Tesis: "Translation field"

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Marklund, Åsa. "Translation of Technical terms : a study of translation strategies when translating terminology in the field of hydropower generation". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-13591.

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Abstract This study analyses the translation of a technical guidebook in the subject field of hydropower generation. The aim is to identify and apply functional translation theories when translating general technical terms, industry terms and contract terms. The theoretical basis for the study consists of Eugene Nida’s and Vinay & Darbelnet’s models for translation as well as theories on terminology by Rune Ingo and Therésa Cabré. During the translation process, technical terms were identified and subsequently translated using one or more of the theories described. The result was then analysed and discussed. Although the study is not comprehensive enough to draw significant conclusions, the result indicates that in order to render the best possible translation of technical terms, a combination of theories and methods are best applied; direct translation regarding systematized terminology similar to general technical terms and oblique translation, or dynamic equivalence, regarding industry terms and contract terms. The results further suggest that structural analysis is of great value in order to determine the correct level of the term. In addition, the translator’s experience and knowledge of the subject field as well as readiness to consult parallel texts seem to be vital to the outcome of the translation.

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2

Block, Katherine M. "Veils: Truth in Translation". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2015. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2540.

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This supporting document for the thesis exhibition entitled “Veils: Truth in Translation” will discuss Block’s exploration of painting during her time at East Tennessee State University. The supporting document also provides the historical background and influences which have contributed to Block's overall process and techniques. These influences include the Abstract Expressionists, Carl Jung, Ferdinand de Saussure, John Dewey, Theodor Adorno, Joan Mitchell and Gerhard Richter. In the supporting document Block probes the idea that non-objective painting is more than a language confined by linguistic elements of sign, signifier, and signified, but is a process of thinking, which is communicated on a higher level of perception than verbal speech or visual symbolism. Block will discuss how she translates experiences from the metaphysical realm of feeling and thought to the physical reality of paint and surface which communicates the experience to the viewer.

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3

Mashamba, Mabula. "Translation and cultural adaptation with reference to Tshivenda and English : a case study of the medical field". Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2193.

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Thesis (M.A. (African languages)) --University of Limpopo, 2011
The aim of this study was to investigate the problems encountered by translators when translating medical terms from English into Tshivenda. It has been revealed in this study that the major problem that the translators are confronted with is lack of terminology in the specialized field such as Health. This problem is caused by the fact that different languages entail a variety of culture. The study revealed that most translators and lexicographers resort to transliteration and borrowing when confronted with zero-equivalence. They regard transliteration and borrowing as the quickest possible strategies. The study discovered that transliteration should not be opted as an alternative strategy to deal with zero-equivalence as users will be led to a state of confusion. The study revealed that communicative translation is regarded as the most fruitful method of translation as it conveys the exact message of the original in a best possible manner. Both the source and the target users get the same message. KEY CONCEPTS Translation, Culture, Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL), Translation equivalence and Zero-equivalence.

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4

Alsiary, Hind Abdullah. "Mapping the field of children's literature translation in Saudi Arabia : translation flow in accordance with socio-cultural norms". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15304/.

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This research focuses on highlighting the main socio-cultural norms which determine translation flows into the field of Saudi Arabian children’s literature, and their influence on translation as a process and product. The study maps a range of key aspects related to translation and publishing practices for children’s books in Saudi Arabia. In this thesis, a mixed-method approach is adopted which integrates both quantitative and qualitative methods. The research begins with the collection of statements from publishers in the field, with the aim of evaluating their perceptions of which factors influence their decisions and affect individual translation flow. Following this, a bibliographic data-list is compiled of the translations available in the country for children, to allow a comprehensive mapping of the field. Finally, a number of children’s books which have been translated and published by Saudi publishers are used in both their English and Arabic versions as data for a comparative analysis of the effects of translation norms on the process of translation on both paratextual and textual levels. The methodology of this research has been constructed based on multiple theoretical backgrounds; the primary resource is Toury’s norms theory (1995/2012) although concepts from Bourdieu’s sociological approach, such as the notions of field and capital, are also used, together with elements of the translation-flow concept postulated by Heilbron (1999/2010) (Heilbron and Sapiro, 2007), and the manipulation approach discussed by Lefevere (1992/2005). The cornerstone of this study is the empirical bibliographic data-list of the translated literature available to Saudi children, due to its significance in the fields of both children’s literature and translation in the country. Following the identification of the main social agents in the field, detailed analyses of the main four publishers were carried out by applying the case-study method. The aim of this is the evaluation of each publisher’s perceptions, capital, translation policies and influential norms, among other issues. Lastly, this research identifies the major socio-cultural factors governing the field of the translation of children’s literature, such as the Saudi laws of publication and other social and ideological forces.

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5

Stentaford, Allison. "Translating the Environment: A Comparative Analysis of Monolingual Corpora and Corpus-Based Resources, their Usability and their Effectiveness in Improving Translation Students’ Comprehension and Usage of Specialized Terminology in the Field of the Environment". Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35978.

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Corpora and corpus-based resources have received much attention with regard to translator training, terminology, and specialized resource development. With a specialized monolingual corpus and a specialized online dictionary, the DiCoEnviro, we sought to provide insight into the usability and effectiveness of both types of resources in improving translation students’ comprehension and usage of specialized terminology in the field of the environment. We assessed a specialized corpus and the DiCoEnviro through three lenses adapted from the usability framework proposed by Nielsen (2001): effectiveness, efficiency, and satisfaction. We used data ( screen recordings, questionnaires, translation exercises) collected from six translation students enrolled in undergraduate and graduate programs at the University of Ottawa School of Translation and Interpretation (UO-STI). Through quantitative and qualitative data analysis, we provide insight into the usability of both types of resources and into the prospective application of these findings in translator training programs and the development of specialized resources.

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6

van, Dyk Gerrit. "Translation as Katabasis and Nekyia in Seamus Heaney's "The Riverbank Field"". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2013. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/3473.

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Translation has been at the heart of Seamus Heaney's career. In his poem, "The Riverbank Field," from his latest collection, Human Chain, Heaney engages in metatranslation, "Ask me to translate what Loeb gives as / 'In a retired vale...a sequestered grove' / And I'll confound the Lethe in Moyola." Curiously, with a broad spectrum of classical works at his disposal, the poet chooses a particular moment in Virgil's Aeneid as an image for translation. What is it about this conversation between Aeneas and his dead father, Anchises, at the banks of the Lethe which makes it uniquely fitting for Heaney to explore translation? In order to fully understand Heaney's decision to translate this scene from Aeneid 6, it must be clear how Heaney perceives the classical tropes of katabasis (descent into the underworld) and nekyia (communion with the dead). Due to the particularly violent and destructive history of the 20th century from the World Wars to the Holocaust, contemporary poets tend to portray katabasis and nekyia in their works as tragic (See Falconer's Hell in Contemporary Literature). Heaney subverts this view of a tragic descent and communion with the dead in his poetry, instead opting for a journey through Hell which is more optimistic and efficacious. Heaney's rejection of the contemporary tragic katabasis and nekyia allows these classical tropes to become a metaphor for translation. I argue Heaney demonstrates how he views translation and the role of the translator through this metatranslational instance in "The Riverbank Field." For Heaney, not only can a poet descend to the underworld where spirits of the literary dead wait for translation into a new medium, but the translator actually can succeed in bringing an ancient author to a modern readership.

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7

Girault, Benjamin. "Signal Processing on Graphs - Contributions to an Emerging Field". Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1046/document.

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Ce manuscrit introduit dans une première partie le domaine du traitement du signal sur graphe en commençant par poser les bases d'algèbre linéaire et de théorie spectrale des graphes. Nous définissons ensuite le traitement du signal sur graphe et donnons des intuitions sur ses forces et faiblesses actuelles comparativement au traitement du signal classique. En seconde partie, nous introduisons nos contributions au domaine. Le chapitre 4 cible plus particulièrement l'étude de la structure d'un graphe par l'analyse des signaux temporels via une transformation graphe vers série temporelle. Ce faisant, nous exploitons une approche unifiée d'apprentissage semi-supervisé sur graphe dédiée à la classification pour obtenir une série temporelle lisse. Enfin, nous montrons que cette approche s'apparente à du lissage de signaux sur graphe. Le chapitre 5 de cette partie introduit un nouvel opérateur de translation sur graphe définit par analogie avec l'opérateur classique de translation en temps et vérifiant la propriété clé d'isométrie. Cet opérateur est comparé aux deux opérateurs de la littérature et son action est décrite empiriquement sur quelques graphes clés. Le chapitre 6 décrit l'utilisation de l'opérateur ci-dessus pour définir la notion de signal stationnaire sur graphe. Après avoir étudié la caractérisation spectrale de tels signaux, nous donnons plusieurs outils essentiels pour étudier et tester cette propriété sur des signaux réels. Le dernier chapitre s'attache à décrire la boite à outils \matlab développée et utilisée tout au long de cette thèse
This dissertation introduces in its first part the field of signal processing on graphs. We start by reminding the required elements from linear algebra and spectral graph theory. Then, we define signal processing on graphs and give intuitions on its strengths and weaknesses compared to classical signal processing. In the second part, we introduce our contributions to the field. Chapter 4 aims at the study of structural properties of graphs using classical signal processing through a transformation from graphs to time series. Doing so, we take advantage of a unified method of semi-supervised learning on graphs dedicated to classification to obtain a smooth time series. Finally, we show that we can recognize in our method a smoothing operator on graph signals. Chapter 5 introduces a new translation operator on graphs defined by analogy to the classical time shift operator and verifying the key property of isometry. Our operator is compared to the two operators of the literature and its action is empirically described on several graphs. Chapter 6 describes the use of the operator above to define stationary graph signals. After giving a spectral characterization of these graph signals, we give a method to study and test stationarity on real graph signals. The closing chapter shows the strength of the matlab toolbox developed and used during the course of this PhD

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8

Xi, Xiaoyu. "Controlled translation and oscillation of micro-bubbles near a surface in an acoustic standing wave field". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/10981.

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The removal of contamination particles from silicon wafers is critical in the semiconductor industry. Traditional cleaning techniques encounter difficulties in cleaning micro and nanometer-sized particles. A promising method that uses acoustically-driven micro-bubbles to clean contaminated surfaces has been reported. However, little is understood about the microscopic interaction between the micro-bubble and particle. This thesis explores the mechanism underlying the ultrasonic cleaning using micro-bubbles at the micrometer scale. The investigation was carried out from the perspective of bubble dynamics near a surface and bubble-particle interaction. Prior to contributing to the particle removal, micro-bubbles normally need to be transported to a target surface. The motion of a bubble was analyzed based on a force balance model for single and multi-bubble translations respectively. A good agreement is found between the observed bubble movement trajectories and the theoretical predictions. After arriving on a surface, a micro-bubble starts to disturb the flow field near the boundary through its oscillation. The characteristics of the flow field are closely related to the bubble oscillation modes. The influence of a wall on the change of bubble oscillation mode during its translation toward the boundary was studied. The relationship between bubble oscillation modes and the corresponding microstreaming around the bubble was established. The experimental results of bubble oscillation modes and the flow motion are quantitatively in good agreement with the simulation results. From a mechanic point of view, a possible ultrasonic cleaning mechanism is explained by exploring the relationship between different torques that are exerted on micro and sub-micrometer-sized particles. This estimation provides a qualitative insight into the ultrasonic cleaning process at a moderate pressure amplitude. The experimental investigation of the complicated particle detachment process requires improved test equipment to be developed in the future.

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9

Kitchin, Paul J. "A Bourdieusian investigation into reproduction and transformation in the field of disability cricket". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2014. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/16168.

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Disability cricket in England and Wales exists within a constant state of change. This thesis is an organizational analysis of how environmental factors foster reproduction and/or transformation within the field of disability cricket. It is important to examine how these factors are translated across multiple levels of analysis; institutional, organizational, and individual. A layered analysis is important because it attempts to overcome the limitations of previous micro- and macro-approaches to change. A reflexive ethnography that involved three years of fieldwork allowed perceptions and meanings of change to be examined in real-time. This approach is novel in studies of institutional and organizational change. Data was collected through formal and informal interviews, active-member observations, and document analysis. The findings reveal a series of structural and cognitive consequences, which included a greater number of playing opportunities for disabled cricketers and the establishment of an economic market for disability cricket which ensured organizational commitment to accepting accountability and managerial pressures. While change occurred, the nature of organizational responses to these environmental factors varied. Drawing on the theoretical insights of Bourdieu (2005) and the institutional theory of translation (Czarniawska & Sevon, 1996), I demonstrate that these responses varied between organizations because of the relationship between the field, the organization's doxa and the habitus of the individuals employed within. It concludes empirically that the translation of environmental factors is dependent on the interlinking relationships between institutions, organizations and individuals. The use of Bourdieu extends previous institutional analysis in sport management by providing a unique perspective on the role of organizations in reproducing inequality. As this thesis demonstrates institutional change is a recurrent theme in British sport organizations and further work is needed to examine the impact of these changes on the relations between sport organizations and the participants, employees and volunteers within them. As such it reinforces interdisciplinary calls to link sport management and the sociology of sport.

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10

Höllerer, Markus, Dennis Jancsary, Renate Meyer y Oliver Vettori. "Imageries of corporate social responsibility: Visual recontextualization and field-level meaning". Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/S0733-558X(2013)0039AB018.

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In this paper, we explore how corporations use visual artifacts to translate and recontextualize a globally theorized managerial concept (CSR) into a local setting (Austria). In our analysis of the field-level visual discourse, we analyze over 1,600 images in stand-alone CSR reports of publicly traded corporations. We borrow from framing analysis and structural linguistics to show how the meaning structure underlying a multifaceted construct like CSR is constituted by no more than a relatively small number of fundamental dimensions and rhetorical standpoints (topoi). We introduce the concept of imageries-of-practice to embrace the critical role that shared visual language plays in the construction of meaning and the emergence of field-level logics. In particular, we argue that imageries-of-practice, compared to verbal vocabularies, are just as well equipped to link locally resonating symbolic representations and globally diffusing practices, thus expressing both the material and ideational dimension of institutional logics in processes of translation. We find that visual rhetoric used in the Austrian discourse emphasizes the qualities of CSR as a bridging concept, and facilitates the mediation of inconsistencies in several ways: By translating abstract global ideas into concrete local knowledge, imageries-of-practice aid in mediating spatial oppositions; by linking the past, present, and future, they bridge time; by mediating between different institutional spheres and their divergent logics, they appease ideational oppositions and reduce institutional complexity; and, finally, by connecting questionable claims with representations of authenticity, they aid in overcoming credibility gaps.

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11

Sepasdar, Reza. "A Deep Learning Approach to Predict Full-Field Stress Distribution in Composite Materials". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103427.

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This thesis proposes a deep learning approach to predict stress at various stages of mechanical loading in 2-D representations of fiber-reinforced composites. More specifically, the full-field stress distribution at elastic and at an early stage of damage initiation is predicted based on the microstructural geometry. The required data set for the purposes of training and validation are generated via high-fidelity simulations of several randomly generated microstructural representations with complex geometries. Two deep learning approaches are employed and their performances are compared: fully convolutional generator and Pix2Pix translation. It is shown that both the utilized approaches can well predict the stress distributions at the designated loading stages with high accuracy.
M.S.
Fiber-reinforced composites are material types with excellent mechanical performance. They form the major material in the construction of space shuttles, aircraft, fancy cars, etc., the structures that are designed to be lightweight and at the same time extremely stiff and strong. Due to the broad application, especially in the sensitives industries, fiber-reinforced composites have always been a subject of meticulous research studies. The research studies to better understand the mechanical behavior of these composites has to be conducted on the micro-scale. Since the experimental studies on micro-scale are expensive and extremely limited, numerical simulations are normally adopted. Numerical simulations, however, are complex, time-consuming, and highly computationally expensive even when run on powerful supercomputers. Hence, this research aims to leverage artificial intelligence to reduce the complexity and computational cost associated with the existing high-fidelity simulation techniques. We propose a robust deep learning framework that can be used as a replacement for the conventional numerical simulations to predict important mechanical attributes of the fiber-reinforced composite materials on the micro-scale. The proposed framework is shown to have high accuracy in predicting complex phenomena including stress distributions at various stages of mechanical loading.

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12

Wongkaew, Wila-sini. "Managing multiple dimensions of performance : a field study of balanced scorecard translation in the Thai financial services organisation". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/2434/.

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This thesis examines the process of change in management accounting and control systems (MACSs) in a Thai financial services organisation. Specifically, it traces how a strategic perfOlmance measurement, the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), was introduced, constlllcted, modified and re-defined over a period of time and in different organisational units of the organisation. The major aim of the research is to achieve an understanding of how an innovative management control idea, the BSC, was made operable in a particular organisational context. This research is based on intensive field study which involved indepth interviews, direct observations and documentation analysis. Drawing on actornetwork theory (ANT), the research illustrates how the BSC idea was brought into the organisation. It describes the way in which various actors mobilised their interests and concerns to construct the BSC, shows how the BSC collided and was reconciled with other networks of performance measurement and management control, and illustrates the way in which the all-encompassing nature of the BSC affected the design and implementation process. The study provides insights into how a global management idea like the BSC is introduced into an organisation and influences organisational practices while, at the same time, being localised and shaped by local practices. It sheds light on the process of change in performance measurement practices in an organisational context, as well as cnhancing our understanding of the ways in which an integrated performance measurement system such as the BSC operates. In particular, the research illustratcs how two key BSC concepts that are controversial in the existing literature - the notion ofÃ?Â· 'balance' and cause-and-effect relationships - were mobilised within the organisation. It shows that although these concepts are broad and abstract, creating complexities in designing the BSC, they can have a positive impact, generating discussions and solutions among organisational members. In addition, the study shows that the BSC construction process involves ongoing translations by heterogeneous actors - both local and global, human and non-human - who/which attempt to build networks of associations to support their own agenda and beliefs. The case study shows that resistance to the new system does not necessarily lead to a failure of system implementation; rather, it can be a positive force, providing opportunities for relevant actors to modify and appropriate the system. Moreover, the research shows how local BSC meanings and identities emerged via its interplays with these actors, and how the ongoing translations led the BSC to become something that it was not initially. However, this does not mean that the BSC and its implementation failed. Rather, it suggests the ability of the BSC to be shaped in different ways to make it work in specific situations. Arguably, it is this open nature of the BSC: which allows different actors to interpret, modify and construct their own versions of it, that makes it powerful.

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13

Valle, Marina Della. "A tradução do verso livre em inglês por tradutores brasileiros: um panorama de ideias". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-15082016-115243/.

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Esta tese oferece um panorama de ideias sobre a tradução do verso livre em inglês para o português com base em uma pesquisa feita com dez tradutores brasileiros, por meio de um questionário com 13 perguntas abordando diferentes aspectos do tema. A pesquisa contextualiza as respostas com um perfil detalhado de cada um dos tradutores que participaram dela e uma análise contrastiva do grupo em conjunto, com base nos conceitos de habitus e campo, desenvolvidos pelo sociólogo Pierre Bourdieu, aplicados à area da tradução. A tese conclui que a visão dos entrevistados reflete aspectos do conceito de verso livre, que engloba uma série de estilos poéticos, e enumera os pontos mais relevantes no conjunto das respostas, como a divisão dos poemas em versos livres em categorias, a necessidade de identificar o princípio de organização do poema e considerações a respeito da tradução do ritmo.
This thesis makes an overview of ideas on the translation of free verse from English into Portuguese based on a survey with ten Brazilian translators, who answered a questionnaire with 13 questions about different aspects of the subject. The study contextualizes the answers with a detailed profile of each participant, based on the concepts of field and habitus, developed by sociologist Pierre Bourdieu, applied to translation. It concludes that the answers reflect aspects of the concept of free verse and identifies the most important points, like the division of free verse poems into categories, the need to identify the organization principle of the poem, and considerations on translation of rhythm.

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14

García-Liñeira, María. "Literary citizenship and the politics of language : the Galician literary field between 1939 and 1965". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b247a80b-2676-4d0b-b2c3-0c63e3e68bc0.

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My thesis, Literary Citizenship and the Politics of Language: The Galician Literary Field between 1939 and 1965, is the first attempt to examine the building process of Galician national literature by focusing on one of its constitutive elements, the linguistic criterion. Drawing on Mario Santana's concept of literary citizenship, which can be defined as membership of a literary community, it pays attention to the development of the idea that Galician literary citizenship is language specific, in other words, that to be a member of the national literature, writers have to write in Galician. It does so by focusing on one of the most neglected periods in Galician and Spanish Studies (1939–1965). Chapter one, 'Going Public: The Adventure of Galician Publishing, 1939–1965', presents the first ever account of the publishing world in the studied period. Chapter two, 'From Region to Nation: Galician Literary Studies', argues that the main battleground in the definition of Galician literary citizenship was the field of Galician literary studies, where the concept of literary citizenship was naturalised and then institutionalised. Chapter three, 'Negotiating Identities', explores writers' language choices, paying special attention to those who wished to earn a language-specific Galician literary citizenship. Apart from native and exophonic writers, the chapter addresses writers who did so through translation. Chapter four, 'No Man's Land: Female Writing and Language', argues that female writers had a double-edged experience in the literary field. The patriarchal literary institutions were interested in their symbolic capital but they exercised firm control over them. The conclusion, 'A New raison d'être for Galician Literary Studies', summarises the main argument put forward by this thesis, that to understand fully the development of Galician literary citizenship, literature must be studied outside the national framework.

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15

Shields, Garret S. ""A Fine Field": Rio de Janeiro's Journey to Become a Center of Strength for the LDS Church". BYU ScholarsArchive, 2016. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/6213.

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The purpose of this work is to chronicle the growth of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil from its earliest beginnings in the late 1930s to the events surrounding the revelation on the priesthood in 1978. This thesis will show that as the Church in Rio became less American and more Brazilian, Church growth accelerated. When missionaries first began working in the city, its membership, leadership, culture, and even language was based on North American society and practices, and the Church struggled to establish itself. Only as these aspects of the Church became more Brazilian did it begin to have greater success in the area. This survey history of the Church in Rio de Janeiro will begin in 1935 with the influential work of Daniel Shupe—a North American Church member who lived and worked in Rio and translated the Book of Mormon into Portuguese. We will then examine the work of the missionaries both before and after World Warr II, the growth of Brazilian Church leadership in the city, and how the Church established itself as a center of strength for the Church. Finally, our study will conclude with the 1978 revelation extending the priesthood to all worthy male members regardless of race and the immediate influence of that shift on the Church in the city. The focus of this work will be on the major factors and most influential individuals that affect Church growth and stability in Rio, thereby providing an in-depth study of the effects of language, culture, leadership, and race on the Church in this intriguing and influential city.

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16

Dadvar, Arezou. "Effets du champ de la traduction littéraire sur les stratégies traductives dans les retraductions de Caligula d'Albert Camus en persan". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 3, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA030036.

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Le traducteur littéraire en Iran est le maillon principal d’une chaîne qui contribue à la création et au développement de nouvelles formes et de nouveaux thèmes dans la littérature nationale. Dans l’immense majorité des cas, c’est lui qui amorce le processus de production d’une traduction par la sélection de l’œuvre à traduire. Mais ce choix n’est pas anodin : il est tributaire de toute la trajectoire de la vie sociale du sujet traduisant, son habitus selon Bourdieu et son horizon selon Berman ; il est soumis à la position occupée par le traducteur en fonction du niveau de son capital symbolique, social et économique accumulé par ses prises de position, en l’occurrence ses traductions précédentes. Une fois l’œuvre sélectionnée, le choix de la stratégie traductive suit le même schéma, l’habitus et la position du traducteur peuvent l’orienter vers telle ou telle stratégie ou démarche. À cela s’ajoute la visée de la traduction selon le traducteur : veut-il gagner de l’argent ou la reconnaissance de ses pairs ? Cherche-t-il à subvertir les règles établies ou à les respecter dans sa traduction ?En analysant le cas des (re)traductions en persan de Caligula d’Albert Camus, avec une démarche pluridisciplinaire à la croisée de la sociologie et de la traductologie, la présente étude tente de définir le champ de la traduction littéraire en Iran et d’identifier le rôle des agents qui y interviennent activement tels que le traducteur, l’éditeur, les instances de contrôle comme les ministères culturels et les académies, ainsi que les libraires dont l’influence dans la réception des (re)traductions est souvent passée sous silence dans les études traductologiques portant sur le contexte iranien
The literary translator in Iran is the key link in the chain of translation that contributes to the creation and development of new forms and themes in national literature. For the most part, it is the translator who begins the process of producing a translation by selecting the source text. However, this choice is not insignificant: it is affected by the whole trajectory of the translator's social life, his habitus according to Bourdieu and his horizon according to Berman; it is subject to the position occupied by the translator, and depends on the level of his symbolic, social, and economic capital which the previous expression of his standpoints, in this case his translations, have accumulated. Once the source text has been selected, the choice of the translation strategy follows the same pattern. It is the habitus and the position of the translator, which can orient him towards a particular technique or approach. Furthermore, the aim of the translator is important: does he/she want to earn money or recognition from his/her peers? Does he/she choose to subvert the established rules or to respect them in his/her translation? By analyzing the case of (re)translations into Persian of Albert Camus' Caligula, using a multidisciplinary approach at the crossroads of sociology and translation studies, the present study attempts to provide an overview of the field of literary translation in Iran and to identify the role of the agents who play an active role in it such as the translator, the publisher, the controlling authorities and agencies such as cultural ministries and academies, as well as the booksellers whose influence on the reception of (re)translations has often been ignored in translation studies of the Iranian context

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17

Ekman, Cecilia y Linnea Ramstedt. "Agil HR ur ett nyinstitutionellt perspektiv : En fallstudie om fältinteraktioners uppkomst och påverkan på idéers översättning". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Företagsekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-140908.

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Inledning: Agila metoder är ett etablerat arbetssätt inom IT och systemutveckling som nu tagit sig in i andra sammanhang, däribland i HR-funktioner där det benämns agil HR. För att förklara hur idéer förändras när de landar i olika sammanhang brukar begreppet översättning införas, där översättning av en idé kan ta olika form beroende på det sammanhang som det hamnar i. Fält förklaras inom nyinstitutionell teori som ett område eller interaktioner inom en specifik domän. En allt vanligare företeelse idag är att fält tenderar att interagera varpå nya praktiker uppstår. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utifrån ett nyinstitutionellt perspektiv öka förståelsen för fältinteraktioners uppkomst och deras påverkan på idéers översättning. Metod: Studien har ett nyinstitutionellt samt hermeneutisk perspektiv och har genomförts med en kvalitativ metod. En fallstudie har utförts där intervjuer har varit den primära datainsamlingsmetoden med totalt tolv medverkande. Tillsammans täcker de diskursen kring agil HR, där även sekundärdata i form av bloggar och hemsidor har använts. Slutsats: Studien visar att agil HR har uppkommit genom fältinteraktioner hos fältet IT och fältet HR. Inom denna fältinteraktion kan två arenor urskiljas vilka har olika beroenden till fältet IT, som resulterat i olika översättningar av agil HR. Olikheterna förklaras av institutionella och situationsspecifika drivkrafter i omgivningen vilka skapar olika beroenden samt maktobalanser inom arenorna. Beroendet skapas antingen via en integrationsmekanism eller som en kedjereaktion av redan existerande beroenden.
Background: Agile methods is an established approach within IT and software development that has recently appeared in other contexts, in HR-functions named Agile HR. To explain how ideas travel and land in different situations, the concept of translation is usually introduced. Translation of an idea means that an idea can take different appearance depending on the situation. Fields are explained in institutional theory as an area, or interactions within a specific domain. An increasingly common phenomena today is that fields interact and when so, new practices can emerge. Aim: The aim of the study is to, from an institutional perspective, increase the understanding of the emergence of field interaction and its impact on the translation of ideas. Methodology: The study has taken an institutional and hermeneutic perspective and has been conducted with a qualitative method. A case study has been completed where interviews have been the primary method of data collection, with twelve participants in total. Together they cover the discourse about Agile HR. Secondary data from blogs and webpages have also been used. Conclusion: The study conclude that Agile HR emerge from interactions between the field IT and the field HR. Within the field interaction two arenas being identified with different dependence to the interacting field IT. This generates different translations of Agile HR. The differences are being explained by institutional and contingency factors within the environment that create power asymmetries. The dependence emerge from an integration mechanism or from a chain reaction of already existing dependence.

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18

Országh, Ján. "Recherches sur le vocabulaire grec de la traduction". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2019/orszagh_jan_2019_ED520.pdf.

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La thèse se veut une étude lexicologique qui étudie les expressions grecques appartenant au champ lexical de la traduction. Le vocabulaire de la traduction en grec ancien (ca. 500 av. – 500 après notre ère) est composé par trois types de lexèmes : 1. un mot emprunté (ἑρμηνεύς), 2. les formations dérivées à partir de ce dernier (ἑρμηνεύω etc.) et 3. les néologismes sémantiques, c’est-à-dire les termes qui se sont dotés du sens « traduire ; traduction » etc. à travers une opération sémasiologique (l’extension de leurs significations primaires et habituelles). Le troisième type peut être divisé en deux groupes en fonction de l’opération qui se produit dans leur sémantisme : a) métaphores et b) synecdoques.La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à l’étude de ἑρμηνεύς et des mots apparentés. Est examinée l’étymologie de ἑρμηνεύς qui s’avère être un lexème emprunté au carien, langue micrasiatique de provenance louvique. Il s’agit d’un mot technique emprunté au sens « interprète des langues » et qui connaîtra un développement sémantique en grec au sens de généralisation (« interprète traducteur » > « interprète [tout court] ; intermédiaire ; porte-parole »). Il en est de même dans le cas du verbe dénominatif ἑρμηνεύω auquel on assigne le sens originel de « traduire à l’oral, interpréter » et qui signifiera plus tard « exprimer ; expliquer ». Ces expressions possédant d’autres significations, le grec forme de nouveaux mots (tel le verbe μεθερμηνεύω) pour désigner, de façon univoque, la traduction interlinguale. La deuxième partie s’ouvre par une analyse de la théorie générale de la métaphore (chez les théoriciens antiques, notamment Aristote, Démétrios, Cicéron, Quintilien etc.) qui fait ressortir les aspects de la métaphore lesquels sont essentiels pour les enjeux des métaphores de traduction. L’attention est prêtée surtout à la métaphore du transfert (verbes μεταφέρω, ἄγω etc.) qui fait sa première apparition dans le vocabulaire traductionnel dans le Critias de Platon. Un appendice est dédié à la terminologie de la traduction dans quelques langues européennes (l’ancien français, français, anglais, allemand, russe et slovaque)
The thesis is a lexicological study that studies Greek expressions belonging to the lexical field of translation. There are three types of lexemes in Ancient Greek (ca 500 BC – 500 CE) translation vocabulary: 1. a loanword (ἑρμηνεύς), 2. words formed by derivation from it (ἑρμηνεύω etc.) and 3. semantic neologisms, i.e. terms that acquired the meaning of “translate; translation” etc. through a semasiological operation (the extension of their primary and usual meanings). The third type can be divided into two groups according to the operation that takes place in their semantics: a) metaphors and b) synecdoches.The first part of the thesis is devoted to the study of ἑρμηνεύς and its cognates. The etymology of ἑρμηνεύς is examined: it proves to be a borrowing from Carian, an Anatolian language of Luwic branch. It is a terminus technicus borrowed with the meaning “language interpreter” which develops semantically by generalization ("interpreter, translator" > "interpreter, intermediary, spokesman"). The same goes for the denominative verb ἑρμηνεύω to which we assign the original meaning “to translate orally, interpret” and which will later mean “to express, explain”. These expressions being endowed with different meanings, Greek forms new words (such as the verb μεθερμηνεύω) in order to designate unambiguously interlingual translation. The second part opens with an analysis of the general theory of metaphor (in ancient thinkers, namely Aristotle, Demetrius, Cicero, Quintilian, etc.) which focuses on those aspects of metaphor that play an essential role in the translation metaphors. The attention is paid mainly to the transfer metaphor (verbs μεταφέρω, ἄγω etc.) that appears for the first time in the translation terminology in Plato’s Critias. An appendix treats the terminology of translation in a few European languages (Old French, French, English, German, Russian and Slovak)

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19

Mustafa, Burcin Kagan. "A study into the ideological manipulation of translation and translation's role in affecting the political and social fields : translation's function in advancing the war on terror". Thesis, SOAS, University of London, 2017. http://eprints.soas.ac.uk/26497/.

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20

Kikuchi, Atsuko. "Translation and understanding: mental models as an interface in the process of translation". Thesis, University of Auckland, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2312.

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This thesis discusses two characteristics of language which affect translation, using English and Japanese examples. However, the general points made in the thesis are not specific to these two languages. One characteristic of language is that it encodes particular perceptions of experience by its users. Word meaning is defined in this thesis in terms of the typical experience the language user associates with a word. Concepts for which there are no single lexical items are encoded by putting together words which the speaker thinks best characterise the concept. This particular characterisation of a concept may become established in the language community. If the members of a language community form a habit of characterising a concept in a particular way, it may become difficult to perceive the concept in any other way. In translation, this may lead the translator to impose characterizations established in her own language on the other language. However, such difficulties can be overcome because of the creative capacity of people everywhere to learn new ways to perceive the world. And language provides the mechanism to encode such novel perception. This is the other characteristic of language discussed in this thesis. We can use an existing word to encode a new kind of experience which we perceive as having some connection with the kind of experience associated with the word. Such novel application of a word can be understood because upon hearing the word, the typical experience associated with the word is evoked in the hearer's mind, and using her knowledge, the hearer constructs a mental model which she thinks best accounts for the combination of experiences evoked in her mind by the linguistic forms. Defining word meaning and sentence meaning in terms of mental images allows us to understand the process of translation: Upon hearing/reading the source language text, the translator constructs a mental model based on the text. She then bases her translation on this mental model, which becomes a rich source of information. Because the translator is not moving directly from one language to the other, no direct correspondences between the linguistic forms of the two languages need to be sought. This also explains why it is relatively easy to translate between two languages whose users share similar experiences and therefore can build similar mental models, even if the languages are typologically very different from each other.

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21

Subramanian, Rajkumar. "Heat Transfer to a Droplet Translating in an Electric Field". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1108851150.

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22

Rodrigues-Sobreira, Luís Alexandre. "Le Romantisme portugais : contrastes et résonances". Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040209.

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L’image institutionnelle du Romantisme portugais, souvent calquée sur la vision nationaliste des chefs de file de ce mouvement et tournée vers les textes innovateurs, est une image tronquée, partiale et figée. Combinant l’analyse socio-littéraire de quatre œuvres de fiction, représentatives des principales lignes d’affrontement de l’époque en termes de valeurs esthétiques et idéologiques, avec l’analyse historique des traductions, cette étude fait émerger les différents pôles constitutifs du champ littéraire portugais entre 1840 et 1860 et démontre sa complexité polyphonique. On y décèle ainsi, au niveau de “la littérature civique” (symboliquement dominante), incarnée par A Virgem da Polónia, de J.J.R. Bastos, et Eurico, O Presbítero, d’Alexandre Herculano, un conflit entre modèles sociaux et littéraires conservateurs et progressistes. Quant à A Mão do Finado, d’Alfredo Possolo Hogan, elle permet d’éclairer l’émergence de l’”industrialisme littéraire”. Enfin, Maria! Não me mates, que sou tua mãe!, de Camilo Castelo Branco, représente la pérennité de la littérature de colportage et pour son auteur le début d’une carrière de “professionnel des lettres”. La partie finale est consacrée à l’examen de la littérature traduite (raisons du succès ou de l’absence de certains auteurs) et de la méthode de nationalisation que Castilho lui appliqua afin de perpétuer l’ordre institué
Modeled on the vision of the nationalist movement’s leaders and oriented towards the literary innovative texts, the institutional image of the Portugese Romanticism is a distorted, partial and a static one. Combining the socio-literary analysis of four works of fiction, representative of the main lines of confrontation both for their aesthetic and ideological values, and the historical analysis of book translations, this study brings to the foreground the various constituent poles of the Portuguese literary field between 1840 and 1860 and shows its polyphonic complexity. A conflict between social models and literary conservatives and progressives is therefore depicted through the « civic literature » (symbolically dominant) and incarnated by A Virgem da Polónia, by J.J.R.Bastos, and Eurico, O Presbitero, by Alexandre Herculano. As for A Mão do Finado, by Alfredo Possolo Hogan, it sheds light on the emergence of the “literary industrialism”. Finally, Maria! Não me mates, que sou tua mãe!, by Camilo Castelo Branco, represents the sustainability of the chapbooks and for its author the beginning of a career of «professional of letters». The last section is devoted to the consideration of translated literature (reasons for success or absence of some authors) and the method of nationalization that Castilho applied to it in order to perpetuate the established order

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23

Wilder, Ben Richard. "A Varying Field Size Translational Bed Technique for Total Body Irradiation". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Physics and Astronomy, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/1404.

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Total body irradiation is the irradiation of the entire patient as a conditioning for bone marrow transplants. The conditioning process involves destroying the bone marrow allowing for repopulation of the donor bone marrow cells, suppression of the immune system to allow stop graft rejection, and to eliminate the cancer cell population within the patient. Studies have been done demonstrating the importance of TBI conditioning for BMT5. A range of TBI treatment techniques exist, this department uses a bi-lateral technique which requires bolus packed around the patient to simplify the geometry of the treatment. This investigation will focus on one technique which involves using a translating bed. This technique effectively scans a radiation beam over the patient as the bed moves through the beam. Other investigations on translating beds concentrated on varying the scan speed to achieve a dose uniformity to within ±5%. The recommendations quote a dose uniformity of +5% and -10% as acceptable⁹. The dose uniformity in these investigations was along the midline in the longitudinal direction only. This investigation varied field size to achieve dose uniformity to within ±2.5% along the midline of an anthropomorphic phantom. The goal was to determine if a dynamic multi-leaf collimator could be used to give a uniform in the transverse direction as well as the longitudinal direction. An advantage of utilizing the DMLC for this treatment is the ability to shield organs at risk, i.e. lungs and kidneys, without requiring resources to produce shielding blocks14. Gafchromic-EBT film18 was used as a dosimeter but gave unreliable results due to the lack of film scanning equipment with an appropriate sensitivity for reading the dose to the film. Scans were simulated using Xio treatment planning software. The results from the simulations gave a more reliable indication of the absorbed dose to the midline of the phantom. The disadvantage of this varying field size technique was the time and complexity involved in creating a treatment plan. Within the Xio software exists a limit on the number of beams allowed to be applied in a single plan. There is a maximum of 99 beams allowed which is not enough for complete coverage of a patient. A way around this is to increase the field sizes and decrease the scan speed. This option was not investigated. The advantage of this technique was the increased dose uniformity (±2.5%) in comparison to the varying scan speed techniques (±5%). This technique also allows the patient to be unencumbered during the treatment making the process more comfortable for them.

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24

Воронько, А. В. "Лексико-семантичний та перекладацький аспекти концептів ДОБРО і ЗЛО в сучасному англомовному дискурсі фентезі". Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2019. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/75422.

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Тема: Лексико-семантичний та перекладацький аспекти концептів ДОБРО і ЗЛО в сучасному англомовному дискурсі фентезі Мета: дослідити лексико-семантичний та перекладацький аспекти концептів ДОБРО і ЗЛО у романі «Добрі передвісники» Террі Пратчетта та Ніла Геймана, а також застосування когнітивно-дискурсивного аналізу для навчання художнього перекладу у закладах вищої освіти. Теоретичне значення: У роботі проаналізовано основні теоретичні засади дослідження концепту. Визначається сутність поняття «концепт» у когнітивно-дискурсивній парадигмі лінгвістики. Розглядається художній дискурс як феномен сучасної лінгвістики. Аналізуються способи адекватного перекладу, а саме перекладацькі трансформації. Робиться спроба системного опису та структуризації концептів ДОБРО і ЗЛО у романі «Добрі передвісники» Террі Пратчетта та Ніла Геймана.
Тема: Лексико-семантический и переводческий аспекты концептов ДОБРО и ЗЛО в современном англоязычном дискурсе фэнтези Цель: исследовать лексико-семантический и переводческий аспекты концептов ДОБРО и ЗЛО в романе «Благие знамения» Терри Пратчетта и Нила Геймана, а также применение когнитивно-дискурсивного анализа для обучения художественного перевода в учреждениях высшего образования. Теоретическое значение: В работе проанализированы теоретические основы исследования концепта. Определяется сущность понятия «концепт» в когнитивно-дискурсивной парадигме лингвистики. Рассматривается художественный дискурс как феномен современной лингвистики. Анализируются способы адекватного перевода, а именно переводческие трансформации. Делается попытка системного описания и структурирования концептов ДОБРО и ЗЛО в романе «Благие знамения» Терри Пратчетта и Нила Геймана.
Title: Lexical-semantic and Translation Aspects of the Concepts GOOD and EVIL in Modern English Fantasy Discourse Goal: to explore the lexical-semantic and translation aspects of the GOOD and EVIL concepts in Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman's “Good Omens”, as well as the application of cognitive-discursive analysis to teaching literary translation in higher education institutions. Theoretical meaning: identification of the basic theoretical foundations of the concept research. The essence of the “concept” is determined in the cognitive-discursive paradigm of linguistics. Artistic discourse is considered as a phenomenon of modern linguistics. The methods of adequate translation are analyzed, namely translation transformations. An attempt is made to systematically describe and structure the concepts of GOOD and EVIL in the novel “Good Omens” by Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman.

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25

McDonnell, Brian. "The Translation of New Zealand fiction into film". Thesis, University of Auckland, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2010.

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This thesis explores the topic of literature-into-film adaptation by investigating the use of New Zealand fiction by film-makers in this country. It attempts this task primarily by examining eight case-studies of the adaptation process: five features designed for cinema release (Sleeping Dogs, A State of Siege, Sons for the Return Home, The Scarecrow and Other Halves), one feature-length television drama (the God Boy), and two thirty-minute television dramas (The Woman at the Store and Big Brother, Little Sister, from the series Winners and Losers). All eight had their first screenings in the ten-year period 1975-1985. For each of the case-studies, the following aspects are investigated: the original work of fiction, a practical history of the adaptation process (including interviews with people involved), and a study of changes made during the scripting and shooting stages. The films are analysed in detail, with a focus on visual and auditory style, in particular how these handle the themes, characterisation and style of the original works. Comparisons are made of the structures of the novels and the films. For each film, an especially close reading is offered of sample scenes (frequently the opening and closing scenes). The thesis is illustrated with still photographs – in effect, quotations from key moments – and these provide a focus to aspects of the discussion. Where individual adaptation problems existed in particular case-studies (for example, the challenge of the first-person narration of The God Boy), these are examined in detail. The interaction of both novels and films with the society around them is given emphasis, and the films are placed in their cultural and economic context - and in the context of general film history. For each film, the complex reception they gained from different groups (for example, reviewers, ethnic groups, gender groups, the authors of the original works) is discussed. All the aspects outlined above demonstrate the complexity of the responses made by New Zealand film-makers to the pressure and challenges of adaptation. They indicate the different answers they gave to the questions raised by the adaptation process in a new national cinema, and reveal their individual achievements.
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26

Armstrong, Robert A. "Gleanings in French Fields: A Formal Approach to the Translation of French Poetry". Ohio University Honors Tutorial College / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ouhonors1587646850156205.

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27

Quick, Jason. "Translating Field Research Through Contextual Inquiry: A Case Study in Retail Workspace Design". Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006, 2006. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07102006-150228/.

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28

MAGGIOLO, LUCA. "Deep Learning and Advanced Statistical Methods for Domain Adaptation and Classiﬁcation of Remote Sensing Images". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1070050.

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In the recent years, remote sensing has faced a huge evolution. The constantly growing availability of remote sensing data has opened up new opportunities and laid the foundations for many new challenges. The continuous space missions and new constellations of satellites allow in fact more and more frequent acquisitions, at increasingly higher spatial resolutions, and at an almost total coverage of the globe. The availability of such an huge amount data has highlighted the need for automatic techniques capable of processing the data and exploiting all the available information. Meanwhile, the almost unlimited potential of machine learning has changed the world we live in. Artificial neural Networks have break trough everyday life, with applications that include computer vision, speech processing, autonomous driving but which are also the basis of commonly used tools such as online search engines. However, the vast majority of such models are of the supervised type and therefore their applicability rely on the availability of an enormous quantity of labeled data available to train the models themselves. Unfortunately, this is not the case with remote sensing, in which the enormous amounts of data are opposed to the almost total absence of ground truth. The purpose of this thesis is to find the way to exploit the most recent deep learning techniques, defining a common thread between two worlds, those of remote sensing and deep learning, which is often missing. In particular, this thesis proposes three novel contributions which face current issues in remote sensing. The first one is related to multisensor image registration and combines generative adversarial networks and non-linear optimization of crosscorrelation-like functionals to deal with the complexity of the setting. The proposed method was proved able to outperform state of the art approaches. The second novel contribution faces one of the main issues in deep learning for remote sensing: the scarcity of ground truth data for semantic segmentation. The proposed solution combines convolutional neural networks and probabilistic graphical models, two very active areas in machine learning for remote sensing, and approximate a fully connected conditional random field. The proposed method is capable of filling part of the gap which separate a densely trained model from a weakly trained one. Then, the third approach is aimed at the classification of high resolution satellite images for climate change purposes. It consist of a specific formulation of an energy minimization which allows to fuse multisensor information and the application a markov random field in a fast and efficient way for global scale applications. The results obtained in this thesis shows how deep learning methods based on artificial neural networks can be combined with statistical analysis to overcome their limitations, going beyond the classic benchmark environments and addressing practical, real and large-scale application cases.

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29

Söderberg, Alexander. "Symmetries of the Point Particle". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teoretisk fysik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-227338.

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We study point particles to illustrate the various symmetries such as the Poincaré group and its non-relativistic version. In order to find the Noether charges and the Noether currents, which are conserved under physical symmetries, we study Noether’s theorem. We describe the Pauli-Lubanski spin vector, which is invariant under the Poincaré group and describes the spin of a particle in field theory. By promoting the Pauli-Lubanski spin vector to an operator in the quantized theory we will see that it describes the spin of a particle. Moreover, we find an action for a smooth spinning bosonic particle by compactifying one string dimension together with one embedding dimension. As with the Pauli-Lubanski spin vector, we need to quantize this action to confirm that it is the action for a smooth spinning particle.
Vi studerar punktpartiklar för att illustrera olika symemtrier som t.ex. Poincaré gruppen och dess icke-relativistiska version. För att hitta de Noether laddningar och Noether strömmar, vilka är bevarade under symmetrier, studerar vi Noether’s sats. Vi beskriver Pauli-Lubanksi spin vektorn, vilken har en invarians under Poincaré gruppen och beskriver spin hos en partikel i fältteori. Genom att låta Pauli-Lubanski spin vektorn agera på ett tillstånd i kvantfältteori ser vi att den beskriver spin hos en partikel. Dessutom finner vi en verkan för en spinnande partikel genom att kompaktifiera en bosonisk sträng dimension tillsammans med en inbäddad dimension. Som med Pauli-Lubanski spin vektorn, kvantiserar vi denna verkan för att bekräfta att det är en verkan för en spinnande partikel.

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30

Habib, Josef. "Development & optimization of diffusion tensor imaging at high field strengths in translational research". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12405/.

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Ever since the inception of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), unabated advancements in its capabilities and applications have been spearheaded by a vibrant research effort to devise dedicated acquisition sequences, protocols and hardware. In translational research, however, the transition of these innovations into the arenas of biomedical research, and ultimately clinical practice is frequently hampered by practical considerations. These include the availability of appropriate expertise, time and resources for their implementation, and considerations of compatibility with established techniques and results reported in literature. Such concerns provide the impetus to maximize the utility of existing protocols before attempting the development of novel dedicated techniques. In this thesis, three investigations, each targeting a different DTI application, are presented. The strategy implemented throughout involves assessing the suitability of existing sequences for the intended task, and determining any limiting factors, evaluating whether appropriate modifications of the acquisition protocols used are capable of alleviating limitations, and developing novel, dedicated protocols wherever necessary. The value and, importantly, the wide scope of this approach in answering important research questions is exemplified through the breadth of the studies presented. The first study presents, for the first time, a quantitative evaluation of the effects of cardiac pulsation on prevalent DTI metrics acquired with a specific acquisition protocol used routinely in clinical practice. Findings inform the on-going debate on whether the investment in cardiac gating is merited by improvements in data quality. Effects were observed during only 6 % of the cardiac cycle, and not 20 % as previously reported. The impact of cardiac pulsation on selected diffusion Tensor indices was minimal in group studies, but of potential practical relevance in individual cases. Methods to predict which individuals may benefit from gating have also been suggested. Secondly, the feasibility of post-mortem DTI was established through the successful acquisition, also for the first time, of DTI data on a chemically fixed whole human post-mortem brain using a clinical sequence. Previous failed attempts have been attributed to insufficient SNR. In this study scanner stability and distortion are found to be the main limiting factors, and mitigated using appropriate averaging and co-registration strategies. The third study assessed the potential of ultra-high field strength DTI by identifying and optimizing the potential strengths of DTI at 7T. Subsequent to optimization with respect to SNR, the main sources of artefact were found to be B1 inhomogeneity and inadequate fat suppression. Both were alleviated by modification of the available acquisition protocol, resulting in higher SNR and data quality than previously reported. Finally, in developing appropriate data quality measures, the ‘Difference method’, commonly used for the quantification of SNR, was found to be unsuitable for in vivo DTI acquisitions at 7 T, leading to the proposal, and successful implementation and validation of an alternative.

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31

Johansson, Emmelie. "Ein neuer Anfang? : Probleme der Informationsstrukturierung bei der Übersetzung eines deutschen Sachtextes ins Schwedische". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för språk och litteratur, SOL, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-20890.

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This essay deals with translation changes taking place when translating two information-dense German texts into Swedish. The study focuses on the preverbal position of V2 declaratives, i.e. on the so called pre-field in German and Swedish sentences. This position plays an important role for the structuring of information, both at the intra-sentential and at the inter-sentential level. The aim of the study is therefore to investigate to what extent the information structure of the source text is carried over to the target text. A quantitative sentence-by-sentence analysis of the pre-fields of the source and target text shows many cases of re-structuring and re-writing have taken place during the translation process. A closer examination of those changes reveals some tendencies regarding the translation of the German pre-fields. In many cases text-initial rhematic (not previously mentioned) subjects of the source text have been replaced with time adverbials which function as so-called frame topics in the target text. Also, heavy, information-dense pre-fields of the source text have been split into two or more sentences in the target text. Furthermore there has been a “neutralization” of so-called marked structures of the source text. While those marked structures are used to achieve communicative effects in the source text, equal effects are mostly achieved by lexical means in the target text. The genre and style of the texts proved to play an important role for the choice between keeping and abandoning the information structure of the source text.

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32

Grinberg, Farida. "Reorientations mediated by translational displacements in confined liquid crystals studied by field cycling NMR relaxometry and Monte Carlo simulations: Reorientations mediated by translational displacements in confinedliquid crystals studied by field cycling NMR relaxometry and Monte Carlo simulations". Diffusion fundamentals 6 (2007) 73, S. 1-9, 2007. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A14253.

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Ordering effects and low-frequency molecular dynamics in the nematic liquid crystals confined in mesoscopic pores was studied with the help of field cycling (FC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry and Monte Carlo simulations. Proton relaxation rates were measured above the bulk isotropisation temperature in the broad frequency range between 2 kHz and 7 MHz. The average pore radii of confinements were between 1.5 and 15 nanometers. The relaxation dispersion curves in the confined materials exhibited strong deviations from the behaviour in bulk. In a few kHz range, a dramatic enhancement of the relaxation rates exceeding two orders of magnitude compared to the bulk sample was observed. The low-frequency value of the relaxation rate exhibited a strong dependence on the pore size. Experimental findings were interpreted in terms of the surface induced orientational order and diffusion between the sites with different orientations of local directors. The analysis was supported by Monte Carlo simulations of the reorientations mediated by translational displacements (RMTD) in spherical cavities.

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33

Ardelean, Ioan, Sergiu Muncaci, Codruta Badea, Alexandra Pop, Carlos Mattea y Siegfried Stapf. "Translational diffusion at the surface of porous media with magnetic impurities via Fast Field Cycling NMR relaxometry". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-182881.

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34

Ardelean, Ioan, Sergiu Muncaci, Codruta Badea, Alexandra Pop, Carlos Mattea y Siegfried Stapf. "Translational diffusion at the surface of porous media with magnetic impurities via Fast Field Cycling NMR relaxometry". Diffusion fundamentals 20 (2013) 41, S. 1-2, 2013. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13609.

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35

Manishina, Elena. "Data-driven natural language generation using statistical machine translation and discriminative learning". Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0209/document.

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L'humanité a longtemps été passionnée par la création de machines intellectuelles qui peuvent librement intéragir avec nous dans notre langue. Tous les systèmes modernes qui communiquent directement avec l'utilisateur partagent une caractéristique commune: ils ont un système de dialogue à la base. Aujourd'hui pratiquement tous les composants d'un système de dialogue ont adopté des méthodes statistiques et les utilisent largement comme leurs modèles de base. Jusqu'à récemment la génération de langage naturel (GLN) utilisait pour la plupart des patrons/modèles codés manuellement, qui représentaient des phrases types mappées à des réalisations sémantiques particulières. C'était le cas jusqu'à ce que les approches statistiques aient envahi la communauté de recherche en systèmes de dialogue. Dans cette thèse, nous suivons cette ligne de recherche et présentons une nouvelle approche à la génération de la langue naturelle. Au cours de notre travail, nous nous concentrons sur deux aspects importants du développement des systèmes de génération: construire un générateur performant et diversifier sa production. Deux idées principales que nous défendons ici sont les suivantes: d'abord, la tâche de GLN peut être vue comme la traduction entre une langue naturelle et une représentation formelle de sens, et en second lieu, l'extension du corpus qui impliquait traditionnellement des paraphrases définies manuellement et des règles spécialisées peut être effectuée automatiquement en utilisant des méthodes automatiques d'extraction des synonymes et des paraphrases bien connues et largement utilisées. En ce qui concerne notre première idée, nous étudions la possibilité d'utiliser le cadre de la traduction automatique basé sur des modèles ngrams; nous explorons également le potentiel de l'apprentissage discriminant (notamment les champs aléatoires markoviens) appliqué à la GLN; nous construisons un système de génération qui permet l'inclusion et la combinaison des différents modèles et qui utilise un cadre de décodage efficace (automate à état fini). En ce qui concerne le second objectif, qui est l'extension du corpus, nous proposons d'élargir la taille du vocabulaire et le nombre de l'ensemble des structures syntaxiques disponibles via l'intégration des synonymes et des paraphrases. À notre connaissance, il n'y a pas eu de tentatives d'augmenter la taille du vocabulaire d'un système de GLN en incorporant les synonymes. À ce jour, la plupart d'études sur l'extension du corpus visent les paraphrases et recourent au crowdsourcing pour les obtenir, ce qui nécessite une validation supplémentaire effectuée par les développeurs du système. Nous montrons que l'extension du corpus au moyen d'extraction automatique de paraphrases et la validation automatique sont tout aussi efficaces, étant en même temps moins coûteux en termes de temps de développement et de ressources. Au cours d'expériences intermédiaires nos modèles ont montré une meilleure performance que celle obtenue par le modèle de référence basé sur les syntagmes et se sont révélés d'être plus robustes, pour le traitement des combinaisons inconnues de concepts, que le générateur à base des règles. L'évaluation humaine finale a prouvé que les modèles représent une alternative solide au générateur à base des règles
The humanity has long been passionate about creating intellectual machines that can freely communicate with us in our language. Most modern systems communicating directly with the user share one common feature: they have a dialog system (DS) at their base. As of today almost all DS components embraced statistical methods and widely use them as their core models. Until recently Natural Language Generation (NLG) component of a dialog system used primarily hand-coded generation templates, which represented model phrases in a natural language mapped to a particular semantic content. Today data-driven models are making their way into the NLG domain. In this thesis, we follow along this new line of research and present several novel data-driven approaches to natural language generation. In our work we focus on two important aspects of NLG systems development: building an efficient generator and diversifying its output. Two key ideas that we defend here are the following: first, the task of NLG can be regarded as the translation between a natural language and a formal meaning representation, and therefore, can be performed using statistical machine translation techniques, and second, corpus extension and diversification which traditionally involved manual paraphrasing and rule crafting can be performed automatically using well-known and widely used synonym and paraphrase extraction methods. Concerning our first idea, we investigate the possibility of using NGRAM translation framework and explore the potential of discriminative learning, notably Conditional Random Fields (CRF) models, as applied to NLG; we build a generation pipeline which allows for inclusion and combination of different generation models (NGRAM and CRF) and which uses an efficient decoding framework (finite-state transducers' best path search). Regarding the second objective, namely corpus extension, we propose to enlarge the system's vocabulary and the set of available syntactic structures via integrating automatically obtained synonyms and paraphrases into the training corpus. To our knowledge, there have been no attempts to increase the size of the system vocabulary by incorporating synonyms. To date most studies on corpus extension focused on paraphrasing and resorted to crowd-sourcing in order to obtain paraphrases, which then required additional manual validation often performed by system developers. We prove that automatic corpus extension by means of paraphrase extraction and validation is just as effective as crowd-sourcing, being at the same time less costly in terms of development time and resources. During intermediate experiments our generation models showed a significantly better performance than the phrase-based baseline model and appeared to be more robust in handling unknown combinations of concepts than the current in-house rule-based generator. The final human evaluation confirmed that our data-driven NLG models is a viable alternative to rule-based generators

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36

Napolitano, Antonio. "Neurotransmitter profiling with high and ultra-high field magnetic resonance spectroscopy : optimization for clinical and translational studies in schizophrenia". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/28305/.

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Growing interest in the research community has been shown in clinical neuroscience to assess neurotransmitter profiling both in healthy and diseased subjects. A large body of research in this field focuses on schizophrenia to characterise its glutamatergic level according to the most recent hypothesis of NMDA (N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid) receptors hypofunction. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is able to detect some of the most common neurotransmitters but a number of issues, such as low signal to noise ratio (SNR), spectra overlapping and line broadening prevents MRS from being clinically relevant for neuropsychiatry. Four important aims were considered relevant for this work. Firstly, we aimed to compare the reliability of conventional and timing-optimized sequences for the detection and measurement of most of the visible metabolites and, in particular, for glutamate (Glu), glutamine (GIn) and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) to assess the best available sequence for a study in schizophrenia. Secondly, we also intended to investigate whether glutamatergic activity might predict the oscillatory activity and how this link might survive or not in schizophrenia. Thirdly, we wanted to study whether the well known animal model of schizophrenia, the rearing in isolation model, exacerbates the effect of ketamine and determines more profound changes on neurotransmitter profile in rats. Fourthly, a further goal focuses on the improved data acquisition and on the data processing to reliably resolve GABA and to be able to quantify a wider range of metabolites. To address those points five studies were performed. The first work (Chapter 3) describes a study of reproducibility on sequences which have been reported in the literature to be capable to detect Glu and GIn. The study was performed on 14 healthy subjects by scanning them twice and repositioning between the two scans. The absolute percentage difference was then computed to assess the accuracy per sequence and metabolite. A good compromise was found in PRESS sequence (TE=80 ms) which was exploited subsequently for the following study on schizophrenic patients (Chapter 4). Twenty-seven early stage schizophrenic patients and twenty-three aged-matched controls were recruited to undergo a protocol including, in two separate sessions, MRS and electroencephalography (EEG). Anterior Cingulate Cortex Glu was found to predict the induced theta activity in healthy controls but not in patients. Furthermore, the NAA values have also been found to be reduced in schizophrenia and linked to N100, an Event Related Potential (ERP) which is well known to be decreased in schizophrenia. Following on from the findings of the study on the early stage of schizophrenia, further investigations were undertaken to study the psychotic state occurring in the disease via a functional MRS, where 25mg/kg of ketamine (NMDA antagonist) injection was administered to two groups of rats. The two groups were group-housed and reared in isolation. This work was able to show increase of prefrontal GIn levels in both groups but showed a selective GABA decrease only in isolated rats. It would have been very interesting to be able to detect GABA changes in the study at 3T but the used protocol did not allow its accurate quantification. Simulations and reliability tests (Chapter 6)were then utilized to optimize a standard sequence to obtain an accurate and reliable GABA concentration. The optimized sequence reproduces the quantification with 12% of accuracy. The preliminary results of the last study (Chapter 7) give an evidence of the potential of combined use of Monte Carlo, Levenberg-Marquardt and NNLS methods embedded in a novel fitting approach for two-dimensional spectra. The three appendices at the end of this work illustrate the details of some of the algorithms and softwares used throughout the studies.

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37

Grinberg, Farida. "Reorientations mediated by translational displacements in confined liquid crystals studied by field cycling NMR relaxometry and Monte Carlo simulations". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-194134.

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Ordering effects and low-frequency molecular dynamics in the nematic liquid crystals confined in mesoscopic pores was studied with the help of field cycling (FC) Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) relaxometry and Monte Carlo simulations. Proton relaxation rates were measured above the bulk isotropisation temperature in the broad frequency range between 2 kHz and 7 MHz. The average pore radii of confinements were between 1.5 and 15 nanometers. The relaxation dispersion curves in the confined materials exhibited strong deviations from the behaviour in bulk. In a few kHz range, a dramatic enhancement of the relaxation rates exceeding two orders of magnitude compared to the bulk sample was observed. The low-frequency value of the relaxation rate exhibited a strong dependence on the pore size. Experimental findings were interpreted in terms of the surface induced orientational order and diffusion between the sites with different orientations of local directors. The analysis was supported by Monte Carlo simulations of the reorientations mediated by translational displacements (RMTD) in spherical cavities.

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38

Dhiman, Sunil Kumar [Verfasser] y Paul [Akademischer Betreuer] Galland. "Magnetoreception in Arabidopsis thaliana : Effects of geomagnetic fields on transcription and translation [[Elektronische Ressource]] / Sunil Kumar Dhiman. Betreuer: Paul Galland". Marburg : Philipps-Universität Marburg, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1074639162/34.

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39

Juna, Shazia y Anton Huber. "Translational diffusion coefficients and hydrodynamic radii of normal corn starch in aqueous media from asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation experiments". Universitätsbibliothek Leipzig, 2015. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:15-qucosa-186242.

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Starch is a highly disperse material with broad distributions of molecular sizes and geometries. Its dissolution in aqueous media is difficult to achieve and it tends to form aggregates through both inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a suitable technique for the separation of such macromolecular and colloidal systems. A major advantage of AF4 is the direct correlation of translational diffusion coefficients with retention time and experimental parameters. In this article, the hydrodynamic and diffusive mobility of normal corn starch dissolved in 0.035 M KSCN was investigated by systematically varying the cross flow rates (applied forces); the translational diffusion coeffcients for normal corn starch in aqueous medium were found to range between 9.9 x 10-9 cm2/s and ~2.5 x 10-7 cm2/s with varying Fcr rates. Diffusion coefficient ranges shifted to higher diffusion co-efficient values at higher cross flow rates (applied forces). This behaviour, which may be attributed to the increased retention of very large starch molecules/particles at high Fcr rates, is further confirmed by the decrease in apparent molar mass and mass recovery values.

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40

Juna, Shazia y Anton Huber. "Translational diffusion coefficients and hydrodynamic radii of normal corn starch in aqueous media from asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation experiments". Diffusion fundamentals 15 (2011) 7, S. 1-8, 2011. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A13843.

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Starch is a highly disperse material with broad distributions of molecular sizes and geometries. Its dissolution in aqueous media is difficult to achieve and it tends to form aggregates through both inter- and intra-molecular interactions. Asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation (AF4) is a suitable technique for the separation of such macromolecular and colloidal systems. A major advantage of AF4 is the direct correlation of translational diffusion coefficients with retention time and experimental parameters. In this article, the hydrodynamic and diffusive mobility of normal corn starch dissolved in 0.035 M KSCN was investigated by systematically varying the cross flow rates (applied forces); the translational diffusion coeffcients for normal corn starch in aqueous medium were found to range between 9.9 x 10-9 cm2/s and ~2.5 x 10-7 cm2/s with varying Fcr rates. Diffusion coefficient ranges shifted to higher diffusion co-efficient values at higher cross flow rates (applied forces). This behaviour, which may be attributed to the increased retention of very large starch molecules/particles at high Fcr rates, is further confirmed by the decrease in apparent molar mass and mass recovery values.

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41

Wise, Zachary Gordon Lee. "System Optimization and Patient Translational Motion Correction for Reduction of Artifacts in a Fan-Beam CT Scanner". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1347918440.

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42

Segerdahl, Tony. "MRI Safety, Test Methods and Construction of a Database". Thesis, Stockholm University, Medical Radiation Physics (together with KI), 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-6968.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging, MRI, is a diagnostic tool in progress which has been available at major hospitals since the mid eighties. Today almost all hospitals world wide may depict the human body with their own MRI scanner. MRI is dependent on a uniform magnetic field inside the scanner tunnel and Radio frequent (RF) waves used for excitation of the magnetic dipole moments in the body. These properties along with the magnetic field surrounding the scanner are associated with dangerous effects - when interacting with medical implants made of metals. These dangerous effects are twisting forces or torques, heating and translational forces respectively. A database containing information about known implants behaviour regarding these effects among with earlier documentation and information concerning MRI patient safety at Karolinska hospital, Huddinge was constructed.

Also a phantom used for heating effect measurements was constructed and heating effect measurements were performed at a SPC4129 locking titanium Peritoneal Dialysis (PD) catheter adapter and a Deep Brain Stimulator (DBS) in order to test the phantom and confirm the theory about RF induced heating on medical implants. Evidence for heating effects caused by the implants was found.

A torque measurement apparatus was constructed and measurements were performed. All measurements where performed in order to investigate the functionality of the apparatus and also the theory behind dangerous magnetically induced torques (twisting movements). Substantial torque were measured on the ferromagnetic device used for the test.

The heating phantom and torque measurement apparatus is slightly modified models of those proposed by ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials).

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43

Angha, Nahid. "An annotated translation and examination of the essential mystical teachings of 'Abdu'llaÌ„h AnsaÌ„ri's (396-481/1006-1089) Sad maydaÌ„n (Hundred fields)". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.438336.

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44

Meier, Roman [Verfasser] y Ernst [Akademischer Betreuer] RößLer. "Molecular Liquids and Polymers Investigated by Field Cycling 1H NMR Relaxometry: Impact of Rotational and Translational Dynamics on Relaxation / Roman Meier. Betreuer: Ernst Rößler". Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1060009676/34.

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45

陸志国. "習性、資本、場域與譯者行為 : 布迪厄理論視角下的茅盾翻譯研究 = Habitus, capital, field and translatorial act : a bourdieusian perspective on Mao Dun as a translator". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1377.

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46

De, Mercoyrol de Beaulieu Myriam. "Analyse linguistique et culturelle de l'anglicisation contemporaine du français à partir d'un corpus médiatique". Thesis, Orléans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019ORLE3011.

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L'anglicisation du français, au-delà d'un inventaire des anglicismes et traductions littérales et d'une description de leurs emplois, requiert une analyse qui montre quelles sont les incidences sociales et culturelles des transformations linguistiques. A travers la substitution de mots et d'expressions dont usent les médias, les référents géographiques et historiques, constitutifs du scénario global interne du lexique français sont supplantés par des référents issus du monde anglophone. Portant de l'opposition entre point de vue continental (en français) et point de vues maritime (en anglais), cette thèse explique que l'anglicisation cause des infléchissements des champs métaphoriques ainsi que des façons de concevoir la désignation et l'explicitation. L'auteure, interprète de conférence, fonde son argumentation sur l'interdépendance entre langue et culture. L'anglicisation est présente aujourd'hui au sein même de toutes les langues en concurrence avec l'anglais. Elle aboutit à une uniformisation des images et des conceptualisations et donc à un appauvrissement multilingue de la diversité culturelle. Un glossaire des emprunts avec leurs équivalents en français complète l'étude
Analyzing the anglicization of the French language requires more than a mere list of literal translations and borrowings from English and a description of their use: it requires an approach that shows the social and cultural impact of linguistic transformation. Through the gradual encroachment of words and expressions used by the media, geographical and historical references, which have shaped the internal holistic logic of the French language, have been supplanted by references taken from the Anglophone world. Taking as a starting point the contrast between the continental perspective of French and the maritime perspective of English, this PhD thesis explains the gradual shift of the metaphorical fields and of the way in which the meaning is conceived and conveyed. The author, a conference interpreter, bases her reasoning on the interdependence of language and culture. This linguistic transformation, which today is a feature of all languages competing with English, leads to a uniformity of images and conceptualizations and to a decline of cultural diversity across many languages. A glossary of borrowed terms together with their French equivalents completes this study

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47

Sebotsa, Mosisili. "La contribution de la traduction à l'expansion lexicale du sesotho". Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSE2121/document.

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Si la traduction est simplement définie comme un processus de communication bilingue dont le but général est de reproduire en langue cible un texte qui soit fonctionnellement équivalent au texte de départ (Reiss 2004 : 168-169), l’approche empruntée dans la présente thèse est celle d’une opération interculturelle et systématique qui vise à capturer le message issu d’une langue étrangère, à le décrypter en tenant en compte des nuances culturelles ou inhérentes à la discipline, et à le rendre le plus clairement possible en se servant d'éléments linguistiques et extralinguistiques compréhensibles dans la langue du locuteur cible. L'objectif est de déterminer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale du sesotho, domaine qui demeure peu exploré par les spécialistes de cette langue. La problématique de ce travail repose sur la constatation que les néologismes en sesotho ne sont pas documentés de manière satisfaisante, si bien qu’il est difficile d'évaluer la contribution de la traduction à l’expansion lexicale. Les études antérieures sur la morphologie, la dérivation, la composition, l’emprunt et la dénomination s’appuient sur la mesure de la productivité, soulevant la question de savoir si la traduction en soi contribue à l’enrichissement terminologique du sesotho. Le point de départ de la thèse est l'hypothèse selon laquelle l’interaction avec le monde européen a nécessité de traduire de nombreux concepts qui n’existaient pas dans les systèmes traditionnels du Lesotho, ce qui a entraîné un nouveau dynamisme qui a permis de combler des lacunes terminologiques évidentes et de s’ouvrir et de s’adapter aux nouvelles réalités. Pour mettre cette hypothèse à l’épreuve et arriver à des conclusions éclairées et fiables, je cherche à répondre à trois questions : 1) Quelle est la structure des mots sesothos par rapport à celle de l’anglais en tant que langue source de traduction en sesotho, et du français en tant que langue de rédaction de la thèse ? 2) Etant donné que le sesotho est utilisé concomitamment avec l’anglais sans pour autant être la langue d'une culture inventrice en matière technologique, quel est le rôle que joue l’emprunt dans son expansion lexicale ? 3) D’un point de vue lexicologique, comment le sesotho répond-il aux besoins terminologiques dans les domaines de spécialité techno-scientifiques ? Pour y répondre, je m'appuie sur Doke (1954) et Matšela et al. (1981) pour situer le sesotho parmi les langues bantoues, préciser les fonctions du préfixe classificateur et établir la différence entre les composés sesothos d'une part et les composés anglais et français d'autre part. J’utilise ensuite la théorie avancée par Lederer (1990) pour démontrer l’influence syntaxique, sémantique et morphologique que l’anglais a sur le sesotho et pour présenter les différents procédés d’emprunt du sesotho. Diki-Kidiri (2008), Dispaldro et al. (2010) et Baboya (2008) démontrent la nécessité de faire appel aux informateurs-spécialistes pour confirmer l’hypothèse de départ. Les résultats obtenus mettent en évidence qu’en effet, la traduction a contribué à l’expansion du sesotho moderne, bien que cela n’ait pas été documenté, d’où la recommandation d'un travail collaboratif entre lexicologues au Lesotho, au Botswana, en Namibie et en Afrique du Sud, pour ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives d’études linguistiques sur le sesotho et pouvoir suivre et mesurer l’évolution de la langue
Whilst translation is simply defined as a communication process whose main objective is to reproduce in the target language a text that is functionally equivalent to the source text (Reiss 2004: 168-169), the approach taken in this study views translation as an intercultural and systematic operation whose objective is to capture the message from the foreign language, to decrypt it taking into account cultural nuances or those inherent in the field at hand and to render it in the clearest possible manner using linguistic and extra linguistic elements which are comprehensible to the speaker of the target language. This study is aimed at determining the contribution of translation to the lexical expansion of Sesotho, an area which has been little explored by specialists of the language. The core issue is centred on the observation that Sesotho neologisms are not well documented, so that it is hard to measure the contribution of translation towards the lexical expansion of Sesotho. Analyses of morphology, derivation, compounding, borrowing and denomination are mainly focused on productivity in order to determine whether translation as a discipline contributes towards the creation of new words in the language.The study begins by positing the hypothesis that the interaction with the Western world necessitated the translation of numerous concepts which were absent from the then existing Sesotho systems. This process of interaction contributed a new dynamism that helped the language to bridge the terminological gap, to open up and adapt to new realities. In order to put this hypothesis to the test and arrive at well-researched and reliable conclusions, I attempt to probe three issues of concern: firstly, what is the structure of the Sesotho language compared to that of the English language as the source language of most translations into Sesotho and compared to that of the French language as the language in which this study is presented? Secondly, considering that Sesotho is used simultaneously with English even though it is not a techno-scientifically inventing language, what is the role played by the processes of borrowing in the lexical expansion of Sesotho? Thirdly, from the word-formation point of view, how does Sesotho respond to the terminological deficiencies in various fields of specialisation?To address these issues, Doke (1954) and Matšela et al. (1981) serve as references to situate Sesotho among the Bantu languages, to highlight the functions of the class prefix and to establish the difference between Sesotho and English and French compounding. Secondly, the theory advanced by Lederer (1990) serves as a springboard to analyse the syntactic, semantic and morphological influences that English has on Sesotho and to present the different borrowing processes. The third issue is addressed based on the theories presented by Diki-Kidiri (2008) while the theories proposed by Dispaldro et al. (2010) and Baboya (2008) led to the decision to call upon specialist informants to confirm the original hypothesis. The results obtained provide evidence that translation has, in fact, contributed to the lexical expansion of modern Sesotho, even though this has not been well documented. The study recommends collaborative work between Lesotho, Botswana, Namibian and South African linguists in order to open new avenues of linguistic studies on Sesotho with the aim to measure and monitor the evolution of the language

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48

Hagström, Anne-Christine. "Un miroir aux alouettes ? : Stratégies pour la traduction des métaphores". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Romance Languages, 2002. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-2629.

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This dissertation has three goals : to establish an inventory of translation strategies applicable to the translation of metaphor, to investigate how the application of these strategies affects the balance in metaphorical quality between source text and target text, and, finally, to determine whether this balance is a useful indicator of the direction of the translation as a whole, towards either adequacy or acceptability.

To carry out this research the author has established a corpus comprising 250 metaphors from the novel La goutte d’or by Michel Tournier and its Swedish translation, Gulddroppen by C.G. Bjurström. Based on the criteria thematical and contextual connection 158 metaphors from this corpus have been selected for analysis.The strategy used in the translation of each metaphor has been established. The degree of balance in metaphorical quality between the two texts has then been determined and its significance as an indicator of the direction of the translation as a whole has been discussed.

The underlying theory and methodology of the study are those of Gideon Toury as outlined in his book Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond. The study is thus essentially descriptive in nature.

The dissertation is divided into two parts. The first part gives a survey of well known research within the fields of metaphor theory and translation theory. Various theories concerning the requested equality between a text and its translation are presented, as well as inventories of translation strategies established by a number of researchers. The second part contains the analysis of the selected metaphors and establishes a set of strategies for this purpose.

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49

Perozzo, Valentina. "Il notomista delle anime: sociologia e geografia del romanzo nell'Italia di fine Ottocento(1870 - 1899)". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3426652.

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Between 1870 and 1899 in Italy 1051 writers published 2545 new novels in Italian. This research is focused on a database that collects data about those books and their authors. In this way we delineate a comprehensive overview of the Italian fiction literature of the late nineteenth century, bypassing the canonization of literary history. The aim of this research is to study how a specific kind of intellectual worker (the novelist) takes shape and how he fits into the deep changes that were taking place in Italian literary system of the time. The first part of this thesis focuses on the database: at first it emerges a sort of geography of the Italian novel, providing an accurate quantitative picture of the editorial production. We gathered different kinds of information about novels, in order to cover also aspects normally neglected as price, number of pages, number of reissues. Secondly, we focus on the figure of the novelist and its characteristics. Following data have been collected regarding each novelist: date of birth, country of birth, education, social background (through father's profession), any other work that is combined to the literary practice (teaching, journalism). Moreover, there is an attempt to account for the complete literary production of each author (other genres, the total number of novels). Database has been reworked through charts. In the second part of the research we analyzed the production of Italian novels through two different points of view: interactions with foreign novels and especially French novels (whose importation was very considerable) and the introduction of "Realism" (or "Verismo" or "Naturalism") in Italian literary system. Canonical studies of novel normally neglect both analysis of foreign fiction production (that was the common choice for an average Italian reader) and "non-artistic" topics within the artistic discourse (such as the contradiction between ethics of society and realist novel). The theoretical basis that inspired this work is the concept of "literary field" developed by Pierre Bourdieu, whose purpose is such a construction of an authentic sociology of artistic production. The model proposed by Bourdieu allows us to think the fields of cultural production as a relatively autonomous relational system, though it was designed on the French literary field of the late nineteenth century. In the same period, the conditions of fiction production in Italy were extremely different. Nevertheless Bourdieu's theory (and, in the same way, Franco Moretti's considerations on “distant reading”) allows to reclaim the study of art practices as an entirely legitimate research topic for a historian.
Tra il 1870 e il 1899 in Italia vengono pubblicati 2545 prime edizioni romanzi in lingua italiana , opera di 1051 scrittori. L'elemento centrale di questa ricerca è un database che raccoglie le informazioni sui libri e sui loro autori. In questo modo si è delineato un panorama completo della narrativa italiana di fine ottocento, bypassando la canonizzazione della storia letteraria. Lo scopo iniziale di questa ricerca è studiare come si formi una specifica figura di lavoratore intellettuale - lo scrittore di romanzi -, e come questo si inserisca all'interno delle profonde trasformazioni in atto nel mercato delle lettere di fine Ottocento. La prima parte della tesi si concentra sul database e sulle informazioni che se ne possono ricavare: in primo luogo si delinea così una geografia del romanzo italiano, fornendo un accurato quadro quantitativo della produzione editoriale. Le informazioni che si sono raccolte sui romanzi riguardano infatti anche aspetti normalmente trascurati come il prezzo, il numero di pagine, le riedizioni. In secondo luogo ci si concentra sulla figura del romanziere e sulle sue caratteristiche. Le informazioni raccolte su ogni romanziere riguardano la data di nascita, la regione di nascita, l'educazione, la provenienza sociale (attraverso la professione del padre), le altre attività lavorative che accompagnano la pratica letteraria (insegnamento, giornalismo). Inoltre si è cercato di rendere conto della produzione letteraria completa (altri generi letterari, numero di romanzi complessivo). Le informazioni sono state rielaborate graficamente. Nella seconda parte della tesi si è analizzata la produzione di romanzi italiani attraverso due differenti punti di vista: le interazioni con la narrativa straniera e soprattutto francese (di cui l'Italia era grande importatrice) e l'introduzione della corrente letteraria del realismo (o verismo o naturalismo) nel peculiare sistema letterario italiano. Nella costruzione discorsiva classica sulla letteratura e sul romanzo vengono esclusi normalmente sia la produzione straniera che invece faceva parte dell'orizzonte del lettore italiano dell'epoca, sia la presenza di istanze “non artistiche” all'interno delle questioni artistiche (nel nostro caso il problema tra la morale corrente e il romanzo verista). Il presupposto teorico dal quale prende spunto questo lavoro è il concetto di campo letterario elaborato da Pierre Bourdieu, il cui scopo è la costruzione di un'autentica sociologia delle produzione artistiche. Il modello proposto da Bourdieu, che permette di pensare i campi di produzione culturale come sistemi relazionali relativamente autonomi, è stata improntato sul campo letterario francese della fine dell'Ottocento. Le condizioni della produzione romanzesca italiana delle stesso periodo sono estremamente diverse, il che rende complessa una diretta trasposizione dei concetti del campo letterario, ma l'elaborazione bourdosiana (come d'altra parte le riflessioni sulla distant reading di Franco Moretti) ci permette di pensare alle pratiche artistiche come un oggetto di ricerca del tutto legittimo per uno storico.

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50

Pécheux, Nicolas. "Modèles exponentiels et contraintes sur les espaces de recherche en traduction automatique et pour le transfert cross-lingue". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS242/document.

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La plupart des méthodes de traitement automatique des langues (TAL) peuvent être formalisées comme des problèmes de prédiction, dans lesquels on cherche à choisir automatiquement l'hypothèse la plus plausible parmi un très grand nombre de candidats. Malgré de nombreux travaux qui ont permis de mieux prendre en compte la structure de l'ensemble des hypothèses, la taille de l'espace de recherche est généralement trop grande pour permettre son exploration exhaustive. Dans ce travail, nous nous intéressons à l'importance du design de l'espace de recherche et étudions l'utilisation de contraintes pour en réduire la taille et la complexité. Nous nous appuyons sur l'étude de trois problèmes linguistiques — l'analyse morpho-syntaxique, le transfert cross-lingue et le problème du réordonnancement en traduction — pour mettre en lumière les risques, les avantages et les enjeux du choix de l'espace de recherche dans les problèmes de TAL.Par exemple, lorsque l'on dispose d'informations a priori sur les sorties possibles d'un problème d'apprentissage structuré, il semble naturel de les inclure dans le processus de modélisation pour réduire l'espace de recherche et ainsi permettre une accélération des traitements lors de la phase d'apprentissage. Une étude de cas sur les modèles exponentiels pour l'analyse morpho-syntaxique montre paradoxalement que cela peut conduire à d'importantes dégradations des résultats, et cela même quand les contraintes associées sont pertinentes. Parallèlement, nous considérons l'utilisation de ce type de contraintes pour généraliser le problème de l'apprentissage supervisé au cas où l'on ne dispose que d'informations partielles et incomplètes lors de l'apprentissage, qui apparaît par exemple lors du transfert cross-lingue d'annotations. Nous étudions deux méthodes d'apprentissage faiblement supervisé, que nous formalisons dans le cadre de l'apprentissage ambigu, appliquées à l'analyse morpho-syntaxiques de langues peu dotées en ressources linguistiques.Enfin, nous nous intéressons au design de l'espace de recherche en traduction automatique. Les divergences dans l'ordre des mots lors du processus de traduction posent un problème combinatoire difficile. En effet, il n'est pas possible de considérer l'ensemble factoriel de tous les réordonnancements possibles, et des contraintes sur les permutations s'avèrent nécessaires. Nous comparons différents jeux de contraintes et explorons l'importance de l'espace de réordonnancement dans les performances globales d'un système de traduction. Si un meilleur design permet d'obtenir de meilleurs résultats, nous montrons cependant que la marge d'amélioration se situe principalement dans l'évaluation des réordonnancements plutôt que dans la qualité de l'espace de recherche
Most natural language processing tasks are modeled as prediction problems where one aims at finding the best scoring hypothesis from a very large pool of possible outputs. Even if algorithms are designed to leverage some kind of structure, the output space is often too large to be searched exaustively. This work aims at understanding the importance of the search space and the possible use of constraints to reduce it in size and complexity. We report in this thesis three case studies which highlight the risk and benefits of manipulating the seach space in learning and inference.When information about the possible outputs of a sequence labeling task is available, it may seem appropriate to include this knowledge into the system, so as to facilitate and speed-up learning and inference. A case study on type constraints for CRFs however shows that using such constraints at training time is likely to drastically reduce performance, even when these constraints are both correct and useful at decoding.On the other side, we also consider possible relaxations of the supervision space, as in the case of learning with latent variables, or when only partial supervision is available, which we cast as ambiguous learning. Such weakly supervised methods, together with cross-lingual transfer and dictionary crawling techniques, allow us to develop natural language processing tools for under-resourced languages. Word order differences between languages pose several combinatorial challenges to machine translation and the constraints on word reorderings have a great impact on the set of potential translations that is explored during search. We study reordering constraints that allow to restrict the factorial space of permutations and explore the impact of the reordering search space design on machine translation performance. However, we show that even though it might be desirable to design better reordering spaces, model and search errors seem yet to be the most important issues

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