Literatura académica sobre el tema "Traffic accidents in motion pictures"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Traffic accidents in motion pictures"
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Dwiatmoko, Hermanto, Muhammad Isradi, Joewono Prasetijo, Munzilah MD Rohani, Syafiadi Rizki Abdila y Andri Irfan Rifai. "Accident Prevention and Traffic Safety for Sekolah Alam Robbani Bekasi - (KidSafe)". Communautaire: Journal of Community Service 2, n.º 1 (25 de junio de 2023): 56–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.61987/communautaire.v2i1.162.
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In 2020, the number of traffic accidents from student age was 42,604 people. Meanwhile, there were 26,355 traffic accidents from student age until September this year. Based on gender, the majority of traffic accidents occurred in men. Traffic accidents contribute greatly as one of the causes of death in Indonesia. Traffic accidents have a high fatality rate. Data shows that in one year, 25, 2666 people died due to traffic accidents. Among the victims of traffic accidents are school children. About 95% of the causes of accidents are human error factors. The purpose of this community service is to provide an understanding of good traffic in early childhood. Understanding facilities for pedestrians and cycling lanes. The method provided is by providing material, pictures of traffic signs, and play displays related to traffic signs. Evaluation and results of activities by dividing students into several small groups and this is effective, students are able to explain traffic signs, and good traffic procedures, especially for users of pedestrian facilities and safe cyclist routes.
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Pelenyte-Vyšniauskiene, Lina y Algirdas Jurkauskas. "RESEARCH INTO OCCUPANT'S MOTION IN VEHICLES DURING CRASHES". TRANSPORT 19, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2004): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2004.9637974.
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Traffic accidents depend on many factors and circumstances. Important data are registered by taking photos of the accident place, measuring the deformations of vehicles and skidding and sliding traces. Weather conditions, drivers’ and pedestrian's actions are also taken into account. However the existing data are far from sufficient to conduct a research into traffic accidents. In such cases mathematical modelling and the application of computer programs are very helpful. This article deals with the processes during the collision of vehicles as well as the occupant's dynamics inside the vehicle. The research studies on what the occupant motion depends and what is the power balance between the occupant and safety means. The article offers a way of evaluating injuries, measuring the occupants’ acceleration and velocity, taking into account different distances inside the vehicle during an accident.
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Prentkovskis, Olegas, Edgar Sokolovskij y Vilius Bartulis. "INVESTIGATING TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS: A COLLISION OF TWO MOTOR VEHICLES". TRANSPORT 25, n.º 2 (30 de junio de 2010): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/transport.2010.14.
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Traffic safety may be ensured by normal operation of all elements of the system, including the driver, a motor vehicle and transportation medium. Insufficient safety of some particular elements of this system (the lack of discipline of the participants of traffic, poor technical state of a motor vehicle or road, etc.) are the main causes of traffic accidents. Statistical data on traffic accidents in 2000–2009 in Lithuania is presented. Collisions of motor vehicles in 2009 make one of the largest proportion of all traffic accidents ‐ 33.4%. In 2009 drivers, were the main traffic accident perpetrators ‐ 73.6%. The paper considers some major aspects of motor vehicle collision simulation based on the application of PC‐CRASH software, allowing researchers to analyze the changes in the direction of motor vehicle motion in the case of a collision and the influencing factors. This type of traffic accident simulation consists in studying the circumstances of collision, reconstructing the processes, calculating the pre‐impact speed of motor vehicles and deter‐ mining various parameters of motor vehicles’ movement at different stages of traffic accident development.
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Hitendra Wamborikar, Priyank Bhatt, Swapnil Date, Naresh Dhaniwala y Khizar Khan. "The multi-modality approach in a case of fracture of the humerus with an ipsilateral floating knee: A case report". International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (21 de diciembre de 2020): 1088–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4248.
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Ipsilateral fractures of humerus, femur and tibia is a rare entity. The number of fractures resulting due to road traffic accidents is on the rise. These Type of injuries usually occur due to high-velocity road traffic accidents. High-velocity road traffic accidents are associated with multiple bony injuries as well as injuries to various internal organs. These injuries are often difficult to manage due to their complex nature. Mostly multiple fractures are produced in ipsilateral limbs. This condition makes the management even more difficult. Hence a multi-modality approach is often required. A 55-year-old male sustained floating knee with ipsilateral shaft humerus fracture. After a three-staged surgical approach with three modalities for treating the compound injury, the patient had an excellent result with the full range of motion in the knee and complete coverage of wound. Compound floating injuries should be treated with simultaneous fixation of femur and tibia fractures to achieve early full range of knee motion with Vacuum-assisted closure followed by skin grafting for complete wound coverage.
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Kurczyński, Dariusz y Andrzej Zuska. "Analysis of the Impact of Invisible Road Icing on Selected Parameters of a Minibus Vehicle". Sensors 22, n.º 24 (12 de diciembre de 2022): 9726. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22249726.
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The measurement of acceleration during vehicle motion can be used to assess the driving styles and behaviours of drivers, to control vehicle traffic, to detect uncontrolled vehicle behaviour, and to prevent accidents. The measurement of acceleration during vehicle motion on an icy road can be used to warn the driver about changing conditions and the related hazards. This paper presents the results of testing the motion parameters of a Ford Transit adapted for passenger transport in critical traffic conditions. It can contribute to the improvement of road safety. Critical traffic conditions are deemed in the paper as sudden braking, rapid acceleration, and circular vehicle motion at maximum speed maintainable in the given conditions. The vehicle’s acceleration and speed were measured during the tests. The tests were carried out with a TAA linear acceleration sensor and a Correvit S-350 Aqua optoelectronic sensor. The same test runs were conducted on a dry surface, a wet (after rain) surface and a surface covered with a thin, invisible ice layer. The objective of the tests was to determine the impact of invisible road icing, the so-called black ice, on the tested vehicle’s braking, acceleration, and circular motion. It was demonstrated that a virtually invisible ice layer covering the road surface has a substantial impact on the tested vehicle’s motion parameters, thereby affecting traffic safety. It substantially extends the braking and acceleration distances and requires the driver to reduce the vehicle’s speed when performing circular motions. A clear wet surface, representing motion after rain, did not substantially affect the analysed parameters. The obtained results can be used in traffic simulations and to analyse the causes of accidents.
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Wang, Feng y Zhaofeng Zhang. "Route Control and Behavior Decision of Intelligent Driverless Truck Based on Artificial Intelligence Technology". Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2022 (7 de septiembre de 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7025081.
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With the increase in global car ownership, the demand for traffic safety is very strong. Research shows that drivers account for more than 90% of global traffic accidents. Driverless cars can reduce traffic accidents caused for these reasons and greatly improve traffic safety. At the same time, driverless real-time path planning can select the best driving route for vehicles, reduce traffic congestion, and improve the efficiency of transportation. To sum up, driverless vehicles are considered an important solution to ensure traffic safety, improve traffic efficiency, reduce energy consumption and pollution, and change travel mode. An intelligent driverless vehicle is a key component of the intelligent transportation system, which organically combines various functions such as. Among them, path tracking and motion control play a very important role in intelligent driverless technology. At the same time, accurately tracking the desired feasible path and stable motion control are the basis of intelligent unmanned driving. Based on this, this paper uses artificial intelligence technology to study the path control and behavior decision-making of intelligent driverless trucks, and an improved tracking control method is proposed. Through this improved method, the intelligent unmanned vehicle can track the desired feasible path under different curvatures more accurately and stably. Finally, through the road test experiment of the intelligent unmanned vehicle experimental platform in the actual environment, the effectiveness of the scheme design and related algorithms of intelligent unmanned vehicle motion control in this paper is verified.
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Bresch, M., J. Shi y R. Kokozinski. "Employing beam-forming for estimating the direction of arrival in a multi-path propagation environment". Advances in Radio Science 3 (12 de mayo de 2005): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-3-151-2005.
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Abstract. Due to recent researches on traffic accidents with vulnerable road users (VRUs), several measures revealed a great opportunity of reduction. However, all measures applied so far failed to reduce the number of traffic accidents if there is no line-of-sight. Therefore, a transponder signal is utilized to make the VRU visible. The motor vehicle carries a mobile receiver for VRU detection and location. The receiver employs digital beam-forming for estimating the direction of arrival (DOA) with an antenna array for RF ISM band. A sequence of DOA estimations is used for location and motion estimation purposes.
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Krasavin, P. A. y V. S. Nadezhdin. "The influence of the set angle of steered wheels on safety of vehicle in curvilinear motion". Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 8, n.º 1-1 (10 de enero de 2014): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-67674.
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The article presents the possibility of reducing the number of traffic accidents caused during the curvilinear motion, through choosing the optimal parameters of the angular orientation of steered wheels and increasing the critical speed of passing the turn.
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Micu, Elena Alexandra, Eugene John Obrien, Abdollah Malekjafarian y Michael Quilligan. "Estimation of Extreme Load Effects on Long-Span Bridges Using Traffic Image Data". Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering 13, n.º 4 (21 de diciembre de 2018): 429–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/bjrbe.2018-13.427.
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This paper proposes an algorithm for the estimation of extreme intensity of traffic load on long-span bridges. Most Weigh-in-Motion technologies do not operate in congested conditions which are the governing cases for these bridges. In the absence of Weigh-in-Motion data on the bridge itself, a correlation between vehicle weights and their lengths is established here using a (free- flowing) Weigh-in-Motion database. Photographic images of congested traffic are modelled here for three bridges using weights estimated from lengths and one year of Weigh-in-Motion data. The actual weights are taken from the Weigh-in- Motion data, and the results are compared to test the method. The gaps between vehicles are firstly set to a constant value and later to Beta-distributed values according to vehicle type. The intensity of traffic load for all pictures is calculated and compared to the loads obtained from the recorded weights. A return period of 75-year is chosen to evaluate the extreme values of intensity. The probability that intensity of load is being exceeded is obtained using normal probability paper for both recorded and simulated weights. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the proposed concept of using lengths to estimate the extreme traffic load events with acceptable accuracy.
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Prasolenko, O., D. Burko, T. Lutsenko y I. Tkachenko. "PATTERNS OF DRIVERS' ATTENTION CHANGES WHEN MOTION VIA URBAN STREETS IN THE EVENING TWILIGHT CONDITIONS". Municipal economy of cities 3, n.º 156 (1 de julio de 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-3-156-41-45.
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The drivers receive about 90% of the information through the vision. The road illumination is high important for vision at night. A certain level of illumination is required in order for the eyes to recognize an object. When the brightness of an object is lower than the brightness of the background, or when the brightness of an obstruction is higher than the background’s brightness, objects can be recognized by silhouette. The drivers fraught with the greatest difficulties when the road illumination changes sharply in the conditions of low light driving. Traffic accidents at night are an important issue. Although the traffic volume is low (15-20%), 41-50% of traffic accidents happen at night. For the last years more attention has been paid to transport issues that can change the cognitive and emotional state of drivers. Therefore, assessing the driver’s vision may be useful in identifying a safe or dan-gerous type of behavior on the road. Eye tracking is used to measure drivers' perception of road elements, as well as developing driving strategies and accidents preventing. During the eye fixing, the driver focuses on a specific object of road environment. The time of driver’s eye fixing may vary from 0.1 to 2.5 seconds, depending on the complexity of the road traffic and the driver's functional state. The article presents an approach to determine the driver’s attention indicators at the evening twilight on city streets. The method of recording points of regard using Pupil Labs glasses was used to attention indicators deter-mination. Experimental studies of drivers' attention indicators in the evening twilight conditions were carried out in different types of city streets. The study involved drivers aged 20 to 52 years. During the driver eye fixing, the level of illumination at the evening twilight was recorded simultaneously. When the light changes from 50 lx or less, the driver feels visual fatigue from the continuous state of road objects exploration. At the same time, the number of fixations is significantly reduced, since the driver spends more time recognizing and searching of traffic elements, pedestrians, etc. Keywords: driver, twilight conditions, road traffic, attention.
Tesis sobre el tema "Traffic accidents in motion pictures"
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Zhou, Dingfu. "Vision-based moving pedestrian recognition from imprecise and uncertain data". Thesis, Compiègne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014COMP2162/document.
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La mise en oeuvre de systèmes avancés d’aide à la conduite (ADAS) basée vision, est une tâche complexe et difficile surtout d’un point de vue robustesse en conditions d’utilisation réelles. Une des fonctionnalités des ADAS vise à percevoir et à comprendre l’environnement de l’ego-véhicule et à fournir l’assistance nécessaire au conducteur pour réagir à des situations d’urgence. Dans cette thèse, nous nous concentrons sur la détection et la reconnaissance des objets mobiles car leur dynamique les rend plus imprévisibles et donc plus dangereux. La détection de ces objets, l’estimation de leurs positions et la reconnaissance de leurs catégories sont importants pour les ADAS et la navigation autonome. Par conséquent, nous proposons de construire un système complet pour la détection des objets en mouvement et la reconnaissance basées uniquement sur les capteurs de vision. L’approche proposée permet de détecter tout type d’objets en mouvement en fonction de deux méthodes complémentaires. L’idée de base est de détecter les objets mobiles par stéréovision en utilisant l’image résiduelle du mouvement apparent (RIMF). La RIMF est définie comme l’image du mouvement apparent causé par le déplacement des objets mobiles lorsque le mouvement de la caméra a été compensé. Afin de détecter tous les mouvements de manière robuste et de supprimer les faux positifs, les incertitudes liées à l’estimation de l’ego-mouvement et au calcul de la disparité doivent être considérées. Les étapes principales de l’algorithme sont les suivantes : premièrement, la pose relative de la caméra est estimée en minimisant la somme des erreurs de reprojection des points d’intérêt appariées et la matrice de covariance est alors calculée en utilisant une stratégie de propagation d’erreurs de premier ordre. Ensuite, une vraisemblance de mouvement est calculée pour chaque pixel en propageant les incertitudes sur l’ego-mouvement et la disparité par rapport à la RIMF. Enfin, la probabilité de mouvement et le gradient de profondeur sont utilisés pour minimiser une fonctionnelle d’énergie de manière à obtenir la segmentation des objets en mouvement. Dans le même temps, les boîtes englobantes des objets mobiles sont générées en utilisant la carte des U-disparités. Après avoir obtenu la boîte englobante de l’objet en mouvement, nous cherchons à reconnaître si l’objet en mouvement est un piéton ou pas. Par rapport aux algorithmes de classification supervisée (comme le boosting et les SVM) qui nécessitent un grand nombre d’exemples d’apprentissage étiquetés, notre algorithme de boosting semi-supervisé est entraîné avec seulement quelques exemples étiquetés et de nombreuses instances non étiquetées. Les exemples étiquetés sont d’abord utilisés pour estimer les probabilités d’appartenance aux classes des exemples non étiquetés, et ce à l’aide de modèles de mélange de gaussiennes après une étape de réduction de dimension réalisée par une analyse en composantes principales. Ensuite, nous appliquons une stratégie de boosting sur des arbres de décision entraînés à l’aide des instances étiquetées de manière probabiliste. Les performances de la méthode proposée sont évaluées sur plusieurs jeux de données de classification de référence, ainsi que sur la détection et la reconnaissance des piétons. Enfin, l’algorithme de détection et de reconnaissances des objets en mouvement est testé sur les images du jeu de données KITTI et les résultats expérimentaux montrent que les méthodes proposées obtiennent de bonnes performances dans différents scénarios de conduite en milieu urbainVision-based Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) is a complex and challenging task in real world traffic scenarios. The ADAS aims at perceiving andunderstanding the surrounding environment of the ego-vehicle and providing necessary assistance for the drivers if facing some emergencies. In this thesis, we will only focus on detecting and recognizing moving objects because they are more dangerous than static ones. Detecting these objects, estimating their positions and recognizing their categories are significantly important for ADAS and autonomous navigation. Consequently, we propose to build a complete system for moving objects detection and recognition based on vision sensors. The proposed approach can detect any kinds of moving objects based on two adjacent frames only. The core idea is to detect the moving pixels by using the Residual Image Motion Flow (RIMF). The RIMF is defined as the residual image changes caused by moving objects with compensated camera motion. In order to robustly detect all kinds of motion and remove false positive detections, uncertainties in the ego-motion estimation and disparity computation should also be considered. The main steps of our general algorithm are the following : first, the relative camera pose is estimated by minimizing the sum of the reprojection errors of matched features and its covariance matrix is also calculated by using a first-order errors propagation strategy. Next, a motion likelihood for each pixel is obtained by propagating the uncertainties of the ego-motion and disparity to the RIMF. Finally, the motion likelihood and the depth gradient are used in a graph-cut-based approach to obtain the moving objects segmentation. At the same time, the bounding boxes of moving object are generated based on the U-disparity map. After obtaining the bounding boxes of the moving object, we want to classify the moving objects as a pedestrian or not. Compared to supervised classification algorithms (such as boosting and SVM) which require a large amount of labeled training instances, our proposed semi-supervised boosting algorithm is trained with only a few labeled instances and many unlabeled instances. Firstly labeled instances are used to estimate the probabilistic class labels of the unlabeled instances using Gaussian Mixture Models after a dimension reduction step performed via Principal Component Analysis. Then, we apply a boosting strategy on decision stumps trained using the calculated soft labeled instances. The performances of the proposed method are evaluated on several state-of-the-art classification datasets, as well as on a pedestrian detection and recognition problem.Finally, both our moving objects detection and recognition algorithms are tested on the public images dataset KITTI and the experimental results show that the proposed methods can achieve good performances in different urban scenarios
Libros sobre el tema "Traffic accidents in motion pictures"
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Jordán, Guillermo Arriaga. 21 grams. London: Faber and Faber, 2003.
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Hans-Peter, Wipplinger, Chaubal Anjalie 1969- y Museum Moderner Kunst Passau, eds. Dieter Buchhart: Cut. Wien: Schlebrügge, 2007.
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Haggis, Paul. Crash: Story. 2a ed. [S.l: s.n., 2003.
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Goodbye, goodness: A novel. New York: Open City Books, 2005.
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Acland, Charles R. Screen traffic: Movies, multiplexes, and global culture. Durham: Duke University Press, 2003.
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Sherrill, Martha. My last movie star: A novel of Hollywood. New York: Random House, 2003.
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Picturing American modernity: Traffic, technology, and the silent cinema. Durham: Duke University Press, 2008.
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Schwartz, John Burnham. Reservation Road. Thorndike, Me: Thorndike Press, 1999.
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Schwartz, John Burnham. Reservation road. London: Orion, 1999.
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Schwartz, John Burnham. Reservation road. London: QPD, 1998.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Traffic accidents in motion pictures"
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Goodwin, Brian D., Sajal Chirvi y Frank A. Pintar. "Injury Mechanisms in Traffic Accidents". En Handbook of Human Motion, 2363–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_93.
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Mattos, Garrett A. "Vehicle Occupants in Traffic Accidents". En Handbook of Human Motion, 2399–416. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14418-4_94.
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Goodwin, Brian D., Sajal Chirvi y Frank A. Pintar. "Injury Mechanisms in Traffic Accidents". En Handbook of Human Motion, 1–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_93-1.
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Mattos, Garrett A. "Vehicle Occupants in Traffic Accidents". En Handbook of Human Motion, 1–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30808-1_94-1.
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Elmi, Zahra y Soheila Elmi. "Autonomous Vehicle Path Planning Using MPC and APF". En Motion Planning. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99628.
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Autonomous vehicles have been at the forefront of academic and industrial research in recent decades. This study’s aim is to reduce traffic congestion, improve safety, and accidents. Path planning algorithms are one of the main elements in autonomous vehicles that make critical decisions. Motion planning methods are required when transporting passengers from one point to another. These methods have incorporated several methods such as generating the best trajectory while considering the constraints of vehicle dynamics and obstacles, searching a path to follow, and avoiding obstacles that guarantee comfort, safety, and efficiency. We suggested an effective path planning algorithm based on Model Predictive Controller that determines the maneuvers mode such as lane-keeping and lane-changing automatically. We utilized two different artificial potential field functions for the road boundary, obstacles, and lane center to ensure safety. On the four scenarios, we examined the proposed path planning controller. The obtained results show that when a path planning controller is used, the vehicle avoids colliding with obstacles and follows the rules of the road by adjusting the vehicle’s dynamics. An autonomous vehicle’s safety is ensured by the path planning controller.
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Vexler, Julian y Stefan Kramer. "Classifying Aircraft Categories from Magnetometry Data Using a Hypotheses-Based Multi-Task Framework". En Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence and Applications. IOS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/faia230647.
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Airport traffic surveillance requires reliable safety systems to prevent accidents in safety-critical areas. This paper examines airport aprons, where existing holding point protection systems have shown that they are sometimes not able to prevent accidents. One possible solution to this problem is the use of innovative sensor technology such as magnetometers. These sensors can be used to measure the distortion of the earth’s magnetic field by metallic objects. The main objective is to identify the geometrical pattern of a passing object by fusing coherent events, and classify it into a category based on its size. We propose a hypotheses-based multi-task framework for the classification of aircraft by making use of the estimated motion behaviour of a passing object. The framework includes statistical components, domain knowledge, and artificial intelligence solutions to infer the geometrical pattern and motion vector of an object from a predefined set of possible hypotheses. In future work, we aim to optimize the framework using synthetic and real-world data to increase its robustness and generalization ability to other airports.
Actas de conferencias sobre el tema "Traffic accidents in motion pictures"
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Akoz, O. y M. E. Karsligil. "Severity detection of traffic accidents at intersections based on vehicle motion analysis and multiphase linear regression". En 2010 13th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems - (ITSC 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itsc.2010.5624990.
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Takao, Kisa, Hironori Uchida, Yujie Li y Yoshihisa Nakatoh. "The Effect of Auditory Stimulus on Gazing Behavior in Driving Assistance Systems". En 10th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies (IHIET 2023). AHFE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1004058.
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In order to prevent traffic accidents caused by drivers ' inattention, various driving assistance systems have been developed. These systems alert the drivers through sound and warning displays. However, since the type of sound and the location of the sound differs depending on the car model, if the driver does not pay attention, may miss the warning signs. This study examines a method to support drivers' perception of danger by presenting auditory stimuli to promote visual awareness of an arbitrary location. A previous study showed that when a simple visual task was used, the presentation of stimulus sound accelerated the selection of the next fixation target. There were differences in confirmatory behavior toward the target depending on the direction of sound production. Based on these results, we hypothesized that when watching actual driving images, the differences in gaze behavior would emerge depending on whether sounds were presented from the target direction and the type of sound and measured subjects' gaze. The results obtained in this study do not indicate that the sound has an inductive effect, because there are conditions and non-existences in which the sound significantly shortens the induction time of the target. In addition, it is considered that a motive to move the subject's gaze is necessary to induce visual attention, and the induction of attention by auditory stimuli is considered only an auxiliary function. In a subjective evaluation conducted after the experiment, more than half of the subjects responded that their attention was directed toward the direction of the sound presentation. We would like to examine the relationship between sound presentation and picture features and its effectiveness in inducing attention in the future.
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Balci, İbrahim y Ahmet Kirli. "Development of a Multibody Dynamic Model of a Seated Occupant to Evaluate More Realistic ISO-Standard Motion Sickness Dose Value". En WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2023-01-0853.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">It is estimated that the share of autonomous vehicles in the market will reach an important point between 2050s and 2060s. Some major benefits of autonomy in ground vehicles can be regarded as reducing traffic, saving fuel and reducing emissions. Accordingly, it is anticipated that autonomous vehicles (AVs) will prevent driver error from happening, which is the primary cause of 90% of traffic accidents. However, it is a prerequisite that the AVs are accepted by the public, and be used regularly in daily life. AVs obliges everyone to be a passenger, thereby occupants will lose authority on the vehicle and have to deal with non-driving tasks during an automated ride. This will increase the lack of situational awareness, leading occupants to be more sensitive to motion sickness, where the major reasons of motion sickness are conflict between vestibular and visual senses, lack of control, unable to predict the direction of movement. Increase in motion sickness reduces comfort and can adversely affect people's attitude towards AVs. In this study, a Simscape Multibody dynamic model is developed based on a 6 DOF biodynamics model including the vertical and fore-aft motion of the whole body. The multibody model is then integrated with vestibular system dynamics to evaluate the ISO2631-1 standard motion sickness dose value (MSDV). This study aims to develop a realistic multibody simulation model to be used in comfort analyses of AVs in terms of motion sickness. This paper also demonstrates the impact of using biodynamics models in evaluating motion sickness for simulation environment. Results are quantified by using Simulink Vehicle Dynamics Blockset by comparing MSDV with and without the multibody model for several case scenarios (i.e. double lane change test, constant radius, increasing steer).</div></div>
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Wei, Zehong, Jiaxin Wang, Lei Shi, Qingju Wang, Yuanyuan Ren y Xuelian Zheng. "Driving Fatigue Recognition Based on the Combination of Multimodal Features". En 15th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2024). AHFE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005235.
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Effective identification of driving fatigue is extremely important for reducing casualties and property losses. Therefore, this paper proposes a driving fatigue recognition method based on the combination of multimodal features. Firstly, multimodal features based on photoplethysmography, eye state and vehicle motion are extracted according to the physiological and driving characteristics of driving fatigue. Secondly, C-SVM-RFE algorithm is used to optimize the features for improving the accuracy of the driving fatigue recognition. Finally, Support Vector Machine is used to establish the driving fatigue recognition model. In order to validate the driving fatigue recognition model, the photoplethysmography data, facial video data and vehicle motion data of 30 subjects in different driving states were collected, and then were processed using the above process. The results show that the model has a high accuracy in recognizing the fatigue state of the samples consisting of data from 30 subjects. It can be concluded that the method of driving fatigue recognition based on the combination of multimodal features can provide a means of driver monitoring for the traffic safety management, and reduce traffic accidents caused by driving fatigue.
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Matsumura, Hideki, Motoki Sugiyama y Takekazu IWATA. "Study on a Method for Reconstructing Pre-Crash Situations Using Data of an Event Data Recorder and a Dashboard Camera". En WCX SAE World Congress Experience. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2024-01-2891.
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<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">When investigating traffic accidents, it is important to determine the causes. To do so, it is necessary to reconstruct the accident situation accurately and in detail using objective and diverse information. We propose a method for reconstructing the accident situation (“reconstruction method”) which consists of rebuilding the situation immediately before the collision (“pre-crash situation”) using data collected during that time by an event data recorder (EDR) and a dashboard camera (DBC) onboard one or both of the vehicles involved. First, the vehicle’s traveling trajectory was integrally calculated using the vehicle speed and yaw rate recorded by the EDR, each point along the trajectory being linked to the EDR data. After being combined with the DBC’s video data, the trajectory was projected onto the road surface around the accident site, which allowed us not only to display on a single road map the vehicle’s traveling trajectory, but also to provide, on each point along the trajectory, diverse information from EDR data and freeze-frame pictures of the road ahead from the DBC. The reconstruction method was then applied to a real-world accident involving the collision of two vehicles at an intersection. The analysis of the reconstructed accident situation showed that the Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) of one of the vehicles was not designed to be activated in this collision scenario. Using this reconstruction method, objective and diverse pieces of information (collected by EDRs and DBCs) and traveling trajectories obtained from traffic accident investigations were projected onto a road map in a chronological and integrated way to reconstruct the pre-crash conditions as accurately and in as much detail as possible. Further, if one or both vehicles involved in the accident had the EDR’s pre-crash data and the DBC’s images regarding an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS), this reconstruction method allows us to easily understand the pre-crash situation through the diagram that reconstructed how the ADAS was working (EDR data) and the position of the other vehicle ahead immediately before the accident (DBC images).</div></div>
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Bukaty, Michael E. "A Vehicle Identification System For Surveillance Applications". En Machine Vision. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/mv.1987.fa5.
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Many surveillance applications require electronic imagers to provide real time or near real time pictures. An example might involve the security system of a sensitive facility where the monitoring of entering and exiting traffic is important. Since the objects of interest in this scenario are vehicles, it is possible to use a one-dimensional line scanner and let the vehicle self scan via its motion. The resulting image is two-dimensional with the vertical representing a spatial displacement and the horizontal time. The system consists of a Reticon 1 × 128 array, 8-bit Flash A/D, and TMS320 digital signal processor. The amount of light incident on a photodiode and integrated over time determines the value read by the A/D for that pixel. To achieve optimal operating range, the average value of all the pixels in the scan should be at the midpoint of the intensity range. This is accomplished by adjusting the integration time or the amount of time light is allowed to strike the element before it is interrogated. The adjustment procedure involves having two valid reads that occur at a fixed time interval. Between these two valid scans is a “dummy” read which has an adjustable time preceeding the next valid read.
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Koppisetty, D. V. Suresh, S. S. Akhil Hawaldar y Hamid M. Lankarani. "Comparison of Dummy and Human Body Models in Automotive Side Impact Collisions According to the Regulatory Standards". En ASME 2019 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2019-10680.
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Abstract Side-Impact car accidents are the second leading cause of fatalities in the United States. Regulatory standards have been developed for occupant protection in side impact car accidents using dummies or Anthropomorphic Test Devices (ATDs). Although the regulations are based on the use of ATDs, there might be differences between an actual human crash performance and that of a dummy crash performance. In recent years, technology has improved in such a way that crash scenarios can be modeled in various computational software. The human dynamic responses can be examined using active human body models including a combination of rigid bodies, finite elements, and kinematic joints, thus making them versatile to use in all crash test scenarios. In this study, the nearside occupants are considered as per regulatory standards set by National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA). Vehicle side-impact crash simulations are carried out using LS-DYNA finite element (FE) software, and the occupant response simulations are obtained using MADYMO. Because the simulation of an entire FE model of a car and occupant is quite time-consuming and computationally expensive, a prescribed structural motion (PSM) technique has been utilized in this study and applied to the side-door panel with an occupant positioned in the driver seat of the car in MADYMO. Regular side-impact deformable barrier and pole test simulations are performed with belted and unbelted occupant models considering two different target vehicles namely — a mid-size sedan and a small compact car. Responses from the dummy and the human body models are compared in order to quantify differences between the two in side impacts. The results from this study indicate that human body model behavior is generally similar to that of dummy model in terms of kinematic responses. However, the corresponding injury parameters of the human model are typically higher than that of the dummy model.
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Maull, Thomas, Lauren Eichaker, Sean Buczek y Troy Graham. "Rolling Resistance of a Skateboard". En ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23910.
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Abstract Skateboards have been used as a means of transportation and extreme sports for decades. The forensic analysis of skateboard-related accidents requires knowledge of the kinematic characteristics of the skater-skateboard and skateboard-ground interactions to aid in the investigative process. Much of the existing skateboard research has focused on the motion of the skater-skateboard system. Few studies have investigated the interactions of the skateboard and the ground surface. The velocities and accelerations of a skateboard/skater system is not well defined in literature. A skateboard’s rolling resistance has also not been defined. Therefore, this study was conducted to describe the effect of rider mass and wheel bearing resistance on the rolling resistance of a skateboard. Understanding the dynamics of the skateboard and rider in relation to rolling resistance is critical to an investigator attempting to determine the behavior of a skateboard when reconstructing a skateboard related incident. In addition, the data that will be presented in this study is beneficial to a wide audience including, but not limited to; traffic safety, accident reconstruction, skateboard design, bearing design and useful life, and wheel design and useful life.
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Semones, Paul T. y David A. Renfroe. "Magnitude of Axle Tramp Response to Partially Detreaded Tire Imbalance in Highway-Speed Driving". En ASME 2012 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2012-70287.
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Tire tread separations on light trucks and SUVs have resulted in numerous catastrophic highway accidents over the past two decades in the United States. These accidents frequently involve single-vehicle rollovers or deviations of the impaired vehicle into oncoming traffic, where high speed frontal collisions may ensue. On light trucks and SUVs equipped with a Hotchkiss rear suspension, one explanation for the loss of driver control during an in-process rear tire tread separation is solid axle tramp response to the imbalanced separating tire. This explanation has met with some controversy. The present study will demonstrate that the imbalance forces generated at highway speeds from a partially detreaded tire are sufficient to induce continuous cyclical axle tramp, and can even be sufficient to completely elevate rear-axle tires out of contact with the paved roadway. This imbalance-induced tramping action may be exacerbated during braking and the vehicle’s terminal yaw, when rear traction is crucial to avoiding a catastrophic accident. In addition to test data, several field examples of such events are presented. A key metric of solid axle response to an imbalanced, partially detreaded tire is shock absorber motion. In the present study, shock absorber displacement on the test vehicles, as measured during highway speed tread separation axle tramp events, is found to oscillate through a stroke generally less than one inch (2.5 cm) in length at a frequency in excess of 10 Hz. Peak instantaneous velocities of the shock absorber have been observed as high as 40 in/s (16 cm/s) or more during straight driving under axle tramp conditions. Confirming several previously published findings, the present study shows that increasing shock damping force at the higher operational velocities of the shock absorber reduces the magnitude of axle tramp and assists in keeping the rear axle tires in contact with the ground. Additionally, increasing the distance between the shock absorbers by moving them closer to the wheels provides the same advantage.
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Rooseleer, Frédéric, Barry Kirwan, Elizabeth Humm y Diana Paola Moreno Alarcon. "'The Application of Human Factors in Wake Vortex Encounter Flight Simulations for the Reduction of Flight Upset Risk and Startle Response". En 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1001565.
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The current top safety risk concern for commercial air travel in Europe is known as “Flight Upset”. This term, also known as “Loss of Control in Flight”, entails the flight crew suddenly finding themselves in an unexpected, complex, and even confusing situation that if not resolved quickly can lead to a major accident. Accidents such as AF447 and the two B737 Max accidents fall into this category. An undesirable aspect of such events is known as the “startle response”, wherein one or both flight crew, finding themselves in dire and dangerous conditions, may experience ‘startle’, which temporarily affects their cognitive functioning. This may only last half a minute, but its effect can have a severe impact on the survivability of such events. A Horizon 2020 research project called SAFEMODE, which aims to integrate Human Factors techniques into a unified framework for designers in aviation and maritime domains, is exploring the use of state-of-the-art flight simulation facilities to measure pilot performance in severe wake turbulence events, which can induce the startle effect. This is part of a broader use case within SAFEMODE to validate the design of a new Wake Vortex Air Traffic Alert for the Cruise phase of flight. A tactical short-term alert to the Flight Crew, ahead of the wake encounter, is seen as beneficial to reduce the startle effect and support the appropriate management of these conflicts. The envisaged risk-alerting logic relies on a ground-based predictor, connected to the Air Traffic Control system, displaying an alert to the En-route Air Traffic Controllers, who can then provide a cautionary advisory to the Flight Crew so they can take appropriate actions.The cockpit flight simulations involve type-rated flight crews in realistic and representative cruise flight conditions, using a Type VI Boeing 737-800 full flight motion-based simulator (also used for Upset Prevention and Recovery training programs). During the simulation runs, pilots are exposed to simulated wake vortex encounters, corresponding to a strong wake-induced upset (between 30 and 40 degrees of bank), with or without prior ATC wake caution, and varying the initial direction of roll between left and right to limit the simulation training effect.Human Factors measurements include workload, situation awareness, trust, acceptability-based user feedback, as well as psychophysiological measures such as eye-tracking and Electro-Dermal Activity (EDA). In particular, eye-tracking is expected to support the refined determination of the sequence of actions before and after detection, and the reaction of flight crews to the en-route ATC Wake alert.A cockpit flight simulation, via combining the analyses of psychophysiological measures, flight parameters, expert observations and subjective pilot feedback, enables evaluation of Flight Crews performance in preparing for, managing or avoiding wake encounter upsets with the new ATC wake alerts, showing the net safety benefits. Early results indicate that the simulations can indeed induce startle effect, and that repeated exposure enables flight crew to overcome it and manage the situation in a more measured and controlled fashion.