Tesis sobre el tema "Transitions énergétiques"
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Dégremont-Dorville, Marie. "Transitions énergétiques et politiques à l’orée du XXIe siècle : l’émergence en France d’un modèle territorial de transition énergétique". Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018IEPP0008/document.
Texto completoOur work focuses on energy transition policies launched by French local authorities through a historical perspective. We analyze renewable energy and energy efficiency local policies as well as grid modernization, especially since their development in the mid-2000s. They are embedded in a process where historical principles guiding public policies in the energy sector are being challenged, especially as regards electricity. This offers opportunities to actors contesting these organizational principles, who promote alternatives they crafted for a few decades. Thanks to policy entrepreneurs mobilizing resources acquired over the course of their career, an alternative territorialized energy model is emerging. Gradually, it gains ground through the development of local production systems, mostly controlled by regional councils and large urban centers. These processes bring about a number of changes, most of them being incremental. However, we identify accelerating periods that can lead to changes of energy systems on a wider scale. They introduce differentiation from the French energy system, organized and controlled at a national scale. These alternatives are standardized, and it makes them more powerful to confront strong path dependency in this area. Since energy policy has been central in the crafting of the French modern state, these transitions could have consequences on public policies in general and on the state itself
Mesnil, Camille. "Convertir la méthanisation en « solution de transition énergétique » : Le cas de la relance de la méthanisation en Île-de-France 1990-2020". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Est, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PESC2001.
Texto completoThe thesis focuses on the deployment of anaerobic digestion in Île-de-France to shed light on whatis happening through the devices called upon to develop in the name of the "green city". This processof breaking down organic matter in the absence of air produces a gas mixture and a digestate, a kindof humus. The multifunctional character (waste management, energy production, compostproduction), the significant plasticity (in terms of technical intensity, inputs and uses) and above allthe double environmental promise (as a mode of production of renewable energy or as a circulareconomy tool) with which anaerobic digestion can be associated, make it a preferred technique foranyone interested in environmental issues in the broad sense.With the analysis of diversified framing, enrolment and incentive scenes as well as the trajectory ofthe different types of assemblage in Île-de-France, the thesis shows the primacy of the visions anddevices most compatible with energetic regime, especially those associated with large gas networks.It also shows that the articulation of the issues of waste management and energy production is notstraightforward and is the subject of tensions. Beyond these two issues, the thesis shows the pluralityof "spillovers" of the development of anaerobic digestion in environmental terms (water, soil, etc.)and socio-economic matters (associated agricultural model)
Kim, Eun Hye. "Les transitions énergétiques urbaines du XIXe au XXIe siècle : de la biomasse aux combustibles fossiles et fissiles à Paris (France)". Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00999911.
Texto completoDesvallées, Lise. "Problématisation, politisation et mesures de résorption des vulnérabilités énergétiques : entre droit à l’énergie et contrôle des pratiques des pauvres à Porto et à Barcelone". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC1010.
Texto completo50 million Europeans face financial difficulties to heat, cook or light their homes. Households in energy vulnerability either limit the use of these services because they do not have sufficient income, or devote a disproportionately large part of their overall budget to paying energy bills. European legislation requires Member States to establish policies for measuring and resolving the problem. This objective is complex because energy vulnerability is at the intersection of a set of factors covered by different sectoral policies: the pricing of energy, the energy efficiency of housing, and social assistance.This thesis studies the emergence of energy vulnerability in national and local public agendas with an urban political ecology framework. I conducted a comparative survey in two cities (Porto and Barcelona), where the issue is important and treated in different ways. I analyze the factors that combine to create situations of energy vulnerability in these cities and which turn them into public problems, through media, legislation and local innovations. Policy analysis is complemented by study of the concrete conditions of energy vulnerability as they are experienced by households which are in touch with social assistance agencies and charities.The main result of the thesis is that situations of energy vulnerability are politicized by both new actors and traditional players in energy governance. I show how civil society activism gives rise to a right to energy, which is not enshrined in national legislation and which, under the pressure of new social movements, becomes an imperative for local communities. I then analyze the diffusion of programs targeting vulnerable households, based on a model that aims at reducing consumption and therefore limiting the number of unpaid energy bills. This experimental and inexpensive model meets the interests of organizations from civil society, local communities, energy suppliers and the households themselves who were already reducing their expenses
Nciri, Aida. "The divergent diffusion of district energy systems in France and Alberta : state politics and the socio-material and socio-spatial construction of low-carbon transitions". Thesis, Paris Est, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PESC2192.
Texto completoHow do different state structures and urban and energy socio-material contexts explain the uneven diffusion of district energy systems (DES) in urban areas of France and Alberta between 2000 and 2014 ? To answer this question, this thesis analyses the processes inherent to low-carbon energy transitions through socio-spatial and socio-material lenses, considering power relations and state structure. At the intersection of urban planning and energy systems, DES proves practical to explore the nexus between low-carbon governance, energy governance, and urban governance. Theoretical frameworks employed in the analysis include 1) recent contributions from (urban) transition studies and socio-technical systems ; 2) a Lefebvrian conceptualisation of socio-space and social changes ; and 3) Jessop’s (1990, 2008) strategic-relational approach of state power. An original inter-scale comparative research allows for examining the uneven construction of low-carbon energy policies in France and Alberta, and their relations with state structures, and existing urban and energy systems. Jessop et al.’s Territory-Place-Scale-Network (TPSN) framework is mobilised to overcome the issues of commensurability and spontaneous comparison. These theoretical and methodological approaches provide a robust demonstration that the provincial scale in Canada, and the national scale in France, are the scales dominating the construction of low-carbon energy transitions and urban governance. Despite similar state powers, French and Albertan governments developed different state policies on low-carbon transition, highlighting selectivity in the exercise of state capacities. They differently engaged and enabled local urban governments and developed different state interventions on DES. In France, state-sponsored DES activated new channels of growth compatible with existing dominant socio-materialities; in Alberta, state-funded DES experiments failed to activate new channels of growth compatible with dominant socio-materialities. This thesis posits that selective construction of low-carbon policies depends on the material interests of dominant energy and state actors. In other words, the state does not seek to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by all means. Rather, it seeks to reproduce dominant socio-material status quo, adapting low-carbon policies to existing socio-material configuration. Ultimately, this thesis validates how the concepts of state structure and the TPSN framework can enrich the theorisation of space and power relations for (urban) transition studies
Haillot, Didier. "Matériaux composites à hautes performances énergétiques pour l’optimisation des chauffe-eau solaires individuels : du matériau au procédé". Perpignan, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PERP0999.
Texto completoThis thesis takes place in a partnership between the PROMES laboratory and the Saunier Duval industry, part of the Vaillant Group, with the aim of improving the performance of solar domestic hot water (SDHW) system. Potential of phase change materials (PCM) for this particular application is investigated in this study. Our approach has been to associate the study of composites (preparation and characterization) and also the analysis of the process to achieve optimal integration of the material in the system. In the first part we have elaborated and characterized composite based on compressed expanded natural graphite (CENG) and PCM in order to validate the existence of materials having the characteristics necessary for the planned feature. The second part of this work aims to quantify the performance of a SDHW which includes the composite material previously developed. A numerical approach allows us to simulate the thermal behaviour and the efficiency of such a system. Analysis of these numerical results will give rise to several conclusion and prospects
Dato, Prudence. "La transition énergétique". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAA025/document.
Texto completoThe transition to renewable energy involves two kinds of environmental concerns. First, fossil fuels are exhaustible and second, their use generates negative externalities through irreversible environmental damage. Furthermore, there are possible synergies between energy efficiency measures and renewable energy adoption in the sense that the former reduces the energy demand so that the latter can begin to cut future greenhouse gases emissions. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyze the optimal energy transition under certain and uncertain occurrence of environmental catastrophe and to determine incentive-based instruments at the household level in order to boost the energy transition. The dissertation consists of four chapters that independently present and discuss different issues of energy transition. The first chapter focuses on the optimal energy transition involving decisions about both renewable energy adoption and investment in energy saving technologies, when there is a certain pollution threshold that triggers the occurrence of environmental catastrophe. The second chapter investigates the optimal transition to renewable energy under uncertain occurrence of environmental catastrophe. The third chapter is devoted to understanding household behavior regarding energy transition. The fourth chapter explores the role of smart-grids in integrating intermittent renewable energy to facilitate the energy transition
Paris, Anthony. "Les biocarburants dans la transition énergétique : impacts macroéconomiques et perspectives de développement". Thesis, Paris 10, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PA100054/document.
Texto completoHaving shown the existence of an inflationary impact of first-generation biofuels on agricultural prices through a stronger link between agricultural and oil prices, we highlight the lack of a real positive effect of their expansion on the emerging and developing economies. In addition, the rise in agricultural prices has required some importing countries of these agricultural products to implement policy measures to protect their domestic markets. These results prove that it is imperative to develop a production of biofuels that do not use food crops. However, we highlight the preference of the French population for these second-generation biofuels, especially for a production based on agricultural residuals. Finally, we establish – using the example of the US market of ethanol – that the establishment of biofuel derivatives markets in Europe could enable industrials to protect themselves efficiently against price volatility
Bahini, Yacoub. "La transition énergétique et son impact sur la croissance économique". Thesis, Paris 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA010018.
Texto completoThis work tries to approach the problem of the energy transition under a rather particular angle to raise the complexity of this transition and the fact whom we are still relatively far from handling this question in a suitable and convincing way. By discuss this problem in the first two chapters, basing on the already existing literature ; two other models were proposed to contribute modestly to this literature. These two models belong to two different families, in particular TETM and EnvETM2 who have, each, peculiarities appropriate to him, and give, generaly, rather divergent results.We deduce from results of the first model that the development of the renewable energies does not have to exceed certain level, and that the policies based on energy prices (taxes, subsidy, ...) will be more effective to accelerate the energy transition. The energy transition will not can pass with the same rhythm in all sectors, what makes that political choices must be very precise to choose the rignts sectors ans territories, to lead an optimal transition.The second model, has for objective the generalization of the model of CMM1 to explore new policies to fight against the environmental problems, caused by the massive use of the fossil energy resources, sources of GHG (greenhouse gas emissions). We can summarize the results of this model by deducing that the renewable energy must be produced over time, even with an energy price lower than its marginal cost. This implies that the renewable energies have to subsidized, as long as they remain non-competitive. The use of the renewable energies is not sufficient solution to fight against GHG emissions, in certain case we have to abate as we use ReE
Millot, Ariane. "Faire la transition énergétique bas-carbone ou comment réaliser l'avènement d'un mythe ?" Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM074.
Texto completoTo fight climate change and limit the rise in global temperatures, countries must reduce their CO2 emissions and achieve what is commonly known as an energy transition. However, this ambiguous notion covers various objectives, which makes it difficult to understand the challenges involved in transforming the energy system and further complicates its management. The aim of this thesis is to question the term of energy transition in order to propose a new approach to its management. We begin with an overview of the concept of energy transition, which involves both looking at its highly ambiguous definition and observing it throughout history, which indicates that the low-carbon energy transition will need to be handled very differently from in the past. In the second part, we analyze French attempts to steer the transition. Our examination of policies implemented to date shows that the French energy system has not really engaged in an energy transition that corresponds to the stated objectives. Based on the TIMES-France energy prospective model we then examine the impact of a carbon neutrality target on: the level of carbon tax, which will be too high to be acceptable politically and socially; decarbonization trajectories, which will involve a radical technological change of the energy system; and specific challenges facing France thanks to a comparison with the Swedish situation. In the last part, we explore new approaches to piloting the energy transition. Following a review of a proposal from a branch of the social sciences, Transition Management, we develop an analogy between the energy transition and the phase transition theory in physics, with the aim of improving control of the energy transition and enriching our understanding of this notion. More specifically, it allows us to put forward a set of taxes and subsidies evolving over time
Kahouli-Brahmi, Sondès. "Essais empiriques sur la transition énergétique". Nantes, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010NANT4033.
Texto completoThe aim of this thesis is to analyse energy transition. In particular, we are interested in technological learning as a driver of the endogenous technological change, the main vector of energy transition. We show in the first chapter the difficulty to quantify learning effects, and we indentify a bulk of factors which can improve the reliability of estimations. We also show that, although the incorporation of technological learning in energy-environment-economy models may engender some methodological and mathematical complexities, it permits to improve the understanding of energy adoption and diffusion dynamics. In the second chapter, we focus on the question of competition between competing energy technologies. We show that the dynamic learning effects and the static scale effects are responsible for the current lock-in situation of the energy system on conventional energy resources. We are interested in the third chapter in the controversial case of nuclear energy, as a plausible future energy options. We analyse the question of its competitiveness in France. We show that learning effects enhance the competitiveness, but that construction delay may hait it. In the fourth chapter, we focus on the question of uranium primary supply. We show that uranium prices exert a positive and significant effect on production and exploration expenditures but not on reserves. We also show that production and exploration expenditures are more sensitive to prices increase rather than to prices decrease
Verdoni, Nicole. "Transitions métaboliques chez Pseudomonas mendocina : transitions membranaires et force proton motrice en anaérobiose. Contrôle métabolique exercé par l'oxygène pendant la transition graduelle de l'aérobiose à la limitation en oxygène". Compiègne, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991COMP410S.
Texto completoLavallez, Catherine. "Territorialisation des politiques énergétiques dans l agglomération franco-valdo-genevoise : la planification énergétique comme opportunité de réaménagement des zones frontières ?" Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015GREAE006/document.
Texto completoIn France as in Switzerland, local authorities stand out as leading players of energy transition, a transition that requires an important renewal of public intervention instruments. It is the stakes and the conditions of such a renewal that the present work aims to examine, based on the experiments of territorial energy planning led on the franco-valdo-genevan cross-border territory. Conceived as initiatives of relocation of the energy supply system, these energy planning initiatives are examined through an institutionalist and pragmatic « reading template ».This « reading template » consists of seeing these energy planning initiatives as pragmatist inquiries aiming, through a collective work of cognitive equipment of the territorial franco-valdo-genevan field of intervention, at the reconstruction of the means of coordination between people about their material, organizational and political territory. It opens towards a double reading of the energy planning initiatives. The first one concentrates on the organizational dimension of these inquiries - i.e. on the cultures of action which they gather and the modalities of interaction between them - whereas the second focuses on the cognitive substance which represents the medium of the interactions.This double reading provides insights at various levels. The first one concerns the (cognitive) territorial field of intervention that these energy-planning experiments contribute to draw. A field which, although better and better characterized in its technical dimensions, remains at the same time limited and " deformed " so that it values more the fossil energy systems, from which we want to release ourselves, than the renewable ones, which we would like to replace them with.The second level of teaching concerns the processes of production of territorial knowledge (PPTK) which presides over the demarcation and « equipment » of the territorial field of intervention. Examined through the institutional norms and the culture of action at stake in them, this PPTK turns out to create a sociocognitive "cross-border" area, the kind of area that could shelter the desired reconfigurations…on the condition that they are beforehand correctly “equipped”, in cognitive and also in organizational terms.The determining factor for the quality of this equipment is concentrated in the third category of teaching. Starting with the opportunities created by these energy planning experiments concerning the renewal of public intervention instruments, these elements also allow us to take a new look at the urban area project under construction in this cross-border territory, a project that shows itself closely linked to the energy experiments through a common challenge of territorialisation
Mor, Elsa. "La transition énergétique urbaine : vers une reconfiguration multi- niveaux des systèmes de gouvernance et des systèmes énergétiques ? : Deux études de cas contrastées : Bristol (Royaume-Uni) et Munich (Allemagne)". Thesis, Le Mans, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LEMA3010/document.
Texto completoThe PhD addresses the processes of urban energy transition and their multi-level dimension. Given that these processes cannot be considered independently from the local context in which they apply and that they are built in interaction with the other levels of action, understanding them calls for a multi-level analysis to shed light the articulations between the different scales of decision and action. The first part shows that the systemic and cross-cutting nature of the climate-energy issues makes governance processes more complex and contributes to their reorganization at all scales of action by questioning the standard conceptual frameworks and disciplinary fields. The second and third parts develop mixed case studies, Munich and Bristol. This analysis reveals a contrast in the transition models, between Bristol, which favors a strategy of decentralization and energy resilience supported by the municipality, the energy communities and the industrial actors, and Munich, which adopts a strategy organized around the relocation of electricity generation and the internationalization of activities of the municipal energy company (SWM) – 7th largest German producer. A reversal of the dynamics and national models of energy is paradoxically observed between the national and the local scales. The UK centralism acts as a structural constraint for the decentralized strategy of Bristol, in Munich, the EnergieWende is a driver for the industrial and delocalized strategy of the SWM, which becomes a major player in the federal transition given its scale
Boutaud, Benoit. "Un modèle énergétique en transition ? Centralisme et décentralisation dans la régulation du système énergétique". Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1173/document.
Texto completoEnergy transition finds itself high on the political agenda, with electricity occupying its own specific place. The aim of this thesis is to reflect on the emergence of a new electricity model, and to determine its features and whether it offers an alternative to the centralised model. Using three perspectives for analysis – institutional, technological and regional – this thesis demonstrate that this model has had its day. An accumulation of changes has transformed the electricity system, both materially and in relation to its organisation: liberalisation, rise of distributed generation, political decentralisation, and so on. The new configuration currently under production is the result of contradictory socio-technical pressures; these are creating a hybrid system between a general trend towards decentralisation on one side and mechanisms for political-administrative centralisation and technico-economic concentration on the other.The state has lost its monopoly but not its central position, even though the sector has diversified in terms of actors and technologies and become more open to society (access to production, legislative process, etc.). Neither the frustrated progression of EU operations, liberalisation, nor the greater presence of local authorities has thus far been able to entirely undermine the state's ability to position itself at the centre of operational control of the sector. It acts in different ways: withdrawal from operational matters, integration of renewables, finance, R&D, legislation, etc. On occasions it is also interventionist (shareholders, price structures, networks, etc.). In a liberal climate, the state is adapting by undertaking pragmatic reform of its activities and controlling the integration of socio-technical alternatives. This adaptation equates to a greater role for the regional authorities in public energy policy, as local areas continue to gain in importance. These regions and areas are currently defining themselves as indispensable partners of the state – largely on the basis of the bodies for intercommunal cooperation and the regional councils – for the management and implementation of a multitude of processes and technical measures at sub-national level. In parallel, they wish to assert their importance in the sector and can make use of their levers for operational control (planning, support for renewables, etc.) Today, they have still only appropriated the terrain partially and unevenly, but this strong trend means that local is the sector's new horizon, including for the state, which is adapting the organisation of its administration around the regions. And so a process, which is legal in nature and organised by the state is at work, whereby the administrations gain in autonomy to form an unhindered energy administration which cannot be reduced to a capacity to produce energy. The new boundary lines resulting from this growing autonomy are ultimately drawing up institutional territories which pose no challenge to the national scale or the role of the state.This hybrid character arises from technico-economic concentration mechanisms which are specific to the electricity network industry and its context and from rationales concerning space and territories which are connected to infrastructural factors. They result in particular from the counterintuitive deployment of distributed generation carried out in a mixed centralised/decentralised manner, highlighting the interaction between forms of control and socio-technical conditions (spatialisation conditions, concentration of actors, etc).With regard to regulation, the configuration currently emerging presents a balance between shortage/decentralisation and continuity/centralisation. Account taken of developments to come in the areas of storage and new information and communication technologies, it is nevertheless probable that this configuration will only be a long progression towards a new energy model
Mauger, Romain. "Le droit de la transition énergétique, une tentative d'identification". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD003/document.
Texto completoThis doctoral thesis aims to study the legal framework of the energy transition in France since 2012. From this year on, the term “energy transition” has been increasingly used in environment and energy-linked public policies. The scope of the legal developments related to the energy transition is so wide that this work has only focused on the rules applicable to renewable sources of electricity, especially onshore wind and solar photovoltaics. As a result, it appears that the energy transition law lies at a crossroads between older and more recognised fields of the Law. Evolutionary more than revolutionary, it fits into the existing frame and submits itself to the classical principles of Law. Among the outcomes of this research, we found that the energy transition law is making a strong use of planning tools, potentially placing it under a measurable performance obligation. It is also forced to integrate very contemporary notions of justice, linked to its finality, denying it the qualification of a solely technical law. However, there was confusion in the writing process of the Energy Transition for Green Growth Act, the flagship energy transition act, because of its size, its conflicts and the inherent flaws of the institutions of the 5th Republic. This context did not promote the emergence of a stable and high-quality law. Actually, it is lacking of legal certainty. Finally, energy transition law is more often than not placing a break on than facilitating the development of renewable energy, while it is badly written and ill-equipped to organise the decrease of nuclear energy into the electrical mix
Buttigieg, Stéphane. "Transition énergétique : stratégies d'innovation des groupes électriques européens". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLED038/document.
Texto completoIn Europe, the energy transition of the power sector is unique both from a geographical and historical standpoint. First, it is part of a two-way process of technological addition and substitution. Furthermore, it calls power corporations to exit the thermal paradigm and, in this perspective, gain new knowledge. The purpose of this research work is to characterize the innovation strategies implemented by six of the major European power companies (EDF, Enel, Engie, E.ON, Iberdrola and RWE) and by the industry. Based on the registeted patents between 2007 and 2013 and collaborative projects conducted in the frameword of the 7th PCRD, we will analyze the technology strategies relating to direction of progress and strategies relating to knowledge acquisition implemented by power companies in order to introduce low carbon technologies. We will highlight that at industry level, addition technologies are favoured in comparison with substitution technologies. We will also demonstrate that the latter shall be less prone to an open approach than addition technologies. Moreover, it seems that power companies with the largest emissions are not those who develop the most significant technology substitution strategy. However, they carry out the most openness based strategy in order to gain new knowledge
Tardieu, Charlotte. "Transition énergétique dans les projets urbains : conditions de mise en œuvre. Analyse des cas Paris Rive Gauche, Clichy-Batignolles et Paris Nord Est". Thesis, Lille 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LIL10024/document.
Texto completoUrban development projects provide an excellent opportunity to design energy and carbon efficient cities since they consider the relationship between a set of urban objects consuming and producing energy. Indeed, urban and architectural levers can be activated during an urban project. In this thesis, we compare three urban large-scale projects led by the City of Paris: Paris Rive Gauche, Clichy-Batignolles and Paris Nord Est. Through a qualitative and comparative approach, we seek to understand actor interactions, to highlight the spatio-temporal logics and identify the design parameters used to ensure energy quality. Our analysis is based on semi-structured interviews with the actors of these three urban projects, and all the technical documents we could access. After describing how energy issues have been taken into account in each of the three projects, we compare the procedures and actions that have been implemented. We observe that energy issues are not considered as strategic elements of the urban development process. Actions set up mainly focus on the reduction of building energy demand, ignoring other potential energy savings. The energy performance of buildings is ensured through a relatively conventional environmental quality approach. However, covering the energy needs of new districts with local renewable energy constitutes an important factor of change in urban development practices. Urban developers now need to consider urban areas as potential energy producers instead of energy consumers. This study leads us to question the appropriate scale to define and implement an energy strategy for the urban fabric as well as the best actor to coordinate it
Zoumenou, Anna. "L’action économique des collectivités territoriales pour la transition énergétique". Thesis, Paris 2, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA020061/document.
Texto completoThe conference of the member states of the United nations framework convention about climate change (COP 21) which took place in Paris, december 2015, increased the state’s interest either for the protection of the environment and the ecological transition. From more than a decade, many laws had have the goal to place local authorities into the hearth of this system. Today, the realization of the energy transition is based on a partnership between public authorities, garantor of the public service and private companies mastering engineering and energy techniques. This policy takes place in the story of a new public management, which profoundly changes the way public services are managed
Yêhouénou, Kohomlan Gabriel Modeste. "Transition énergétique au Bénin : quel apport du solaire photovoltaïque ?" Thesis, Strasbourg, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020STRAG014.
Texto completoBenin, by its geographical position, enjoys good sunshine with an average of 1900 kWh / m² throughout its territory. According to data from the World Bank, only 41.40% of the Beninese population had access to electricity in 2016, electrical energy distributed unevenly whether in rural or urban areas. Our study aimed, in an international context of reducing of the carbon footprint in our uses and promotion of renewable energies, to reflect on a Beninese model of facilitating the access of populations to electricity by exploiting the potential of solar energy. This thesis showed the benefits of the territorialization of the solar resource at the level of the municipalities and its association with incentives from the central state. She also discussed Rogers' diffusion model for more efficient popularization of photovoltaic solar technology among the Beninese population
Mantulet, Gabin. "La contribution des gaz renouvelables à la décarbonation des systèmes énergétiques". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020GRALI029.
Texto completoThe problems linked to global warming imply the reduction of anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases. There are three pillars for decarbonizing energy systems, including the use of renewable energy. These are often assimilated to the electrical energy produced by the sun, wind, hydraulics or biomass. However, this electrical energy does not allow a deep decarbonization of all consumption sectors. The use of gas produced from these renewable energies and called "green gas" can overcome this by substituting fossil gas. The study of the penetration of these "renewable gases" is the subject of this thesis. To analyse the contribution of green gas to the decarbonization of energy sectors, the work carried out uses the long-term prospective model POLES (Prospective Outlook on Long-term Energy Systems). A module was created in the model to include a detailed representation of the green gas production system, linking resources to uses. The technologies of anaerobic digestion, gasification of biomass and the transformation of electricity into gas called power-to-gas have been modelled and their contributions in the energy consumption of consumption sectors estimated. The results show that renewable gas technologies play a role in the energy transition by doubling the production of fossil gas in the second half of the XXIst century. This gas allows the decarbonisation of the transport, industry and agriculture sectors. Nevertheless, the deployment of technologies is directly linked to the technical progress expected in the future because, at present, these technologies are for the majority too expensive to be competitive with the use of natural gas without carbon tax. In addition, development stems from the availability of local potential in terms of the biomass resources mobilized. Development trajectories are therefore quite different depending on local contexts, both in terms of resource availability and in terms of the political incentives to promote the deployment of green gases
Rogeau, Antoine. "Vers une approche intégrée d’aide à la planification énergétique territoriale : application à la rénovation énergétique des bâtiments". Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLM014.
Texto completoThe French residential and tertiary sectors account for about 45% of energy consumption and 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, constituting a large savings potential which is relatively easy to mobilise in comparison with other sectors such as transport or industry. This thesis develops a decision-aiding method for territories stakeholders willing to implement building energy retrofit measures. This method relies on a building stock modeling based on the enrichment of heterogeneous databases available to local decision-makers. An optimization problem of energy renovation measures activates levers at the building-level over the territory, turning dimensionality into a key issue this work. A meta-model of building heating energy consumption, adapted to this context, is constructed from a dynamic urban model. A dedicated characterisation of both thermal retrofit and energy systems is conducted, basing solutions on observations of the current French building context. Both modeling and optimization methods are finally applied to real territories, and used to conduct studies related to the energy transition context
Calvez, Philippe. "Modélisation d'agencements énergétiques durables dans les zones urbaines intelligentes : une approche pour la réduction de l’emprise énergétique par les pratiques soutenables". Thesis, Paris 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA010056.
Texto completoOn one hand, the ecological transition and sustainable development issues are today a reality that cannot be ignored given the negative impacts of human activities on their environments. On the other side, an increasingly important digitization of these environments results in the generation of massive volumes of digital traces, which are all signs of actors’ activities. A significant challenge is to understand the ins and outs of environmental impact due activities and considering Emprise of Energy (EmE) as a key indicator and how this indicator can strongly change from an activity to another. Our approach considers the identification of Practice on the basis of these digital traces generated by human and non-human entities during specific activities. Practice (instantiation of activity) uses more or less resources (physical and virtual) during their existence. Be able to identify which one is more resources dependent would help to better understand how to promote ecological transition. Promoting or at least identifying on the basis of quantifiable indicators (i.e Energy Emprise), practices that have a low impact on the environment, could be an innovative approach. These practices, in the sense of coordination of multiple heterogeneous entities in time and space, can be formalized in the form of multidimensional structures activities - Hypergraph of Activities – using the theory of Assemblage (Agencement in french) and using a set of mathematical tool (Simplicial Complexes, Hypernetworks). This research attempts to model the phenomenon of human and not human activity based on the characterization of the context (massive contextual data). These Assemblages are calculated and represented in an research application (IMhoTEP) which aims to build these complex structures not based on a priori entities’ classification, but by focusing on the relationships that they maintain in several dimensions. The main goal is to offer a decision tool which support actors’ ecological transition by understand activities inducing consumption or production of resources. These academic research in the field of computer science is based continuous digitization of physical and virtual spaces, particularly highly connected urban areas (Smart City, Internet of Everything)
Darson, Alice. "Transition énergétique et transition juridique : le développement des énergies de sources renouvelables en France". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0095/document.
Texto completoThe way to an energy transition will be reached with an integration of renewable energies inour energy mix. This development includes a legal transition because the current legal context that appliesto green energies is not efficient and does not contribute to this emergency. Changing the legal framebecomes a necessity and particularly the way these energies are governed, planned and supported. It’salso important that administrative procedures that regulate the implantation of energies productionsystem are set. At last, this legal transition will have to conciliate imperatives linked to the development ofrenewable energies with those governing the protection of surroundings, all aiming to a sustainabledevelopment
Leboullenger, Déborah. "Essais sur la transition énergétique : enjeux, valorisation, financement et risques". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100065/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with the main challenges that we need to address to foster the private financing of a low-carbon energy transition. A massive amount of investment in low carbon assets is needed and most of the effort must come from final energy consumers such as households. Their ability as well as the ability of the financial intermediation institutions (that is banks in Europe) to valorise low-carbon investments and risk profile is the key for a successful low-carbon energy transition in France and in every industrialized country. These researches focus more particularly on the housing sector which represents 44% of the final energy consumption and 21% of the total greenhouses gases emissions in France. The first chapter of this thesis takes the viewpoint that only a disaggregated approach can actually permit macroeconomic and nationwide objectives to reduce final energy consumption match microeconomic arbitrages regarding energy spending in the private residential housing sector. Using segmentation and decision tree growing econometric techniques, the chapter proposes a typology of energy spending and a segmentation analysis and of the energy transition “market” in the housing sector. The second chapter uses frontier functions estimation technique on a local French private housing market to determine if selling prices contain a “Green Property Value”. An empirical analysis is then conducted to determine if this value can offset the upfront cost of energy retrofit. The last chapter takes the prism of the financial institutions. It attempts a first evaluation of the impact and exposition to climate related risks, those are physical, transition, liability and systemic risks, on the banking system and its prudential regulation framework
Dobigny, Laure. "Quand l'énergie change de mains : socio-anthropologie de l'autonomie énergétique locale au moyen d'énergies renouvelables en Allemagne, Autriche et France". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01H230.
Texto completoThe development of renewable energy (RE) in Europe has been sustained, inter alia, by unconventional players in the energy sector: individuals, fanners, and local communities. As a result, over 50% of renewable energy generation capacity in Germany is citizen-owned. Thus more and more rural communities are achieving local energy independence, producing as much or even more than they consume, whether they are connected to national power grids or not (microgrids). What has led these citizens and local governments to become individually and collectively energy self-sufficient? And what are the implications of this local appropriation of energy on representations of energy and its use, social organization, social cohesion, local economies, and collective identity? These questions have guided this socio-anthropological study of five communities in Germany, Austria, and France. The transnational analysis also compares two levels of energy independence: individual (domestic) and collective (community). Changing the level of analysis makes it possible to question the role of the technical system in energy use, as well as the pioneering and key role farmers play in the choice of renewables - in order to better understand its social meaning. Within the large technical system, the choice of local energy independence, and the alternative it represents, has political, social, environmental, technical, economic, and symbolic dimensions. Because, ultimately, when energy changes hands, power does as well
Fall, Mamadou. "Les partenariats public-privé dans le domaine des services énergétiques". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0265.
Texto completoA very specific area, the energy services sector derives its sensitivity from the economic and sovereignty issues it raises. This legitimizes the increased presence of public authorities through various forms of intervention. These include the public-private sector that refers to the different forms of relationships between public authorities and private sector actors for the taking over of economic activities under conditions compatible with the service of the general interest. This way of economic intervention, which is highly multifaceted in its implementation, nevertheless raises questions about its relevance and effectiveness in the management of energy services. Although public-private partnerships have made a major contribution to the development of energy activities, their legal framework is now somewhat inadequate to the current challenges of this sector, particularly in a context of energy transition. It is possible to make them real accelerator of this transitional dynamic provided however that the legal framework is adapted to make to make it more able to combine economic imperatives with environmental and sociopolitical externalities involved in this sector
Bouchard, Christian. "Transition énergétique dans le contexte des petits États et territoires insulaire". ACFAS-Sudbury, 2009. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/356.
Texto completoAubry, Jérôme. "Séismes au laboratoire : friction, plasticité et bilan énergétique". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEE053.
Texto completoIn the lithosphere, the transition from brittle to plastic rock deformation corresponds to the semi-brittle regime. Understand how natural faults behave in the semi-brittle regime is fundamental to explain why large earthquakes generally nucleate at the base of the seismogenic zone, found at pressure and temperature conditions close to the predicted brittle-plastic transition. During an earthquake, part of the released elastic strain energy stored during the interseismic period is dissipated within a fault slip zone by frictional and fracturing processes, the rest being radiated away via elastic waves. This energy balance is influenced by the deformation of fault surfaces during slow or fast sliding, especially by frictional heating processes which could not be resolved by seismology. To investigate semi-brittle deformation and the energy balance of natural earthquakes, we performed laboratory earthquakes in triaxial conditions on experimental faults of various lithologies. We studied the influence of the confining pressure, axial loading rates, temperature and fault roughness on fault stability across the brittle-plastic transition and investigate the dynamics of laboratory earthquakes by measuring frictional heat dissipated during the propagation of shear instabilities. The main conclusions are twofold. First, laboratory earthquakes may nucleate on inherited fault interfaces at brittle-plastic transition conditions and fault slip behavior is mainly influenced by roughness. Second, we conclude that during sliding, faults exhibit a transition from a weak stage with multiple strong asperities and little overall radiation, to a highly radiative stage during which the fault behaves as a single strong asperity
Kanjanapinyowong, Natthaporn. "Le Débat National sur la Transition Énergétique en France (2013) : analyse discursive et textuelle". Thesis, Paris Est, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PESC0005/document.
Texto completoDue to climate change, the world is experiencing numerous environmental problems, which are in urgent need of solutions. Among the major ecological concerns being discussed globally are energy-related problems. The "energy transition" is known as an effective solution to such a situation. This implies the economic, political and societal changes that the government is no longer solely responsible for this global issue. In France, everyone is called upon to take a stand as evidenced by the National Debate on Energy Transition (DNTE) in 2013. The main objective of this thesis is to demonstrate the discursive and textual specificities of this national debate, from its origin to its completion presented in the form of synthesis. Within the theoretical framework of the French discourse analysis, this thesis combines historical, communicational, socio-political and linguistic approaches to analyze the debate. It focuses particularly on describing the production of the synthesis of this debate and their textual dimension in order to show the specific characteristics of the DNTE as well as its result which allows the government to deliberate and decide on the policies to adopt
Wernert, Carole. "L'historicité de la transition énergétique bas carbone : analyse comparée des politiques énergie-climat locales en France (Metz) et en Allemagne (Sarrebruck)". Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA3016.
Texto completoThis thesis questions the capacity of cities to seize the energy issue through history, then through a low carbon perspective. It is based on assumptions that the introduction of energy as a local resource, is to become a reason for low carbon transition in cities. The historicity of this transition indicates that its lineaments are sometimes identifiable before the advent of its imperatives. Through a territorial history of energy, the thesis contributes to decoding keys of interest of cities to the low carbon transition as well as "its atomic elements" at the local scale.The city of Metz has a Local Distribution Company (ELD), rare in France, created under German annexation in 1901: Usine d'Electricité de Metz (UEM). The company produces and distributes electricity and heat. It belongs to the city (85%) and consolidates public finances while developing local and / or renewable resources.Saarbrücken, the capital of a German coal and industrial land, seems reluctant to the low carbon transition. However, in the years 1980-1990, the city and its "Stadtwerk" (German ELD) challenged nuclear power-plants and played the role of laboratory for renewables. The energy transition in Saarbrücken also shows ruptures, coal path dependencies, and illustrates the non-linearity of the process. Depending on the historical characteristics of cities and the exogenous pressures on urban supply, low-carbon energy transitions interest local actors to different extents and take various forms and rhythms
Perrier, Quentin. "Penser la transition énergétique : stratégies robustes aux incertitudes et impacts sur l'emploi". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0134/document.
Texto completoThis thesis deals with two aspects of the transition towards a low-carbon economy: how to define a strategy under the uncertainties and inertia surrounding power systems, and what are the impacts of this transition on employment?To study the choice of a strategy, I focus on the case of the French power system. The 58 nuclear reactors are reaching the end of their initially planned lifetime, but they can be retrofitted for a cost estimated at a \euro 100 billion for the entire fleet. How many reactors should be retrofitted? I study this question using an optimization model of the French power system and the \textit{Robust Decision Making} framework. My results indicate that the most interesting strategies consist in closing 7 to 14 reactors in favor of renewable energies, given current estimates.As to employment impacts, I study the notion of employment content and offer an original methodology to break it down and understand the relative importance of four components: import rates, taxes and subsidies, the share of labour in value added and the level of wage.Then, I study the employment impacts of shifting investment towards low-carbon sectors with general equilibrium models, and highlight their underlying economic mechanisms.My results suggest that encouraging sectors with a high share of labor or low wages might increase employment, but they also challenge the benefits of targeting sectors with a low import rate
Gamberini, Julia. "Villes en transition énergétique : recomposition de l'action urbaine de l'énergie en Allemagne". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAH043.
Texto completoThe concept of energy transition has become a very popular urban research subject in recent years.This work investigates this concept in the context of German cities. Germany proves to be highlyrelevant for two main reasons: the country’s engagement in an ambitious energy transition with itsnuclear phaseout (2022) and its ambition to become an (almost) climate neutral country by 2050.Germany has to count on its cities to drive the energy transition since these are the main sources ofenergy consumption and emissions.However, since the 1990's, German cities, especially those in the new regions, have experiencedthe phenomenon of shrinkage. The striking contradictions of growth and shrinkage test thecapacities of cities to respond to global challenges and states' injunctions. In order to take action,cities often adopt methods and instruments (climate plans, participation, projects, cooperation)following on from what we can call urban strategic management for energy transition. This researchanalyses this management form in two contrasted urban contexts, Heidelberg and Dessau-Roßlau,that have been engaged in climate protection schemes since the 1990's
Hini, Sihame. "Evaluation multicritères multi-acteurs de la performance des projets de rénovation énergétique : cas des copropriétés touchées par la précarité énergétique". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLV081.
Texto completoThe phenomenon of fuel poverty continues to grow, it is affecting 20.4% of the French population in 2016 against 18.4% in 2013 (ONPE, 2016). This situation requires special attention to the issue of energy performance in buildings energy.Unfortunately, this performance, nowadays is only limited to the question of energy efficiency, it will be necessary to consider the energy saving and the behavior of the actors to achieve true performance. In order to do this, we have mobilized the park of the condominium housing which is a park with complex governance where common decision-making votes for needed tasks is difficult to achieve. To address this complex problem, a deliberative approach establishing a dialogue between co-owners (the managing office, union council, resident co-owners and lessor co-owners) but also with other stakeholders with knowledge on buildings energy renovation (Architect, heat engineer, operation manager…etc.), would enable the co-owners to understand and appropriate the challenges of energy performance and to make an assessment to understand how the co-owners take decisions on energy performance choices in a situation of fuel poverty.The challenge of this approach is that through this dialogue and evaluation, the condominiums housing can make efficient decisions for renovations even when several of its co-owners are in a fuel poverty situation
Benantar, Abdelaziz. "Optimisation pour des problèmes industriels de tournées de véhicules : vers une transition énergétique". Thesis, Normandie, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NORMLH12.
Texto completoThe thesis focuses on the study of real road transportation and distribution pro-blems. The question concerns in particular the optimization of two different vehicle routing problems arising in the distribution of petroleum products and the transfer of containers. The first problem, modelled as an application of the multi-compartment vehicle routing problem with time windows (MCVRPTW), is solved by using a tabu search method. The same method is then applied to two other variants. One introduces additional constraints related to loading operations for petroleum products on the compartments, while the other one includes the ad-justment concept in quantities applied for. Moreover, in the context of an energy transition, we addressed the container transfer problem using a fleet of electric trucks in the industrial port zone of Le Havre. The optimization involves two levels : the strategic level for dimensioning electrical infrastructures and the operational level for constructing the vehicle routes. Only the strategic level is tackled with a research project thanks to a coupling of optimization and simulation
Benalouache, Nadia. "L’énergie solaire pour la production d’électricité au Maghreb : transition énergétique et jeux d’échelles". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0137/document.
Texto completoThe « low carbon » transition in the Maghreb, analyzed with a focus on the deployment of solar energy for electricity generation, is considered in both a Euro-Mediterranean and national context. This transition is the result of projects that were designed by supranational organizations and agreed on at the highest level. On a Euro-Mediterranean level, initiatives were implemented to support a large scale development of solar energy, whether it be at an intergovernmental level (Mediterranean Solar Plan, 2008), by private industrial consortia (Desertec Industrial Initiative, Medgrid 2009). At national level, the three Maghreb countries (Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia), have formulated explicit renewables development policies, (especially since 2009), and established national plans and programs (Moroccan Solar Plan, Tunisian Solar Plan, National Renewable and Efficiency Energy Program in Algeria). The purpose of this thesis is to explore the implementation of the « low carbon » transition in the Maghreb and show what spatial and relational implications it had both at European and national level. Thus, we explain how electrical energy contributes to redefine how regional areas connect and to what extent the implementation of solar technologies helps reshape the geography of electrical energy in the Maghreb. The technical aspect (network infrastructure and electricity production unit by solar energy) will be studied following a systemic approach, at the crossroads of spatial, social, political and economical spheres
الملخص تسعى الأطروحة إ لى تحليل الانتقال نحو الطاقات الىتجددة وخاصة الشمسية بأقطار الىغرب العربي من خلالإطارين : إطارأورو - متوسطي و إطار قطري مح . يبدو الانتقال الطاقي وكأنه نتاج لىشاريع أعدتها هياكل فوق قطرية .ك ما أن إقرارها تم لى تموضع مبادرات تهدف إ لى ، أ ع ا لى ستويات السياسية . فع الىستوى ا لا ورو - متوسطي استعمال الطاقة الشمسية ع نطاق واسع وهذه الىبادرات ناشئةعن ترتيبات ب ين .(2008 - خطة الطاقة الشمسية الىتوسطية 2009 الحكومات ) مبادرة ديزرتاك اهتمت الأطروحة بأقطار الىغرب العربي الثلاثة )تونس - الجزائر - الىغرب ( مجسدة لى ثلاثة برامج كلى ى : خطة الطاقة الشمسية الىغربية، الىخطط الشم التون ، ا ل لىنامج الوطني للطاقة الىتجددة وكفاءة الطاقة لى الجزائر . إن الغرض من الأطروحة هو كذلك تحليل الانتقال الطاقي بشمال إفريقيا وإبراز أثارها الىجالية والعلائقية ع الىستوىا لا ورو - متوسطي و ع الىستويات الوطنية، ك ما نسعى إ لى إبراز كيفة مساعدة الطاقة الشمسية ع إعادة تعريف الشبكات غ الىستوى الإقليمي وكيف أن إعادة توزيع تكنولوجيا الطاقة الشمسية تشارك لى إعادة رسم جغرافية الكهرباء بشمال إفريقيا
Yang, Yuting. "Economic Studies on Energy Transition and Environmental Regulations". Thesis, Toulouse 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU10010.
Texto completoThis thesis investigates several topics regarding energy transition and environmental regulations, and each of the three chapters is a self-contained paper. It aims to contribute to the design of environmental regulations and to provide suggestions topolicy makers. The first chapter studies the optimal public safety provision under imperfect taxation. An important objective of many publicly-financed environmental projects is to reduce mortality. In this paper, we examine theoretically the effect of tax system imperfections on the optimal public investment in mortality risk reduction (or public safety).We compare three tax systems, namely first-best, uniform tax and income tax. Moreover, we consider several sources of imperfection, namely individuals’ heterogeneity in wealth and in risk exposure, and labor supply distortion. We show that the effect of imperfect taxation critically depends on the source of imperfection as well as on the individual utility and survival probability functions. We conclude that imperfect taxation cannot generically justify less public safety. There is thus no fundamental reason to always adjust downwards the value of statistical life (VSL) because of imperfect taxation, nor to assume a marginal cost of public funds systematically greater than one for the benefit-cost analysis of environmental projects. The second chapter examines the environmental impact of electricity trade. Electricity interconnection has been recognized as a way to mitigate carbon emissions by dispatching more efficient electricity production and accommodating the growing share of renewables. We analyze the impact of electricity interconnection in the presence of intermittent renewables, such as wind and solar power, on renewable capacity and carbon emissions using a two-country model. We find that in the first-best, interconnection decreases investments in renewable capacity and exacerbates carbon emissions if the social cost of carbon (SCC) is low. Conversely, interconnection increases renewable capacity and reduces carbon emissions for a high SCC. Moreover, the intermittency of renewables generates an insurance gain from interconnection, which also implies that some renewable capacity is optimally curtailed in some states of nature when the SCC is high. The curtailment rate and the corresponding carbon emissions increase for more positively correlated intermittency. We calibrate the model using data from the European Union electricity market and simulate the outcome of expanding interconnection between Germany-Poland and France-Spain. We find that given the current level of SCC, the interconnection may increase carbon emissions. The net benefit of interconnection is positive, with uneven distribution across countries. The third chapter extends on the second chapter, to investigate the optimal unilateral carbon policy design for electricity trade with intermittent renewable energy. We consider policy instruments including a carbon tax, border adjustment tax, and renewable subsidies. In turn, we analyze the effect of such policies on market equilibrium prices, renewable investment, and global emissions. Using a two-country model of electricity trade, we characterize the conditions under which different combinations of policy instruments implement the optimal energy mix. We find that with a unilateral carbon tax, the border adjustment tax turns out to be effective only when renewables are producing. Moreover, renewables must be subsidized to be exported, in which case carbon emissions should be taxed more than the Pigouvian level to avoid excessive consumption
Fizaine, Florian. "Analyses de la disponibilité économique des métaux rares dans le cadre de la transition énergétique". Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOE004/document.
Texto completoA growing number of academic studies and international organizations reports have noticed an increasing dependency of new energy technologies on a specific class of natural resources often called minor metals. For several years, worries about economic availability of these metals in order to realize the energy transition have appeared. This thesis aims at underline the broader risks and constraints involved by general use of these metals in new energy technologies. A first part of this thesis is devoted to theories and indicators related to the depletion of non renewable resources. This part also shows that minor metals share many characteristics and that they can form a group of metal consistent. In a second part, this thesis addresses the issues linked to the absence of price elasticity for the supply of minor metals due to the byproduct constraint. Another chapter offers an analysis of causes and consequences connected to the absence of futures markets for almost all minor metals. Finally, a last chapter highlights the strong link existing between the energy sector and the metals sectors. This connection is increasing and can create a vicious circle between energies which are less and less concentrated and metals which consume more and more energy due to their depletion
Villamar, Daniel. "Chemins énergétiques à long terme en Équateur : scénarios de transition pour le secteur des transports jusqu'en 2050". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Perpignan, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PERP0014.
Texto completoThis thesis explores the use of mathematical models to support a low carbon energy transition for Ecuador. Afirst approach considers a least-cost linear optimisation to evaluate the expansion of energy and land-use sectors and the integrated model ELENA is used. It is combined with the dispatch model urbs to go further in the evaluation of electric system face to a massification of electric transport and it is also considered on the context of a synthesis study focused on the ecarbonization of the Buildings Sector. The secondmodelling approach uses concepts of game theory and specifically of Single-Leader-Multi-Follower (SLMF) models. An implementation of the SLMF model is done for freight transport to capture the effect of a carbon tax in the transition to cleaner vehicles. This work highlights the need to use multiple models in order to have a better idea of the interactions and measures to be put in place to support the energy transition. Although the study is carried out for Ecuador, the methodologies are of general applicability
Garcia, Romain. "L'implantation des parcs éoliens et l'acceptabilité des installations par la population : Le cas des communes rurales du Centre-Ouest de la France (Indre, Vienne, Haute-Vienne)". Thesis, Orléans, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ORLE1174.
Texto completoWind development start in France in the 2000s, under the various European directives. The targets set for 2030 are to achieve 32% renewable energy at the final energy consumption. Nevertheless, the conflicts of use related to the implantation of the one more mature RE, the wind, hinders the development of this energy. Acceptability is a crucial issue for achieving the objectives set at European level, and for providing rural areas supporting this energy with additional economic benefits. As part of the research, we were interested to wind projects located in Civraisien (Vienne), Champagne Berrichonne (Indre) and Basse Marche (Haute-Vienne). The study of these wind projects has made it possible to establish the factors acceptability, and to propose recommendations for the holders of this energy. Thus, the realization of a territorial project, integrating the expectations of the citizens and the territorial characteristics of the support communes are essential elements in the acceptability of these projects
Bouchard, Christian. "Le contexte énergétique des petites îles du sud-ouest de l'océan Indien". Agence Régionale de l’Énergie Réunion (ARER), 2005. https://zone.biblio.laurentian.ca/dspace/handle/10219/329.
Texto completoRolland, Antoine. "Bio-bitumes obtenus pas Liquéfaction Hydrothermale : approche expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Nantes, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NANT4040.
Texto completoA process for the production of biobased bituminous binders by hydrothermal conversion of microlagal biomass is investigated in perspective of the post petroleum era. The hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) process used is characterized by a moderate temperature of 260°C, resulting in a subcritical state of the water media. An instrumented reactor, thermally controlled, has been developed. It allows studying the impact of both the residence time and the heating and cooling steps on the formation process of biobitumen. Its composition results from a hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) step during heating, followed by a liquefaction step during the isotherm at 260°C. The rheological properties of the hydrophobic material obtained are strongly influenced by the fraction of solid residues. These later partially consist of minerals presumably coming from the microalgae cultivation media. With a view to model the thermokinetics of the process, an energy balance allowed estimating the exothermic reaction enthalpy form measurements made on the reactor. Concurrently, the concept of reaction ordinate allowed comparing the processing conditions leading to biobitumen, to those leading to biochar by HTC, biocrude by HTL, but also to petroleum and pyrobitumen formed by the geological processes that inspires HTL
Duruisseau, Kévin. "Transition énergétique et géographie : le photovoltaïque au sol dans le sud de la France". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3050/document.
Texto completoBegan in 2002 with the establishment of a financial supervisory regime based on a system of feed-in tariffs, the photovoltaic public policy on the ground enriches French energy and climate public policy, which have since become public policies for “low carbon” energy transition. These policies are deployed in a context of openness to competition associated with the liberalization of the European national markets for electricity, means splitting production and increasing devolution of "Electricians" powers to public territorial players favoring multiplication and diversification of actors involved in the metropolitan French electrical system. These changes have initiated a process of territorialization of renewable energy and create a new geography of electricity.This thesis questions the place of the territories in the "low carbon" energy transition, in an analysis of regionalization of public policy photovoltaic ground process in France, and discusses the emergence of a new geography of electricity. It articulates a study of the geography of photovoltaic ground units in operation on 31 December 2015 in the southern territories of France with an actorial analysis of the spatial distribution of these new industrial infrastructures. It proposes to do this a typology of photovoltaic ground initiators-actors and a typology of photovoltaic ground developers-operators to highlight the new electric actors of the metropolitan French electrical system. It offers a wider study of regulatory systems and sets of actors at work in the implementation of photovoltaic ground territories revealing the territorialization process of this renewable energy
Bouckaert, Stéphanie. "Contribution des Smart Grids à la transition énergétique : évaluation dans des scénarios long terme". Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00959266.
Texto completoLe, Minh Thong. "Le rôle des gaz conventionnels et non-conventionnels dans la transition énergétique en Asie". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAE007/document.
Texto completoEnergy and environmental issues are one of the main challenges for humanity in the 21st century. Global growth in energy demand links to environmental concerns including pollution, global warming and reduction of CO2 emissions. In particular, it is an urgent request in rapidly growing developing regions such as Asian countries. Using cleaner energy sources, renewable energy instead of traditional energy sources like coal and oil is an inevitable option in the future. In the current context, natural gas is seen as a clean energy source which plays a major role in the energy transition process towards a low-carbon economy. The consequences for natural gas markets are significant and the condition of this change is an abundant supply of natural gas. The development of unconventional gas, particularly shale gas, provides an opportunity to expand the global gas supply. This is illustrated by the “shale gas revolution” in US which has profoundly changed the regional gas markets. However, this "revolution" is hardly reproducible in other regions of the world. This thesis demonstrates particularly that apart from geological, institutional conditions (taxation, property rights), economic (prices, technologies) and organizational (free markets) are necessary for a large scale development of unconventional resources. This research also shows that most of these conditions are not met in Europe or Asia (especially in China). Therefore, an energy transition by natural gas to meet climate challenges in Asia will be solved through imports, rather than through regional production. From three scenarios of the POLES model based on assumptions about climate policy, shale gas development and rapid increase of demand for gas in the energy mix (particularly in Asia), two main conclusions emerge. The developments of shale gas with low cost in the USA make the global gas supply abundant and more competitive than other energies, particularly coal. Therefore, even without climate policy, the conditions are ripe for the increaseof natural gas proportion in the energy mix. Secondly, a strong climate policy has contradictory effects on the relative share of natural gas in the Asian energy mix. On the one hand, it allows natural gas larger penetration into the energy mix of Asia. But at the same time, with limitation of energy demand, requested natural gas volumes are only slightly higher than in scenarios without climate policy
Al, Cheikh Joumada. "Étude électrochimique de complexes moléculaires à base de métaux de transition non-précieux pour applications énergétiques". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS038/document.
Texto completoElectrochemistry is becoming a major field in new energy storage and conversion technologies. Nowadays, the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a reaction of great societal interest, which is at the heart of new technologies enabling the development of systems for the conversion of energy. However, some issues related to the use of noble metals (platinum, in particular) as catalysts have not been solved yet. This thesis is part of the scientific approach of the Research and Innovation in Electrochemistry for Energy (ERIEE) research group which has been interested for several years in the substitution of these noble metals by the use of transition metal based electro-catalysts. These molecules consist of organic compounds containing transition metals as an electro-active center for application in industrial electrolysers. This thesis focuses on the study of a family of molecular complexes based on transition metals (Co or Fe), the so-called clathrochelates, characterized by different chemical structures. The choice of the ligands constituting these complexes as well as the study of their functionalization processes on ad hoc substrates, constitute key elements in the apprehension of the resulting electro-catalytic performances.These electro-catalysts were studied both in solution (homogeneous phase) and functionalized at the surface of solid electrodes. Their physico-chemical properties as well as their electrocatalytic turnover for the hydrogen evolution reaction, have been systematically characterized.In particular, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) allowed for the characterization of the electrocatalytic properties of modified electrodes at the local scale
Gladkykh, Ganna. "Connecting Energy System modelling with Sustainable Energy System Narratives at a Global Scale". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://theses.bu.uca.fr/nondiff/2019CLFAD025_GLADKYKH.pdf.
Texto completoIn my PhD thesis, I explore what can be considered a sustainable energy system on a global scale and what methods and tools can help sustainable energy policy design and assessment. Energy system modelling and sustainable energy system narratives are the two main areas of interest of this thesis. I started my PhD with exploring the current energy systems modelling practice as well as social science contribution in the sustainable energy research. I discovered several main research gaps related to the topic of this thesis: (1) Most of existing energy system models have unrealistic or oversimplified assumptions that can negatively impact the quality of the models’ outputs and consequently the quality of decision-making informed by such models; (2) There is a limited instrumental value of the available theories related to a sustainable energy system development; (3) There is a lack of global energy system narratives that would have a holistic understanding of the long-term energy system purposes (goals) and the principles of the energy system sustainable design. This thesis has become an attempt to close the identified research gaps in order to answer the main research questions. System dynamics, steady-state economy and energy justice theory are the main methodological and conceptual components of the thesis’ research design. The main results of my research are: (1) The list of questions defining the current energy paradigm which can be used as a guidance for a sustainable energy system modelling; (2) The developed steady state of energy concept implying that energy sufficiency should be a universal energy system goal in the context of a long-term energy system sustainability; (2) The list of requirements for a socially sustainable energy provision based on the energy justice principles which can be used as guidelines for a sustainable energy policy assessment and design; (3) The system dynamics model of electricity access provision in Sub-Saharan Africa which demonstrates an example of how energy system modelling can be combined with sustainable energy system narratives for addressing methodological and disciplinary gaps in the energy system research and for contributing to better sustainable energy system policy design and assessment
Haller, Hélène. "Concevoir des bâtiments performants : prescriptions publiques, coordination, apprentissage". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAH008/document.
Texto completoIn a context of sustainable development and energy transition, the French building sector represents a lever to carry out and achieve energy demand management ambitions. National and local rules regarding construction were progressively and substantially modified, and the building design process had to evolve to abide by these rules. Building design has been called into question by requirements aimed at energy performance.We question the readjustments implemented by building designers to follow these requirements. We show that local authorities mostly use operational urban planning to carry their energy requirements. Besides, after a learning period due to the implementation of a new definition of energy performance, the building sector has known stabilisation, characterized by the return of routines and the seek for shared conventions between the project owner and the project manager team. We study how an innovation (the global energy performance) developped and has been adopted by the socio-technical regime of construction.We mobilize the pragmatic sociology; particularly the French branch of sociological economy developed by L. Boltanski and L. Thévenot, and also researches on conventionalism, in order to study three estate operations. These operations belong to multi-unit housing, are of various sizes and are all characterized by a search of energy performance. They are located in different places: in the city of Strasbourg (Alsace) and in the area of Haute-Savoie
Corduas, Alberto. "La transition énergétique à l’épreuve du droit public économique : étude comparée du secteur électrique français et italien". Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100165.
Texto completoThere is no ideal model for energy transition. Although some countries, such as France and Italy, have an energy system that takes into account sustainable development objectives, various limitations can limit the development of energy transition. For energy transition to take place effectively, the examples of other countries must be taken into account. Such energy transitions of course, will be subject to in-depth scrutiny by the legal regimes that govern the electricity sector. The differences in the energy guidelines in France and Italy justify, in our view, a reconciliation between these two countries as part of this work. In this context, a critical study of the advantages and limitations of the French legal system, in the light of the Italian case, is therefore proposed. One of the objectives of this work is how to positively develop the rules prescribed by French law on energy transition, using the legal comparative law mechanisms
Mat, Nicolas. "Dynamiques de transition dans les territoires portuaires : apport de l’écologie industrielle et territoriale aux processus d’adaptation vers une société bas-carbone". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, EMSE, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EMSE0799/document.
Texto completoOne of the major issues facing our industrialized societies is the energy transition, which induces major industrial and social transformations. Port and harbor areas, which are strategic places concerning import and transformation of fossil fuels, concentrate these industrial challenges, dealing with mitigation of emissions of greenhouse gases and diversification of energy mix. By mobilizing the theoretical frameworks of industrial ecology and complexity, this PhD work aims to better understand and characterize current adaptation process developed within these territories. In this work, we consider the industrial, urban and agricultural subsystems present in a port area. When doing this, the port area is proving to be a formidable field of experimentation of new practices based on greater cooperation between players at the crossroads between a global circular economy and a local industrial ecology. Starting from an international feedback which enabled the identification of different territorial organization models, this research then compared the socio-ecological evolution of three European and Asian port areas. If the dynamics of metropolisation seem to appear as a constant in most of these large coastal areas, it also contributes to the whole complexity of the port territorial matrix. Indeed, new organizational approaches now complement technological developments. In the third part, the study of the port area of Marseille-Fos has enabled to highlight a phenomenon of functional interactions operated within the territory for the benefit of its gradual transition to a low-carbon society