of charge traps. Most importantly, the presence of a bandgap, contrary to graphene, facilitates a high on/off ratio in logic devices. Among these semiconducting materials, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), with their large variety of band alignments and bandgaps, have attracted great attention for their possible use in transistors, both as monolayer materials or combined in van der Waals heterostructures. For such applications, the TMD quality is a priority, since the presence of defects might significantly affect electron transport thus leading to performance degradation.The present thesis reports on the impact of various defects, which are often observed in experimental samples, on the transport properties of TMDs. The study is based on quantum transport simulations, which combine an atomistic tight-binding description of the system and the Green’s function formalism.The first part of the thesis briefly introduces 2D materials, including their properties, synthesis, and applications. The basics of the simulation approach are also detailed. In particular, a thorough review of model Hamiltonians for TMDs, with a specific focus on tight-binding models, is presented. Moreover, the Green’s function formalism, which is the methodology adopted for the quantum transport simulations performed in the present thesis, is briefly reviewed.In the second part of the thesis, two types of typical TMD defects are simulated, and the results physically interpreted.The first study concerns edge roughness in MoS2 ribbons, which play an important role in the miniaturization of TMD-based transistors. The second study focuses on twin grain boundaries, which are often present in polycrystalline MoS2 obtained by large-scaling synthesis approaches, as chemical vapor deposition or molecular beam epitaxy. The role of spin-orbit coupling, which is significantly large in TMDs, is also taken into account. The results of these studies are quantitatively analyzed in terms of quasi-ballistic, diffusive, and localized transport regimes.The main outcome of this thesis is a better understanding and prediction of the impact of defects on the transport properties of TMDs, with possible applications in the design of performant TMD-based devices
Savio, Andrea. "Développement de modèles physiques et numériques pour le transport quantique dans les nanocomposants". Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0116/these.pdf.
Texto completoAs electronic devices are miniaturized ever further, simulation software needs to implement quantum transport models in order to remain accurate. As these models are applied to simulations, it becomes possible to characterize the quantum parasitic phenomena that affect current-generation devices, as well as to engineer new devices that can control and exploit these phenomena. This work is a thorough study of one of such models, namely the Wigner transport equation. Here, this equation is applied to ID structures and solved in the real and reciprocal spaces using a variety of numerical deterministic schemes. A number of numerical artifacts are th us observed. They are studied further by comparing the solution of the Wigner equation to a reference distribution function that is computed from the Schrödinger equation. This work thus investigates the accuracy of simulations based on the Wigner equation, which is a topic that is often eluded in the relevant literature
Debbichi, Lamjed. "Etude ab-initio des propriétés électroniques, optiques et du transport électronique dans les nanotubes de carbone". Strasbourg, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STRA6231.
Texto completoThe objective of this work is to understand the effects of impurities on the electronic and transport properties of single wall carbon nanotubes. In the first part, we studied the effect of substitutional doping by boron, nitrogen or silicon atoms on the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes for different diameters in order to determine the chemical reactivity as a function of the nanotube curvature. We then studied the impurity distribution as a function of the nanotube chirality and the behavior of the optical spectra as a function of the diameter and the chirality of the nanotubes and as a function of the impurity distribution. In a second part, we used the nonequilibrium Green’s function to understand the electronic transport of carbon nanotubes. This is to calculate the electric conductance of a single nanotube in which an organic molecule is either inserted or adsorbed on its surface. To determine the adsorption of the molecule we calculated the total energy, taking into account the dispersive forces of van der Waals. We also studied the effect of spin polarized chemical bonding at the interface of the Fe(001)-nanotube direct junctions on the electronic transport of zigzag and armchair nanotubes of different sizes
Darancet, Pierre. "Théorie et simulation du transport quantique dans les nanostructures". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008GRE10261.
Texto completoThis theoretical work focuses on the electronic quantum transport in nanostructures. We used the theoretical framework of the Landauer and post-Landauer approaches. The critical point within these approaches in order to correctly describe the transport problem is the approximation on the self-energies, which are supposed to represent simultaneously contact resistance effects as well as interactions in the device. In this work, we adressed both these issues. In order to describe the contact resistance mechanisms, we developped a method based on the effective conductance channels concept. The recursive calculation of these channels, together with the derivation of a new formula of the conductance, provide us with an exact description of the contact effects. Moreover, we built a new \textit{ab initio} methodology, which allows us to introduce the electron-electron interactions in the quantum transport through the Hedin's approximation of the self-energy. The second part of this work deals with the analysis of the transport properties of graphene. We firstly analysed the experimental magneto-resistance characteristics of epitaxial graphene, and explained them by a mechanism consecutive to the planes stacking. Eventually, we calculated the conductance characteristics of devices compound by graphene nanostructures. We shown that such devices exhibit very high contact resistance effects, which can be explained by means of electron diffraction. We introduced the electronic diffraction barrier concept, which allows us to extract conductance characteristics, without determining the electronic structure
Darancet, Pierre. "Théorie et simulation du transport quantique dans les nanostructures". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00363630.
Texto completoMoreira, Helena. "Confinement quantique dans les nanocristaux supraconducteurs et transport électronique dans les réseaux de nanocristaux métalliques". Phd thesis, Paris 6, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00566233.
Texto completoSantin, Matthieu. "Dynamique quantique dans des conducteurs balistiques et cohérents : interrupteur quantique et transport photo-assisté". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS169.
Texto completoThe study of dynamic electronic transport in ballistic coherent conductor is required for the implementation of electron quantum optics experiments or the quantum computation by using “flying qu-bits”. The first step is to be able to inject in the quantum Hall effect a single electron without any additional excitations in the conductor: a Leviton, whose remarkable properties have been experimentally observed without magnetic field [1], and to control its trajectory thanks to a quantum switch. During this thesis, we confirmed the possibility to implement a leviton in the quantum Hall effect, by demonstrating the validity of the photo-assisted shot-noise theory in this regime: we use a sine excitation which is simpler to implement than a lorentzian excitation required for Levitons. We also studied a new effect described by the photo-assisted theory: a quantum switch, which is the sudden closing and opening of an elementary channel of conduction. This generates an intrinsic charge noise [2] that we have evidenced and enable us to answer the general question: “What are the effects of a spatial separation of the Fermi sea?”. Furthermore, this charge noise provides a theoretical measurement of the entanglement entropy.[1] J. Dubois, T. Jullien, F. Portier, P. Roche, A. Cavanna, Y. Jin, W. Wegscheider, P. Roulleau, and D. C. Glattli. minimal-excitation states for electron quantum optics using levitons. Nature, 502(7473), October 2013.[2] Israel Klich and Leonid Levitov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 100502 (2009)
Torrès, Julien. "Transport et bruit quantique dans les fils mésoscopiques". Phd thesis, Université de la Méditerranée - Aix-Marseille II, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00007395.
Texto completoMangin, Aurore. "Transport electronique dans des nanocassures pour la réalisation de transistors à molecule unique". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077219.
Texto completoThe main issue in molecular electronics is Connecting a molecule to a macroscopic device. The goal of this thesis is to study electronic transport in metallic nanogaps, host structures for the molecules and then to insert a molecule to realize a molecular transistor. The knowledge of transport properties of the host structure is a key point for the molecular transistor realization and the understanding of its electronic properties. Nanogaps are obtained by electromigration of a gold nanowire. When a large current density flows through the nanowire, gold atoms start to move, and eventually breaking the nanowire. The controlled electromigration process developed during this thesis is performed at room temperature, and by limiting atomic displacements, one can obtain a nanometric size gap. The sample is then cooled at 4K to limit any diffusion process which could damage the nanogap, and it is electrically characterized. Fitting the I-V curves by a tunneling model allows us to determinate the electrodes work functions and the inter-electrodes distance, distance to be compared to the molecule size. This characterization may also be used to detect the presence of metallic clusters trapped between the electrodes during the electromigration. The last stage of the molecular transistor realization is the insertion of a single molecule in the gap. This is made in-situ at 4K, under vacuum, by sublimation of a C60 powder by Joule effect. The first tests show that it is possible to obtain a laver of molecules without damaging the nanogap
Adroguer, Pierre. "Propriétés de transport électronique des isolants topologiques". Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00832048.
Texto completoDucrocq, Alexandre. "Rôle des instabilités électroniques de dérive dans le transport électronique du propulseur à effet Hall". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002029.
Texto completoSantin, Matthieu. "Dynamique quantique dans des conducteurs balistiques et cohérents : interrupteur quantique et transport photo-assisté". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS169/document.
Texto completoThe study of dynamic electronic transport in ballistic coherent conductor is required for the implementation of electron quantum optics experiments or the quantum computation by using “flying qu-bits”. The first step is to be able to inject in the quantum Hall effect a single electron without any additional excitations in the conductor: a Leviton, whose remarkable properties have been experimentally observed without magnetic field [1], and to control its trajectory thanks to a quantum switch. During this thesis, we confirmed the possibility to implement a leviton in the quantum Hall effect, by demonstrating the validity of the photo-assisted shot-noise theory in this regime: we use a sine excitation which is simpler to implement than a lorentzian excitation required for Levitons. We also studied a new effect described by the photo-assisted theory: a quantum switch, which is the sudden closing and opening of an elementary channel of conduction. This generates an intrinsic charge noise [2] that we have evidenced and enable us to answer the general question: “What are the effects of a spatial separation of the Fermi sea?”. Furthermore, this charge noise provides a theoretical measurement of the entanglement entropy.[1] J. Dubois, T. Jullien, F. Portier, P. Roche, A. Cavanna, Y. Jin, W. Wegscheider, P. Roulleau, and D. C. Glattli. minimal-excitation states for electron quantum optics using levitons. Nature, 502(7473), October 2013.[2] Israel Klich and Leonid Levitov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 100502 (2009)
Bonnet, Roméo. "Transport de spin dans des Moirés unidimensionnels". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017USPCC240/document.
Texto completoSpin electronics holds a key role in information technology. A glaring example is the high-density magnetic hard disk storage built into most personal computers. From a fundamental point of view, basic operations such as injection, propagation and detection of spin information remain nevertheless complex. Platforms adapted to the realization of these basic tasks are highly sought after. In this context, carbon nanomaterials are very promising. During my thesis, I was interested in the transport of spin in multi-wall carbon nanotubes presenting super-lattice effects (Moiré 1D). I have also studied the growth of conformational molecular barriers in order to optimize injection and detection of spin information. I will present first the electrical characterizations of the devices highlighting the effects of Moirés, identified thanks to the simulations carried out by the team of Jean-Christophe Charlier. I will then show how the growth of the molecular layer influences transport by forming an injection barrier. Finally, I will present the experiments of magneto-transport in these hybrid devices. The observed magnetoresistance seems to indicate efficient spin transport over distances of at least a micrometer. I will discuss in particular the amplitude, the sign and the voltage dependence of the magnetoresistance in the framework of standard models of spin transport
Capron, Thibaut. "Transport quantique dans les verres de spin". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00686330.
Texto completoNguyen, Ngoc viet. "Synthèse et transport électronique dans des nanotubes de carbone ultra-propres". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00859810.
Texto completoThalineau, Romain. "Qubits de spin : de la manipulation et déplacement d'un spin électronique unique à son utilisation comme détecteur ultra sensible". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00875970.
Texto completoLacroix, Antoine. "Modélisation des propriétés électroniques et de transport des pérovskites hybrides". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY056.
Texto completoHalide perovskites are very promising materials in various domains, ranging from photovoltaic to X-ray detection. In this context, we aim to model their electronic structure and transport properties, and have made a study of the perovskite MAPbI3 (MAPI). We developed a model describing thermodynamical disorder in MAPI et we approach the problem of electronic structure and transport from a purely quantum point of view. We determined the impact of disorder on the electronic structure and the semi-conductor bandgap. We also observe that the optical longitudinal phonons limit the mobilities to values around 100cm^2/(V.s). Furthermore, quantum localisation effects are strong, even in cases with only thermal disorder. In some cases with additional disorder, where the mobility is below 30cm^2/(V.s), the charge carriers are almost totally localized, but this localisation is broken by the lattice’s dynamic. This regime is different from the usual regimes of band diffusion or diffusion via thermally activated hopping
Jadot, Baptiste. "Coherent long-range transport of entangled electron spins". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALY007.
Texto completoQuantum computing is a field of growing interest, especially in Grenoble with an exceptional concentration of both research and industrials groups implicated in this field. The global aim is to develop a new kind of nano-processors, based on quantum properties. Its building brick is a two-level quantum system, in our case the spin of electrons trapped in a quantum dot.In this quest for a large-scale architecture, networked quantum computers offer a natural path towards scalability. Indeed, separating the computational task among quantum core units interconnected via a coherent quantum mediator would greatly simplify the addressability challenges. These quantum links should be able to coherently couple arbitrary nodes on fast timescales, in order to share entanglement across the whole quantum circuit. In semiconductor quantum circuits, nearest neighbor entanglement has already been demonstrated, and several schemes exist to realize long-range coupling. Among them, a possible implementation of this quantum mediator would be to prepare an entangled state and shuttle individual electron spins across the structure, provided that this transport preserves the entanglement.In this work, we demonstrate the fast and coherent transport of electron spin qubits across a 6.5 μm long channel, in a GaAs/AlGaAs laterally defined nanostructure. Using the moving potential induced by a propagating surface acoustic wave, we send sequentially two electron spins initially prepared in a spin singlet state. During its displacement, each spin experiences a coherent rotation due to spin-orbit interaction, over timescales shorter than any decoherence process. By varying the electron separation time and the external magnetic field, we observe quantum interferences which prove the coherent nature of both the initial spin state and the transfer procedure.We show that this experiment is analogous to a Bell measurement, allowing us to quantify the entanglement between the two electron spins when they are separated, and proving this fast and long-range qubit displacement is an efficient procedure to share entanglement across future large-scale structures
Ouerghemmi, Ezzedine. "Étude physique des limites en puissance des lasers à cascade quantique". Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/60/59/31/PDF/manuscrit_ezzeddine_Ouerghemmi.pdf.
Texto completoThis thesis work is devoted to the theoretical and experimental study of the limiting factors of quantum cascade lasers (QCL) output power. It exposes a global modeling of their electro-optical properties. Laser operation is described in particular by including the electronic structure, non-radiative electron scattering mechanisms and the electron-photon coupling along the laser cavity. This model allowed us to successfully reproduce all the characteristics (current and optical power as a function of the applied voltage) of a QCL over the whole range of operating temperatures. This model was used to calculate the electron temperature in QCL. It showed that scattering by LO phonons is the only mechanism by which the gas of electron can transfer energy towards the lattice. Elastic scattering mechanisms are sources of energy for the electron gas. Two physical parameters allow to fully describe the electron temperature in the device: the electronic thermal resistance of the heterostructure and the temperature current coupling factor. Taking into account the electron-photon coupling shows that it may influence the electronic distribution over energy levels. Therefore, the gain of the active zone of the laser is reduced in the presence of this coupling. This effect, called gain saturation, plays an important role on the output performances of QCL. Minimizing this effect can increase the maximum power output of the laser by a factor of two. This study allowed us to propose new design rules of active regions to improve the QCL output performances. The experimental characterization of some of these structures has validated the approach we have followed towards performances improvement
Triozon, François. "Diffusion quantique et conductivité dans les systèmes apériodiques". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00002292.
Texto completoPolizzi, Eric. "Modélisation et simulations numériques du transport quantique balistique dans les nanostructures semi-conductrices". Toulouse, INSA, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ISAT0023.
Texto completoThis thesis is concerned with the modeling and numerical simulations of ballistic quantum transport in multidimensionnal open devices. The simulation is performed by solving self-consistently the Schrödinger equation (for electrons) and Poisson equation (for space charge effects). To account for injection phenmona, open boundary conditions are prescribed for the Schrödinger equations. In the case of the three dimensional electron waveguide devices such as T-stubs and quantum couplers, we show the importance of quantum effects in the active region. Moreover, a quasi-three dimensional model for these open heterostructures is proposed. The derivation of the model relies on the strong confinement of the electrons at the heterojunction which allows to split the three dimensional Schr\"odinger equation into a one Schrödinger equation for the confined direction and a two dimensional Schrödinger equation in the transport direction. The space charge effects are taken into account in a three dimensional framework. Numerical simulations of open split gate devices are used to illustrate the accuracy of the quasi-3D model versus the fully 3D model with much less numerical effort. The quasi-3D is used to show the importance of the non linear current voltage characteristics. The last part of the thesis deals with the bidimensional quantum model of the nanoscale MOSFET and shows some first results about the confinement of the electrons in the channel. Finally, the 3D code NESSIE which was developped during this thesis, is a tool which could be used to study a wide range of characteristics (current-voltage, temperature effects, conductance quantization effects\dots) of many open quantum structures
Gaury, Benoit. "Emerging concepts in time-resolved quantum nanoelectronics". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENY026/document.
Texto completoWith the recent technical progress, single electron sources have moved fromtheory to the lab. Conceptually new types of experiments where one probesdirectly the internal quantum dynamics of the devices are within grasp. In thisthesis we develop the analytical and numerical tools for handling suchsituations. The simulations require appropriate spatial resolution for thesystems, and simulated times long enough so that one can probe their internalcharacteristic times. So far the standard theoretical approach used to treatsuch problems numerically---known as Keldysh or NEGF (Non Equilibrium Green'sFunctions) formalism---has not been very successful mainly because of aprohibitive computational cost. We propose a reformulation of the NEGFtechnique in terms of the electronic wave functions of the system in anenergy--time representation. The numerical algorithm we obtain scales nowlinearly with the simulated time and the volume of the system, and makessimulation of systems with $10^5-10^6$ atoms/sites feasible. We leverage thistool to propose new intriguing effects and experiments. In particular weintroduce the concept of dynamical modification of interference pattern of aquantum system. For instance, we show that when raising a DC voltage $V$ to anelectronic interferometer, the transient current responseoscillates as $cos(eVt/hbar)$. We expect a wealth of new effects whennanoelectronic circuits are probed fast enough. The tools and conceptsdeveloped in this work shall play a key role in the analysis and proposal ofupcoming experiments
Dragoni, Alberto. "Corrélations multi-corps dans les simulations ab initio du transport électronique quantique : une application aux dispositifs OxRAM de nouvelle génération". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY039.
Texto completoResistive non-volatile memories based on oxides (OxRAM) are recently acquiring a wide interest for their performances, which make them promising candidates as storage memories to replace flash technology, and as embedded memories for neural network applications. Nevertheless, emerging OxRAM devices still present some drawbacks, like non-uniformity of switching parameters and switching failures. Overcoming these drawbacks requires a deeper comprehension of the OxRAM working principles, so far not completely understood. This can be achieved by means of textit{ab initio} simulations. Hence this work presents a careful characterization of HfO₂, which is within the most promising materials to build OxRAM devices, by means of accurate quasi-particle (QP) calculations. A study of the electronic transport properties in OxRAM devices is also of primary importance. However, this requires a robust and reliable theoretical framework to compute the conductance of bulk metal/insulator junctions. The standard approach, based on density functional theory, Green function formalism, and Landauer formula, has some limitations and reliability issues. This work proposes a more reliable approach based on QP calculations, which provide a more accurate electronic structure to compute the conductance, and largely tests this new method on different junctions mimicking OxRAM devices
Nguyen, Ngoc Viet. "Synthèse et transport électronique dans des nanotubes de carbone ultra-propres". Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENY045/document.
Texto completoThis thesis describes experiments on the synthesis of single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), fabrication of ultra-clean CNT devices, and study of electronic properties of CNTs with transport measurements. The first part of this work describes the optimization of the synthesis parameters (by chemical vapor deposition - CVD) such as carbon precursor, gas flows, temperature, catalyst for the growth of high quality SWNTs. In all these parameters, the catalyst composition plays a very important role on the high selective growth of SWNTs with a narrow diameter distribution. The second part deals with the nanofabrication of ultra-clean CNT devices and the low temperature (40 mK) transport measurements of these CNT quantum dots. The level spectra of the electrons in the first shell are investigated using inelastic cotunneling spectroscopy in an axial magnetic field, which shows a strong negative spin-orbit coupling of electron. We find that the sequence of electron shell filling in our case (ΔSO < 0) is different from which would be obtained in the pure SU(4) Kondo regime (ΔSO = 0). Indeed, a pure orbital Kondo effect is observed in N=2e at a finite magnetic field. In the last part of this thesis, we describe the experimental implementation of the thermal evaporation of single-molecule magnet (SMM) for the future fabrication of ultra-clean CNT-SMM hybrid devices
Schopfer, Félicien. "Cohérence Quantique et Effet Kondo dans les Nanostructures". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011250.
Texto completoLes expériences présentées dans cette thèse concernent les effets de la cohérence de phase électronique sur les propriétés de transport de conducteurs métalliques diffusifs.
Nous nous sommes d'abord intéressés aux mécanismes de déphasage électronique en mesurant la magnétorésistance de localisation faible de fils quasi-1D en or contenant des impuretés magnétiques de fer, à très basse température. Le comportement du temps de cohérence de phase électronique tf mesuré s'explique bien dans le cadre de la physique des impuretés Kondo, par la combinaison de l'effet Kondo à une impureté, et des interactions entre impuretés de type RKKY. Ce résultat est une contribution importante dans le débat sur la saturation de tf à très basse température.
Ensuite, nous avons étudié les oscillations quantiques de magnétoconductance, Altshuler-Aronov-Spivak (AAS), et Aharonov-Bohm (AB), dans des réseaux 2D d'anneaux en argent présentant différentes géométries. Notamment, à partir d'une théorie récente, nous avons extrait tf à partir des harmoniques de Fourier de l'oscillation AAS. La dépendance en température mesurée, différente de celle extraite d'un fil quasi-1D, laisse supposer un effet de la topologie sur le déphasage. Enfin, nous avons mesuré la dépendance en taille des amplitudes des oscillations AB et AAS dans des réseaux de 10^6 à 10 anneaux : lorsqu'une dimension du réseau devient inférieure à Lf, la moyenne d'ensemble des oscillations quantiques est non triviale, révélant que des interférences quantiques subtiles dominent le transport. C'est une signature spectaculaire de la transition dimensionnelle vers la physique mésoscopique.
Zhou, Jiaqi. "Etude ab initio du transport quantique dépendant du spin". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS508/document.
Texto completoSpintronics devices manipulate the electron spin degree of freedom to process information. In this thesis, we investigate spin-dependent quantum transport properties to optimize the performances of spintronics devices. Through ab initio approach, we research the tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), spin Hall effect (SHE), as well as spin injection efficiency (SIE). It has been demonstrated that heavy metals (HMs) are able to modulate TMR effects in MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), and tungsten, molybdenum, and iridium are promising to enhance TMR. Moreover, substitutional atom doping can effectively optimize SHE of HMs, which would strengthen spin Hall angles (SHAs) to achieve efficient spin-orbit torque (SOT) switching of MTJs. To eliminate the mismatch between ferromagnetic and barrier layers in MgO-based MTJs, we design the MTJ with bond-free van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction VSe₂/MoS₂ and report the room-temperature TMR. The occurrence of quantum-well resonances enables voltage control to be an effective method to modulate TMR ratios in vdW MTJ. We put forward the idea of SOT vdW MTJ, which employs SOT to switch vdW MTJ and requires vdW materials with strong SHE. Research on MoTe₂ and WTe₂ verifies the possibility of realizing this idea. Both of them are layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) and exhibit strong SHEs, as well as large SHAs thanks to their low electrical conductivity. Lastly, motivated by the demand of a two-dimensional (2D) switchable device with long spin diffusion length, we construct the spin injection system with silicene monolayer, and reveal high SIEs under electric fields. Works in this thesis would advance the research of spintronics devices
Mizokuchi, Raisei. "Hétérostructures de silicium-germanium à dimensionnalité réduite pour la spintronique quantique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018GREAY013/document.
Texto completoAiming towards largely integrated quantum bits (qubits) requires thedevelopment of solid-state, two-level quantum systems, such as spins inquantum dots or Majorana fermions in one-dimensional wires. Holes confinedin low-dimensional, germanium-based heterostructures are good candidatesfor such qubits because they offer i) large spin-orbit interaction(SOI), leading to conveniently large g factors, ii) reduced hyperfine coupling,which is important for long spin coherence, and iii) relatively loweffective masses, favoring quantum confinement. In this thesis, I have investigatedhole transport in one- and two-dimensional systems made fromcompressively strained Ge/Si_0.2Ge_0.8 heterostructures. An important partof my research work has been devoted to developing the recipes for devicefabrication. I have started from the fabrication of gated Hall bardevices from nominally undoped Ge/SiGe heterostructures. I have studiedtwo types of the heterostructures embedding a strained Ge quantumwell: one where the Ge well is at the surface, hence easily accessible tometal contacts, and one where it is buried 70 nm below the surface, aconfiguration resulting in higher hole mobility. The electronic propertiesof the two-dimensional hole gas confined to the Ge well were studied bymeans of magneto-transport measurements down to 0.3 K. My measurementsrevealed a dominant heavy-hole character, which is expected fromthe presence of a compressive strain in combination with two-dimensionalconfinement. The surface-Ge devices showed diffusive transport and a weakanti-localization effect, which is due to SOI in combination with quantuminterference. The fact that the Ge quantum well is located at the surfaceallows for relatively large perpendicular electric fields and hence enhancedRashba-type SOI. I was able to estimate a spin splitting of around 1 meV.For the realization of quantum nano-devices, I used the heterostructure witha buried Ge well where the hole mobility approaches 2×105 cm2/Vs. Usinge-beam lithography, sub-micron metal gates were defined on sample surfacein order to create one-dimensional constrictions in the two-dimensional holegas. I succeeded in observing conductance quantization in hole quantum wires with a length up to ~ 600 nm. In these wires I investigated the Zeemansplitting of the one-dimensional subbands, finding large perpendicularg-factors as opposed to small in-plane g-factors. This strong anisotropyindicates a prevailing heavy-hole character, which is expected in the caseof a dominant confinement in the perpendicular direction. The large g factorsand the ballistic one-dimensional character are favorable properties forthe realization of Majorana fermions. Finally, I have begun to explore thepotential of Ge-based heterostructures for the realization of quantum-dotdevices, having in mind applications in spin-based quantum computing.During the last months, I was able to observe clear evidence of single-holetransport, laying the ground for more in-depth studies of hole quantumdots
Roche, Stéphan. "Contribution à l'étude théorique du transport électronique dans les quasicristaux". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10208.
Texto completoJaud, Marie-Anne. "Approche du potentiel effectif pour la simulation Monte-Carlo du transport électronique avec effets de quantification dans les dispositifs MOSFETs". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00165490.
Texto completoBonno, Olivier. "Simulation Monte Carlo du transport quantique dans les composants nanométriques : application à l'étude de lasers à cascade quantique térahertz". Phd thesis, Université des Sciences et Technologie de Lille - Lille I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009033.
Texto completoOuerghemmi, Ezzeddine. "Étude physique des limites en puissance des lasers à cascade quantique". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00605931.
Texto completoThibault, Karl. "Corrélateur courant-courant dans le domaine temporel d'une jonction tunnel mesuré par spectroscopie micro-onde". Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2014. http://savoirs.usherbrooke.ca/handle/11143/5351.
Texto completoMallet, François. "Cohérence quantique, diffusion magnétique et effets topologiques". Grenoble 1, 2006. https://theses.hal.science/tel-00546850.
Texto completoIn this thesis are reported experimental results centered on the thematic of the electronic quantum coherence at very low temperatures, obtained by very precise measurements of the quantum correction to the classical electronic transport in metallic nanostructures. We have first studied the coherence effects in network of metallic one-dimensional wires. We have shown the influence on the coherence itself of the diffusion dimensionality. By going from a macroscopic conductor to a purely mesoscopic one, we measured a crossover in the scaling of the quantum corrections amplitudes when the phase coherence length exceed the typical size of the system. This has allowed us to really precise what the ensemble averaging is in Mesoscopic Physics. In the second part of this work, we have shown the temperature dependence of the phase coherence length in metallic wire with magnetic impurities. These samples were fabricated in a very new and controlled way, by using a new technics with a focus ion beam. We have measured a universal behavior over 2 decades in temperature for the dephasing due to one magnetic impurity. This was the direct prove that this added decoherence belongs to the physics of the generic many body problem named « Kondo Physics ». We have finally shown that the measured dephasing rate was in excellent agreement with recent theoretical calculations based one the numerical renormalization group technics. More precisely we have shown that the magnetic impurities screening induces a linear desaturation of the phase coherence time above 0,1 TK
Bessis, Charlotte. "Quantum interference and thermoelectric effects in molecular junctions". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCC140/document.
Texto completoThis thesis reports the transport measurement performed on large scale solid state molecular junctions, highlighting quantum interference effect. First chapter set the theoretical basis of such a phenomenon and introduces the out of equilibrium green's functions formalism which is adapted to the description of coupling molecules/metallic interfaces. Second chapter presents the corresponding experimental state of the art and summarizes the experiments that have contributed to highlight interference effect at the molecular scale. Third chapter describes the fabrication steps optimized to build the devices measured during the thesis work. Experimental results obtained on conductance measurements are described and compared to several theoretical models that confirm the presence of quantum interference. Last chapter deals with thermoelectric effect that can occur in presence of interference
Massabeau, Sylvain. "Optical and electronic properties of graphene quantum dots in the Terahertz spectral range". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS445.
Texto completoThe goal of the present thesis is to explore the electronic and optical properties of graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in the THz spectral range. Using tight-binding modelling, we first calculate the energy levels of GQDs of diameters ranging from 6 to 50 nm and analyse the different nature of these energy states. We further calculate their coupling to low energy photons and determine the absorption probability spectra in the THz spectral range. We finally explore how the size, temperature and doping of the GQDs affect their absorption spectra. Secondly, we focus on the experimental investigation of the optical properties of GQDs at THz frequencies, using THz time-domain spectroscopy. Multilayer epitaxial graphene (MEG) samples are probed and then nanostructured in 107 GQDs arrays. We show that the THz response of GQDs with diameters of few tens of nm is mainly characterised by a deep absorption around 6 THz at low and room temperature. These original outcomes are supported by the theoretical analysis and are strongly different from what is observed in MEG. Finally, we study the electronic transport properties of a single GQD in the Coulomb-blockade regime. A single GQD, made of exfoliated graphene encapsulated with hBN layers, is inserted within single electron transistor coupled to a bow-tie THz antenna. Dark transport measurements in the GQD-based transistors show Coulomb blockade regime and excited states of the GQD. Finally, we provide the photoresponse of the GQD in the Coulomb blockade regime under incoherent THz illumination. These results open very exciting perspectives for the development of GQD-based devices for THz photonic applications such as THz lasers
Betz, Andreas. "Diffusions électronique élastique et inélastique dans le graphène étudiées par le transport micro-onde et le bruit". Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00784346.
Texto completoCaillard, Louis. "Grafted organic monolayer for single electron transport and for quantum dots solar cells". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066396/document.
Texto completoWe take advantage of the progresses made in the topic of silicon functionalization. Grafted organic monolayer (GOM) on oxide-free Si have been fabricated using hydrosilylation and characterized using FTIR and XPS. The obtained amine terminated GOM has been used to graft Colloidal gold nanoparticles (AuNP). They have been deposited and single electron transport measurements have been performed using STM under UHV: A double barrier tunneling junction (1: GOM; 2: vacuum between the scanning tip and the AuNP). This structure is known to exhibit single electron transport through Coulomb staircase phenomenon. Evidence for its occurrence and for its reproducibility was obtained at 30K. Experimental and simulated data were compared. The latter were acquired using a recently developed theoretical model that has been modified to model our system more accurately. Our goal is to develop an alternative technology to build single electron transistors that are compatible with current Si-based technology. Nanoquantum dots (NQDs) were also deposited on the GOM. Energy transfers through radiative and non-radiative mechanism between NQDs and substrate were observed on plane surface in recent work using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. We show evidence of optimization of the PL count using GOM on silicon nanopillars and with successive grafting of NQDs to form multilayers. We also show evidence of directed energy transfer from NQDs to the silicon substrate using bilayers of NQDs with a size gradient. All these achievements can be combined for the fabrication of NQDs solar cells prototypes with an enhanced efficiency that could compete with existing technologies