Literatura académica sobre el tema "Tournaments, 1905"
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Artículos de revistas sobre el tema "Tournaments, 1905"
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Martsincovskiy, Igor. "History on the combination of the development of the sport of shaking in Mykolaiv". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), n.º 6(166) (16 de junio de 2023): 96–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2023.6(166).20.
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The development of the sport of chess in Mykolaiv begins with the legendary game between the Swedish king Karl XII and the Ukrainian hetman Ivan Mazepa on the banks of the Southern Bug on a rest stop on their route after the defeat in the Battle of Poltava in 1709 (modern yacht club). Mykolaiv was formed as a center of shipbuilding, where the Main Headquarters of the Black Sea Fleet and the ports of the Russian Empire were located, and its residents became shipbuilding engineers, naval officers, scientists, industrialists, diplomats, who were the first to introduce the game of chess among the townspeople. The very first public chess battles took place in the summer Maritime Meeting, and later in the constructed buildings of the "House of Flagships and Captains" (since 1824), Mykolaiv Maritime Astronomical Observatory (since 1829), yacht club (since 1887). On June 28, 1887, the "Chess Society" was founded in Mykolaiv, which did not last long, but was revived in December 1901. The members of the Society held chess games among themselves, for the fi rst time held a city-wide chess tournament in 1902, took part in European chess tournaments and won. The society held competitions of chess problems, collected literature and materials, published endgames of famous chess players and its own materials in local, metropolitan and European chess periodicals. Historical and political vicissitudes of the beginning of the 20th century with wars and revolutions that led to economic ruin, the death of people, the emigration of a significant part of the intelligentsia, did not contribute to the development and spread of chess sports in Mykolaiv during this historical period.
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Wójcik, Zbigniew y Julian Jaroszewski. "Wrestling in the tradition of the Olsztyn Voivodeship (1945–1989)". Masuro-Warmian Bulletin 305, n.º 3 (25 de noviembre de 2019): 615–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.51974/kmw-134924.
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Wrestling became an interest in Poland only at the end of the 19th century. However, in the Olsztyn Province, among other reasons due to historical conditions, this was a much later development. The first propaganda fights took place only in 1950. Shortly afterwards, the national team of the Olsztyn voivodeship participated in the nationwide tournament ‘For the City Cup’. However, a professional section was only established seven years later. Then, Lt. Zenon Rydziński initiated the training process at RKS “Budowlani” Olsztyn. It resulted in subsequent numerous sports successes. In 1964, thanks to the efficiency of activists from the People’s Sports Teams, young people from the Giżycko province also wrestled. The most die-hard players then set up further sections in the cities they came from
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Cho, Young Chul. "A Study on the Achievement of Judo in Korea during the Japanese Colonial Period". Taegu Science University Defense Security Institute 6, n.º 3 (30 de junio de 2022): 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.37181/jscs.2022.6.3.037.
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This study examined and discussed the historical significance of the developmental aspects of the Kodokan Judo in the process of inflow of Kodokan Judo by forced suppression after the establishment of YMCA Judo in 1906 in Korea with an objective perspective and drew conclusions. The establishment of Judo Korea was officially established on November 22, 1917 by the forced suppression of the Chosun Judo Department in the YMCA Hwangseong Christian Youth Association in 1906. This group was a group by political means of the Chosun Governor-General and the Japanese imperialists.,On the other hand, the Judo part of the Joseon Dynasty formed a momentum for the commercial spirit in the Judo part of the YMCA Hwangseong Christian Youth Association for the sake of national revival. In other words, with the claim of Lee Sang-jae, a teacher of Vietnam, who is training 100 people in the terrible times of the Japanese colonial rule, the national leaders did not spare all physical support to inspire the business spirit through Judo first, and the indifference of the drama in the emerging military schools became the starting point for the independence movement. In addition, the first Judo tournament was held on October 19, 1929, with five organizations participating, but the last tournament was abolished by Japan on October 12, 1935, as the 7th meeting. However, Lee Sun-gil won the championship and runner-up in 1930s and 1940s, and Seok Jin-kyung not only won the solo exhibition of the Judo Championship in July 1933, but also the Chosun Judo re-defeated Japan and gave a national spirit of business as a country. Thus, it will be possible to present the historical value that achieved the grandeur through the national thought of Judo in Korea during the Japanese colonial period and the academic plan of Judo history education.
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Mayhew, Lawrence, Mark I. Johnson, Peter Francis, Christoph Lutter, Ali Alali y Gareth Jones. "Incidence of injury in adult elite women’s football: a systematic review and meta-analysis". BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine 7, n.º 3 (julio de 2021): e001094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjsem-2021-001094.
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AimTo estimate the incidence of injury in adult elite women’s football and to characterise the nature and anatomical location of injuries.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesCombinations of the key terms were entered into the following electronic databases (PubMed, SPORTDiscus, Science Direct and Discover) from inception to May 2021.Eligibility criteria for selecting studies(1) Used a prospective cohort design; (2) captured data on elite adult women players; (3) reported injury incidence by anatomical site; (4) captured data of at least one season or national team tournament; (5) included a definition of injury; and (6) written in English.ResultsThe search identified 1378 records. Twelve studies published between 1991 and 2018 were included in our review and sampled 129 teams. In domestic club football, injury incidence rate was estimated to be 5.7/1000 hours (total), 19.5/1000 hours (match) and 3.1/1000 hours (training). In tournament, football match incidence was estimated to be 55.7/1000 hours. The knee (22.8%; 368/1822) was the most common site of injury in domestic club football. The ankle (23.7%, 105/443) was the most common site of injury in tournament football. Ligament sprains were the most common type of injury (27.8%), followed by muscle strains (19.1%). Severn studies (58%) had a high risk of bias associated with exposure definition and measurement and considerable heterogeneity exists between the included studies (I2=49.7%–95%).Summary/conclusionLigament sprains occur more frequently in adult elite women football players. We advise caution in interpretating point estimates of the incidence of injury due to high statistical heterogeneity. Standardising injury reporting and the accurate recording of match and training exposure will overcome such limitations.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019130407.su
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Madden, Robyn, Jane Shearer, David Legg y Jill Parnell. "Evaluation of Dietary Supplement Use in Wheelchair Rugby Athletes". Nutrients 10, n.º 12 (11 de diciembre de 2018): 1958. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10121958.
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Wheelchair rugby is a rapidly growing Paralympic sport; however, research remains predominantly in the realms of physiology and biomechanics. Currently, there is little investigation into nutrition and dietary supplement use among wheelchair rugby athletes (WRA). The aim of this study was to assess the types of dietary supplements (DS) used, the prevalence of usage, and the reasons for use among WRA. The secondary aim was to report utilized and preferred sources of nutritional information among this population. A valid, reliable Dietary Supplement Questionnaire was used to report supplement use and reasons for use. Male (n = 33) and female (n = 9) WRA were recruited at a national tournament and through emailing coaches of various Canadian teams. Dietary supplement usage was prevalent as 90.9% of males and 77.8% of females reported usage within the past three months with the most regularly used supplements being vitamin D (26.2%), electrolytes (19.5%), and protein powder (19.5%). The most common reason for usage was performance. The top sources of nutrition information were dietitian/nutritionist and the internet. Further investigation into DS use is needed to help create nutritional guidelines that are accessible to WRA and athletes with disabilities in general.
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Saavedra-García, Miguel, Marcos Matabuena, Antonio Montero-Seoane y Juan J. Fernández-Romero. "A new approach to study the relative age effect with the use of additive logistic regression models: A case of study of FIFA football tournaments (1908-2012)". PLOS ONE 14, n.º 7 (16 de julio de 2019): e0219757. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0219757.
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Romanchuk, Olha, Rostyslav Koval, Oleh Bubela, Anastasiia Mykhailenko y Anna Mykhailenko. "The origin and development of gymnastics events in France". Scientific Journal of National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. Series 15. Scientific and pedagogical problems of physical culture (physical culture and sports), n.º 8(139) (20 de agosto de 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31392/npu-nc.series15.2021.8(139).12.
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The article analyzes the main stages of the origin and formation of gymnastics events in France since the beginning of the XIX century to 1942 on the basis of the works of leading French scientists. The development of gymnastics in France does not attract much attention of Ukrainian specialists whose scientific interests are related to the study of physical education and sports in European countries, so the practical issues of our research will complement and expand the relevant courses on the history of physical education for students in Ukraine. The purpose of the article is to study the main historical aspects of the development of gymnastics events in France. To achieve it, the following tasks should be performed: to analyze the literature on research issues; to identify key dates in the history of gymnastics in France; to describe the role of personalities who have contributed most to the evolution of the field in this country. According to the results of the study, we conclude that the greatest influence on the development of gymnastics in France since the beginning of the XIX century to 1942 was made by Francisco Amorós, Napoléon Laisné, Eugène Paz, Charles Cazalet, Joseph Sansbœuf, Georges Demenÿ, Philippe Auguste Tissié. In the middle of the XIX century the institutionalization of gymnastics took place at the level of hospitals (1847), military services (1852) and school (1854). In the last quarter of the XIX century, physical education became a compulsory subject in primary and secondary schools for boys and girls. The Union of Gymnastics Societies of France was founded September 28, 1873 by Eugène Paz. In 1942, it was merged with the French Womenʼs Gymnastics and Physical Education Federation, which formed French Gymnastics Federation. French gymnasts since the beginning of Olympic Games in Paris (1900) have always shown consistently high results at competitions and tournaments of various scales, but since the 1930s it has begun to decline. Our further research will focus on a thorough study of the history of womenʼs gymnastics in France as well as the evolution of this sport in the period since 1942 to 2022.
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Scalise, Filippo, Ferruccio Cavanna, Chiara Godio y Egidio P. Beretta. "Exercise Intensity and Activity Energy Expenditure of Professional Golf Players in Official Competitive Setting". Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 6 de junio de 2023, 194173812311751. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/19417381231175149.
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Background: Research regarding the physical needs of professional golf players is lacking. With advances in wearable technology, it has become easier to analyze physiological responses such as heart rate (HR) to determine activity energy expenditure (AEE). The purpose of the study was to evaluate exercise intensity (EI) and AEE during 4 consecutive tournament’s golf rounds using a popular wrist-based HR monitoring. Hypothesis: Wearable systems for HR monitoring can be used to provide an accurate estimate of energy expenditure. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: A total of 20 male professional golfers participated in the study. Each player was monitored during an official tournament consisting of 4 rounds of 18 holes. EI and AEE were determined using HR wrist monitoring (Whoop Strap 2.0). We calculated the percentage of HRmax (%HRmax) and the percentage of HRres (%HRres) and the AEE in kcal/min using Keytel’s formula. Results: The calculated mean %HRmax and %HRres for the study population were 56.4% ± 1.8% and 40.5% ± 2.6%, respectively. Considering American College of Sports Medicine guidelines, these average percentages correspond to a moderate EI. The average caloric expenditure was 5.4 ± 0.4 kcal/min and 1555.8 ± 157.8 kcal per round considering an average golf round duration of 288.3 ± 19.5 minutes. Conclusion: A professional player’s golf round is moderate physical activity. The AEE of this activity was equal to 5.4 cal/min, which is moderate energy consumption. Clinical Relevance: These data could help golf coaches and conditioning coaches to have a better understanding of the load placed on golfers during tournaments.
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Barcia, Paulo y J. Orestes Cerdeira. "$k$-Colour Partitions of Acyclic Tournaments". Electronic Journal of Combinatorics 12, n.º 1 (7 de enero de 2005). http://dx.doi.org/10.37236/1902.
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Let $G_{1}$ be the acyclic tournament with the topological sort $0 < 1 < 2 < \dots < n < n+1$ defined on node set $N\cup \{0,n+1\}$, where $N=\{1,2,\dots,n\}$. For integer $k\geq 2$, let $G_{k}$ be the graph obtained by taking $k$ copies of every arc in $G_{1}$ and colouring every copy with one of $k$ different colours. A $k$-colour partition of $N$ is a set of $k$ paths from 0 to $n+1$ such that all arcs of each path have the same colour, different paths have different colours, and every node of $N$ is included in exactly one path. If there are costs associated with the arcs of $G_{k}$, the cost of a $k$-colour partition is the sum of the costs of its arcs. For determining minimum cost $k$-colour partitions we describe an $O(k^{2}n^{2k})$ algorithm, and show this is an NP-$hard$ problem. We also study the convex hull of the incidence vectors of $k$-colour partitions. We derive the dimension, and establish a minimal equality set. For $k>2$ we identify a class of facet inducing inequalities. For $k=2$ we show that these inequalities turn out to be equations, and that no other facet defining inequalities exists besides the trivial nonnegativity constraints.
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Jørgensen, Per. "Dansk national identitet afspejledet i medierne ved OL-fodboldturneringerne 1908-1960". Forum for Idræt 23 (1 de julio de 2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.7146/ffi.v23i0.31662.
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Per Jørgensen: Danish national identity and the media at the Olympic Games 1908-1960It has often been said that sport, and not least soccer, plays an important role in the construction of national identity. This is also the case in Denmark. This paper examines how the subject of Danish national consciousness, national feelings and nationalism, in the article collectively called »Danishness«, was culturally expressed through sport journalism in the period 1908-1960. The subject matter is the soccer- tournaments in those specific Olympic Games where Denmark took part. The discourse of the sport journalism in the paper »Politiken« has been hermeneutically analyzed. Research on how nationalism is expressed in one country requires international comparisons to allow theoretical generalizations. Therefore a minor study of the sport journalism of the Swedish newspaper »Dagens Nyheter« has been carried out regarding selected soccer-matches with Swedish participation in the Olympic Games in 1912, 1948 and 1952. Many of the characteristics of present day society referred to as »Danishness« are also explicit in the period 1908-1960 in the newspaper »Politiken«. A comparison between »Politiken« and »Dagens Nyheter« seems to show that the Danish discourse has distinctively Danish characteristics.
Tesis sobre el tema "Tournaments, 1905"
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Cronje, Christelle. "A review of the FIFA world cup 2010 : Cape Town, as conduit to accelerated economic growth". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/19805.
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Thesis (MBA) -- Stellenbosch University, 2007.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa has been granted a unique opportunity in being nominated as the first African nation to host the FIFA World Cup, and one of the first developing nations to host a global mega sporting event. The successful hosting of this event could provide the country with a global platform to promote the richness, diversity, and vast economic opportunities to the world stage. Economic development and significant global events taking place in South Africa may further contribute to leadership in the continent, and bring increased business and consumer confidence into prominence, as well as increase the leverage of private capital. The South African business and investment environment is in transition from a primary focus on construction, mining, manufacturing in the automotive, timber and steel sectors, to a knowledge economy focusing on sector development of skills training, education , IT and teleccmmunications, and property development. Infrastructure capacity, service delivery and skills shortages and the high rate of structural unemployment impose significant supply-side constraints with regard to the impact on the rate of real GDP growth and how growth is translated into employment opportunities and socio-economic development for the Western Cape and South Africa. Cape Town's position as co-host to selected events in 2009 and 2010 provides the critical window of opportunity to expand infrastructure investment to ensure a truly global destination of choice for investors and tourists. This event offers Cape Town the opportunity to ensure sustainable legacies, especially in terms of transport systems, the creation of a green lung in the midst of the city, improved service delivery and a world class multi purpose facility. All these contribute to the accelerated and shared economic growth of the City of Cape Town and the Province of the Western Cape.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika se nominasie as die eerste land in Afrika om as gasheer vir die FIFA Wereldbeker 2010 op te tree, is 'n unieke geleentheid. Suid-Afrika is ook een van die eerste ontwikkelende lande wat toegewys is om hierdie sport geleentheid aan te bied. Die suksesvolle aanbieding van hierdie geleentheid, kan Suid-Afrika die geleentheid bied om die unieke diversiteite en ryke ekonomiese geleenthede van die land aan die wereld ten toon te stel. Ekonomiese ontwikkeling en hierdie besondere gebeurtenis in Suid-Afrika, mag verder bydra tot die bevordering van leierskap op die kontinent en 'n verhoogde vlak van sake- en verbruikersvertroue wat die verhoging van privaat kapitaalbesteding kan aanmoedig. Die Suid-Afrikaanse sake en investeringsomgewing is in transformasie vanaf 'n primere fokus op konstruksie, myne, en die vervaardigingsbedryf, veral die motor, hout en staal sektore, na 'n kennis gedrewe ekonomie met 'n klemverskuiwing na ontwikkeling binne die sektore, van vaardigheidsopleiding. informasie tegnologie, telekommunikasie en eiendomsontwikkeling. 'n Tekort aan voldoende infrastruktuur-en dienslewering kapasiteit, 'n tekort aan vaardighede, sowel as die hoe koers van strukturele werkloosheid, veroorsaak beperkinge met betrekking tot die impak op die greei van die Bruto Binnelandse Preduk, en hoe hierdie greei snel omgeskakel kan word in werksgeleenthede en sosio-ekonomiese ontwikkeling vir die Wes-Kaap en Suid-Afrika. Kaapstad se gedeelde posisie as gasheer van spesifieke geleenthede in 2009 en 2010, verskaf die geleentheid om deur middel van die uitbreiding van infrastruktuur investering te verseker dat investeerders en toeriste, Kaapslad as 'n volwaardige globale bestemming beskou. Hierdie gebeurtenis bied ook aan Kaapstad die geleentheid om op 'n volhoubare ontwikkelingswyse 'n besondere nalatenskap te verseker, veral met betrekking tot die vervoerstelsel, die skepping van 'n green long in die middestad, verskerpte dienslewering en 'n wereldklas veeldoelige fasiliteit, wat in totaal bydra tot die versnelde en gedeelde ekonomiese greei van die Stad Kaapstad en die Provinsie Wes-Kaap.
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Lanyon, Andrea J. "Job tournaments, gender and organisational career outcomes for women : a case study of the dynamics of the internal labour market of an Australian bank between 1950 and 1993 /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2005. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe19675.pdf.
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Arizona, Associated Students of the University of. "1985 Desert, University of Arizona Yearbook". University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/231972.
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The University of Arizona Yearbook is an annual publication that documents student activities, and campus life. The yearbook contains photographs and information about the university including: homecoming, graduating class, athletic events, student organizations and faculty.
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VOTAVA, Štěpán. "Historie stolního tenisu v českých zemích v letech 1920 {--} 1945". Master's thesis, 2009. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-52475.
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This work is about the table tennis beginning and the development in the Czech lands from 1920 to 1945. There is a mention about the world table tennis. The beginning of the racing era, the table tennis association establishment, the Czech Players success and racing and clubs development are described in this work. It is focusing on table tennis in Moravia, Prague, Northern, Eastern, Southern and Western Bohemia. It presents sportsmen in the thirties (XX. century). It meets us with life of sportsmen, their conditions and especially financial conditions and their approach to sport.
Libros sobre el tema "Tournaments, 1905"
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Dixon, George H. 1905: The triumphant tour of the N.Z. footballers. Auckland, N.Z: David Ling Pub. in association with Auckland Museum, 1999.
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Boon, Kevin. Lions, Wallabies & Springboks, 1925-1950. Wellington [N.Z.]: Kotuku Pub., 2010.
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Kramer, A. y Holzhausen, W. von, d 1876-. Der vierundzwanzigste und fünfundzwanzigste Kongress des Deutschen Schachbundes: Breslau 1925, Magdeburg 1927. Zürich: Edition Olms, 1985.
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1947-, Soltis Andy, ed. The U.S. chess championship, 1845-1985. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland, 1986.
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Chess results, 1901-1930: A comprehensive record with 1790 tournament crosstables and 622 match scores. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Company, Inc., 2005.
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Alan, Little. Wimbledon compendium 1995. London: All England Lawn Tennis & Croquet Club, 1995.
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Felice, Gino Di. Chess results, 1951-1955: A comprehensive record with 1,615 tournament crosstables and 143 match scores, with sources. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 2010.
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Felice, Gino Di. Chess results, 1951-1955: A comprehensive record with 1,620 tournament crosstables and 144 match scores, with sources. Jefferson, N.C: McFarland & Co., 2010.
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Magajinsha, Bēsubōru, ed. Nihon shirīzu no kiseki: Nippon series history since 1950. Tōkyō: Bēsubōru Magajinsha, 2001.
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Nicholson, Rod. 100 not out!: A centenary of Premier cricket 1906-2006. Melbourne: Wilkinson Pub., 2006.
Buscar texto completoCapítulos de libros sobre el tema "Tournaments, 1905"
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Tamte, Roger R. "Besides Rule Making". En Walter Camp and the Creation of American Football, 262–72. University of Illinois Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041617.003.0045.
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Camp leads the New Haven Clock Company as the company successfully builds a profitable business in inexpensive pocket watches. Factory expansions are made, the company builds a significant financial surplus, and sizable dividends are paid. Camp writes a series of three fictional sports books for boys from 1908 to 1911 and with assistance from ghostwriters publishes two more series: one, from 1911 to 1914, of six less expensive books under a pseudonym (Camp probably wrote the first book in this series) and another, from 1913 to 1915, of three books under Camp’s name (possibly all by a ghostwriter). A culture is growing around football, with a play on Broadway (The College Widow in 1904), added fight songs, homecoming festivities (beginning about 1910), and a first game at the Tournament of Roses (1902). The Intercollegiate Athletic Association becomes the NCAA and by 1909 has sixty-seven members; it is led until 1930 (except for the years 1913-16) by Palmer Pierce.
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Anderson, Ian. "League schedules". En Combinatorial Designs and Tournaments, 160–71. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198500292.003.0008.
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Abstract In a round robin tournament, every team plays every other team once. If there are 2n teams, and the n(2n -1) games are to be arranged into 2n -l rounds, with each team playing in one game in each round, we seek a resolvable (2n,2, 1) design. As we have already seen in sections 1.2 and 2.3, such league schedules can be obtained elegantly by the ‘circle method’ and, more generally, by the use of a difference system. For example, the Scottish Rugby Union used the design of Example 1.2.3 for its 1995 premier league, altering the home and away venues slightly (we shall discuss this further in section 8.2).
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Demas, Lane. "Guns in their Golf Bags". En Game of Privilege. University of North Carolina Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469634227.003.0005.
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This chapter discusses golf and black militant movements in the late 1960s and 1970s, exploring how American black nationalist leaders and anticolonial movements in the Caribbean and Africa appropriated the symbolism of black golfers. Popular magazines like Jet and Ebony celebrated black players, organizations sponsored black golf tours throughout the African Diaspora, and a new generation of professionals—led by Lee Elder—more directly confronted racism in the PGA and sought access to its most exclusive enclaves. Meanwhile, the ongoing internationalization of the civil rights movement placed golf squarely within global debates over race and racial discrimination. The game’s popularity in South Africa and Rhodesia made it a target of the antiapartheid movement, especially as more African-born white professionals—like star Gary Player—traveled to play in PGA events. While fans have long been interested in Muhammad Ali’s popularity in Africa or the black protests surrounding the 1968 Mexico City Olympics, they have overlooked golf as a cite of militancy. Coinciding with Ali’s famous 1974 trip to Zaire, Elder’s trips to Africa—including his confrontations with apartheid at South African golf tournaments—and his integration of the Masters Golf Tournament in 1975 are just two examples.
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Kemper, Kurt Edward. "Defending the Kingdom". En Before March Madness, 198–224. University of Illinois Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252043260.003.0008.
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This chapter examines the NCAA’s response to its liberal arts reformist critics, its small state school competitive equity critics, and racial activists allied with HBCs. Beginning in 1955 as a result of the Crowley Committee findings, the NCAA expanded its governance structure to include the small liberal arts committee in both its leadership positions and its service committees but without attempting to restrain commercialized college athletics. It also voted to create a separate basketball tournament for its smaller-enrollment members, giving them championship access in a separate event rather than expanding their existing tournament. Creating a separate College Division also had two other benefits in that shunting the HBCs into the College Division placated the big-time segregationist Southern state schools because it precluded their ever having to play neighboring HBCs. It also created a parallel event to the NAIA’s tournament and helped stanch the membership loss of NCAA schools simply wanting access to the NAIA event. The creation of the College Division Tournament was the first step in the NCAA’s campaign to confront and marginalize the NAIA once and for all, isolating it from other athletic-related associations, intimidating schools and other organizations from working with the NAIA, and undermining NAIA events by flooding NAIA media markets with NCAA televised offerings.
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Miller, James W. "At the Highest Level". En Integrated. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813169118.003.0011.
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Principals and coaches from African American high schools in Kentucky began peppering the formerly all-white Kentucky High School Athletic Association (KHSAA) with questions regarding membership. Young acted quickly, and in 1956 Lincoln Institute became one of the first KHSAL members to be accepted into the KHSAA. The KHSAA state tournament had its first African American participants in March 1957, and the KHSAL ceased operations. A dozen African American schools closed after their local school boards submitted plans for integration, and their former students strengthened the teams at some of the newly integrated schools. The Lincoln basketball team faced a rebuilding year in 1955–1956 after John Cunningham and members of the 1955 state championship team graduated. Young hired Walter Gilliard as athletic director, and he succeeded Herbert Garner as head basketball coach the following year.
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Guttmann, Allen. "The Appeal of Violent Sports". En Why We Watch, 7–26. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195118209.003.0002.
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Abstract If we define violence as the unsanctioned or illegitimate use of harmful or destructive physical force, which I take to be a reasonable definition, then sports confront us with a paradox: boxing matches and a number of other sports events involve a great deal of interpersonally harmful but nonetheless sanctioned physical force. In sports as in warfare, whose image sports are often taken to be, some forms of interpersonal violence are legitimate. In many sports, physical violence is the core if not the name of the game. The prestige of a Roman gladiator increased with the number of opponents he slew. The mayhem at a medieval tournament was often more deadly than the carnage of a real battle. (In the course of a tournament held in 1240 near the German town of Neuss, scores of knights were killed Uusserand, 1901; Keen, 1984].) In our own time, a number of boxers have been beaten to death by opponents who were subsequently judged exempt from legal prosecution for assaults that are severely penalized if committed outside sports’ specially privileged time and space. Like gladiatorial combats and knightly jousts, boxing matches are haunted by the specter not only of serious injury but also of immediate death.
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Moser, Patrick. "Return to the Islands". En Surf and Rescue, 102–11. University of Illinois Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252044441.003.0008.
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Freeth was praised as a lifesaving hero in the Hawaiian press, and though Alexander Hume Ford (who’d founded the Outrigger Canoe Club in 1908) wanted Freeth to lifeguard at Waikīkī, Freeth decided to work as an underwater diver at Pearl Harbor to help build Dry Dock Number One for the U.S. Navy. He worked at Pearl Harbor until August 1911, when he competed at Honolulu Harbor in the first tournament sanctioned by the Amateur Athletic Union in Hawai‘i. Although Freeth won the diving event, the press focused on his friend Duke Kahanamoku, who broke two world records in the swimming events. Freeth suddenly had ideas of becoming Duke’s manager as Duke trained for the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm.
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Lindley-French, Julian. "The Formative Years 1945–1949". En A Chronology of European Security & Defence 1945—2007, 1–18. Oxford University PressOxford, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199214327.003.0001.
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Abstract The Formative Years 1945–1949: The Cold War begins with the end of a World War. On 6 August 1945 an American atomic bomb explodes over the Japanese city of Hiroshima, reducing it and much of its population to ashes in the splitting of an atom. Europe is in pieces, Asia is mauled, America is supreme, and Russia is resurgent. Europe, consumed by its own conflagration, is divided along the lines agreed at two so-called Big Three conferences in 1945 between the US, Soviet Union, and Britain at Yalta in the Crimea and Potsdam a short distance from Berlin, which has rapidly become a shrine to the defeat of German expansionism. In reality, the Big Three are the Big Two plus One because, broken by two successive wars in defence of liberty and democracy, Britain is but a shadow of its former self and neither the Soviets nor the Americans are in any mood to humour a fading power. In an atmosphere redolent of a chess tournament the Soviets and the Americans set about creating their spheres of influence. However, whilst the Americans cannot bring themselves to play machtpolitik without at least the patina of ideological overlay, the hard-bitten Russians have no such qualms. And, whilst they smile politely at first Roosevelt’s and then Truman’s hope for a new world order, behind the scenes the Soviets busily go about the business of imposing an empire, albeit masked by the empty rhetoric of the communist brotherhood.
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Miller, James W. "A “Progressive and Enlightened” State". En Integrated. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813169118.003.0015.
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This chapter discusses Kentucky's progress through “gradual integration,” which Governor A. B. “Happy” Chandler cited as proof of his “progressive and enlightened” state. Gilliard believed his 1959–1960 team had a chance to be special, but he was not convinced until the Tigers dominated a scrimmage against Louisville Central, a team that would be ranked number one in the state. All athletic competition between the two schools had been suspended after a huge fight among fans after a football game in 1955, but the Lincoln players hoped to meet Central again in the tournament. One Central senior who watched the scrimmage was Cassius Clay, who would win a gold medal in boxing at the 1960 Olympics. Lincoln lost one early game and then took off on a winning streak, despite prejudiced refereeing from white officials when playing all-white teams. Gilliard cautioned his players to get used to questionable officiating, catcalls from fans, and racial slurs from white players.
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Miller, James W. "Epilogue". En Integrated. University Press of Kentucky, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5810/kentucky/9780813169118.003.0020.
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The epilogue discusses the last years of Lincoln Institute's existence as a boarding high school. Gilliard resigned after the 1960 state tournament to launch his own journey as a college administrator and dean. In 1961 Whitney M. Young Jr. was named executive director of the National Urban League and became one of the leading voices for civil rights in America. John N. Cunningham received an honorable discharge from the US Air Force and was hired by IBM in Lexington, where he captained the company basketball team. In a game against University of Kentucky freshmen, the twenty-eight-year-old Cunningham outscored and outrebounded every other player on the floor, drawing the ire of Kentucky's coach Adolph Rupp. The thirty-eight African American schools still operating in 1960 gradually closed over the next several years, and in 1967 only Louisville Central remained, as an integrated high school. Whitney M. Young Sr. retired when Lincoln ceased operations in 1966. He died in 1975 at age seventy-seven.