Literatura académica sobre el tema "Translations from Sardinian"

AbstractThis paper describes the process of creation of the first machine translation system from Italian to Sardinian, a Romance language spoken on the island of Sardinia in the Mediterranean. The project was carried out by a team of translators and computational linguists. The article focuses on the technology used (Rule-Based Machine Translation) and on some of the rules created, as well as on the orthographic model used for Sardinian.

Searching for the Political History, Archaeology, and the History of Ideas. Elías José Palti, An Archaeology of the Political: Regimes of Power from the Seventeenth Century to the Present (New York: Columbia University Press, 2017), xx + 235 pp.Translation in International Relations and Ottoman-Turkish History. Einar Wigen, State of Translation: Turkey in Interlingual Relations (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 2018), 276 + xvii pp.The Invention of Conservatism as a Modern Ideology. Amerigo Caruso, Nationalstaat als Telos? Der konservative Diskurs in Preußen und Sardinien-Piemont, 1840–1870 [Nation-State as Telos? Conservative discourse in Prussia and Sardinia-Piedmont, 1840–1870] Elitenwandel in der Moderne, Bd. 20 (Berlin: de Gruyter Ouldenberg, 2017), 516 pp.Reconsidering Friendship in the Face of Anarchy in International Society: Refreshing Insights from Conceptual History. Evgeny Roshchin, Friendship among Nations: History of a Concept (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2017), 264 pp.On the Use of Foreign Words. Falko Schmieder and Georg Toepfer, eds., Wörter aus der Fremde: Begriffsgeschichte als Übersetzungsgeschichte [On the Use of Foreign Words: Conceptual History as History of Translation] (Berlin: Kulturverlag Kadmos, 2017), 328 pp.

Foregrounding (e.g. Leech, 1965, 1985; Leech and Short, 1981), whereby certain linguistic elements in literary works differ consistently and systematically (Mukařovský, 1958: 44) from norms represented by a particular benchmark, has often been measured using corpus stylistic methods (e.g. Mahlberg, 2013; Stubbs, 2005). While most such studies have focused on works in their original language, this study compares the translation with the original text. More specifically, I explore the stylistic elements identified in Julian Barnes’ novel The Sense of an Ending in both the original and its Italian translation. The study applies notions of tertiary or internal deviation (Leech, 1985) in order to explore to what extent an analysis of keywords and key clusters in Part One compared with Part Two of the target text concurs with the results of the same process in the source text. Corpus stylistic methods were used to identify ‘good bets’ (Leech, 2008: 164) which were then subjected to qualitative analysis. Findings suggest that elements identified as being frequent in Part One of the source text, such as a predominance of ‘uncertain impressionistic perceptions’ (Shepherd and Berber Sardinha, 2013), and an emphasis on first person narration in Part Two, did not play such an important role in the target text, where other elements such as time references and discourse markers of explanation emerged instead. The article concludes that discrepancies between a stylistic description of source and target texts might be due to translating strategies as well as target language conventions.

This article systematizes the methods and problems of translating Italian toponyms into the Ukrainian language. It was determined that toponyms can be reproduced in different languages, basing on certain similarities in the sounds or graphics. It’s appropriate to convey sound similarities by transcription or reproducing the sound form by using letters. Graphic similarities should be transliterated by letters. It’s possible to apply the method of modification, which adapts the toponym to the grammatical system of the translation language. There are cases of using of the traditional name when it comes to historical traditions and the international importance of the place-name. It’s appropriate to reproduce Italian toponyms (oikonyms) by transcoding, using transcription, which will provide the adequate perception of toponyms. The resources of the Ukrainian language fully allow transmitting the sounds of Italian toponyms. Some geographical names of Italian cities and regions are translated according to agreed tradition. For example, Firenze – Флопенція, Napoli – Неаполь, Roma – Рим, Sicilia – Сицилія, Sardegna – Сардинія, Puglia – Апулія. The article also identifies the features of the formation and use of Italian place-names. It’s revealed that toponyms are at the crossroads of history, culture and language. Within translation studies, toponyms should be analyzed taking into account the significations they convey. Toponyms can be important evidence about the type of settlement or the presence of certain animals or plants in certain territory. Toponyms can also indicate historical events and social changes in a particular area. The article determines that Italian toponyms take origin from the pre-Latin language and testify to the influences of the Celtic language in northern Italy and the Greek language caused by the colonization in southern Italy, Sicily and parts of Sardinia. Toponyms document the influences of different peoples who came to Italy and were present on its territory. The naming of geographical objects, like any other reality, is due to the ability to read the linguistic nominative code. When giving a name, a person belonging to a certain language community will refer to the words and traditions of his native language.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to test Kim et al.’s (2012) seven-dimension memorable tourism experience (MTE) scale in a new context and with a new sample. In addition, the study aims to test for causes or relationships between satisfaction, MTE dimensions, co-creative tourism experiences and memorability, as well as the mediating effect of memorability on tourists’ behavioural intention. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a cross-sectional survey design using a questionnaire to collect data. Three trained interviewers questioned international travellers in the boarding area in Olbia-Costa Smeralda Airport while they were waiting to board their flights home. The interviewers also distributed and administered the questionnaires. The questionnaire was in English. Data collection was carried out from August to October 2017. Findings In terms of the theoretical implications of this study, its findings result in a different MTE construct than that of Kim et al.’s (2012) study. Although they discuss seven important experiential tourism factors that are likely to affect the memorability of a person’s experience, what emerges from the present research is that satisfaction, novelty, refreshment, involvement and knowledge significantly influence the memorability of a tourist’s experience. Research limitations/implications This study has some limitations. First, it is highly site-specific and based on a convenience sample, rendering the findings non-generalizable to either the destination under investigation or any other tourism destination. Further studies should be conducted in other Mediterranean cities to generalise the significance of these findings. Although English can be considered the primary international language, the fact that the survey has been written only in English could have excluded non-English speakers from participating in the study. In addition, the study has not considered national domestic tourists. In the future, translating the survey into different languages and interviewing domestic tourists visiting the island might be useful. Practical implications Tourism service providers could gather feedback forms from tourists to measure and improve their satisfaction. Additionally, the multiplicity of actors involved in the tourism sector should coordinate and cooperate with one another to create tourism experiences that result in high overall visitor satisfaction. Tourism service providers could also offer new and diverse encounters, for example, the chance to attend local festivals to arouse curiosity, as studies suggest that such novel activities make the experiences particularly memorable. Public officials should also focus on site rejuvenation to appeal to novelty seekers who have visited previously. Originality/value Overall, the study highlights the discrepancies in the effects of satisfaction, MTE dimensions and co-creative tourism experience on the memorability of a trip experience in relation to previous studies. The results of the analysis refute the assumption that the seven MTE dimensions are representative across a variety of destination-specific tourist experiences. Besides the identified five dimensions, opening up the discussion on other factors that might influence the memorability of tourists’ experiences presents an updated agenda.

An automatic custom-made procedure is developed to identify macroplastic debris loads in coastal and marine environment, through hyperspectral imaging from unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). Results obtained during a remote-sensing field campaign carried out in the seashore of Sassari (Sardinia, Italy) are presented. A push-broom-sensor-based spectral device, carried onboard a DJI Matrice 600 drone, was employed for the acquisition of spectral data in the range 900−1700 nm. The hyperspectral platform was realized by assembling commercial devices, whereas algorithms for mosaicking, post-flight georeferencing, and orthorectification of the acquired images were developed in-house. Generation of the hyperspectral cube was based on mosaicking visible-spectrum images acquired synchronously with the hyperspectral lines, by performing correlation-based registration and applying the same translations, rotations, and scale changes to the hyperspectral data. Plastics detection was based on statistically relevant feature selection and Linear Discriminant Analysis, trained on a manually labeled sample. The results obtained from the inspection of either the beach site or the sea water facing the beach clearly show the successful separate identification of polyethylene (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) objects through the post-processing data treatment based on the developed classifier algorithm. As a further implementation of the procedure described, direct real-time processing, by an embedded computer carried onboard the drone, permitted the immediate plastics identification (and visual inspection in synchronized images) during the UAV survey, as documented by short video sequences provided in this research paper.

AbstractAccurate assessment of age and growth of fish is essential to understand population dynamics, namely for age-structured stock assessment and for determining vital rates of fish (e.g. age at sexual maturity) and their relationship with environmental variability. To validate the daily deposition in the otoliths of European sardine (Sardina pilchardus) larvae, these were reared with a range of food densities translating into feeding rates extending from less than required for maintenance to saturated feeding levels. When exogenous feeding began, a high variability in the relationship between number of growth increments (GI) and elapsed days after hatching (dph) was observed, irrespective of the feeding treatment. GI counts using a light microscope were less than one per day for larvae <15 dph (ranging from 0.17–0.43 GI day−1) and similar for larvae reared with different food concentrations. The rate of GI count vs age was significantly higher for larvae older than 15 dph. GI count from 3–30 dph was lower than one per day (0.45–0.75 GI day−1 95% CI) for fed larvae 3–30 dph. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the daily deposition of GI and revealed some increment widths around 0.2 μm, particularly during the first week post-hatch. Otoliths of wild sardine larvae exhibited narrow GI (<0.5 μm) comparable with reared larvae. This study demonstrates that during the first weeks after hatch the daily increment deposition is underestimated using traditional light microscopy, which must be taken into account in future works determining wild sardine larval growth.

Abstract Several common β globin gene mutations found in thalassemia are thought to promote rapid degradation of the aberrant mRNA through a specific mechanism termed nonsense mediated RNA decay (NMD). NMD, elicited through mutations leading to premature termination codons, is thought to be responsible not only for the degradation of the β globin PTC 39 mutation, responsible for >90% of thalassemia in Sardinia, but also for the degradation of 30% of all known human mutations and up to 10% of the genome. However, because NMD has been thought of as a constitutive and not a regulated pathway, the potential role of NMD in the dynamic regulation of gene expression has not been well explored. We have determined that NMD is inhibited in hypoxic cells. This hypoxic inhibition of NMD significantly prolongs the half-life of multiple mRNAs degraded by NMD, including the β globin PTC 39 mutation. We have also identified several additional mRNAs whose stabilities are significantly (>2 fold) 1. Increased when Rent1, an RNA helicase necessary for NMD is silenced 2. Decreased when Rent1 is over-expressed and 3. Increased in hypoxic cells when NMD is inhibited. These include the mRNAs that are integral for the cellular response to multiple stresses found in thalassemia, including hypoxic stress. Indeed, we observed that the cellular stress response is augmented when NMD is inhibited. The central component for many cellular stress responses is the phosphorylation of a translation factor, eIF2α. We and others have demonstrated that eIF2α is phosphorylated in hypoxic cells via the kinase PERK. Phosphorylation of eIF2α leads to the suppression of protein synthesis and the translational and transcriptional up-regulation of stress response genes. We hypothesized that phosphorylation of eIF2α was also responsible for the hypoxic inhibition of NMD. Indeed, when we used cells generated from mice in which wild-type eIF2α has been replaced by an eIF2α that cannot be phosphorylated, we found that hypoxic inhibition of NMD did not occur, demonstrating that is eIF2α phosphorylation is necessary for hypoxic inhibition of NMD. Degradation of NMD targets occurs in cytoplasmic processing bodies, which contain many of the enzymes necessary for mRNA catabolism. We noted that a distinct type of mRNA containing body, termed stress bodies, which do not have the capacity for RNA decay, are induced in hypoxic cells. This formation is dependent on PERK phosphorylation of eIF2α. While there are several potential mechanism by which hypoxic phosphorylation of eIF2α could inhibit NMD, our preliminary data suggests a model in which NMD targets are sequestered in cytoplasmic stress granules in hypoxic cells, thus excluding them from cytoplasmic processing bodies. Thus our studies reveal a novel form of gene regulation in hypoxic cells, regulation of NMD via phosphorylation of eIF2α. This finding has potential significance in many disease states, but particularly in thalassemia, where many of the stresses which phosphorylate eIF2α occur, and where the stress response and regulation of mutated β globin mRNAs may be particularly important.

RESUMO: O artigo apresenta a primeira parte da análise de um corpus composto por oito traduções do primeiro capítulo do livro Tradurre la tradizione Sardegna: su ballu, i corpi, la cultura, de Franciscu Sedda. O objetivo da análise foi identificar as categorias lexicais que podem ser interpretadas como relacionadas, ou não, ao contexto histórico e cultural em que se situam originalmente, ou seja, aquelas que são capazes de apresentar diferentes significações em uma mesma situação discursiva. As categorias lexicais são as partes do discurso e seus membros são as diferentes palavras (TRASK, 2011, p. 53). Tomando como referência os conceitos de domesticação e estrangeirização, revalidados por Venuti (1999), por meio de um processo de amostragem prévio à análise, identificamos as escolhas de um grupo de estudantes tradutores. A partir desses resultados e com base em autores como Barbosa (2000), Pais (2004), Lotman (1996), entre outros, na segunda parte da pesquisa analisaremos tanto os limites conceituais e semasiológicos diagnosticados, quanto suas possíveis interferências e implicações culturais.Palavras-chave: Tradução. Léxico. Cultura. Franciscu Sedda. Sardenha. ABSTRACT: L'articolo in discussione si riferisce alla parte iniziale dell'analisi di un corpus composto da otto traduzioni del primo capitolo del libro Tradurre la tradizione Sardegna: su ballu, i corpi, la cultura, di Franciscu Sedda. L’obiettivo dell’analisi è quello di individuare le categorie lessicali che possono essere interpretate in connessione o disconnessione dal contesto storico-culturale in cui in principio sono inserite, vale a dire quelle categorie capaci di presentare significati diversi nella stessa situazione discorsiva.Le categorie lessicali sono le parti del discorso e i loro membri sono le diverse parole (TRASK, 2011, p. 53).Alla luce dei concetti di domesticazione e straniamento, elaborati da Venuti (1999), attraverso un campionamento che prelude all’analisi, abbiamo individuato le scelte degli studenti-traduttori. A partire da qui, nella seconda parte della ricerca, alla luce di Barbosa (2000), Pais (2004), Lotman (1996) ed altri, analizzeremo i limiti concettuali e semasiologici diagnosticati, così come le loro possibili interferenze e implicazioni culturali.Parole chiave: Traduzione. Lessico. Cultura. Franciscu Sedda. Sardegna. ABSTRACT: The article presents the first part of the analysis of a corpus made up of eight translations of the first chapter of the book, Tradurre la tradizione. Sardegna: su ballu, i corpi, la cultura, by Franciscu Sedda. The goal of the analysis was to identify the lexical categories which may be interpreted as related or unrelated to the historical and cultural context in which they are originally located, that is, those who are able to present different meanings of the same discursive situation. Lexical categories are the parts of speech and their members are the different words (TRASK, 2011, p. 53). Taking as a reference the concepts of domestication and foreignization, elaborated by Venuti (1999), through a process of sampling prior to the analysis, we have identified the choices of a group of students translators. Starting from these results and based on authors like Barbosa (2000), Pais (2004), Lotman (1996), among others, in the second part of the research we analyze both the conceptual and semasiological limits diagnosticated, as well as their interferences and cultural implications.Keywords: Translation. Lexical. Culture. Franciscu Sedda. Sardinia

The emergence of Islam influenced the revolution and made a wave of culture toward a new world when experiencing an era of darkness. The progress of Greek civilization in the Westcould not be continued by the Roman empire and Roman domination in the classical era until the middle ages; which was then therise of the West in the era of renaissance in the 14-16th century.This paper will reveal the influence of Islam on the development of the Western world, since the emergence of contact between Islam with the West in the Classical era until the middle ages. There are different opinions among historians about who and when the first contact between Islam and the West took place. The first contact, however, occurred when the areas of East Roman government (Byzantium), Syria (638) and Egypt (640) fell into the hands of the Islamic government during the reign of Caliph 'Umar bin Khaţţāb. The Second contact, at the beginning of the eighth and ninth centuries occurred when the kings of Islam were able to rule Spain (711-1472), Portugal (716-1147), and important Mediterranean islands such as Sardinia (740-1050), Cicilia (827-1091), Malta (870-1090) as well as several small areas in Southern Italy and French Southern France. The third contact, took place in Eastern Europe from the fourteenth to early twentieth century when the Ottoman empire ruled the Balkan peninsula (Eastern Europe) and Southern Russia. The Ottoman empire's powers in Europe covered Yunāni, Bulgaria, Albania, Romania, Yugoslavia, Hungary, parts of Rhode, Cyprus, Austria and parts of Russia. Of the three periods of contact, the greatest influence was in the second contact period, where the decline of Western science in the dark era, while in the Islamic world developed advanced and produces scientists, thinkers and intellectuals in various sciences. This influence can be seen from the sending of students studying to the university of Islamic area, the establishment of the university, the translation and copying of various scientific literature such as natural science (Science of astronomy, Mathematics, Chemistry, Pharmacy, medicine, architecture etc) and Social Science history, philosophy, politics, economics, earth sciences, sociology, law, culture, language, literature, art, etc.). The Historians recognize that the influence of Islamic civilization is very great on the development of the West, which culminated in the renaissance or rise of Western civilization in Europe after the dark era.