Literatura académica sobre el tema "Transactions of the society instituted in Bengal"

At the end of 19th century, the Muslim scholars realized that the current banking system and economy was interest-based (riba) in all forms of transactions whether commercial or non-commercial. After the 20th century, proponents of Islamic economics put forward the establishment of a modern banking system that adhered to sharia principles and banned all forms of riba. It is important to note that the restriction on interest (riba) was also prevailed even among the non-Muslims and the origins of interest prohibition can be traced back to the Jewish and Christian faiths. However, the issue of prohibiting interest in modern financial system is still a matter of debate among Islamic jurists and this often cause confusion and inconsistency as to which the case of riba can be applied. This article argues that, whereas riba is expressly prohibited in all aspects of religion in the classical religious context, the modern practice of the interest system in Islamic finance is still debated in the context of contemporary society.

In the context of daily commercial transactions within Indonesian society, the inherent activity of commercial transaction is omnipresent. This economic exchange predominantly involves two primary actors: the seller, functioning as a business entity, and the buyer, embodying the consumer role. Despite the ubiquity of such transactions, the imbalance in potential losses, particularly on the part of consumers, underscores a pressing concern. In response, Indonesia has instituted consumer protection laws to safeguard the rights of consumers. Nevertheless, a substantial knowledge gap persists among the populace regarding the critical significance of these legal provisions in the commercial transaction milieu. To bridge this awareness deficit, the researcher embarked on an inquiry aimed at elucidating the indispensable nature of consumer protection laws for both sellers operating as business entities and buyers assuming the consumer role. This article delves into the essence of commercial transaction, explicates the underpinnings of consumer protection laws, and articulates their pivotal role for sellers and buyers alike. By employing a descriptive methodology, this research illuminates pertinent concepts and conducts analyses to underscore the indispensability of consumer protection laws from both vantage points. The findings underscore that consumer protection laws are integral to the integrity of commercial transaction.

AbstractThis article examines the rise of dowry system in Janta, a West Bengali village in the Bankura district, where the dowry payments are a relatively new phenomenon. The oldest generation in Janta had experienced times when no demands for money or other gifts had been made during marriage arrangements, but since the 1950s huge dowry payments have become the central financial transactions in the region. In addition to oral history interviews on dowry practices, I draw from my research on the changes in caste, gender and class relationships in the village. I argue that the dowry payments do not merely represent economic considerations in a class conscious society, but that they reflect a rearticulation of both the tradition and market, of gender, ritual, and class identities, and that paying attention to the multiplicity and local variation of dowry practices provides a key to its understanding.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). 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